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quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes. A more recent study suggested that elephants might also experience insight, showing that a young male elephant was able to identify and move a large cube under food that was out of reach so that he could stand on it to get the reward.
144:
207:). An example is the "Duncker candle problem", in which people are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to light the room. The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and light the candle with the matches.
546:. This form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness. A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme form is
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According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems. The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. Research has demonstrated that insight probably
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Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. Insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem. Insight in
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corresponded to non-insight problems. The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. This conclusion has been supported also by eye-tracking data that shows an increased eye
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Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory, verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three
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Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions. Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT
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for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of food). He observed that the animals would continuously fail to get the food, and this process occurred for
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scans of participants completing RATs demonstrated particular brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight. For example, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight
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to help produce insight. People were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that
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and the associationistic view of learning. Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger,
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Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both
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for insight problems, than for non-insight problems. People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during
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Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break. However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight
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moment. In order to have insights it is important to have access to one's emotions and sensations, as these can cause insights. To the degree that individuals have limited introspective access to these underlying causes, they have only limited control over these processes as well.
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moments are seen in negative insight. A further example of negative insight is chagrin which is annoyance at the obviousness of a solution that was missed up until the (perhaps too late) point of insight, an example of this being Homer
Simpson's catchphrase exclamation,
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Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. Problems of insight commonly fall into three types:
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Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.
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tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, although they feel compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless. Patients with
382:) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.
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In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on
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235:(RAT), in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words. RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.
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According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems:
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People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems using insight. Self-reported positive affect of participants increased insight before and during the solving of a problem,
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Perivoliotis, Dimitri; Grant, Paul M.; Peters, Emmanuelle R.; et al. (2010). "Cognitive insight predicts favorable outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis".
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Ovington, Linda A.; Saliba, Anthony J.; Moran, Carmen C.; et al. (2015-11-01). "Do People Really Have
Insights in the Shower? The When, Where and Who of the Aha! Moment".
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Lin, Wei-Lun; Hsu, Kung-Yu; Chen, Hsueh-Chih; et al. (2011). "The relations of gender and personality traits on different creativities: A dual-process theory account".
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A large-scale study in
Australia suggests that insight may not be universally experienced, with almost 20% of respondents reporting that they had not experienced insight.
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342:(such as looking at blank wall, or out the window at the sky) proves different attention involvement in insight problem solving vs. problem solving via analysis.
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problems. Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the
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cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis. Some psychiatrists believe psychiatric medication may contribute to the patient's lack of insight.
550:, the total absence of insight into one's own mental illness. Mental illnesses are associated with a variety of levels of insight. For example, people with
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276:. People experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved fewer problems by insight. Emotion can also be considered: whether this is a positive
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nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.
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on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight.
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Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. A person's cognitive flexibility,
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an understanding of cause and effect based on the identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, system, context, or scenario (see
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Shen, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, C.; et al. (2015). "In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving".
122:, or (for crossword solvers) the penny dropping moment (PDM). Sudden sickening realisations often identify a problem rather than solving it, so
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is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. More recent research suggests that rather than
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meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.
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2315:"Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study"
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Pijnenborg, G.H.M.; Spikman, J.M.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Aleman, A. (2012). "Insight in schizophrenia: associations with empathy".
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An insight that manifests itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the
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542:. Psychiatric insight is typically measured with the Beck cognitive insight scale (BCIS), named after American psychiatrist
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252:, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast,
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Markova, I. S.; Jaafari, N.; Berrios, G. E. (2009). "Insight and
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A conceptual analysis".
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The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their
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Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.
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the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution
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260:, that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of
2410:"Meditation promotes insightful problem-solving by keeping people in a mindful and alert conscious state"
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Wagner, Ullrich; Gais, Steffen; Haider, Hilde; et al. (22 January 2004). "Sleep inspires insight".
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problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).
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Kounios, John; Beeman, Mark (1 August 2009). "The Aha! Moment: The
Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight".
1619:"Individual and group performance on insight problems: The effects of experimentally induced fixation"
1259:"It's a kind of magicāwhat self-reports can reveal about the phenomenology of insight problem solving"
223:" which requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.
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679: ā Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight
670: ā a person's capacity for self-examination, self-reflection, introspection and personal insight
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Davidson, J. E.; Sternberg, R. J. (1 April 1984). "The Role of
Insight in Intellectual Giftedness".
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Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Franconeri, Steven; Kounios, John; Beeman, Mark (December 2015).
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Jarman, Matthew S. (2014-07-01). "Quantifying the
Qualitative: Measuring the Insight Experience".
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conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them. Psychiatric insight
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Gilhooly, K.J.; Murphy, P. (1 August 2005). "Differentiating insight from non-insight problems".
631: ā Branch of theology that defines virtuous and sinful behavior from a Christian perspective
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focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant
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2092:"The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS): Translation and validation of the Taiwanese version"
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1204:"Insight Is Not in the Problem: Investigating Insight in Problem Solving across Task Types"
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714:"The Grounded Expertise Components Approach in the Novel Area of Cryptic Crossword Solving"
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778:"Uh-Oh! What Have We Missed? A Qualitative Investigation into Everyday Insight Experience"
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There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation.
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blink duration and frequency when people solve problems via insight. This latter result,
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According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving:
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The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the
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MarkovĆ”, I. S.; Berrios, G. E.; Hodges, J. H. (2004). "Insight into Memory
Function".
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slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.
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Subramaniam, Karuna; Kounios, John; Parrish, Todd B.; et al. (1 March 2009).
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have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in animals. In 1917,
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within a particular context. The term insight can have several related meanings:
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Foerder, Preston; Galloway, Marie; Barthel, Tony III; et al. (2011-08-18).
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1414:. Vol. 5: Personality and Social Psychology. New Jersey: Wiley. p. 53.
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Danek, Amory H.; Fraps, Thomas; von MĆ¼ller, Albrecht; et al. (2014-12-08).
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paired with an eye pattern oriented to look away from sources of visual inputs
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The person incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc.
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1003:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London: The MIT Press.
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the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing
1766:
1052:
Mednick, Sarnoff (1962). "The associative basis of the creative process".
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involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.
110:. The term was coined by the German psychologist and theoretical linguist
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Segal, Eliaz (1 March 2004). "Incubation in
Insight Problem Solving".
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Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Bowden, Edward; et al. (2016).
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Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of
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Ren, Jun; Huang, ZhiHui; Luo, Jing; et al. (29 October 2011).
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1326:"A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect"
904:"Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions"
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Understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context
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1999:
An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field
847:
Duncker, Karl; Lees, Lynne S. (1945). "On problem-solving".
685: ā Capacity for introspection and individuation as a subject
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Webb, Margaret E.; Little, Daniel R.; Cropper, Simon J. (2016).
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Eureka effect Ā§ Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies
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The verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.
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1563:"Sudden insight is associated with shutting out visual inputs"
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Robinson-Riegler, Bridget; Robinson-Riegler, Gregory (2012).
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with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals.
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European
Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
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Smith, C. M.; Bushouse, E.; Lord, J. (13 November 2009).
1520:
Bowden, Edward M.; Jung-Beeman, Mark (1 September 2003).
901:
602:
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411:"B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath.
2356:"Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment: Time to Rethink?"
999:
Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. (1996).
687:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
664: ā Canadian philosopher and theologian (1904ā1984)
651:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Cognitive psychology: applying the science of the mind
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538:, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own
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1741:"Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving"
591:, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of
2313:
Harrow, M.; Jobe, T.H.; Faull, R.N. (October 2012).
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Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
649: ā Capacity of humans to exercise introspection
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The insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated.
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combining the information previously deemed relevant
994:
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878:(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
1996:
1953:
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1665:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
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822:. In Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, J.E. (eds.).
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1957:
1890:"Insightful Problem Solving in an Asian Elephant"
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1519:
1201:
998:
712:Friedlander, Kathryn J.; Fine, Philip A. (2016).
658: ā Examining one's own thoughts and feelings
361:Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard.
274:as indicated by differing brain activity patterns
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820:"Cognitive and affective components of insight"
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776:Hill, Gillian; Kemp, Shelly M. (2016-02-01).
2268:"Mistakes I Have Made in My Research Career"
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215:The second type of insight problem requires
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1116:Current Directions in Psychological Science
959:. Nelson Education ltd: Thomson Wadsworth.
846:
818:Gick, Mary L.; Lockhart, Robert S. (1995).
433:, having studied primates on the island of
2619:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
2519:
2505:
2211:Neurology, Psychiatry & Brain Research
1785:Klein, G.; Jarosz, A. (17 November 2011).
1623:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
1410:Tennen, Howard; Suls, Jerry, eds. (2013).
1409:
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393:People are poorer at predicting their own
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1031:. Bronx, N.Y.: Ishi Press International.
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2455:Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques
2039:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1994:
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2666:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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495:The person prepares to solve a problem.
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1739:Metcalfe, Janet; Wiebe, David (1987).
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1867:(Repr. ed.). London: Routledge.
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2090:Kao, Yu-Chen; Liu, Yia-Ping (2010).
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18:Insight in psychology and psychiatry
2651:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
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72:the power of acute observation and
40:is the understanding of a specific
24:
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694: ā Normative ethical theories
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1787:"A Naturalistic Study of Insight"
1567:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1526:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1331:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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182:Solution to the Nine-dot problem.
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1703:The Journal of Creative Behavior
1138:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01638.x
785:The Journal of Creative Behavior
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345:
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2145:. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare.
2141:Ghaemi, S. Nassir (2002).
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951:Weiten, W.; McCann, D. (2007).
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569:favourably predicts outcomes in
310:
2604:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
2003:. New York, N.Y.: Dover Publ.
705:
147:Representation of the Duncker
13:
1:
2487:The dictionary definition of
1377:British Journal of Psychology
920:10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798
826:. MIT Press. pp. 197ā228
698:
552:obsessive compulsive disorder
511:
366:unhelpful and helpful clues.
288:
219:to solve. An example is the "
191:Breaking functional fixedness
161:Insight was first studied by
138:
3253:
3244:
3221:
2373:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001861
1915:10.1371/journal.pone.0023251
1834:10.1080/10400419.2014.929405
378:Higher intelligence (higher
82:
57:
7:
3350:
3187:
3164:
2526:
2414:Science China Life Sciences
1995:Hadamard, Jacques (1954) .
1822:Creativity Research Journal
1442:10.1207/s15326934crj1601_13
1430:Creativity Research Journal
622:
613:
607:
585:
518:Egosyntonic and egodystonic
441:
244:Versus non-insight problems
10:
3634:
2143:Polypharmacy in Psychiatry
1974:10.1177/001698628402800203
515:
314:
267:
29:
3534:
3452:
3279:
3206:
3156:
2679:
2577:
2534:
2427:10.1007/s11427-011-4233-3
2331:10.1017/S0033291712000220
2266:Murray, Robin M. (2017).
2242:10.1080/17522430903147520
2058:10.1007/s00406-012-0373-0
1863:Kƶhler, Wolfgang (1999).
1580:10.3758/s13423-015-0845-0
1178:10.1080/13546780442000187
199:Example of a RAT problem.
114:. It is also known as an
80:, called intellection or
3613:Concepts in epistemology
1806:10.1177/1555343411427013
1635:10.1177/1368430209340276
1276:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01408
1223:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01424
1166:Thinking & Reasoning
1027:Sloan, Sam Loyd (2007).
849:Psychological Monographs
731:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00567
668:Psychological mindedness
297:
32:Insight (disambiguation)
2459:Oxford University Press
2453:Bradley, Nigel (2007).
2109:10.1186/1471-244X-10-27
2035:MarkovĆ”, I. S. (2005).
1345:10.1162/jocn.2009.21057
1263:Frontiers in Psychology
1209:Frontiers in Psychology
718:Frontiers in Psychology
92:artificial intelligence
3579:
3563:
3515:
3492:
3483:
3474:
2354:Moncrieff, J. (2015).
2319:Psychological Medicine
2273:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1961:Gifted Child Quarterly
1745:Memory & Cognition
1412:Handbook of Psychology
908:Thinking and Reasoning
583:word for "insight" is
370:Individual differences
362:
233:Remote Associates Test
200:
183:
151:
104:
48:a piece of information
3068:Righteous indignation
2287:10.1093/schbul/sbw165
2037:Insight in Psychiatry
1865:The mentality of apes
1029:Cyclopedia of puzzles
1001:The nature of insight
955:Themes and Variations
824:The nature of insight
647:Human self-reflection
473:selective combination
430:The Mentality of Apes
402:Naturalistic settings
360:
258:insight versus search
198:
181:
146:
3618:Sources of knowledge
2586:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
1055:Psychological Review
601:Similar concepts in
479:selective comparison
459:Three-process theory
227:Using verbal ability
205:functional fixedness
30:For other uses, see
2656:Theological virtues
2559:Positive psychology
1906:2011PLoSO...623251F
1488:10.1038/nature02223
1480:2004Natur.427..352W
450:Dual-process theory
427:published his book
302:Research has shown
76:, discernment, and
3088:Self-transcendence
2680:Individual virtues
2624:Nine Noble Virtues
2553:Nicomachean Ethics
1758:10.3758/BF03197722
1539:10.3758/BF03196539
1389:10.1111/bjop.12142
467:selective encoding
363:
254:fluid intelligence
201:
184:
170:coherent context.
163:Gestalt psychology
152:
3608:Critical thinking
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
2742:Conscientiousness
2609:Epistemic virtues
2468:978-0-19-928196-1
2180:10.1159/000228836
2152:978-0-8247-0776-7
2010:978-0-486-20107-8
1874:978-0-415-20979-3
1474:(6972): 352ā355.
1038:978-0-923891-78-7
1010:978-0-262-69187-1
885:978-0-205-03364-5
421:primate cognition
415:Non-Human Animals
16:(Redirected from
3625:
3584:
3568:
3520:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3355:
3258:
3249:
3226:
3192:
3169:
3154:
3153:
3083:Self-cultivation
2636:Prussian virtues
2599:Cardinal virtues
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
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1698:
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1677:10.1037/a0026241
1660:
1647:
1646:
1614:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1573:(6): 1814ā1819.
1558:
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861:10.1037/h0093599
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797:10.1002/jocb.142
782:
773:
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761:
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733:
709:
688:
673:
662:Bernard Lonergan
652:
629:Christian ethics
618:
610:
590:
570:
487:Four-stage model
341:
335:posterior cortex
275:
259:
239:Specific results
221:Nine-dot problem
109:
87:
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42:cause and effect
21:
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3202:
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2675:
2661:Three Treasures
2578:Virtue families
2573:
2547:Moral character
2530:
2525:
2479:
2469:
2449:
2447:Further reading
2444:
2443:
2420:(10): 961ā965.
2406:
2402:
2398:
2366:(8): e1001861.
2325:(10): 2145ā55.
2261:
2257:
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2168:Psychopathology
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1129:10.1.1.521.6014
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425:Wolfgang Kƶhler
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217:spatial ability
213:
211:Spatial ability
193:
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174:Classic methods
156:trial and error
141:
35:
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2687:Accountability
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2477:External links
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2280:(2): 253ā256.
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2174:(5): 277ā282.
2158:
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2133:
2096:BMC Psychiatry
2082:
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2052:(4): 299ā307.
2041:
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2009:
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1828:(3): 276ā288.
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1172:(3): 279ā302.
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1122:(4): 210ā216.
1099:
1069:10.1.1.170.572
1062:(3): 220ā232.
1044:
1037:
1016:
1009:
972:
966:978-0176472733
965:
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884:
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791:(3): 201ā211.
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683:Self awareness
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563:, and various
540:mental illness
526:Self-awareness
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167:associationism
149:Candle Problem
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3108:Sportsmanship
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3073:Righteousness
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2986:Nonattachment
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2646:Seven virtues
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2593:BrahmavihÄrÄs
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2569:Virtue ethics
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2537:
2535:About virtues
2533:
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2499:
2493:at Wiktionary
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699:References
544:Aaron Beck
536:psychiatry
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516:See also:
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139:Psychology
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3509:Humanitas
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587:vipassana
565:psychotic
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2809:Faith
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2752:Civil
2671:Yamas
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