Self-harm - Knowledge

1611:, although scholarship is divided as to whether this is usually before puberty or later in adolescence. Meta-analyses have not supported some studies' conclusion that self-harm rates are increasing among adolescents. It is generally thought that self-harm rates increase over the course of adolescence, although this has not been studied thoroughly. The earliest reported incidents of self-harm are in children between 5 and 7 years old. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm in college students than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they had purposefully cut or burned themselves on at least one occasion in the past. When the definition of self-harm was expanded to include head-banging, scratching oneself, and hitting oneself along with cutting and burning, 32% of the sample said they had done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of hospital-treated self-harm were much higher in city and urban districts, than in rural settings. The CASE (Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe) study suggests that the life-time risk of self-injury is ~1:7 for women and ~1:25 for men. 1627:/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicide, established in 1989, demonstrated that, for each age group, the female rate of self-harm exceeded that of the males, with the highest rate among females in the 13–24 age group and the highest rate among males in the 12–34 age group. However, this discrepancy has been known to vary significantly depending upon population and methodological criteria, consistent with wide-ranging uncertainties in gathering and interpreting data regarding rates of self-harm in general. Such problems have sometimes been the focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretation. For example, feminist author Barbara Brickman has speculated that reported gender differences in rates of self-harm are due to deliberate socially biased methodological and sampling errors, directly blaming medical discourse for pathologising the female. 1769: 439: 427: 1428: 1504: 1648:

significant physical illness. Under 10% of the patients gave a history of earlier self-harm, while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low, which could be explained by the absence of factors known to be associated with repetition, such as personality disorder and alcohol abuse. However, NICE Guidance on Self-harm in the UK suggests that older people who self-harm are at a greater risk of completing suicide, with 1 in 5 older people who self-harm going on to end their life. A study completed in Ireland showed that older Irish adults have high rates of deliberate self-harm, but comparatively low rates of suicide.

3058:, p. 178: "Some authors differentiate self harm from self injury .... Self harm may be defined as any act that causes psychological or physical harm to the self without a suicide intention, and which is either intentional, accidental, committed through ignorance, apathy or poor judgement. By far the most common form of self harm is drug overdose which requires standard medical management in the first instance. Self injury, on the other hand, is a kind of self harm which leads to visible, direct, bodily injury. Self injury includes cutting, burning, scalding and injurious insertion of objects into the body" 1999:, p. 1040: "ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage." 1596:

sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys. A 2015 meta-analysis of reported self-harm among 600,000 adolescents found a lifetime prevalence of 11.4% for suicidal or non-suicidal self-harm (i.e. excluding self-poisoning) and 22.9% for non-suicidal self-injury (i.e. excluding suicidal acts), for an overall prevalence of 16.9%. The difference in SH and NSSI rates, compared to figures of 16.1% and 18.0% found in a 2012 review, may be attributable to differences in methodology among the studies analyzed.

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person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. Some providers may recommend harm-reduction techniques such as snapping of a rubber band on the wrist, but there is no consensus as to the efficacy of this approach.

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differentiation may have been important to both safeguard the reputations of asylums against accusations of medical neglect and to protect patients and their families from the legal or religious consequences of a suicide attempt. In 1896, the American ophthalmologists George Gould and Walter Pyle categorized self-mutilation cases into three groups: those resulting from "temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia; with suicidal intent; and in a religious frenzy or emotion".

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suicide. In older adults, influenced by a combination of interconnected individual, societal, and healthcare factors, including financial and interpersonal problems and comorbid physical conditions and pain, with increased loneliness, perceived burdensome of ageing, and loss of control reported as particular motivations. There is a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling

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individuals who do self-harm, both genders are just as equally likely to use the method of skin-cutting. However, females who self-cut are more likely than males to explain their self-harm episode by saying that they had wanted to punish themselves. In New Zealand, more females are hospitalized for intentional self-harm than males. Females more commonly choose methods such as self-poisoning that generally are not fatal, but still serious enough to require hospitalization.

1604:. However, studies based only on hospital admissions may hide the larger group of self-harmers who do not need or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many adolescents who present to general hospitals with deliberate self-harm report previous episodes for which they did not receive medical attention. In the United States up to 4% of adults self-harm with approximately 1% of the population engaging in chronic or severe self-harm. 1353:

care at the emergency department. Both people who self-harm and staff in the study highlighted the failure of the healthcare system to support, the lack of specialist care. People who self-harm in the study often felt shame or being judged due to their condition, and said that being listened to and validated gave them hope. At the same time staff experienced frustration from being powerless to help and were afraid of being blamed if someone died by suicide.

1108:, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. Two studies have indicated that self-harm correlates more with 370: 27: 119: 1202: 466: 149: 1691:, and prisoners who wish to avoid physical confrontations may resort to self-harm as a ruse, either to convince other prisoners that they are dangerously insane and resilient to pain or to obtain protection from the prison authorities. Prisoners are sometimes placed in cells with no furniture or objects to prevent them from harming themselves. Self-harm also occurs frequently in inmates who are placed in 447: 1386:(DBT) can be successful for those individuals exhibiting a personality disorder, and could potentially be used for those with other mental disorders who exhibit self-harming behavior. Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm. In adolescents multisystem therapy shows promise. According to the classification of Walsh and Rosen 345:. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. 964:. The disorder is defined as intentional self-inflicted injury without the intent of dying by suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-inflicted harm over the course of one year without suicidal intent, and the individual must have been motivated by seeking relief from a negative state, resolving an interpersonal difficulty, or achieving a positive state. 1631:

homeless and runaway youths (aged 16–19) with 72% of males and 66% of females reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young females, and 22% of young males admitting to self-harm. Studies also indicate that males who self-harm may also be at

2228: 1084:, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a Münchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in self-harm. 1264:

self-harming. Studies of clinical and non-clinical populations suggest that people who engage in self-harm have higher pain thresholds and tolerance in general, although a 2016 review characterized the evidence base as "greatly limited". There is no consensus as to the reason for this apparent phenomenon.

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There are also difficulties in meeting the need of patients that self-harm in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that staff found the care for people who self-harm emotionally challenging and they experienced an overwhelming responsibility in preventing the patients from self-harming and the care

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are often the first point of contact with healthcare for people who self-harm. As such they are crucial in supporting them and can play a role in preventing suicide. At the same time, according to a study conducted in England, people who self-harm often experience that they do not receive meaningful

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Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the

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because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables them to deal with intense stress in the current moment. The patterns sometimes created by it, such as specific time intervals between acts of self-harm, can also create a behavioral pattern that can result in a wanting or craving to fulfill thoughts

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This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self-harm are inordinately high, which may have implications on the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self-harm among 428

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A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical

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Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of harming themselves while at the same time obtaining relief from this act. It may even be hard for some to actually initiate cutting, but they often do because they know the relief that will follow. For some self-harmers this relief is

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Aggregated research has found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This is in contrast to past research which indicated that up to four times as many females as males have direct experience of self-harm, which many had argued was rather the result of data collection

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In individuals with developmental disabilities, occurrence of self-harm is often demonstrated to be related to its effects on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired materials or escaping demands. As developmentally disabled individuals often have communication or social deficits,

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controls physical processes that are automatic (e.g., saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (e.g., is physically connected to and regulates) many parts of the body involved in stress responses. Studies of adolescents have shown that adolescents who self-injure have greater

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behavior; however, in many cases, this is inaccurate. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or

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Only recently have attempts to improve health in the developing world concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health. Deliberate self-harm is common in the developing world. Research into self-harm in the developing world is however still very limited although an important case

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It is difficult to gain an accurate picture of incidence and prevalence of self-harm. Even with sufficient monitoring resources, self-harm is usually unreported, with instances taking place in private and wounds being treated by the self-harming individual. Recorded figures can be based on three

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Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) is a well-established treatment for self-injurious behavior in youth and is probably useful for decreasing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury. Several other treatments including integrated CBT (I-CBT), attachment-based family therapy (ABFT),

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and harsh discipline by parents. The coping mechanisms are being spread in local communities as people are surrounded by others who have previously deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide. One way of reducing self-harm would be to limit access to poisons; however many cases involve

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In a study of a district general hospital in the UK, 5.4% of all the hospital's self-harm cases were aged over 65. The male to female ratio was 2:3 although the self-harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical. Over 90% had depressive conditions, and 63% had

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While the motivations for self harm vary, the most commonly endorsed reason for self harm given by adolescents is "to get relief from a terrible state of mind". Young people with a history of repeated episodes of self harm are more likely to self-harm into adulthood, and are at higher risk of

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study reported only two motives: "to draw attention" and "because of anger". For some people, harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way

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There does not appear to be a difference in motivation for self-harm in adolescent males and females. Triggering factors such as low self-esteem and having friends and family members who self-harm are also common between both males and females. One limited study found that, among those young

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released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that are released in response to physical injury, acting as natural painkillers and inducing pleasant feelings, and in response to self-harm would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Many people do not feel physical pain when

878:(SIB) are different terms to describe tissue damage that is performed intentionally and usually without suicidal intent. The adjective "deliberate" is sometimes used, although this has become less common, as some view it as presumptuous or judgmental. Less common or more dated terms include 1164:

use and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Norway and England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with both non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempts in adolescents, although the nature of the

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is often credited with the initial clinical characterization of self-harm, self-harm is not a new phenomenon. There is frequent reference in 19th-century clinical literature and asylum records which make a clear clinical distinction between self-harm with and without suicidal intent. This

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self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things which they are otherwise unable to obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach for treating self-harm thus is to teach an alternative, appropriate response which obtains the same result as the self-harm.

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Zoo or laboratory rearing and isolation are important factors leading to increased susceptibility to self-harm in higher mammals, e.g., macaque monkeys. Non-primate mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs. For example,

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Assessment of motives in a medical setting is usually based on precursors to the incident, circumstances, and information from the patient. However, limited studies show that professional assessments tend to suggest more manipulative or punitive motives than personal assessments.

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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". While NSSI is not a separate mental disorder, the DSM-5-TR adds a diagnostic code for the condition in-line with the

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Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, Featherston OJ, Rapti I, Garcia-Anguita A, Villasis-Keever M, Reebye P, Christou E, Al Kabir N, Christou PA (October 2018). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990–2015".

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Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, de Wilde EJ, Corcoran P, Fekete S, et al. (June 2008). "Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study".

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were young and few expressed a desire to die, but death was relatively common in the young in these cases. The improvement of medical management of acute poisoning in the developing world is poor and improvements are required in order to reduce mortality.

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function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis.

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Emotional pain activates the same regions of the brain as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a significantly intolerable state for some people. Some of this is environmental and some of this is due to physiological differences in responding. The

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Although self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal.

1236:, separating the mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the 1599:

The World Health Organization estimates that, as of 2010, 880,000 deaths occur as a result of self-harm (including suicides). About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, the majority of which are

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seeds, and the reduction of access to these agents would be difficult. Great potential for the reduction of self-harm lies in education and prevention, but limited resources in the developing world make these methods challenging.

352:. Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm. 1366:

resourceful adolescent parent program (RAP-P), intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A-IN), mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A), and integrated family therapy are probably efficacious.

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in general to include suicidal acts. (This article principally discusses non-suicidal acts of self-inflicted skin damage or self-poisoning.) The inconsistent definitions used for self-harm have made research more difficult.

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There are many movements among the general self-harm community to make self-harm itself and treatment better known to mental health professionals, as well as the general public. For example, March 1 is designated as

3455:, p. 1040: "Indeed, it has become apparent that self-injury occurs even in nonclinical and high-functioning populations such as secondary school students, college students, and active-duty military personnel". 8049: 1072:. As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm. An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, 3631:

Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA (March 2010). "Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character".

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Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is for example associated with eating disorders,

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Self-harm in non-human mammals is a well-established but not widely known phenomenon. Its study under zoo or laboratory conditions could lead to a better understanding of self-harm in human patients.

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Escelsior A, Belvederi Murri M, Corsini GP, Serafini G, Aguglia A, Zampogna D, et al. (January 2021). "Cannabinoid use and self-injurious behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Claassen CA, Trivedi MH, Shimizu I, Stewart S, Larkin GL, Litovitz T (April 2006). "Epidemiology of Nonfatal Deliberate Self-Harm in the United States as Described in Three Medical Databases".

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The most common form of self-harm for adolescents, according to studies conducted in six countries, is stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. For adults ages 60 and over, self-

595:("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid naming their friends, the girls said they had cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas described the episode as significant in the history of 4233: 1318:

are common in individuals who self-harm and as a result self-harm may be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. As of 2021, there is little or no evidence that

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have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or scratching with the fingernails,

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Ougrin D, Tranah T, Stahl D, Moran P, Asarnow JR (February 2015). "Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis".

2945: 1755:, causing damage to feathers that can range from feather shredding to the removal of most or all feathers within the bird's reach, or even the mutilation of skin or muscle tissue. 4743:

Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, McCauley E, Smith CJ, Stevens AL, Sylvers P (2005). "Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicide among adolescent girls".

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Bell M, O'Doherty E, O'Carroll A, McAnaney B, Graber S, McGale B, Hutchinson D, Moran P, Bonner B, O'Hagan D, Arensman E, Reulbach U, Corcoran P, Hawton K (21 January 2010),

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therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation.

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is associated with self-harming behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study which analyzed self-harm presentations to emergency rooms in

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Jacobson CM, Gould M (21 March 2007). "The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature".

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provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. It is often seen as only a symptom of an underlying disorder, though many people who self-harm would like this to be addressed.

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during March 1909 to mutilate her body. Her plan was to carve 'Votes for Women' from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the

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Self-injury may result in serious injury and scarring. While non-suicidal self-injury by definition lacks suicidal intent, it may nonetheless result in accidental death.

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Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment".

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focuses mainly on maintaining the safety for the patients, for example by removing dangerous items or physical restraint, even if it is believed to be ineffective.

1076:, hand-biting, and head-banging. According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with 6782:

Bowen AC, John AM (2001). "Gender differences in presentation and conceptualization of adolescent self-injurious behavior: implications for therapeutic practice".

4982:; OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.58; N=53; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 20). 4959:; OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.50; N=30; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 19). 7168:

Knipe D, John A, Padmanathan P, Eyles E, Dekel D, Higgins JP, Bantjes J, Dandona R, Macleod-Hall C, McGuinness LA, Schmidt L, Webb RT, Gunnell D (1 June 2022).

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Sigafoos J, Meikle B (January 1996). "Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism".

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of objects, and hair-pulling. The locations of self-harm are often areas of the body that are easily hidden and concealed from the sight of others. Neither the

4887:"Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage" 5824:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 5413:"Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials" 4263:

Rossow I, Hawton K, Ystgaard M (2009). "Cannabis use and deliberate self-harm in adolescence: a comparative analysis of associations in England and Norway".

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Patton GC, Hemphill SA, Beyers JM, Bond L, Toumbourou JW, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF (April 2007). "Pubertal Stage and Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents".

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Thomas LM (November 1996). ""Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)": the gender and generational politics of the 1956 ban on clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya".

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Hawton K, Kingsbury S, Steinhardt K, James A, Fagg J (June 1999). "Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors".

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have noticed similar behaviors. One known as "barbering" involves a mouse obsessively grooming the whiskers and facial fur off themselves and cage-mates.

947:, and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. Others explicitly exclude these. Some sources, particularly in the United Kingdom, define 1708:(SIAD) around the world. On this day, some people choose to be more open about their own self-harm, and awareness organizations make special efforts to 5505:

Bird F, Dores PA, Moniz D, Robinson J (July 1989). "Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training".

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Nock MK, Mendes WB (February 2008). "Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers".

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Nixon MK, Cloutier PF, Aggarwal S (November 2002). "Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents".

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Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA (2005). "Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm".

8176: 656:(high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline 7256: 7020:

Haw C, Hawton K, Sutton L, Sinclair J, Deeks J (February 2005). "Schizophrenia and Deliberate Self-Harm: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors".

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Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ, Johnson CC, Joseph CL (November 2016). "The Mental Health of Transgender Youth: Advances in Understanding".

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behavior. People who self-harm are not usually seeking to end their own life; it has been suggested instead that they are using self-harm as a

380: 4246: 995:) have shown self-harm being dependent on environmental factors such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Some individuals may have 8257: 8131: 6601:

Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Shah ZH, Tuohimaa P (January 2006). "Hair barbering in mice: implications for neurobehavioural research".

504:"cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under 1160:

found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harm presentations. A 2009 study in the relation between

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adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by

8161: 3991:, p. 11 ("the incidence of suicidal behaviours varies seasonally and increases rapidly at this age (e.g. puberty effects)"), citing 3889: 4193: 2009:

Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E (2007). "Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation".

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diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups:

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Doyle L, Sheridan A, Treacy MP (2017-01-25). "Motivations for adolescent self-harm and the implications for mental health nurses".

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is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin

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use and self-injurious behaviors has defined the extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional (

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Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ (March 2006). "Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model".

6701: 6373: 5961: 5950: 5939: 5663:"Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition" 3870: 3367: 3291: 3259: 3165: 2955: 2893: 2818: 2681: 2634: 2548: 2366: 2241: 2152: 4469:

Hawton K, Cole D, O'Grady J, Osborn M (September 1982). "Motivational aspects of deliberate self-poisoning in adolescents".

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Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning

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David JA, Rifkin WJ, Chiu ES (December 2018). "Current Management of Self-Inflicted Wounds in Surgery: A Critical Review".

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study is that of Sri Lanka, which is a country exhibiting a high incidence of suicide and self-poisoning with agricultural

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emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully.

5748:, p. 193: "ational rates of self-harm have not been well established in most countries, including the United States." 3467:"Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3357: 450: 6199: 4541: 4444: 1217:, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life over which they had no control (e.g., through abuse). 843:

are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect the traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p. 226).

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Corcoran P, Reulbach U, Perry IJ, Arensman E (December 2010). "Suicide and deliberate self harm in older Irish adults".

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Ear-piercing, nail-biting, small tattoos, cosmetic surgery (not considered self-harm by the majority of the population)

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Muehlenkamp JJ (2006). "Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury".

5008:"Experiences of care for self-harm in the emergency department: the perspectives of patients, carers and practitioners" 4939:"Flupenthixol may reduce repetition of SH compared with placebo by post‐intervention based on evidence from one trial ( 1511:, which is a measure of each country's disease burden, for self-inflicted injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 1185:) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of 7833: 7051: 6546:

Kies SD, Devine DP (December 2004). "Self-injurious behaviour: a comparison of caffeine and pemoline models in rats".

4962:"There was no evidence of an effect on repetition of SH by post‐intervention for low‐dose fluphenazine in this trial ( 4234:"Northern Ireland Registry of Deliberate Self-Harm Western Area, Two year report. January 1st 2007 – 31 December 2008" 1786: 70: 7372:"The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature" 1394:

represent class I and II self-mutilation behavior (see classification section in this article); for these conditions

413: 1687:

Deliberate self-harm is especially prevalent in prison populations. A proposed explanation for this is that prisons

56: 8171: 5202:"'There is no progression in prevention' – The experiences of mental health nurses working with repeated self-harm" 1342:

found no difference between low and ultra-low doses. As of 2012, no clinical trials have evaluated the effects of

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Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories:

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in European society. Sometimes, students who did not fence would scar themselves with razors in imitation.

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Ministry of Health. Annual health bulletin, Sri Lanka, 1995. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Health (1997)

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considered self-mutilation as a non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term

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In dogs, canine obsessive-compulsive disorder can lead to self-inflicted injuries, for example canine

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physiological reactivity (e.g., skin conductance) to stress than adolescents who do not self-injure.

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are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male

258: 142:

Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting

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or natural poisons. Many people admitted for deliberate self-poisoning during a study by Eddleston

1406:

behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).

1290: 1282: 1129: 1045: 5106:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" 5057:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" 3061: 8202: 7129:

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are imprecise, but generally exclude tissue damage that occurs as an unintended side-effect of

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Different sources draw various distinctions between some of these terms. Some sources define

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conceal their scars with clothing. Self-harm in such individuals may not be associated with

781:

Wrist- or body-cutting, self-inflicted cigarette burns and tattoos, major wound-excoriation

8336: 4662: 2586: 1692: 1349: 1315: 1268: 908: 657: 500:

by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to the priests of

334: 322: 250: 7298:"International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm" 6112: 5822:

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girls cut each other's vulvas in the 1950s as a symbol of defiance, in the context of the

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Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining

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is uncontrollable self-harm and self-mutilation, and may include biting (particularly

1120:

as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness.

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and is a significant predictor of suicide. There are parallels between self-harm and

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7976: 7941: 7931: 7920:"Pubertal timing and self-harm: a prospective cohort analysis of males and females" 7890: 7846: 7793: 7758: 7750: 7708: 7661: 7653: 7624: 7591: 7552: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7463: 7428: 7393: 7383: 7350: 7319: 7309: 7265: 7222: 7191: 7181: 7146: 7138: 7101: 7064: 7029: 6998: 6988: 6947: 6909: 6880: 6857: 6840: 6820: 6791: 6774: 6754: 6689: 6664: 6630: 6610: 6555: 6512: 6431: 6423: 6328: 6320: 6244: 6181: 6142: 6069: 6023: 6015: 5985: 5907: 5875: 5853: 5843: 5835: 5682: 5674: 5643: 5590: 5553: 5545: 5479: 5442: 5424: 5385: 5348: 5338: 5330: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5221: 5213: 5166: 5125: 5117: 5076: 5068: 5027: 5019: 4906: 4898: 4857: 4849: 4805: 4752: 4717: 4680: 4670: 4623: 4478: 4387: 4385: 4327: 4292: 4272: 4128: 4064: 4056: 4014: 3816: 3764: 3723: 3684: 3641: 3605: 3579: 3538: 3478: 3435: 3328: 3320: 3219: 3203: 2918: 2781: 2758: 2754: 2716: 2466: 2394: 2323: 2315: 2271: 2182: 2098: 2048: 2018: 1938: 1912: 1892: 1850: 1774: 1752: 1669:

Some of the causes of deliberate self-poisoning in Sri Lankan adolescents included

1387: 1379: 1157: 1117: 1069: 1057: 848: 802: 762: 558: 548: 310: 294: 191: 52: 8116: 7580:"Non-suicidal self-injury v. attempted suicide: new diagnosis or false dichotomy?" 7541:"Attempted suicide v. non-suicidal self-injury: behaviour, syndrome or diagnosis?" 6309:"Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world" 4853: 4448: 4060: 3558: 2909:

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primarily psychological while for others this feeling of relief comes from the

1109: 1020: 985: 754: 631:

psychotic – eye or ear removal, genital self-mutilation, and extreme amputation

607: 577:, and her plan was aborted by the authorities. She wrote of this in her memoir 478: 353: 7936: 7596: 7579: 7557: 7540: 7388: 7142: 7105: 6795: 6559: 6208: 6019: 5594: 5334: 4809: 4756: 4569: 4545: 4331: 4276: 4188: 3645: 3483: 3466: 3407: 2319: 1896: 1854: 916:

refers to a broader range of circumstances, including wounds that result from

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Burke TA, Ammerman BA, Hamilton JL, Stange JP, Piccirillo M (November 2020).

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as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations.

584: 552: 534: 430:

The results of self-flagellation, as part of an annual Shia mourning ritual (

282: 270: 239: 6693: 6249: 6232: 6201:

New survey reveals almost one in three young females have tried to self-harm

5928: 4675: 4409: 3769: 3752: 442:

Mural of the Mourning of the Buddha, with various figures in ethnic costumes

8316: 7998: 7955: 7910: 7858: 7815: 7772: 7720: 7683: 7605: 7566: 7522: 7477: 7442: 7433: 7416: 7407: 7362: 7333: 7314: 7288: 7277: 7234: 7205: 7160: 7113: 7076: 7041: 7012: 6959: 6921: 6892: 6832: 6766: 6728: 6676: 6622: 6567: 6445: 6258: 6081: 6037: 5921: 5867: 5491: 5456: 5397: 5362: 5343: 5300: 5243: 5178: 5139: 5090: 5041: 4987: 4920: 4871: 4817: 4764: 4729: 4694: 4635: 4339: 4284: 4150: 4078: 4026: 3778: 3696: 3688: 3653: 3617: 3550: 3542: 3500: 3233: 2728: 2337: 2112: 2060: 1950: 1904: 1741: 1339: 1307: 1148:

Substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with self-harm.

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6524: 6342: 5989: 5696: 5602: 5567: 5518: 5121: 4651:"Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain" 4490: 4482: 4376: 4299: 3828: 3820: 3737: 3527:"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders" 3342: 2930: 2793: 2422: 2398: 2283: 2194: 2103: 2086: 8222: 7981: 7964: 1811: 1759: 1733: 1391: 1335: 1137: 1113: 1101: 977: 831:. Favazza also created two subcategories of sanctioned self-mutilations; 619: 562: 526: 508:. It occurred in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in the 454: 349: 8104: 7468: 7451: 5703: 5072: 5023: 3785: 2922: 2478: 8227: 8099: 6993: 6976: 6668: 5170: 4317: 2227:

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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New AAP Reports Help Pediatricians Identify and Manage Autism Earlier

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Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to "go away" or

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Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice

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found a possible reduction in repetition, while one small trial of

700: 644:

conventional – nail-clipping, trimming of hair, and shaving beards.

628:

puberty rites – hymen removal, circumcision, or clitoral alteration

599:

because it made clear that its victims were also its perpetrators.

551:

at certain traditional German universities are an early example of

516: 195: 6062:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

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The most distinctive characteristic of the rare genetic condition

1015:) is by far the most common form. Other self-harm methods include 7296:

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Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya

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harboring a desire to feel real or to fit into society's rules.

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Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as

573:

on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid

356:, such as birds and monkeys, are also known to harm themselves. 8053: 7295: 6936: 6412:"Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates" 5809: 5805: 5793: 3413: 3087: 3083: 3071: 2772:

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A Bright Red Scream: Self-Mutilation and the Language of Pain

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as factors that might increase the risk of self-injury among

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Accepted by some subgroups but not by the general population

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As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically

589:

campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya

395: 7917: 7701:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice

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Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy

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A common belief regarding self-harm is that it is an

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The motivations for self-harm vary; some use it as a

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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

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controls arousal and physical activation (e.g., the

699:

After the 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from

485:

Self-harm was, and in some cases continues to be, a

249:

The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some

8146: 7643: 7252:"Multiple meanings of self harm: A critical review" 6168:Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Johnson KD (2003). 4842:

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

4403: 4117:"Self-mutilation behaviour in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome" 3710:Wessely S, Akhurst R, Brown I, Moss L (June 1996). 2423:National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004). 1744:are known to precipitate self-harm in lab animals. 1243:Alternatively, self-harm may be a means of feeling 753:Piercings, saber scars, ritualistic clan scarring, 7832: 7050: 5152: 3279: 2881: 2505: 2350: 333:. Self-harm is often associated with a history of 7302:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 6977:"Deliberate Self-harm and Suicide in Adolescents" 6810: 5774: 4589: 3355: 3282:Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience 2261: 1751:. Captive birds are sometimes known to engage in 1431:Deaths from self-harm per million people in 2012 1169:on literature concerning the association between 858: 614:. He began a classification system of six types: 8357: 7646:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 7049:Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC (June 2012). 6001: 5999: 5949:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFDixonFeatherston ( 5900:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 5411:Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24). 5199: 4442: 3802: 3800: 2908: 2620: 2618: 2543:. Produccion Editorial Dante. pp. 207–208. 2456: 634:organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive 8177:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder 6899: 6307:Eddleston M, Sheriff MH, Hawton K (July 1998). 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 5938:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGilliesChristou ( 4510: 4508: 3753:"[Self-harm and personality disorders]" 3043: 2884:Self Mutilation: Theory, Research and Treatment 2846:Indicators of Self-Mutilation: Youth in Custody 2838: 2836: 2344: 2080: 2078: 1924: 1922: 7452:"Self-harm in older adults: systematic review" 7257:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 6648:Medical books, chapters, and overview articles 5975: 5617: 5580: 5206:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 5005: 4190:National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse 4114: 2937: 1310:treatments can be used in self-harm including 51:Please review the contents of the article and 8132: 7091: 6974: 5996: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4788:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4219: 3943:. Institute of Race Relations. Archived from 3797: 3389: 3309:"Toward a functional analysis of self-injury" 3132: 3067: 2988: 2615: 2387:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2168: 2166: 2164: 1607:The onset of self-harm tends to occur around 7975:(1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 70–75. 7538: 6502: 6291: 6109:"Women and Parasuicide: a Literature Review" 5945: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5770: 5768: 5766: 4505: 4438: 4436: 3524: 3091: 2984: 2842: 2833: 2643: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2085:Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R (June 2003). 2075: 1963: 1919: 1181:) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95% 301:. Studies also provide strong support for a 8162:Dimensional models of personality disorders 7830: 7699:Gill JH (May 2001). "Avian Skin Diseases". 6683: 6207:, Affinity Healthcare, 2008, archived from 6192: 5934: 5894:Kerr PL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Turner JM (2010). 5623: 5323:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5200:Murphy C, Keogh B, Doyle L (October 2019). 4364: 4115:Cauwels RG, Martens LC (1 September 2005). 4049:The International Journal of Transgenderism 3980: 3591: 3589: 3273: 3271: 3245: 3243: 2629:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. 2380: 2378: 1928: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1275: 8139: 8125: 7962: 7249: 6545: 6474: 5531: 4824: 4785: 4445:"Self-Injury: Types, Causes and Treatment" 4427: 4242:Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland 3520: 3518: 3055: 3031: 2976: 2879: 2765: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2161: 147: 7980: 7945: 7935: 7797: 7762: 7727: 7665: 7595: 7556: 7512: 7502: 7467: 7432: 7397: 7387: 7323: 7313: 7195: 7185: 7150: 7002: 6992: 6861: 6781: 6747:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 6744: 6435: 6403: 6332: 6274:Hospitalisation for intentional self-harm 6248: 6230: 6094: 6027: 5911: 5882: 5857: 5847: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5686: 5654: 5637: 5574: 5557: 5446: 5428: 5352: 5342: 5290: 5225: 5129: 5080: 5031: 4910: 4861: 4799: 4710:International Journal of Psychophysiology 4684: 4674: 4433: 4132: 4068: 3806: 3768: 3727: 3482: 3332: 3223: 2806: 2774:The British Journal of Medical Psychology 2742: 2538: 2526: 2499: 2418: 2416: 2327: 2290: 2142: 2119: 2102: 2034: 2032: 1817:Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System 1205:A flow chart of two theories of self-harm 489:practice in many cultures and religions. 414:Learn how and when to remove this message 257:may also self-harm, including those with 7889:(3). Hogrefe Publishing Group: 176–183. 7414: 6654: 6548:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 6505:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 6132: 6111:. Women's Health Council. Archived from 5815: 5721: 4891:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4245:, Northern Ireland: CAWT, archived from 3586: 3452: 3277: 3268: 3249: 3240: 2672:. In Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y (eds.). 2375: 2236:. Great Britain: The Stationery office. 2172: 1996: 1882: 1869: 1502: 1426: 1200: 1087: 464: 445: 437: 425: 394:Relevant discussion may be found on the 230:, as well as more societally acceptable 7614: 7491:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6975:Greydanus DE, Shek D (September 2009). 6106: 5153:O'Connor S, Glover L (September 2017). 4607: 3938: 3757:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 3515: 3425: 3135:"A Guide to DSM-5: Section 3 Disorders" 3019: 2943: 2688:(131 for the girls as "central actors") 2624: 2443: 2308:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2209: 1931:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1834: 1413: 625:religious – self-flagellants and others 477:Although the 20th-century psychiatrist 8358: 7052:"Self-harm and suicide in adolescents" 6847: 5507:American Journal of Mental Retardation 5312: 5310: 4707: 4602:Kirtley, O'Carroll & O'Connor 2016 4121:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 3915:"Third World faces self-harm epidemic" 3884: 3882: 3858: 3852: 3668: 3598:Research in Developmental Disabilities 3525:Johnson CP, Myers SM (November 2007). 3150: 3148: 2697: 2667: 2514: 2413: 2384: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2029: 1370:may also be used to assist those with 703:psycho-sexual drives of the patients. 469:A ritual flagellation tool known as a 8120: 7924:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 7730:Anomalies and curiosities of medicine 7022:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 6873:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 6718: 5725: 5525: 5498: 4038: 4036: 3750: 3729:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024471 3300: 3185: 3183: 3133:Stetka BS, Correll CU (21 May 2013). 3003: 2351:Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P (1997). 2038: 1614: 1002: 825:culturally sanctioned self-mutilation 638:, hand-biting, finger-fracturing, or 8271:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy 7698: 7532:Other medical and scientific sources 6588: 5960:sfnm error: no target: CITEREF2018 ( 5538:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 5417:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 4994:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 4519:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from 4361:Lofthouse & Yager-Schweller 2009 4306:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 4171:. U. S. National Library of Medicine 3977:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 3965:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012 3313:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2357:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1633:a greater risk of completing suicide 1143: 363: 20: 7617:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 6186:10.1046/j.1532-7795.2003.01304003.x 5648:10.17744/mehc.28.2.6w61cut2lxjdg3m7 5626:Journal of Mental Health Counseling 5307: 5006:Robinson J, Bailey E (March 2022). 4443:Cutter D, Jaffe J, Segal J (2008). 3879: 3145: 2911:Hospital & Community Psychiatry 2771: 2432:. The British Psychological Society 2302:Klonsky ED, Glenn CR (March 2008). 2250: 2145:Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence 1651: 1285:is composed of two components: the 591:. The movement came to be known as 473:, used in Shia Muharram observances 160:on the forearm from prior self-harm 13: 8296:Transference focused psychotherapy 6174:Journal of Research on Adolescence 4514: 4033: 3180: 3160:. Mental Health Foundation. 2006. 3097: 2950:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 2786:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1969.tb02071.x 2721:10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x 2598: 2471:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x 1196: 1039: 648:Pao (1969) differentiated between 533:. Some branches of Islam mark the 14: 8377: 8016: 7831:Patton GC, Viner R (March 2007). 6738:Medical reviews and meta-analyses 6721:Self-harm: Longer-term Management 6416:American Journal of Public Health 4471:The British Journal of Psychiatry 4404:Doyle, Sheridan & Treacy 2017 3809:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3716:Journal of Public Health Medicine 3286:. Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out. 2091:The British Journal of Psychiatry 1736:, and very high (toxic) doses of 1682: 602: 8172:Trauma model of mental disorders 7834:"Pubertal transitions in health" 7539:Butler AM, Malone K (May 2013). 7270:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00287.x 6784:Counselling Psychology Quarterly 6594: 6539: 6496: 6452: 6378: 6358: 6349: 6265: 6224: 6161: 6126: 6100: 6074:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x 6052: 5969: 5956: 5799: 5735: 5730:§ 7.3.5 Narrative synthesis 5715: 5463: 5404: 5390:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x 5369: 5258: 5193: 5146: 5097: 5048: 4999: 4927: 4878: 4779: 4736: 4628:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015 4134:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00330.x 4019:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012 4007:The Journal of Adolescent Health 3440:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00085.x 3356:Claveirole A, Gaughan M (2011). 3208:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.040 3112:American Psychiatric Association 2304:"Resisting Urges to Self-Injure" 1843:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1785: 1767: 1715: 1165:relationship is unclear. A 2021 368: 117: 25: 16:Intentional injury to one's body 8148:Borderline personality disorder 7876:"Why Do Adolescents Self-Harm?" 7732:. New York: Bell Publishing Co. 7250:McAllister M (September 2003). 6688:. New York, London: Routledge. 6231:Marchetto MJ (September 2006). 4745:Development and Psychopathology 4701: 4642: 4590:Chapman, Gratz & Brown 2006 4534: 4517:"Pain and deliberate self-harm" 4462: 4447:. HELPGUIDE.org. Archived from 4311: 4256: 4225: 4182: 4157: 4108: 4085: 3998: 3970: 3932: 3907: 3843: 3744: 3703: 3624: 3458: 3446: 3419: 3349: 3196:Journal of Psychiatric Research 3126: 3049: 2691: 2661: 2592: 2568: 2557: 2532: 1422: 1374:diagnoses, such as depression, 1050:borderline personality disorder 547:such as those acquired through 198:intention. Other terms such as 8027:Royal College of Psychiatrists 7792:(9812). Elsevier BV: 236–243. 7504:10.1002/14651858.CD013669.pub2 7131:Journal of Affective Disorders 6813:Behaviour Research and Therapy 6657:Journal of Clinical Psychology 6008:International Psychogeriatrics 5283:10.1002/14651858.cd013667.pub2 4320:Journal of Affective Disorders 3576:American Academy of Pediatrics 2759:10.1080/21674086.1935.11925248 2627:Encyclopedia of body adornment 2459:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002: 1990: 1957: 1346:on adolescents who self-harm. 1295:parasympathetic nervous system 1226:Office for National Statistics 859:Classification and terminology 279:post-traumatic stress disorder 53:add the appropriate references 1: 8281:Mentalization-based treatment 7969:British Journal of Psychiatry 7851:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3 7799:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61141-0 7713:10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30040-3 7584:British Journal of Psychiatry 7545:British Journal of Psychiatry 7456:British Journal of Psychiatry 7215:Current Opinion in Pediatrics 7069:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5 6517:10.1016/S0091-3057(83)80011-2 5840:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 4854:10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281 4722:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3 4061:10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130 3044:David, Rifkin & Chiu 2018 2541:An Overview of the Maya World 2276:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 2187:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 2053:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 2039:Skegg K (2005). "Self-harm". 1822: 1509:disability-adjusted life year 539:a ritual of self-flagellation 8266:Dialectical behavior therapy 8218:Idealization and devaluation 7421:Evidence Based Mental Health 7415:Townsend E (November 2014). 7355:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7 7227:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283306825 7187:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000282 7094:Archives of Suicide Research 6981:The Keio Journal of Medicine 6914:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001706 6759:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000243 6615:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.09.004 5978:Journal of Threat Assessment 5913:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090110 4265:Archives of Suicide Research 3578:, 2007-10-29, archived from 2147:. London: Jessica Kingsley. 1827: 1698: 1384:Dialectical behavior therapy 1368:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1312:dialectical behavior therapy 1301: 855:is equivalent to self-harm. 348:Self-harm tends to begin in 7: 8023:Information about self-harm 7755:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056199 7417:"Self-harm in young people" 5532:Carr EG, Durand VM (1985). 4570:"Precursors to Self Injury" 3254:. Manchester: 42nd Street. 2880:Walsh BW, Rosen PM (1988). 1800: 1123: 761:, minor wound-excoriation, 541:, using chains and swords. 38:reliable medical references 10: 8382: 7963:Zahl DL, Hawton K (2004). 7728:Gould GM, Pyle WL (1896). 7034:10.1521/suli.35.1.50.59260 6952:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018 6885:10.1521/suli.2006.36.2.192 6825:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 6641: 5484:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009 3610:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 2947:Bodies Under Siege, 2nd ed 2807:Ross RR, McKay HB (1979). 2175:Clinical Psychology Review 2023:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289 1943:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 1885:Clinical Psychology Review 1642: 1360: 1287:sympathetic nervous system 722:Degree of Physical Damage 531:mortification of the flesh 515:Self-harm is practised in 359: 8312:BPDFamily (support group) 8304: 8256: 8185: 8167:Impulse-control disorders 8154: 8090: 8035: 7937:10.1017/S2045796020000839 7895:10.1027/0227-5910/a000369 7597:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116111 7558:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113506 7389:10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3 7174:PLOS Global Public Health 7143:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.068 7106:10.1080/13811110701247602 6902:Annals of Plastic Surgery 6796:10.1080/09515070110100956 6560:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.010 6461:Self injury awareness day 6020:10.1017/S1041610210001377 5595:10.1177/01454455960201003 5335:10.1002/14651858.CD012013 5063:(Plain English summary). 4810:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.28 4757:10.1017/s0954579405050522 4332:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.020 4277:10.1080/13811110903266475 4220:Greydanus & Shek 2009 3646:10.3109/00048670903487159 3484:10.1017/S0033291716000027 3390:Greydanus & Shek 2009 3278:Pembroke LR, ed. 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Others use the phrase 710:as rows II, III and IV. 8203:Emotional dysregulation 7652:(2–3). Wiley: 134–142. 6694:10.4324/9781315164182-8 6366:Codes of the Underworld 6250:10.1348/147608305X69795 5946:Dixon & Featherston 5810:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012 4676:10.1073/pnas.1102693108 4542:"Myths about self harm" 4365:Lengel & Styer 2019 4169:Genetics Home Reference 3983:, p. 1133, citing 3981:Patton & Viner 2007 3770:10.4045/tidsskr.08.0140 3567:For a lay summary, see 3088:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012 1396:habit reversal training 993:intellectual disability 918:organic brain syndromes 896:self-injurious behavior 892:self-inflicted violence 876:self-injurious behavior 872:nonsuicidal self-injury 853:deviant self-mutilation 829:deviant self-mutilation 451:One of the consequences 8186:Symptoms and behaviors 7434:10.1136/eb-2014-101840 7315:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10 5935:Gillies & Christou 4428:Zahl & Hawton 2004 4165:"Lesch-Nyhan syndrome" 3751:Urnes O (April 2009). 3689:10.1006/jado.1999.0228 3677:Journal of Adolescence 3543:10.1542/peds.2007-2361 3471:Psychological Medicine 2580:Hilchot Khovel u-Mazik 1795:from excessive licking 1592: 1507:World-map showing the 1500: 1206: 1102:Abuse during childhood 1054:dissociative disorders 773:Subculture acceptance 474: 462: 443: 435: 287:dissociative disorders 218:. The exact bounds of 8208:Feelings of emptiness 6603:Behavioural Processes 6095:Bowen & John 2001 5990:10.1300/J177v01n01_07 5849:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5758:Bowen & John 2001 5742:Bowen & John 2001 5724:, p. 98, citing 5583:Behavior Modification 5122:10.1192/bjo.2021.1006 5110:Pulmonary Circulation 5061:Pulmonary Circulation 4936:, pp. 2, 19–20: 4483:10.1192/bjp.141.3.286 4377:Rasmussen et al. 2016 3821:10.1192/bjp.152.3.416 2527:Gould & Pyle 1896 2399:10.1002/gps.930020208 2264:Women's Health Issues 2104:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 1674:pesticides or yellow 1506: 1430: 1350:Emergency departments 1334:, one small trial of 1316:personality disorders 1204: 1088:Psychological factors 939:, such as to include 914:self-inflicted injury 880:parasuicidal behavior 728:Social Acceptability 719:Examples of behavior 686:ingesting or inhaling 579:Prisons and Prisoners 468: 449: 441: 429: 381:synthesis of material 251:personality disorders 8337:Sibling estrangement 7982:10.1192/bjp.185.1.70 6386:"Walling up madness" 5808:, p. 6, citing 5746:Claassen et al. 2006 5744:, pp. 360–361. 3428:Sociological Inquiry 2709:Gender & History 2587:Damages (Jewish law) 2539:Gualberto A (1991). 1693:solitary confinement 1414:Avoidance techniques 1130:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome 949:deliberate self-harm 909:Self-inflicted wound 739:Superficial to mild 725:Psychological State 658:personality disorder 652:(low lethality) and 253:. People with other 8342:Personal boundaries 8332:Family estrangement 8327:Emotional blackmail 7845:(9567): 1130–1139. 7469:10.1192/bjp.2019.11 7063:(9834): 2373–2382. 6483:LifeSIGNS web pages 6281:on October 15, 2008 5834:(9859): 2095–2128. 5806:Gillies et al. 2018 5794:Gillies et al. 2018 5760:, pp. 360–361. 5073:10.3310/alert_49221 5024:10.1192/bjo.2022.35 4667:2011PNAS..108.6270K 4418:, pp. 236–243. 4406:, pp. 134–142. 4394:, pp. 186–200. 4379:, pp. 176–183. 4367:, pp. 130–131. 3993:Roberts et al. 2020 3979:, p. 2374 and 3414:Gillies et al. 2018 3404:, pp. 189–190. 3392:, pp. 145–146. 3250:Spandler H (1996). 3084:Gillies et al. 2018 3072:Gillies et al. 2018 2944:Favazza AR (1996). 2923:10.1176/ps.44.2.134 2813:. Lexington Books. 2047:(9495): 1471–1483. 1589: more than 850 1328:dietary supplements 1183:confidence interval 1179:confidence interval 1082:Münchausen syndrome 770:Benign to agitated 291:psychotic disorders 8091:External resources 6994:10.2302/kjm.58.144 6669:10.1002/jclp.20411 6243:(3): 445–459(15). 5171:10.1111/papt.12113 3985:Patton et al. 2007 3939:Fikette L (2005). 3157:Truth Hurts Report 2981:Plener et al. 2015 2668:Thomas LM (2000). 2625:DeMello M (2007). 1973:Suicidology Online 1615:Gender differences 1593: 1523: less than 80 1501: 1314:. Psychiatric and 1207: 1003:Signs and symptoms 935:more broadly than 565:, used a stint in 475: 463: 444: 436: 391:to the main topic. 385:verifiably mention 379:possibly contains 327:emotional numbness 194:, usually without 179:emergency medicine 8350: 8349: 8305:Family challenges 8291:Social psychiatry 8248:Suicidal ideation 8114: 8113: 7658:10.1111/jpm.12360 6848:Chaney S (2012). 6703:978-1-315-16418-2 6663:(11): 1039–1043. 6374:978-0-691-11937-3 6319:(7151): 133–135. 6115:on April 28, 2008 5777:Psychiatric Times 5710:Haris et al. 2022 5673:(7156): 441–447. 5218:10.1111/inm.12626 4934:Witt et al. 2021a 4661:(15): 6270–6275. 4622:(11): 1333–1341. 4430:, pp. 70–75. 4416:Moran et al. 2012 4392:Troya et al. 2019 3989:Knipe et al. 2022 3872:978-0-14-028053-1 3859:Strong M (1999). 3794:, pp. 50–51. 3402:Troya et al. 2019 3369:978-0-470-72345-6 3293:978-1-904697-04-6 3261:978-1-900782-00-5 3167:978-1-903645-81-9 2957:978-0-8018-5300-5 2895:978-0-89862-731-2 2820:978-0-669-02116-5 2698:Thomas L (2003). 2683:978-1-55587-995-2 2636:978-0-313-33695-9 2550:978-968-7232-19-5 2368:978-0-7234-2590-8 2243:978-0-11-621548-2 2154:978-1-84310-237-3 1779:Moluccan cockatoo 1712:about self-harm. 1306:Several forms of 1144:Drugs and alcohol 1094:depersonalization 1070:conduct disorders 969:attention-seeking 821: 820: 784:Mild to moderate 767:Mild to moderate 529:, it is known as 424: 423: 416: 263:anxiety disorders 232:body modification 185: 184: 128:Medical condition 126: 125: 102: 8373: 8198:Eating disorders 8141: 8134: 8127: 8118: 8117: 8033: 8032: 8010: 7984: 7959: 7949: 7939: 7914: 7880: 7870: 7836: 7827: 7801: 7776: 7766: 7733: 7724: 7695: 7669: 7640: 7629:10.1037/h0080171 7609: 7599: 7570: 7560: 7526: 7516: 7506: 7481: 7471: 7446: 7436: 7411: 7401: 7391: 7366: 7337: 7327: 7317: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7246: 7209: 7199: 7189: 7164: 7154: 7125: 7088: 7054: 7045: 7016: 7006: 6996: 6971: 6933: 6896: 6867: 6865: 6863:10.16995/ntn.646 6844: 6807: 6778: 6732: 6715: 6680: 6635: 6634: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6439: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6364:Diego Gambetta. 6362: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6304: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6213: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6135:Body and Society 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6031: 6014:(8): 1327–1336. 6003: 5994: 5993: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5954: 5943: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5891: 5880: 5879: 5861: 5851: 5819: 5813: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5772: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5478:(2): 97–107.e2. 5467: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5432: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5346: 5329:(12): CD012013. 5314: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5229: 5212:(5): 1145–1154. 5197: 5191: 5190: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4833: 4822: 4821: 4803: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4751:(4): 1105–1127. 4740: 4734: 4733: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4678: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4544:. Archived from 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4440: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4198: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4136: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4002: 3996: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3566: 3561:. Archived from 3537:(5): 1183–1215. 3522: 3513: 3512: 3486: 3477:(7): 1345–1358. 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3285: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3090:, pp. 1–2; 3081: 3075: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3001: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2851: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2703: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2596: 2590: 2572: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2454: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2299: 2288: 2287: 2259: 2248: 2247: 2235: 2224: 2207: 2206: 2170: 2159: 2158: 2140: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1970: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1880: 1867: 1866: 1838: 1789: 1775:Feather-plucking 1771: 1753:feather-plucking 1652:Developing world 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1388:trichotillomania 1380:bipolar disorder 1324:mood stabilizers 1187:mental disorders 1158:Northern Ireland 1118:gender dysphoria 1058:bipolar disorder 982:coping mechanism 945:eating disorders 803:self-enucleation 763:trichotillomania 745:Mostly accepted 713: 712: 559:Constance Lytton 549:academic fencing 419: 412: 408: 405: 399: 372: 371: 364: 331:sense of failure 311:coping mechanism 295:gender dysphoria 275:eating disorders 255:mental disorders 224:eating disorders 151: 131: 130: 121: 120: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 29: 28: 21: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8300: 8276:McLean Hospital 8252: 8181: 8150: 8145: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8086: 8085: 8044: 8019: 8014: 8013: 7878: 7577: 7534: 7529: 7497:(3): CD013669. 7282: 7280: 7180:(6): e0000282. 6946:(10): 733–741. 6908:(6S): S79–S88. 6740: 6735: 6704: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6544: 6540: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6465: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6305: 6292: 6284: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6166: 6162: 6131: 6127: 6118: 6116: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6057: 6053: 6004: 5997: 5974: 5970: 5959: 5948: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5892: 5883: 5820: 5816: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5773: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5740: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5659: 5655: 5639:10.1.1.666.6159 5622: 5618: 5579: 5575: 5530: 5526: 5503: 5499: 5468: 5464: 5409: 5405: 5374: 5370: 5344:1854/LU-8573483 5315: 5308: 5277:(3): CD013667. 5263: 5259: 5198: 5194: 5151: 5147: 5102: 5098: 5053: 5049: 5004: 5000: 4996:, p. 2380. 4992: 4988: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4883: 4879: 4834: 4825: 4801:10.1.1.506.4280 4784: 4780: 4741: 4737: 4706: 4702: 4647: 4643: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4513: 4506: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363:, p. 644; 4359: 4355: 4316: 4312: 4308:, p. 2376. 4304: 4300: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4041: 4034: 4003: 3999: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3805: 3798: 3792:Haw et al. 2005 3790: 3786: 3749: 3745: 3708: 3704: 3673: 3669: 3629: 3625: 3594: 3587: 3568: 3523: 3516: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3424: 3420: 3416:, pp. 4–5. 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3241: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3074:, pp. 4–5. 3070:, p. 131; 3066: 3062: 3056:McAllister 2003 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3032:McAllister 2003 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3002: 2995: 2979:, p. 178; 2977:McAllister 2003 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2942: 2938: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2878: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2810:Self-Mutilation 2805: 2801: 2770: 2766: 2741: 2737: 2706: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2666: 2662: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2606: 2605:, Jafariya news 2597: 2593: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2455: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2414: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2349: 2345: 2300: 2291: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2233: 2225: 2210: 2171: 2162: 2155: 2141: 2120: 2083: 2076: 2037: 2030: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1927: 1920: 1881: 1870: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1718: 1710:raise awareness 1701: 1685: 1654: 1645: 1617: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1363: 1344:pharmacotherapy 1320:antidepressants 1304: 1278: 1261:beta endorphins 1199: 1197:Pathophysiology 1146: 1126: 1090: 1042: 1040:Mental disorder 1037: 1005: 922:substance abuse 884:self-mutilation 861: 799:Auto-castration 787:Psychic crisis 716:Classification 708:Self-mutilation 612:partial suicide 605: 575:blood poisoning 567:Holloway Prison 496:performed auto- 494:Maya priesthood 420: 409: 403: 400: 393: 383:which does not 373: 369: 362: 354:Captive animals 303:self-punishment 267:substance abuse 228:substance abuse 208:self-mutilation 129: 122: 118: 113: 107: 104: 61: 50: 46:primary sources 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8379: 8369: 8368: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8286:Schema therapy 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8213:Hypersexuality 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8144: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8072: 8061: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036:Classification 8030: 8029: 8018: 8017:External links 8015: 8012: 8011: 7960: 7915: 7871: 7828: 7777: 7749:(6): e056199. 7734: 7725: 7707:(2): 463–492. 7696: 7641: 7623:(2): 197–206. 7612: 7611: 7610: 7590:(5): 326–328. 7551:(5): 324–325. 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7482: 7462:(4): 186–200. 7447: 7412: 7367: 7349:(4): 508–514. 7338: 7293: 7264:(3): 177–185. 7247: 7221:(5): 641–645. 7210: 7165: 7126: 7100:(2): 129–147. 7089: 7046: 7017: 6987:(3): 144–151. 6972: 6934: 6897: 6879:(2): 192–212. 6868: 6845: 6819:(3): 371–394. 6808: 6790:(4): 357–379. 6779: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6716: 6702: 6681: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6593: 6581: 6554:(4): 587–598. 6538: 6511:(6): 891–894. 6495: 6473: 6451: 6422:(3): 442–447. 6402: 6390:Prison Insider 6377: 6357: 6348: 6290: 6264: 6223: 6191: 6180:(4): 457–474. 6160: 6125: 6099: 6097:, p. 361. 6087: 6068:(6): 667–677. 6051: 5995: 5968: 5927: 5906:(2): 240–259. 5881: 5814: 5798: 5786: 5762: 5750: 5734: 5714: 5702: 5653: 5632:(2): 166–185. 5616: 5573: 5544:(2): 111–126. 5524: 5497: 5462: 5403: 5384:(4): 337–350. 5368: 5306: 5257: 5192: 5165:(3): 480–501. 5145: 5096: 5047: 4998: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4960: 4926: 4897:(5): 194–204. 4877: 4848:(3): 357–392. 4823: 4778: 4735: 4716:(2): 123–146. 4700: 4641: 4606: 4604:, p. 361. 4594: 4592:, p. 383. 4582: 4558: 4533: 4504: 4477:(3): 286–291. 4461: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4381: 4369: 4353: 4310: 4298: 4271:(4): 340–348. 4255: 4252:on 8 July 2011 4224: 4209: 4206:on 2012-10-11. 4181: 4156: 4127:(9): 573–575. 4107: 4084: 4055:(4): 447–458. 4032: 4013:(5): 489–495. 3997: 3969: 3957: 3931: 3906: 3878: 3871: 3851: 3842: 3815:(3): 416–417. 3796: 3784: 3763:(9): 872–876. 3743: 3722:(2): 129–132. 3702: 3683:(3): 369–378. 3667: 3640:(3): 250–257. 3623: 3604:(2): 145–162. 3585: 3565:on 2009-02-08. 3514: 3457: 3445: 3434:(2): 162–179. 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3368: 3348: 3319:(2): 197–209. 3299: 3292: 3267: 3260: 3239: 3179: 3166: 3144: 3125: 3096: 3094:, p. 325. 3076: 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. S82. 3036: 3034:, p. 178. 3024: 3022:, p. 198. 3012: 2993: 2991:, p. 131. 2969: 2956: 2936: 2917:(2): 134–140. 2901: 2894: 2869: 2832: 2819: 2799: 2780:(3): 195–206. 2764: 2753:(3): 408–466. 2735: 2715:(3): 338–363. 2690: 2682: 2660: 2642: 2635: 2614: 2591: 2567: 2556: 2549: 2531: 2519: 2504: 2500:Angelotta 2015 2492: 2442: 2412: 2393:(2): 105–110. 2374: 2367: 2343: 2314:(2): 211–220. 2289: 2270:(2): 121–125. 2249: 2242: 2208: 2181:(5): 531–554. 2160: 2153: 2118: 2097:(6): 537–542. 2074: 2028: 2017:(2): 289–305. 2001: 1989: 1956: 1937:(2): 324–333. 1918: 1891:(2): 226–239. 1868: 1849:(5): 447–457. 1832: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1793:Lick granuloma 1791: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1766: 1749:lick granuloma 1717: 1714: 1700: 1697: 1684: 1683:Prison inmates 1681: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1616: 1613: 1602:drug overdoses 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1362: 1359: 1332:antipsychotics 1303: 1300: 1277: 1274: 1272:of self-harm. 1198: 1195: 1145: 1142: 1125: 1122: 1110:pubertal phase 1089: 1086: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1021:self-embedding 1004: 1001: 986:emotional pain 860: 857: 819: 818: 815: 812: 809: 796: 792: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 755:sailor tattoos 751: 747: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 646: 645: 642: 632: 629: 626: 623: 608:Karl Menninger 604: 603:Classification 601: 561:, a prominent 479:Karl Menninger 457:was practiced 422: 421: 376: 374: 367: 361: 358: 271:mood disorders 183: 182: 168: 162: 161: 153: 152: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 127: 124: 123: 116: 114: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8378: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8354: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8135: 8130: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7586:(Editorial). 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7547:(Editorial). 7546: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6368:. Princeton. 6367: 6361: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6214:on 2008-12-01 6210: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6141:(4): 87–111. 6140: 6136: 6129: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722:Townsend 2014 5718: 5711: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5311: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4961: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4548:on 2019-11-02 4547: 4543: 4537: 4523:on 2008-09-16 4522: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4451:on 2008-05-11 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3947:on 2008-03-03 3946: 3942: 3935: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3896:on 2009-03-19 3895: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3590: 3582:on 2011-03-24 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3453:Klonsky 2007b 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3086:, p. 6; 3085: 3080: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2983:, p. 1; 2982: 2978: 2973: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2859:on 2012-02-25 2855: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Mishneh Torah 2571: 2565: 2564:1 Kings 18:28 2560: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1997:Klonsky 2007b 1993: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1716:Other animals 1713: 1711: 1707: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1583: 800–850 1577: 720–800 1571: 640–720 1565: 560–640 1559: 480–560 1553: 400–480 1547: 320–400 1541: 240–320 1535: 160–240 1517: no data 1510: 1505: 1497: 194–395 1491: 147–193 1485: 122–146 1437: no data 1429: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:schizophrenia 1373: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1251:or numbness ( 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1238:physical pain 1235: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177:= 1.569, 95% 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:meta-analysis 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078:schizophrenia 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978:para-suicidal 975: 970: 965: 963: 957: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:drug overdose 938: 934: 929: 927: 926:autoeroticism 923: 919: 915: 911: 910: 905: 904:self-soothing 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 817:Unacceptable 816: 813: 810: 808: 804: 800: 797: 794: 793: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 776: 772: 769: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 749: 748: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 714: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 643: 641: 637: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 617: 616: 615: 613: 609: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 553:scarification 550: 546: 545:Dueling scars 542: 540: 536: 535:Day of Ashura 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 483: 480: 472: 467: 460: 459:self-flogging 456: 452: 448: 440: 433: 428: 418: 415: 407: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377:This section 375: 366: 365: 357: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 304: 300: 296: 293:, as well as 292: 288: 284: 283:schizophrenia 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 180: 176: 172: 169: 167: 163: 159: 154: 150: 145: 141: 137: 132: 115: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 43: 39: 34:This article 32: 23: 22: 19: 8352: 8322:Complex PTSD 8317:Codependency 8237: 8193:Dissociation 8098: 8074: 8063: 8048: 7972: 7968: 7927: 7923: 7886: 7882: 7842: 7838: 7789: 7785: 7746: 7742: 7729: 7704: 7700: 7649: 7645: 7620: 7616: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7548: 7544: 7494: 7490: 7459: 7455: 7427:(4): 97–99. 7424: 7420: 7379: 7375: 7346: 7342: 7305: 7301: 7289:Academia.edu 7287:– via 7281:. Retrieved 7261: 7255: 7218: 7214: 7177: 7173: 7134: 7130: 7097: 7093: 7060: 7056: 7028:(1): 50–62. 7025: 7021: 6984: 6980: 6943: 6939: 6905: 6901: 6876: 6872: 6853: 6816: 6812: 6787: 6783: 6753:(2): 75–80. 6750: 6746: 6720: 6685: 6660: 6656: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6584: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6488:, retrieved 6482: 6476: 6466:, retrieved 6460: 6454: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6394:. Retrieved 6392:. 2022-04-14 6389: 6380: 6365: 6360: 6351: 6316: 6312: 6283:, retrieved 6279:the original 6273: 6267: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6216:, retrieved 6209:the original 6200: 6194: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6117:. Retrieved 6113:the original 6102: 6090: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6011: 6007: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5930: 5903: 5899: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5801: 5796:, p. 4. 5789: 5780: 5776: 5753: 5737: 5717: 5712:, p. 3. 5705: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5589:(1): 60–84. 5586: 5582: 5576: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5513:(1): 37–48. 5510: 5506: 5500: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5326: 5322: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5015: 5012:BJPsych Open 5011: 5001: 4989: 4929: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4845: 4841: 4794:(1): 28–38. 4791: 4787: 4781: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4574:. Retrieved 4550:. Retrieved 4546:the original 4536: 4525:. Retrieved 4521:the original 4474: 4470: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4423: 4411: 4399: 4372: 4356: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4301: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4247:the original 4240: 4227: 4201:the original 4184: 4173:. 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