348:(2004) showed that people manipulate mental representations for reasoning about mechanical problems, such as how gears or pulleys work. Similarly, Schwartz and Black (1999) found that doing such mental simulations such as pouring water improves people's skill to find the solution to questions about the amount of tilt required for containers of different heights and widths. In the field of sports psychology, coaches for a variety of sports (e.g. basketball, gymnastics, soccer or golf) have promoted players to use mental imagery and manipulation as one technique for performance in their game. (Jones & Stuth, 1997) Recent research (e.g., Cherney, 2008) has also demonstrated evidence that playing video games with consistent practice can improve mental rotation skills, for example improvements in women's scores after practice with a game that involved a race within a 3-D environment. Same effects have been seen playing action video games such as
490:, in order to complete a task. This cognitive ability mediates individual differences in the capacity for higher level spatial abilities, such as mental rotation. Spatial working memory involves storing large amounts of short-term spatial memories in relation to visuo-spatial sketchpad. It is used in the temporary storage and manipulation of visual-spatial information such as memorizing shapes, colours, location or motion of objects in space. It is also involved in tasks which consist of planning of spatial movements, like planning one's route through a complex building. The visuospatial sketchpad can be split into separate visual, spatial and possibly kin-aesthetic (movement) components. Its neurobiological function also correlates within the right
454:. Mental animation is mentally visualizing the motion and movement of components within any form of system or in general. It is an ability highly crucial in mechanical reasoning and understanding, for example mental animation in mechanical tasks can involve deconstructing a pulley system mentally into smaller units and animating them in the corresponding sequence or laws in the mechanical system. In short, mental animation is mental imagining how mechanical objects work by analyzing the motion of their smaller parts.
25:
538:
supposed to represent spatial dynamics of molecules, and thus spatial skills are important in visualizing the molecule models that are needed in the formulas. Spatial manipulation ability is also important in the field of structural geology, when visually imagining how rocks change through time, such as migration of a magma body through crust or progressive folding of a strati-graphic succession. Another spatial visualization skill known as
326:
189:
92:
465:
changing unlike mental rotation. In rigid manipulations, the object itself is not changed but rather its spatial position or orientation is, whereas in non-rigid transformations like mental folding the object and shapes are changed. Mental folding in tasks usually require a series of mental rotations to sequentially fold the object into a new one. Classic mental folding tests are the Paper folding task which is similar to
391:
274:
position and motion. For example, when one is navigating through a dense forest they are using spatial perception and awareness. Another example is when trying to understand the relations and mechanics inside of a car, they are relying on their spatial perception to understand its visual framework. Tests that measure spatial perception include the
439:
that they are assigned to design or work with. Chemists must be able to understand formulas which can be viewed as abstract models of molecules with most of the spatial information deleted; spatial skills are important in restoring that information when more detailed mental models of the molecules are needed in the formulas.
551:
that numerical estimation might rely on integrating different visual-spatial cues (diameter, size, location, measurement) to infer an answer. A study published in 2014 also found evidence that mathematical calculation relies on the integration of various spatial processes. Another 2015 study published in the journal of
266:
316:
which is responsible for visuomotor processing and visually goal-directed action. Studies have also found that individuals who played first person shooting games had better spatial perceptual skills like faster and more accurate performance in a peripheral and identification task while simultaneously
550:
found evidence that visuo-spatial processing is intuitively involved in many aspects of processing numbers and calculating in math. For example, meaning of a digit in a multi-digit number is coded following spatial information given its relation to its position within the number. Another study found
438:
Spatial visualization is especially important in the domains of science and technology. For example, an astronomer must mentally visualize the structures of a solar system and the motions of the objects within it. An engineer mentally visualizes the interactions of the parts of a machine or building
521:
found that 45% of those with STEM PhDs were within top percentage of high spatial ability in a group of 400,000 participants who were analyzed for 11 years since they were in the 12th grade. Only less than 10% of those with STEM PhDs were below the top quarter in spatial ability during adolescence.
464:
of 2D pattern or material into 3D objects and representations. Compared to other studies, mental folding has had relatively little research and study. In comparison to mental rotation, mental folding is a non-rigid spatial transformation ability which means features of the manipulated object end up
251:
on the other hand is the mental ability to manipulate and rotate 2D or 3D objects in space quickly and accurately. Lastly, spatial visualization is characterized as complicated multi-step manipulations of spatially presented information. These three abilities are mediated and supported by a fourth
537:
must visually imagine the structures of a solar system, and the path of the bodies within it. An engineer must visually imagine the motions of the parts of a machine or building that they are assigned to work with. Chemists must be able to understand formulas which are essentially abstract models
442:
Spatial visualization also involves imagining and working with visual details of measurement, shapes, motion, features and properties through mental imagery and using this spatial relations to derive at an understanding to a problem. Whereas spatial perception involves understanding externally via
502:
In an extensive review of research into sex differences, Maccoby and
Jacklin reported that males generally perform better on spatial ability tasks than do females, in congruence to other research findings. They also found that practice leads to rapid enhancements in spatial ability in both sexes.
247:. Each of these abilities have unique properties and importance to many types of tasks whether in certain jobs or everyday life. For example, spatial perception is defined as the ability to perceive spatial relationships in respect to the orientation of one's body despite distracting information.
273:
Spatial perception is defined as the ability to perceive spatial relationships in respect to the orientation of one's body despite distracting information. It consists of being able to perceive and visually understand outside spatial information such as features, properties, measurement, shapes,
300:
on fencing athletes found that achievement level was highly correlated with spatial perceptual skills such as visual discrimination, visual-spatial relationships, visual sequential memory, narrow attentional focus and visual information processing. A review published in the journal
256:
is the ability to temporarily store a certain amount of visual-spatial memories under attentional control in order to complete a task. This cognitive ability mediates individual differences in the capacity for higher level spatial abilities such as mental rotation.
242:
Spatial ability is the capacity to understand, reason and remember the visual and spatial relations among objects or space. There are four common types of spatial abilities which include spatial or visuo-spatial perception, spatial visualization, mental folding and
545:
Current literature also indicates that mathematics involves visuo-spatial processing. Studies have found that gifted students in math, for instance, perform better in spatial visualization than non-gifted students. A 2008 review published in the journal of
213:
are used for everyday use from navigation, understanding or fixing equipment, understanding or estimating distance and measurement, and performing on a job. Spatial abilities are also important for success in fields such as sports, technical aptitude,
307:
found that spatial perception involves attributing meaning to an object or space, so that their sensory processing is actually part of semantic processing of the incoming visual information. The review also found that spatial perception involves the
317:
performing a central search. Researchers suggested that, in addition to enhancing the ability to divide attention, playing action games significantly enhances perceptual skills like top-down guidance of attention to possible target locations.
295:
found that soccer players had higher perceptual ability for body kinematics such as processing multitasking crowd scenes which involve pedestrians crossing a street or complex dynamic visual scenes. Another study published in the
515:(STEM). From studies, it has been indicated that the probability of getting an advanced degree in STEM increases in positive relation to the level of one's spatial ability. For example, a 2009 study published in the
570:
problems in physics. Nonetheless, current literature indicates that spatial abilities specifically mental rotation, is crucial for achieving success in various fields of chemistry, engineering and physics.
343:
2D and 3D objects in space quickly and accurately, while the object's features remain unchanged. Mental representations of physical objects can help utilize problem solving and understanding. For example,
687:(us), National Academy of Sciences; (us), National Academy of Engineering; Engineering, and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and (2006-01-01).
2248:
974:"Assessment of sport specific and non-specific biological motion perception in soccer athletes shows a fundamental perceptual ability advantage over non-athletes for recognizing body kinematics"
1479:
265:
234:. Not only do spatial abilities involve understanding the outside world, but they also involve processing outside information and reasoning with it through representation in the mind.
1676:
Harris, Justin; Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Newcombe, Nora S. (2013-05-01). "Understanding spatial transformations: similarities and differences between mental rotation and mental folding".
1871:
Tosto, Maria Grazia; Hanscombe, Ken B.; Haworth, Claire M.A.; Davis, Oliver S.P.; Petrill, Stephen A.; Dale, Philip S.; Malykh, Sergey; Plomin, Robert; Kovas, Yulia (2014-05-01).
1928:
de Hevia, Maria
Dolores; Vallar, Giuseppe; Girelli, Luisa (2008-10-01). "Visualizing numbers in the mind's eye: the role of visuo-spatial processes in numerical abilities".
289:
players who were faster at picking up information from briefly presented visual displays were significantly better batsmen in an actual game. A 2015 study published in the
113:
106:
512:
522:
The researchers then concluded how important spatial ability is for STEM and as a factor in achieving advanced educational success in that field.
2052:
475:
is least common spatial visualization task which involves ability to imagine what is inside an object based on the features outside.
1421:
427:
Spatial visualization is characterized as complicated multi-step manipulations of spatially presented information. It involves
364:
are also activities that involve higher level of mental rotation and can be practiced to improve spatial abilities over time.
156:
1134:
Wu, Sijing; Spence, Ian (2013-05-01). "Playing shooter and driving videogames improves top-down guidance in visual search".
367:
Mental rotation is also unique and distinct from the other spatial abilities because it also involves areas associated with
128:
1831:"Spatial Ability for STEM Domains: Aligning Over 50 Years of cumulative psychological Knowledge solidifies Its importance"
1621:"Mental Paper Folding Performance Following Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury in Combat Veterans: A Lesion Mapping Study"
542:
is important in geology as it requires geologists to visualize what is inside of a solid object based on past knowledge.
38:
135:
435:
which consists of mentally representing spatial relations between the parts or locations of the objects or movements.
1404:
517:
175:
73:
888:
595:
142:
2048:"Doing arithmetic by hand: hand movements during exact arithmetic reveal systematic, dynamic spatial processing"
2099:"Visual perception can account for the close relation between numerosity processing and computational fluency"
278:, where subjects must place a rod vertically while viewing a frame orientation of 22 degrees in angle, or the
447:
400:
380:
206:
is the capacity to understand, reason, and remember the visual and spatial relations among objects or space.
1480:"Spatial Visualization, Visual Imagery, and Mathematical Problem Solving of Students With Varying Abilities"
124:
605:
511:
Researchers have found that spatial ability plays an important role in advanced educational credentials in
469:. Origami also requires mental folding by assessing folding a 2D paper enough times to create a 3D figure.
1830:
1336:
Baron-Cohen, Simon; Ashwin, Emma; Ashwin, Chris; Tavassoli, Teresa; Chakrabarti, Bhismadev (2009-05-27).
832:"A Comparison of Laboratory and Clinical Working Memory Tests and Their Prediction of Fluid Intelligence"
443:
the senses, spatial visualization is the understanding internally through mental imagery in one's mind.
2288:
2268:
2253:
1074:
830:
Shelton, Jill T.; Elliott, Emily M.; Hill, B. D.; Calamia, Matthew R.; Gouvier, Wm. Drew (2009-05-01).
557:
also found that numerical processing and arithmetic performance may rely on visual perceptual ability.
1577:
734:"Impact of cognitive imaging and sex differences on the development of laparoscopic suturing skills"
709:
2278:
2273:
2157:
1560:
1508:
345:
553:
407:
102:
1619:
Glass, Leila; Krueger, Frank; Solomon, Jeffrey; Raymont, Vanessa; Grafman, Jordan (2013-07-01).
1192:
1572:
1563:(1992-09-01). "Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems".
1338:"Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity"
696:
149:
55:
2226:
1992:
1739:
1093:
8:
585:
491:
487:
1996:
1743:
2133:
2098:
2023:
1980:
1961:
1905:
1872:
1853:
1804:
1755:
1709:
1653:
1620:
1457:
1370:
1337:
1313:
1280:
1256:
1221:
1167:
1113:
1047:
1014:
954:
864:
831:
805:
790:"Emergence and Characterization of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta-Analysis"
758:
733:
275:
1791:
1774:
921:
Deary, I. J.; Mitchell, H. (1989-01-01). "Inspection time and high-speed ball games".
2210:
2191:
2183:
2138:
2120:
2079:
2071:
2028:
2010:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1910:
1892:
1796:
1701:
1693:
1658:
1640:
1598:
1590:
1542:
1534:
1449:
1441:
1400:
1375:
1357:
1318:
1300:
1261:
1243:
1159:
1151:
1105:
1097:
1052:
1034:
1015:"Attention, Visual Perception and their Relationship to Sport Performance in Fencing"
995:
946:
938:
869:
851:
809:
763:
745:
600:
561:
349:
291:
1941:
1857:
1808:
1461:
1171:
1117:
958:
789:
285:
Spatial perception is also very relevant in sports. For example, a study found that
2222:
2173:
2128:
2110:
2061:
2018:
2000:
1937:
1900:
1884:
1845:
1786:
1759:
1747:
1713:
1685:
1648:
1632:
1582:
1524:
1433:
1365:
1349:
1308:
1292:
1251:
1233:
1143:
1089:
1042:
1026:
985:
930:
907:
903:
859:
843:
801:
753:
303:
279:
2097:
Zhou, Xinlin; Wei, Wei; Zhang, Yiyun; Cui, Jiaxin; Chen, Chuansheng (2015-01-01).
1730:
Titus, Sarah (2009). "Characterizing and
Improving Spatial Visualization Skills".
2283:
2066:
2047:
2005:
1513:"Mental animation in the visuospatial sketchpad: evidence from dual-task studies"
1394:
1217:
847:
361:
336:
329:
248:
244:
1586:
431:
which is the ability to mentally represent visual appearances of an object, and
282:, where subjects have to draw or identify a horizontal line in a tilted bottle.
688:
610:
483:
253:
2178:
2161:
1689:
1281:"Early Puzzle Play: A predictor of preschoolers' spatial transformation skill"
1147:
2262:
2187:
2124:
2115:
2075:
2014:
1949:
1896:
1697:
1644:
1594:
1538:
1445:
1361:
1304:
1247:
1238:
1155:
1101:
1038:
999:
942:
855:
749:
590:
357:
313:
309:
1636:
1437:
1030:
2195:
2142:
2083:
2032:
1957:
1914:
1800:
1705:
1662:
1453:
1379:
1353:
1322:
1265:
1163:
1109:
1056:
873:
767:
432:
428:
1602:
1546:
950:
813:
368:
223:
219:
215:
1279:
Levine, S.C.; Ratliff, K.R.; Huttenlocher, J.; Cannon, J. (2012-03-01).
1222:"The virtual brain: 30 years of video-game play and cognitive abilities"
732:
Donnon, Tyrone; DesCĂ´teaux, Jean-Gaston; Violato, Claudio (2005-10-01).
410:
for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text.
1888:
1529:
1512:
580:
567:
534:
530:
1751:
1342:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
990:
973:
667:
632:
45:
1849:
1422:"Neuroimaging studies of mental rotation: a meta-analysis and review"
1296:
566:
also found that spatial visualization ability is crucial for solving
227:
210:
2215:
Journal of
Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice
2211:"Spatial Ability in Learning Engineering Mechanics: Critical Review"
934:
188:
91:
2046:
Marghetis, Tyler; Núñez, Rafael; Bergen, Benjamin K. (2014-01-01).
1565:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
325:
486:
is the ability to temporarily store visual-spatial memories under
526:
466:
286:
231:
1335:
1278:
353:
1075:"Visual cognition: a new look at the two-visual systems model"
1873:"Why do spatial abilities predict mathematical performance?"
1870:
1618:
252:
spatial cognitive factor known as spatial working memory.
1981:"The role of visual information in numerosity estimation"
1775:"The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?"
1675:
829:
2155:
731:
1193:"Online Psychology Laboratory - About Mental Rotation"
269:
Action shooting game: Use of spatial perceptual skills
1927:
460:
is a complex spatial visualization that involves the
2045:
1215:
665:
889:"Spatial Perception from a Cartesian Point of View"
686:
332:: a popular puzzle that involves 3D mental rotation
2162:"Spatial Visualization in Physics Problem Solving"
525:Spatial visualization is especially important in
513:science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
2260:
2096:
972:Romeas, Thomas; Faubert, Jocelyn (2015-09-01).
1978:
1072:
1129:
1127:
971:
920:
2053:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1979:Gebuis, Titia; Reynvoet, Bert (2012-01-01).
1477:
787:
497:
1506:
788:Linn, Marcia C.; Petersen, Anne C. (1985).
1136:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
1124:
506:
2177:
2132:
2114:
2065:
2022:
2004:
1904:
1790:
1652:
1576:
1528:
1369:
1312:
1255:
1237:
1046:
1013:Hijazi, Mona Mohamed Kamal (2013-12-31).
989:
863:
757:
560:A 2007 study published in the journal of
478:
399:This section should include a summary of
339:is the ability to mentally represent and
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
1772:
1216:Latham, Andrew J.; Patston, Lucy L. M.;
1133:
374:
324:
264:
187:
34:lists the same citations more than once.
2156:Kozhevnikov, Maria; Motes, Michael A.;
1559:
1392:
1073:Jeannerod, M.; Jacob, P. (2005-01-01).
886:
352:as well as the popular mainstream game
237:
16:Capacity to understand 3D relationships
2261:
2208:
1930:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1725:
1723:
1614:
1612:
1094:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.016
1012:
112:Please improve this article by adding
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1729:
1502:
1500:
1473:
1471:
1419:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1068:
1066:
783:
781:
779:
777:
260:
825:
823:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
682:
680:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
627:
625:
384:
85:
18:
1828:
1720:
1609:
1396:Adolescence: The Transitional Years
548:Neuroscience Biobehavioural Reviews
46:http://web.jhu.edu/cty/STBguide.pdf
13:
2227:10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000266
1815:
1497:
1468:
1178:
1063:
806:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00213.x
774:
689:"Women in Science and Mathematics"
320:
14:
2300:
2242:
1838:Journal of Educational Psychology
1426:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
820:
716:
677:
646:
622:
518:Journal of Educational Psychology
195:video game: 3D spatial navigation
2254:Recognizing Spatial Intelligence
1487:Journal of Learning Disabilities
1420:Zacks, Jeffrey M. (2008-01-01).
691:. National Academies Press (US).
389:
90:
23:
2202:
2149:
2090:
2039:
1972:
1942:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.015
1921:
1864:
1766:
1732:Journal of Geoscience Education
1669:
1553:
1413:
1386:
1329:
1272:
1209:
1006:
2249:Overview-Visual Spatial skills
1478:Van Garderen, Delinda (2006).
1393:Hopkins, J. Roy (2014-05-10).
965:
914:
880:
1:
1792:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
616:
448:spatial visualization ability
401:Spatial visualization ability
381:Spatial visualization ability
114:secondary or tertiary sources
58:to identify unique citations.
2209:Ha, Oai; Fang, Ning (2016).
2067:10.1080/17470218.2014.897359
2006:10.1371/journal.pone.0037426
1779:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
908:10.5840/philtopics2003311/22
848:10.1016/j.intell.2008.11.005
606:Spatial contextual awareness
596:Raven's progressive matrices
7:
1587:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1084
738:Canadian Journal of Surgery
673:. Johns Hopkins University.
642:. Johns Hopkins University.
574:
10:
2307:
668:"What is spatial ability?"
666:Johns Hopkins University.
540:visual penetrative ability
473:Visual penetrative ability
378:
2179:10.1080/15326900701399897
1690:10.1007/s10339-013-0544-6
1148:10.3758/s13414-013-0440-2
1019:Journal of Human Kinetics
498:Sex differences in humans
298:Journal of Human Kinetics
2116:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01364
1285:Developmental Psychology
1239:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00629
887:Simmons, Alison (2003).
222:, economic forecasting,
2103:Frontiers in Psychology
1773:Baddeley, A.D. (2000).
1438:10.1162/jocn.2008.20013
1226:Frontiers in Psychology
1031:10.2478/hukin-2013-0082
554:Frontiers in Psychology
507:Vocational applications
408:Knowledge:Summary style
1829:Wai, Jonathan (2009).
1517:Memory & Cognition
1354:10.1098/rstb.2008.0337
704:Cite journal requires
484:Spatial working memory
479:Spatial working memory
333:
270:
254:Spatial working memory
196:
101:relies excessively on
54:Please consider using
1877:Developmental Science
1637:10.1093/cercor/bhs153
375:Spatial visualization
328:
312:in the brain and the
268:
204:visuo-spatial ability
191:
37:The reason given is:
1678:Cognitive Processing
896:Philosophical Topics
238:Definition and types
218:, natural sciences,
1997:2012PLoSO...737426G
1744:2009JGeEd..57..242T
1348:(1522): 1377–1383.
1218:Tippett, Lynette J.
586:Mechanical aptitude
488:attentional control
310:human visual system
39:DuplicateReferences
1889:10.1111/desc.12138
1530:10.3758/bf03211288
1399:. Academic Press.
533:. For example, an
334:
276:rod and frame test
271:
261:Spatial perception
197:
2289:Spatial cognition
2269:Cognitive science
2166:Cognitive Science
1752:10.5408/1.3559671
991:10.1167/15.12.504
978:Journal of Vision
794:Child Development
633:"Spatial ability"
601:Spatial cognition
563:Cognitive Science
446:Another critical
425:
424:
350:Unreal Tournament
292:Journal of Vision
186:
185:
178:
160:
125:"Spatial ability"
84:
83:
76:
2296:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2118:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2060:(8): 1579–1596.
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2008:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1936:(8): 1361–1372.
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1850:10.1037/a0016127
1835:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1631:(7): 1663–1672.
1616:
1607:
1606:
1580:
1571:(5): 1084–1102.
1557:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1297:10.1037/a0025913
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1241:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1082:Neuropsychologia
1079:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
969:
963:
962:
918:
912:
911:
893:
884:
878:
877:
867:
827:
818:
817:
800:(6): 1479–1498.
785:
772:
771:
761:
729:
714:
713:
707:
702:
700:
692:
684:
675:
674:
672:
663:
644:
643:
637:
629:
452:mental animation
420:
417:
411:
393:
392:
385:
369:motor simulation
304:Neuropsychologia
280:water-level task
181:
174:
170:
167:
161:
159:
118:
94:
86:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
56:named references
27:
26:
19:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2279:Visual thinking
2274:Cognitive tests
2259:
2258:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2221:(2): 04015014.
2207:
2203:
2154:
2150:
2095:
2091:
2044:
2040:
1977:
1973:
1926:
1922:
1869:
1865:
1833:
1827:
1816:
1785:(11): 417–423.
1771:
1767:
1728:
1721:
1674:
1670:
1625:Cerebral Cortex
1617:
1610:
1578:10.1.1.167.8298
1558:
1554:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1334:
1330:
1277:
1273:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1132:
1125:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1011:
1007:
970:
966:
935:10.1068/p180789
919:
915:
891:
885:
881:
828:
821:
786:
775:
730:
717:
705:
703:
694:
693:
685:
678:
670:
664:
647:
635:
631:
630:
623:
619:
577:
509:
500:
481:
433:spatial imagery
421:
415:
412:
405:
394:
390:
383:
377:
337:Mental rotation
323:
321:Mental rotation
314:parietal lobule
263:
249:Mental rotation
245:mental rotation
240:
209:Visual-spatial
200:Spatial ability
193:Space Engineers
182:
171:
165:
162:
119:
117:
111:
107:primary sources
95:
80:
69:
63:
60:
53:
52:
49:
42:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2243:External links
2241:
2239:
2238:
2201:
2172:(4): 549–579.
2148:
2089:
2038:
1971:
1920:
1883:(3): 462–470.
1863:
1844:(4): 817–835.
1814:
1765:
1738:(4): 242–254.
1719:
1684:(2): 105–115.
1668:
1608:
1552:
1523:(3): 321–332.
1511:(1997-05-01).
1496:
1467:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1328:
1291:(2): 530–542.
1271:
1220:(2013-09-13).
1208:
1177:
1142:(4): 673–686.
1123:
1088:(2): 301–312.
1062:
1005:
964:
929:(6): 789–792.
913:
879:
819:
773:
744:(5): 387–393.
715:
706:|journal=
676:
645:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
611:Spatial memory
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
576:
573:
508:
505:
499:
496:
494:of the brain.
480:
477:
458:Mental folding
429:visual imagery
423:
422:
397:
395:
388:
379:Main article:
376:
373:
371:in the brain.
322:
319:
262:
259:
239:
236:
184:
183:
98:
96:
89:
82:
81:
51:
50:
36:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Hegarty, Mary
2152:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:(5): e37426.
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:Sims, V. K.;
1503:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1406:9781483265650
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
883:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
824:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
782:
780:
778:
769:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
711:
698:
690:
683:
681:
669:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
641:
634:
628:
626:
621:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Motor imagery
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
572:
569:
565:
564:
558:
556:
555:
549:
543:
541:
536:
532:
528:
523:
520:
519:
514:
504:
495:
493:
489:
485:
476:
474:
470:
468:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
419:
409:
404:
402:
396:
387:
386:
382:
372:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
331:
327:
318:
315:
311:
306:
305:
299:
294:
293:
288:
283:
281:
277:
267:
258:
255:
250:
246:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
205:
201:
194:
190:
180:
177:
169:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127: –
126:
122:
121:Find sources:
115:
109:
108:
104:
99:This article
97:
93:
88:
87:
78:
75:
67:
57:
47:
44:
43:
40:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2230:. Retrieved
2218:
2214:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2057:
2051:
2041:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1841:
1837:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1628:
1624:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1520:
1516:
1490:
1486:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1395:
1388:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1139:
1135:
1085:
1081:
1022:
1018:
1008:
981:
977:
967:
926:
922:
916:
899:
895:
882:
839:
836:Intelligence
835:
797:
793:
741:
737:
697:cite journal
639:
562:
559:
552:
547:
544:
539:
524:
516:
510:
501:
482:
472:
471:
461:
457:
456:
451:
445:
441:
437:
426:
413:
398:
366:
362:Rubik's cube
360:puzzles and
340:
335:
330:Rubik's cube
302:
297:
290:
284:
272:
241:
208:
203:
199:
198:
192:
172:
166:January 2016
163:
153:
146:
139:
132:
120:
100:
70:
61:
48:(refs: 1, 2)
33:
1561:Hegarty, M.
1509:Hegarty, M.
1432:(1): 1–19.
1197:opl.apa.org
1025:: 195–201.
984:(12): 504.
902:: 395–423.
640:www.jhu.edu
224:meteorology
220:engineering
216:mathematics
64:August 2024
2263:Categories
2232:2016-01-15
1202:2016-01-09
923:Perception
842:(3): 283.
617:References
581:Aphantasia
535:astronomer
531:technology
492:hemisphere
136:newspapers
103:references
2188:1551-6709
2125:1664-1078
2076:1747-0226
2015:1932-6203
1966:207088066
1950:0149-7634
1897:1363-755X
1698:1612-4790
1645:1047-3211
1595:0278-7393
1573:CiteSeerX
1539:0090-502X
1446:0898-929X
1362:0962-8436
1305:0012-1649
1248:1664-1078
1156:1943-393X
1102:0028-3932
1039:1640-5544
1000:1534-7362
943:0301-0066
856:0160-2896
750:0008-428X
568:kinematic
228:chemistry
211:abilities
41:detected:
2196:21635308
2160:(2007).
2143:26441740
2109:: 1364.
2084:25051274
2033:22616007
1985:PLOS ONE
1958:18584868
1915:24410830
1858:17233758
1809:14333234
1801:11058819
1706:23397105
1663:22669970
1462:14543380
1454:17919082
1380:19528020
1323:22040312
1266:24062712
1172:10088645
1164:23460295
1118:13225551
1110:15707914
1057:24511355
959:27010211
874:20161647
768:16248138
575:See also
416:May 2022
2134:4563146
2024:3355123
1993:Bibcode
1906:3997754
1760:8733070
1740:Bibcode
1714:6072708
1654:3673178
1603:1402712
1547:9184484
1371:2677592
1314:3289766
1257:3772618
1232:: 629.
1048:3916930
951:2628929
865:2818304
814:4075870
759:3211902
527:science
467:Origami
462:folding
346:Hegarty
287:cricket
232:physics
150:scholar
2284:Vision
2194:
2186:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2082:
2074:
2031:
2021:
2013:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1856:
1807:
1799:
1758:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1661:
1651:
1643:
1601:
1593:
1575:
1545:
1537:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1403:
1378:
1368:
1360:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1055:
1045:
1037:
998:
957:
949:
941:
872:
862:
854:
812:
766:
756:
748:
358:Jigsaw
354:Tetris
341:rotate
152:
145:
138:
131:
123:
1962:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1834:(PDF)
1805:S2CID
1756:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1483:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1114:S2CID
1078:(PDF)
955:S2CID
892:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
636:(PDF)
157:JSTOR
143:books
2192:PMID
2184:ISSN
2139:PMID
2121:ISSN
2080:PMID
2072:ISSN
2029:PMID
2011:ISSN
1954:PMID
1946:ISSN
1911:PMID
1893:ISSN
1797:PMID
1702:PMID
1694:ISSN
1659:PMID
1641:ISSN
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1543:PMID
1535:ISSN
1493:(6).
1450:PMID
1442:ISSN
1401:ISBN
1376:PMID
1358:ISSN
1319:PMID
1301:ISSN
1262:PMID
1244:ISSN
1160:PMID
1152:ISSN
1106:PMID
1098:ISSN
1053:PMID
1035:ISSN
996:ISSN
947:PMID
939:ISSN
870:PMID
852:ISSN
810:PMID
764:PMID
746:ISSN
710:help
529:and
406:See
230:and
129:news
2223:doi
2219:142
2174:doi
2129:PMC
2111:doi
2062:doi
2019:PMC
2001:doi
1938:doi
1901:PMC
1885:doi
1846:doi
1842:101
1787:doi
1748:doi
1686:doi
1649:PMC
1633:doi
1583:doi
1525:doi
1434:doi
1366:PMC
1350:doi
1346:364
1309:PMC
1293:doi
1252:PMC
1234:doi
1144:doi
1090:doi
1043:PMC
1027:doi
986:doi
931:doi
904:doi
860:PMC
844:doi
802:doi
754:PMC
450:is
202:or
105:to
2265::
2217:.
2213:.
2190:.
2182:.
2170:31
2168:.
2164:.
2137:.
2127:.
2119:.
2105:.
2101:.
2078:.
2070:.
2058:67
2056:.
2050:.
2027:.
2017:.
2009:.
1999:.
1987:.
1983:.
1960:.
1952:.
1944:.
1934:32
1932:.
1909:.
1899:.
1891:.
1881:17
1879:.
1875:.
1852:.
1840:.
1836:.
1817:^
1803:.
1795:.
1781:.
1777:.
1754:.
1746:.
1736:57
1734:.
1722:^
1708:.
1700:.
1692:.
1682:14
1680:.
1657:.
1647:.
1639:.
1629:23
1627:.
1623:.
1611:^
1597:.
1589:.
1581:.
1569:18
1567:.
1541:.
1533:.
1521:25
1519:.
1515:.
1499:^
1491:39
1489:.
1485:.
1470:^
1456:.
1448:.
1440:.
1430:20
1428:.
1424:.
1374:.
1364:.
1356:.
1344:.
1340:.
1317:.
1307:.
1299:.
1289:48
1287:.
1283:.
1260:.
1250:.
1242:.
1228:.
1224:.
1195:.
1180:^
1166:.
1158:.
1150:.
1140:75
1138:.
1126:^
1112:.
1104:.
1096:.
1086:43
1084:.
1080:.
1065:^
1051:.
1041:.
1033:.
1023:39
1021:.
1017:.
994:.
982:15
980:.
976:.
953:.
945:.
937:.
927:18
925:.
900:31
898:.
894:.
868:.
858:.
850:.
840:37
838:.
834:.
822:^
808:.
798:56
796:.
792:.
776:^
762:.
752:.
742:48
740:.
736:.
718:^
701::
699:}}
695:{{
679:^
648:^
638:.
624:^
356:.
226:,
116:.
2235:.
2225::
2198:.
2176::
2145:.
2113::
2107:6
2086:.
2064::
2035:.
2003::
1995::
1989:7
1968:.
1940::
1917:.
1887::
1860:.
1848::
1811:.
1789::
1783:4
1762:.
1750::
1742::
1716:.
1688::
1665:.
1635::
1605:.
1585::
1549:.
1527::
1464:.
1436::
1409:.
1382:.
1352::
1325:.
1295::
1268:.
1236::
1230:4
1205:.
1174:.
1146::
1120:.
1092::
1059:.
1029::
1002:.
988::
961:.
933::
910:.
906::
876:.
846::
816:.
804::
770:.
712:)
708:(
418:)
414:(
403:.
179:)
173:(
168:)
164:(
154:·
147:·
140:·
133:·
110:.
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
