1520:
of ASPD among prisoners is just under 50%. According to one study (n=23000), the prevalence of ASPD in prisoners is 47% in men and 21% in women. Thus, with only 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement in symptoms over time, statistically around one third (33%) of male prisoners will not see any improvement in their symptoms, and are thus essentially prognostically hopeless. The corresponding percentage of female prisoners with statistically no chance of improvement in symptoms is around 15% or roughly one in six. Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) use treatment programs than in the general population, suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD use and dependence. As part of the
Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, men with ASPD were found to be three to five times more likely to excessively use alcohol and illicit substances than those men without ASPD. There was found to be increased severity of this substance use in women with ASPD. In a study conducted with both men and women with ASPD, women were more likely to misuse substances compared to their male counterparts.
1543:. This category was for individuals who were considered "...ill primarily in terms of society and of conformity with the prevailing milieu, and not only in terms of personal discomfort and relations with other individuals." There were four subtypes, referred to as "reactions": antisocial, dyssocial, sexual, and addiction. The antisocial reaction was said to include people who were "always in trouble" and not learning from it, maintaining "no loyalties", frequently callous and lacking responsibility, with an ability to "rationalize" their behavior. The category was described as more specific and limited than the existing concepts of "constitutional psychopathic state" or "psychopathic personality" which had a very broad meaning; the narrower definition was in line with criteria advanced by Hervey M. Cleckley from 1941, while the term sociopathic had been advanced by
1287:, under "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders", ASPD with psychopathic features is described as characterized by "a lack of anxiety or fear and by a bold interpersonal style that may mask maladaptive behaviors (e.g., fraudulence)". Low levels of withdrawal and high levels of attention-seeking combined with low anxiety are associated with "social potency" and "stress immunity" in psychopathy. Under the specifier, affective and interpersonal characteristics are comparatively emphasized over behavioral components. Research suggests that, even without the "with psychopathic traits" specifier, these Section III criteria accurately capture the affective-interpersonal features of psychopathy, though the specifier increases coverage of the Interpersonal and Lifestyle facets of the PCL-R.
1503:
of the inability to create and maintain healthy relationships due to the lack of interpersonal skills, individuals with ASPD may find themselves in predicaments such as divorce, unemployment, homelessness and even premature death by suicide. They also see higher rates of committed crime, reaching peaks in their late teens and often committing higher-severity crimes in their younger ages of diagnoses. Comorbidity of other mental illnesses such as depression or substance use disorder is prevalent among patients with ASPD. People with ASPD are also more likely to commit homicides and other crimes. Those who are imprisoned longer often see higher rates of improvement with symptoms of ASPD than others who have been imprisoned for a shorter amount of time.
1531:
suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child's life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
1407:
measuring outcomes and a focus on treating incarcerated patients rather than those in the community. Because of their very low or absent capacity for remorse, individuals with ASPD often lack sufficient motivation and fail to see the costs associated with antisocial acts. They may only simulate remorse rather than truly commit to change: they can be charming and dishonest, and may manipulate staff and fellow patients during treatment. Studies have shown that outpatient therapy is not likely to be successful, but the extent to which persons with ASPD are entirely unresponsive to treatment may have been exaggerated.
791:. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are considered to be at higher risk of developing ASPD. Fire-setting and cruelty to animals during childhood are also linked to the development of an antisocial personality disorder, along with being more common in males and among incarcerated populations. Although the causes listed correlate to the risk of developing ASPD, one factor alone is unlikely to be the only cause associated with ASPD and relating to a listed cause does not necessarily mean that a person should identify or be identified as having ASPD.
1276:'s work on psychopathy formed the basis of the diagnostic criteria for ASPD, and the DSM states ASPD is often referred to as psychopathy. However, critics argue ASPD is not synonymous with psychopathy as the diagnostic criteria are not the same, since criteria relating to personality traits are emphasized relatively less in the former. These differences exist in part because it was believed such traits were difficult to measure reliably and it was "easier to agree on the behaviors that typify a disorder than on the reasons why they occur".
1280:
psychopaths and non-psychopaths on "processing and use of linguistic and emotional information", while such differences are potentially smaller between those diagnosed with ASPD and without. Additionally, Hare argued confusion regarding how to diagnose ASPD, confusion regarding the difference between ASPD and psychopathy, as well as the differing future prognoses regarding recidivism and treatability, may have serious consequences in settings such as court cases where psychopathy is often seen as aggravating the crime.
1495:
is unlikely to see rapid change especially when the condition is severe. In fact, past studies revealed that remission rates were small, with 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement "with the most violent and dangerous features remitting".. As a result of the characteristics of ASPD (e.g., displaying charm in effort of personal gain, manipulation), patients seeking treatment (mandated or otherwise) may appear to be "cured" in order to get out of treatment. According to definitions found in the
1061:- Authoritative parenting styles involve guidelines and expectations as well as support and understanding. Authoritative parents tend to have more balance within their parenting style compared to the other parenting styles, and parent in a way that lets children understand not only what the rules are, but why they are important. Individuals who were raised by authoritative parents tend to be more self-confident, responsible, successful, and have a greater chance of developing positive coping skills.
1460:
1511:
ASPD may not respond to the administered therapies. In fact, a patient with ASPD may only accept treatment when ordered by a court, which will make their course of treatment difficult and severe. Because of the challenges in treatment, the patient's family and close friends must take an active role in decisions about therapies that are offered to the patient. Ultimately, there must be a group effort to aid the long-term effects of the disorder.
1177:
addition to this differentiation, the DSM-5 provides a specifier for a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, which reflects characteristics seen in psychopathy and are believed to be a childhood precursor to this disorder. Compared to the adolescent-onset subtype, the childhood-onset subtype tends to have a worse treatment outcome, especially if callous and unemotional traits are present.
1423:
nature of the disorder, therapeutic techniques are focused on rational and utilitarian arguments against repeating past mistakes. These approaches would focus on the tangible, material value of prosocial behavior and abstaining from antisocial behavior. However, the impulsive and aggressive nature of those with this disorder may limit the effectiveness of this form of therapy.
1499:, people with ASPD can be deceitful and intimidating in their relationships. When they are caught doing something wrong, they often appear to be unaffected and unemotional about the consequences. Over time, continual behavior that lacks empathy and concern may lead to someone with ASPD taking advantage of the kindness of others, including their therapist.
6949:
1507:
mostly impulsive, though there are some long-term evidences of pre-meditated aggressions. It often occurs that those with higher psychopathic traits will exhibit the pre-meditated aggressions to those around them. Over the course of a patient's life with ASPD, he or she can exhibit this aggressive behavior and harm those close to him or her.
1419:(MST) that could potentially improve this issue. However, this treatment requires complete cooperation and participation of all family members. Some studies have found that the presence of ASPD does not significantly interfere with treatment for other disorders, such as substance use, although others have reported contradictory findings.
1041:- Permissive parenting styles involve a more relaxed attitude towards rules that are less enforced than any other parenting style. Permissive parents tend to allow more freedom for children to make their own decisions which can lead to impulsivity, lack of self-control, and a lack of acknowledgment of boundaries later in life.
1013:"the infant's developing brain needs to be patterned, repetitive stimuli to develop properly. Spastic, unpredictable relief from fear, loneliness, discomfort, and hunger keeps a baby's stress system on high alert. An environment of intermittent care punctuated by total abandonment may be the worst of all worlds for a child."
866:(SLC6A4), a gene that is heavily researched for its associations with other mental disorders, is another gene of interest in antisocial behavior and personality traits. Genetic association's studies have suggested that the short "S" allele is associated with impulsive antisocial behavior and ASPD in the inmate population.
1033:- Authoritarian parenting styles involve stricter rules than any other parenting style, with greater consequences if rules are disobeyed. Authoritarian parents set high expectations for their children that may cause the children to later develop rebellious behavior, low self-esteem, aggression, and resentfulness.
1269:). "Psychopathy" is not the official title of any diagnosis in the DSM or ICD; nor is it an official title used by any other major psychiatric organizations. The DSM and ICD, however, state that their antisocial diagnoses are at times referred to (or include what is referred to) as psychopathy or sociopathy.
6957:
1506:
According to one study, aggressive tendencies show in about 72% of all male patients diagnosed with ASPD. About 29% of the men studied with ASPD also showed a prevalence of pre-meditated aggression. Based on the evidence in the study, the researchers concluded that aggression in patients with ASPD is
1502:
Without proper treatment, individuals with ASPD could lead a life that brings about harm to themselves or others. This can be detrimental to their families and careers. Those with ASPD lack interpersonal skills (e.g., lack of remorse, lack of empathy, lack of emotional-processing skills). As a result
1172:
Two developmental courses for CD have been identified based on the age at which the symptoms become present. The first course is known as the "childhood-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder symptoms are present before the age of 10. This course is often linked to a more persistent life course
1073:
ASPD is highly comorbid with emotional and physical abuse in childhood. Physical neglect also has a significant correlation to ASPD. The way a child bonds with its parents early in life is important. Poor parental bonding due to abuse or neglect puts children at greater risk for developing antisocial
960:
Intellectual and cognitive ability is often found to be impaired or reduced in the ASPD population. Contrary to stereotypes in popular culture of the "psychopathic genius", antisocial personality disorder is associated with reduced overall intelligence and specific reductions in individual aspects of
1556:
should always be specified as mild, moderate, or severe." The DSM-II warned that a history of legal or social offenses was not by itself enough to justify the diagnosis, and that a "group delinquent reaction" of childhood or adolescence or "social maladjustment without manifest psychiatric disorder"
1494:
ASPD is ultimately a lifelong disorder that has chronic consequences, though some of these can be moderated over time. There may be a high variability of the long-term outlook of antisocial personality disorder. The treatment of this disorder can be successful, but it entails unique difficulties. It
1157:
Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder diagnosed in childhood that parallels the characteristics found in ASPD. It is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated by the child. Children with the disorder
858:
This association is also influenced by negative experiences early in life, with children possessing a low-activity variant (MAOA-L) who have experienced negative circumstances being more likely to develop antisocial behavior than those with the high-activity variant (MAOA-H). Even when environmental
472:
Symptoms of ASPD must be present before the age of 15 to receive a diagnosis. In nearly 80% of ASPD cases, the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11. The disorder is more common in males. The prevalence of ASPD is increased in people aged 24 to 44 and decreased in people aged 45 to 64.
1593:
The DSM-IV maintained the trend for behavioral antisocial symptoms while noting, "This pattern has also been referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or dyssocial personality disorder" and re-including in the 'Associated
Features' text summary some of the underlying personality traits from the older
1585:
published in 1966 as "Deviant
Children Grown Up". However, Robins has previously clarified that while the new criteria of prior childhood conduct problems came from her work, she and co-researcher psychiatrist Patricia O'Neal got the diagnostic criteria they used from Lee's husband the psychiatrist
1519:
The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1% to 4%, skewed towards 6% men and 2% women. The prevalence of ASPD is even higher in selected populations, like prisons, where there is a preponderance of violent offenders. It has been found that the prevalence
1490:
Boys are almost twice as likely to meet all of the diagnostic criteria for ASPD than girls (40% versus 25%) and they will often start showing symptoms of the disorder much earlier in life. Children that do not show symptoms of the disease through age 15 will almost never develop ASPD later in life.
1245:
In addition to the new criteria, the individual must be at least 18 years old, the traits must cause dysfunction or distress, and should not be better explained by another mental disorder, the pathophysiological effects of a substance, or a person's cultural or social background. Also included as a
996:
Many studies suggest that the social and home environment contribute to the development of ASPD. Parents of children with ASPD may display antisocial behavior themselves, which are then adopted by their children. A lack of parental stimulation and affection during early development can lead to high
1551:
The DSM-II in 1968 rearranged the categories and "antisocial personality" was now listed as one of ten personality disorders but still described similarly, to be applied to individuals who are: "basically unsocialized", in repeated conflicts with society, incapable of significant loyalty, selfish,
1422:
Therapists working with individuals with ASPD may have considerable negative feelings toward patients with extensive histories of aggressive, exploitative, and abusive behaviors. Rather than attempt to develop a sense of conscience in these individuals, which is extremely difficult considering the
1176:
The second course is known as the "adolescent-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder develops after the age of 10 years. Compared to the childhood-onset type, less impairment in various cognitive and emotional functions are present, and the adolescent-onset variety may remit by adulthood. In
1138:
Pierre-Édouard
Carbonneau suggested that the problem with legal forced admittance is the rate of failure when diagnosing ASPD. He contends that the possibility of diagnosing and coercing a patient into prescribing medication to someone without ASPD, but is diagnosed with ASPD, could be potentially
869:
However, research into psychopathy find that the long "L" allele is associated with the Factor 1 traits of psychopathy, which describes its core affective (e.g. lack of empathy, fearlessness) and interpersonal (e.g. grandiosity, manipulativeness) personality disturbances. This is suggestive of two
1510:
Additionally, many people (especially adults) who have been diagnosed with ASPD become burdens to their close relatives, peers, and caretakers. Harvard
Medical School recommends that time and resources be spent treating victims who have been affected by someone with ASPD, because the patient with
1434:
review of studies that explored the use of pharmaceuticals in ASPD patients, of which eight studies met the selection criteria for review, concluded that the current body of evidence was inconclusive for recommendations concerning the use of pharmaceuticals in treating the various issues of ASPD.
1238:
In response to criticisms of the extant (Section II/DSM-IV) criteria for personality disorders, including their discordance with current models in the scientific literature, high comorbidity rate, overuse of some categories, underuse of others, and overwhelming use of the personality disorder-not
1153:
While antisocial personality disorder is a mental disorder diagnosed in adulthood, it has its precedent in childhood. The DSM-5's criteria for ASPD require that the individual have conduct problems evident by the age of 15. Persistent antisocial behavior, as well as a lack of regard for others in
1410:
Most treatment done is for those in the criminal justice system to whom the treatment regimes are given as part of their imprisonment. Those with ASPD may stay in treatment only as required by an external source, such as parole conditions. Residential programs that provide a carefully controlled
1397:
Elsewhere, Millon differentiates ten subtypes (partially overlapping with the above) – covetous, risk-taking, malevolent, tyrannical, malignant, disingenuous, explosive, and abrasive – but specifically stresses that "the number 10 is by no means special ... Taxonomies may be put forward at
1530:
Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research
964:
People that exhibit antisocial behavior tend to demonstrate decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, and is more apparent in functional neuroimaging as opposed to structural neuroimaging. Some investigators have questioned whether the reduced volume in prefrontal regions is associated with
1557:
should be ruled out first. The dyssocial personality type was relegated in the DSM-II to "dyssocial behavior" for individuals who are predatory and follow more or less criminal pursuits, such as racketeers, dishonest gamblers, prostitutes, and dope peddlers (DSM-I classified this condition as
1406:
ASPD is considered to be among the most difficult personality disorders to treat. Rendering an effective treatment for ASPD is further complicated due to the inability to look at comparative studies between psychopathy and ASPD due to differing diagnostic criteria, differences in defining and
1279:
Although the diagnosis of ASPD covers two to three times as many prisoners as the diagnosis of psychopathy, Robert Hare believes the PCL-R is better able to predict future criminality, violence, and recidivism than a diagnosis of ASPD. He suggests there are differences between PCL-R-diagnosed
1121:
suggested that the rise in ASPD that has been reported in the United States may be linked to changes in cultural norms, serving to validate the behavioral tendencies of many individuals with ASPD. While the rise reported may be in part a byproduct of the widening use (and abuse) of diagnostic
1264:
Psychopathy is commonly defined as a personality disorder characterized partly by antisocial behavior, a diminished capacity for empathy and remorse, and poor behavioral controls. Psychopathic traits are assessed using various measurement tools, including
Canadian researcher Robert D. Hare's
920:
While it has been shown that lower levels of serotonin may be associated with ASPD, there has also been evidence that decreased serotonin function is highly correlated with impulsiveness and aggression across a number of different experimental paradigms. Impulsivity is not only linked with
1491:
If adults exhibit milder symptoms of ASPD, it is likely that they never met the criteria for the disorder in their childhood and were consequently never diagnosed. Overall, symptoms of ASPD tend to peak in late teens and early twenties, but can often reduce or improve through age 40.
1064:
Having a healthy, safe, stable/consistent, understanding, and attentive parenting style in an environment with positive role models and influences at home as well as out in the community help to ensure more positive behavior for children and an overall decrease in ASPD symptoms.
965:
antisocial personality disorder, or whether they result from co-morbid disorders, such as substance use disorder or childhood maltreatment. It is still considered an open question if the anatomical abnormality causes the psychological and behavioral abnormality, or vice versa.
617:, social norms, or the rights of others. People with ASPD can have difficulty beginning or sustaining relationships. It is common for the interpersonal relationships of someone with ASPD to revolve around the exploitation and abuse of others. People with ASPD may display
571:, illegal drug use, pervasive anger, and violent crimes. This behavior typically has negative effects on their education, relationships, and/or employment. Alongside this, sexual behaviors of risk such as having multiple sexual partners in a short period of time, seeing
535:
Due to tendencies toward recklessness and impulsivity, patients with ASPD are at a higher risk of drug and alcohol abuse. ASPD is the personality disorder most likely to be associated with addiction. Individuals with ASPD are at a higher risk of illegal drug usage,
1526:
is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San
Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD.
523:; however, some researchers have drawn distinctions between the concepts of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, with many arguing that psychopathy overlaps with, but is distinguishable from, ASPD. Furthermore, ASPD can sometimes be confused with being
1004:
This disrupts and overloads the child's stress response systems, which is thought to lead to underdevelopment of the part of the child's brain that deals with emotion, empathy, and ability to connect to other humans on an emotional level. According to
1024:
can directly affect how children experience and develop in their youth, and can have an impact on a child's diagnosis of ASPD. The four parenting styles demonstrate the main approaches to raising children and their outcomes that lead into adulthood.
7596:
Wygant DB, Sellbom M, Sleep CE, Wall TD, Applegate KC, Krueger RF, et al. (2016). "Examining the DSM–5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample".
6727:
697:, others do so through intimidation and violence. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder may deliberately show irresponsibility, have difficulty acknowledging their faults and/or attempt to redirect attention away from harmful behaviors.
5225:
Molina BSG, Gnagy EM, Joseph HM, Pelham WE Jr. Antisocial
Alcoholism in Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults With Childhood ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2020 Jul;24(9):1295-1304. doi: 10.1177/1087054716680074. Epub 2016 Nov 27. PMID 27895188; PMCID:
692:
Although behaviors vary by degree, individuals with this personality disorder have been known to exploit others in harmful ways for their own gain or pleasure, and frequently manipulate and deceive other people. While some do so with a façade of
1139:
disastrous. But the possibility of not diagnosing ASPD and seeing a patient go untreated because of a lack of sufficient evidence of cultural or environmental influences is something a psychiatrist must ignore; and in his words, "play it safe".
1081:
or abuse: physical or sexual abuse, neglect, coercion, abandonment or separation from caregivers, violence in a community, acts of terror, bullying, or life-threatening incidents. Some symptoms can mimic other forms of mental illness, such as:
1572:
and, as with other disorders, there was now a full checklist of symptoms focused on observable behaviors to enhance consistency in diagnosis between different psychiatrists ('inter-rater reliability'). The ASPD symptom list was based on the
806:
and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores, and reading problems. Additionally, children who grow up with a predisposition of ASPD and interact with other delinquent children are likely to later be diagnosed with ASPD.
1225:
In order to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder under the DSM-5, one must be at least 18 years old, show evidence of onset of conduct disorder before age 15, and antisocial behavior cannot be explained by schizophrenia or
1173:
and more pervasive behaviors, and children in this group express greater levels of ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, more academic problems, increased family dysfunction, and higher likelihood of aggression and violence.
6812:
Schorr MT, Quadors dos Santos BT, Feiten JG, Sordi AO, Pessi C, Diemen LV, et al. (2021). "Association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood: A machine learning approach".
1873:"Prevalence, Correlates, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Syndromes and Alcohol and Specific Drug Use Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
925:
aspect linked with such dysfunction. Correspondingly, the DSM classifies "impulsivity or failure to plan ahead" and "irritability and aggressiveness" as two of seven sub-criteria in category A of the diagnostic criteria of ASPD.
1345:
Belligerent, mordant, rancorous, vicious, sadistic, malignant, brutal, resentful; anticipates betrayal and punishment; desires revenge; truculent, callous, fearless; guiltless; many dangerous criminals including serial killers.
1074:
personality disorder. There is also a significant correlation with parental overprotection and people who develop ASPD. Studies have shown that non-abused (especially in childhood) individuals are less likely to develop ASPD.
1414:
Psychotherapy, also known as "talk" therapy, has been found to help treat patients with ASPD. Schema therapy is also being investigated as a treatment for ASPD. A review by
Charles M. Borduin features the strong influence of
7632:
Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Wygant DB, Salekin RT, Krueger RF (October 2014). "Examining the
Associations Between DSM-5 Section III Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits and Psychopathy in Community and University Samples".
9989:
9984:
4375:"Mentalization for Offending Adult Males (MOAM): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to evaluate mentalization-based treatment for antisocial personality disorder in male offenders on community probation"
3516:
Wojciechowski T (2022). "Understanding mechanisms underlying the relationship between antisocial personality disorder and substance-impaired driving among young adults involved with the justice system as minors".
9852:
9837:
9822:
1411:
environment of structure and supervision along with peer confrontation have been recommended. There has been some research on the treatment of ASPD that indicated positive results for therapeutic interventions.
1239:
otherwise specified (PD-NOS) diagnosis, the DSM-5 Workgroup on personality disorders devised a dimensional model, wherein categoric personality diagnoses reflect extreme variations of normal personality traits.
815:
Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder.
494:
2650:
Van Dongen JD, Buck NM, Barendregt M, Van Beveren NM, De Beurs E, Van Marle HJ (2015). "Anti-social personality characteristics and psychotic symptoms: Two pathways associated with offending in schizophrenia".
1130:
like the law, traditional standards, or religion – it has been suggested that the erosion of collective standards may serve to release the individual with latent ASPD from their previously prosocial behavior.
640:, or the ability to understand one's mental state, but have an impaired ability to understand how another individual may be affected by an aggressive action. These factors might contribute to aggressive and
9594:
Individuals to be placed in this category are ill primarily in terms of society and of conformity with the prevailing cultural milieu, and not only in terms of personal discomfort and relations with other
1547:
in 1928 when studying the early environmental influence on psychopaths. Partridge discovered the correlation between antisocial psychopathic disorder and parental rejection experienced in early childhood.
1116:
The sociocultural perspective of clinical psychology views disorders as influenced by cultural aspects; since cultural norms differ significantly, mental disorders (such as ASPD) are viewed differently.
6029:
Huizinga D, Haberstick BC, Smolen A, Menard S, Young SE, Corley RP, et al. (October 2006). "Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotype".
1158:
often display impulsive and aggressive behavior, may be callous and deceitful, may repeatedly engage in petty crime (such as stealing or vandalism), or get into fights with other children and adults.
1169:(ODD) in that children with ODD do not commit aggressive or antisocial acts against other people, animals, or property, though many children diagnosed with ODD are subsequently re-diagnosed with CD.
1053:. Parents who display neglectful behavior are less involved than any other parenting style and can cause children to develop mental health issues, withdrawal from emotions, and delinquent behavior.
1134:
There is also a continuous debate as to the extent to which the legal system should be involved in the identification and admittance of patients with preliminary symptoms of ASPD. Controversial
1326:
Drifters; roamers, vagrants; adventurers, itinerant vagabonds, tramps, wanderers; typically adapt easily in difficult situations, shrewd and impulsive. Mood centers in doom and invincibility.
1242:
In response to criticisms of the extant Section II/DSM-IV criteria for ASPD, namely its failure to capture the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy, new criteria were proposed.
10343:
1250:, defined by low Anxiousness and Withdrawal and high Attention-Seeking. Researchers have also proposed the inclusion of Grandiosity and Restricted Affectivity to better capture psychopathy.
9027:
Krasnova A, Eaton WW, Samuels JF (May 2019). "Antisocial personality and risks of cause-specific mortality: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study with 27 years of follow-up".
5722:
Aluja A, Garcia LF, Blanch A, De Lorenzo D, Fibla J (July 2009). "Impulsive-disinhibited personality and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms: association study in an inmate's sample".
492:. These patterns develop in early adulthood and are associated with significant distress or impairment. Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the fifth chapter of the
877:
published in 2016. Several of these gene candidates are shared with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with which ASPD is often comorbid. The study found that those who carry four
775:
greater than those associated with each condition. Alcohol use disorder is likely caused by lack of impulse and behavioral control exhibited by antisocial personality disorder patients.
5376:
Baglivio MT, Wolff KT, Piquero AR, Epps N (May 2015). "The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample".
7207:
Zoccolillo M, Pickles A, Quinton D, Rutter M (November 1992). "The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder".
4622:
Metcalf S, Dickerson KL, Milojevich HM, Quas JA (2021). "Primary and Secondary Variants of Psychopathic Traits in at-Risk Youth: Links with Maltreatment, Aggression, and Empathy".
961:
cognitive ability. These deficits also occur in general-population samples of people with antisocial traits and in children with the precursors to antisocial personality disorder.
9969:
1552:
irresponsible, unable to feel guilt or learn from prior experiences, and who tend to blame others and rationalize. The manual preface contains "special instructions" including "
10177:
9974:
6420:
Galarza M, Merlo AB, Ingratta A, Albanese EF, Albanese AM (2004). "Cavum septum pellucidum and its increased prevalence in schizophrenia: a neuroembryological classification".
10201:
2036:
9941:
4907:
Zoccolillo M, Pickles A, Quinton D, Rutter M (1992). "The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: Implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder".
1154:
childhood and adolescence, is known as conduct disorder and is the precursor of ASPD. About 25–40% of youths with conduct disorder will be diagnosed with ASPD in adulthood.
870:
different forms of the disorder, one associated more with impulsive behavior and emotional dysregulation, and the other with predatory aggression and affective disturbance.
929:
Some studies have found a relationship between monoamine oxidase A and antisocial behavior, including conduct disorder and symptoms of adult ASPD, in maltreated children.
3371:"Antisocial personality disorder in people with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: Clinical, functional, and family relationship correlates"
2238:
1602:
suggests that a person with ASPD may present "with psychopathic features" if he or she exhibits "a lack of anxiety or fear and a bold, efficacious interpersonal style".
9789:
5679:
Ficks CA, Waldman ID (September 2014). "Candidate genes for aggression and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of association studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR".
847:. Various studies examining the gene's relationship to behavior have suggested that variants of the gene resulting in less MAO-A being produced (such as the 2R and 3R
788:
613:
People with ASPD may have a limited capacity for empathy and can be more interested in benefiting themselves than avoiding harm to others. They may have no regard for
7387:
Loeber R, Keenan K, Lahey BB, Green SM, Thomas C (August 1993). "Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder".
5808:"Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy"
9644:
820:, which are designed to discern between genetic and environmental effects, have reported significant genetic influences on antisocial behavior and conduct disorder.
4667:"Antisocial personality disorder and associated factors among incarcerated in prison in Dessie city correctional center, Dessie, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study"
4432:
Newbury-Helps, John. Offenders with Antisocial Personality Disorder Display More Impairments in Mentalizing. St Mary's Hospital, London: University College London.
5759:"The other allele: exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy: a review of the parallels in findings"
4759:
Aromäki A, Lindman R, Erikson C (12 February 1999). "Testosterone, aggressiveness, and antisocial personality. Hormone Sensitivity and Bone Mineral Metabolism".
421:
1447:
can be used to control symptoms such as aggression and impulsivity, as well as treat disorders that may co-occur with ASPD for which medications are indicated.
3469:"Association of psychiatric and substance use disorder comorbidity with cocaine dependence severity and treatment utilization in cocaine-dependent individuals"
590:
and experience heightened states of emotional coldness and detachment. Individuals with ASPD, or who display antisocial behavior, may often experience chronic
983:. One study found that those with CSP had significantly higher levels of antisocial personality, psychopathy, arrests and convictions compared with controls.
10167:
504:
8608:
8322:
5910:
799:
5554:
Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, et al. (August 2002). "Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children".
4076:"Prevalence and Correlates of Shoplifting in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)"
1391:
Needs to be thought of as infallible, unbreakable, indomitable, formidable, inviolable; intransigent when status is questioned; overreactive to slights.
556:
as a consequence of their tendency towards addiction. In addition, sufferers are more likely to abuse substances or develop an addiction at a young age.
7471:, Caspi A (June 2001). "Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females".
859:
interactions (e.g. emotional abuse) are taken out of the equation, a small association between MAOA-L and aggressive and antisocial behavior remains.
9934:
8555:
3174:
671:
than the average person, also contributing to the higher likelihood for men to be diagnosed with ASPD. The effect of testosterone is counteracted by
4043:"Comparison of Personality Correlates of Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy (Dark Triad of Personality) in Three Factor Personality Model"
457:
and a long-term pattern of disregard for or violation of the rights of others, starting before one was 15 years old. Other notable symptoms include
5330:
Azeredo A, Moreira D, Figueiredo P, Barbosa F (December 2019). "Delinquent Behavior: Systematic Review of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors".
4548:
9799:
8685:"Clozapine: an effective treatment for seriously violent and psychopathic men with antisocial personality disorder in a UK high-security hospital"
4973:, Lee SS (2003). "Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders" (PDF). In Mash EJ, Barkely RA (eds.). Child Psychopathology (2 ed.). New York City:
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Newbury-Helps, John. Are difficulties in mentalizing associated with the severity of Antisocial Personality Disorder? University College London.
2185:
8447:
Darke S, Finlay-Jones R, Kaye S, Blatt T (September 1996). "Anti-social personality disorder and response to methadone maintenance treatment".
8147:
527:. While their disregard for other people characterizes the first sign, the latter is characterized by a lack of interest in social activities.
41:
8781:
5498:
4316:"Monitoring the emotional facial reactions of individuals with antisocial personality disorder during the retrieval of self-defining memories"
937:
Antisocial behavior may be related to a number of neurological defects, such as head trauma. Antisocial behavior is associated with decreased
10329:
3665:"Antisocial personality disorder and borderline symptoms are differentially related to impulsivity and course of illness in bipolar disorder"
312:
7299:
2688:"Specific personality traits and associated psychosocial distresses among individuals with heroin or methamphetamine use disorder in Taiwan"
10208:
10153:
9927:
321:
10278:
9488:"Parental Psychiatric Disease and Risks of Attempted Suicide and Violent Criminal Offending in Offspring: A Population-Based Cohort Study"
7807:"Dissocial personality disorder – International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)"
1426:
The use of medications in treating antisocial personality disorder is still poorly explored, and no medications have been approved by the
913:
that has been discussed in individuals with ASPD is serotonin, also known as 5HT. A meta-analysis of 20 studies found significantly lower
10227:
10112:
10039:
9964:
648:, or the ability to process and store information about other people, which can contribute to an increased ability to manipulate others.
414:
360:
10311:
1376:
Dauntless, venturesome, intrepid, bold, audacious, daring; reckless, foolhardy, heedless; unfazed by hazard; pursues perilous ventures.
473:
In the United States, the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is estimated to be between 1% and 4%.
3126:"What are the factors that contribute to aggression in patients with co-occurring antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse?"
1361:
Rapacious, begrudging, discontentedly yearning; hostile and domineering; envious, avaricious; pleasures more in taking than in having.
10250:
5201:
260:
10059:
1049:- Neglectful parenting styles tend to have little to no rules for children to follow, and may even withhold basic needs required for
293:
10619:
9999:
6950:"Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical manifestations, course assessment, and diagnosis"
6323:"Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis"
1162:
803:
735:
168:
4772:
1771:
1705:
232:
1355:
1095:
7340:(June 1995). "Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use".
5450:"The VNTR 2 repeat in MAOA and delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: associations and MAOA promoter activity"
407:
2269:
10382:
9743:
9620:
8591:
8306:
8189:
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7959:
7927:
7844:
7320:
7279:
7165:
7121:
7096:
7071:
7038:
6565:
4982:
4958:
4280:
2411:
2312:
2156:
2092:
2020:
1690:
6457:"Cavum septum pellucidum in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder"
2338:
7806:
5081:
827:
that may be involved, one gene that has shown particular promise in its correlation with ASPD is the gene that encodes for
9653:
6919:
1165:(ADHD) is common in this population, and children with the disorder may also engage in substance use. CD is distinct from
10405:
10191:
1126:'s division between individuals with active and latent ASPD – the latter keeping themselves in check by attachment to an
365:
8945:
Habel U, Kühn E, Salloum JB, Devos H, Schneider F (September 2002). "Emotional processing in psychopathic personality".
7978:
6858:"Childhood trauma history and dissociative experiences among Turkish men diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder"
10542:
10019:
8523:
8348:
6745:
2884:"Individual and Network Correlates of Antisocial Personality Disorder Among Rural Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Users"
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Kendler KS, Muñoz RA, Murphy G (February 2010). "The development of the Feighner criteria: a historical perspective".
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McCallum D (2001). Personality and dangerousness: genealogies of antisocial personality disorder. Cambridge, England:
3420:"Marital interaction in alcoholic and nonalcoholic couples: Alcoholic subtype variations and wives' alcoholism status"
1981:
1471:
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10107:
8977:"Conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in persons with severe psychiatric and substance use disorders"
7515:
6175:"Untangling Intelligence, Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Conduct Problems: A Meta–Analytic Review"
3845:"Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder in Persons with Severe Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders"
1385:
755:
284:
172:
10268:
7919:
7349:
7271:
7193:
4950:
4301:
2012:
953:. Increased volumes of grey matter have been observed in the right fusiform gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, right
499:
251:
5499:"The integration of genetic propensities into social-control models of delinquency and violence among male youths"
3894:"Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Use in Homeless Youth: A Preliminary Comparison of San Francisco and Chicago"
3712:
Barriga AQ, Sullivan-Cosetti M, Gibbs JC (2009). "Moral cognitive correlates of empathy in juvenile delinquents".
1199:(DSM-5) defines antisocial personality disorder as being characterized by at least three of the following traits:
10296:
10291:
10222:
10064:
2518:"Gambling Disorder in Male Violent Offenders in the Prison System: Psychiatric and Substance-Related Comorbidity"
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Gatzke LM, Raine A (February 2000). "Treatment and prevention implications of antisocial personality disorder".
7433:(October 1993). "Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy".
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5622:"Early trauma and increased risk for physical aggression during adulthood: the moderating role of MAOA genotype"
1206:
Deceitfulness, indicated by continuously lying, using aliases, or conning others for personal gain and pleasure.
10609:
10436:
10324:
10049:
8870:
8349:"Schema Focused Therapy in Forensic Settings: Theoretical Model and Recommendations for Best Clinical Practice"
3294:
1731:
1101:
980:
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Moore TM, Scarpa A, Raine A (2002). "A meta-analysis of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA and antisocial behavior".
689:
in their youth, characterized by a pervasive pattern of violent, criminal, defiant, and anti-social behavior.
685:
are also behaviors commonly associated with ASPD. Alongside other conduct problems, many people with ASPD had
10614:
10552:
10527:
10319:
10263:
10258:
10186:
10102:
10097:
10074:
10069:
10044:
8765:
Bucholz KK, Frey RJ, Edens EL (2009). "Antisocial Personality Disorder". In Korsmeyer P, Kranzler HR (eds.).
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Semple D, Smyth R, Burns J, Darjee R, McIntosh A (2005). The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry. Oxford, England:
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1335:
1320:
1316:
1212:
Irritability and aggressiveness, indicated by repeatedly getting into fights or physically assaulting others.
1166:
874:
760:
385:
380:
370:
302:
246:
241:
196:
37:
4612:"Antisocial personality disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
1561:). It would later resurface as the name of a diagnosis in the ICD manual produced by the WHO, later spelled
10629:
10410:
10137:
7668:
Lynam DR, Vachon DD (2012). "Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities".
5853:
Rautiainen MR, Paunio T, Repo-Tiihonen E, Virkkunen M, Ollila HM, Sulkava S, et al. (September 2016).
1574:
1427:
1089:
975:
neural maldevelopment, and its presence has been loosely associated with certain mental disorders, such as
390:
6213:
4493:"Differences in social cognition between male prisoners with antisocial personality or psychotic disorder"
8205:
Salekin RT (February 2002). "Psychopathy and therapeutic pessimism. Clinical lore or clinical reality?".
6765:"Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders"
4787:
4183:
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3752:"Gang membership and sexual violence: Associations with childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity"
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9448:
Verona E, Patrick CJ, Joiner TE (August 2001). "Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk".
6509:"Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy"
4564:"Personality disorder, emotional intelligence, and locus of control of patients with alcohol dependence"
1590:, one of the authors of the Feighner criteria who had been using them as part of diagnostic interviews.
8089:
7770:
7216:
7157:
4272:
2385:
725:
4949:
Regier D, eds. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 ed.). Washington, DC:
1283:
Nonetheless, psychopathy has been proposed as a specifier under an alternative model for ASPD. In the
1218:
Irresponsibility, indicated by repeatedly failing to consistently work or honor financial obligations.
1161:
This behavior is typically persistent and may be difficult to deter with either threat or punishment.
917:
levels (indicating lower serotonin levels), especially in those who are younger than 30 years of age.
10466:
10375:
9950:
8898:"A behavioral genetic analysis of callous-unemotional traits and Big Five personality in adolescence"
5620:
Frazzetto G, Di Lorenzo G, Carola V, Proietti L, Sokolowska E, Siracusano A, et al. (May 2007).
4834:
3198:"Psychopathic heroin addicts are not uniformly impaired across neurocognitive domains of impulsivity"
2204:
1872:
720:
667:
being the most common charges. Those who have committed violent crimes tend to have higher levels of
148:
112:
8050:
5237:
1203:
Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly engaging in illegal activities.
9867:
8484:"Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality"
5600:
5529:
5098:
Oscar-Berman M, Valmas MM, Sawyer KS, Kirkley SM, Gansler DA, Merritt D, et al. (April 2009).
2041:
772:
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less clearly than others. It is also possible that they may experience emotions such as anger and
10092:
9212:
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). (2010). "Antisocial Personality Disorder".
9134:
2931:
Szerman N, Ferre F, Basurte-Villamor I, Vega P, Mesias B, Marín-Navarrete R, et al. (2020).
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Chemical dependency and antisocial personality disorder: psychotherapy and assessment strategies
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Robins LN, Tipp J, Przybeck T (1991). "Antisocial personality". In Robins LN, Regier DA (eds.).
3322:"Antisocial personality and bipolar disorder: Interactions in impulsivity and course of illness"
2837:"Psychiatric comorbidity and gender difference among treatment-seeking heroin abusers in Taiwan"
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1676:
10557:
10517:
7054:
Sutker PB, Allain AN (2002). "Antisocial Personality Disorder". In Sutker PB, Adams HE (eds.).
3247:"Interacting mechanisms of impulsivity in bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder"
899:
511:
Dissocial personality disorder (DPD) is another term for the same general disorder used in the
176:
159:
9907:
9896:
9831:
9584:
9077:"Impulsive and premeditated aggression in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder"
7306:
6708:
6651:
6074:"Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account"
4835:"Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance: evidence for a dual-hormone hypothesis"
3565:"Impulsive and premeditated aggression in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder"
2467:
Rosenström T, Torvik FA, Ystrom E, Czajkowski NO, Gillespie NA, Aggen SH, et al. (2018).
1298:
suggested 5 subtypes of ASPD. However, these constructs are not recognized in the DSM or ICD.
1086:
post-traumatic stress disorder (symptoms of upsetting/terrifying memories of traumatic events)
783:
Personality disorders are generally believed to be caused by a combination and interaction of
10547:
10426:
9486:
Mok PL, Pedersen CB, Springate D, Astrup A, Kapur N, Antonsen S, et al. (October 2016).
8550:
4542:
2108:
1416:
968:
863:
730:
564:
6670:
6632:
6283:
3025:"Does personality predict mortality? Results from the GAZEL French prospective cohort study"
10634:
10624:
10522:
10368:
9592:(1st ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association. 1952. pp. 38–39.
9088:
7860:
5633:
5563:
4327:
3576:
450:
225:
88:
30:
5100:"Frontal brain dysfunction in alcoholism with and without antisocial personality disorder"
2339:"Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy"
1108:
The comorbidity rate of the previously listed disorders with ASPD tend to be much higher.
8:
10583:
9856:
9075:
Azevedo J, Vieira-Coelho M, Castelo-Branco M, Coelho R, Figueiredo-Braga M (March 2020).
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3077:"Facets of impulsivity in the relationship between antisocial personality and abstinence"
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828:
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7745:
6253:"Exploring the relations among executive functions, fluid intelligence, and personality"
5637:
5567:
5268:
4331:
3580:
10578:
10471:
9770:
9652:. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association. 1968. p. 43. Archived from
9609:
9561:
9536:
9512:
9487:
9430:
9417:
9390:
9366:
9341:
9317:
9293:"Mental health disorders among homeless, substance-dependent men who have sex with men"
9292:
9186:
9161:
9111:
9076:
9052:
9001:
8976:
8922:
8897:
8717:
8684:
8660:
8635:
8580:
8429:
8379:
8266:
8242:"Rehabilitating antisocial personalities: treatment through self-governance strategies"
8241:
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8038:
8021:
7891:
7833:
7496:
7412:
7369:
7337:
7295:
7264:
7236:
6904:
6885:
6838:
6789:
6764:
6609:
6582:
6533:
6508:
6481:
6456:
6402:
6347:
6322:
6303:
6214:"Executive–cognitive functioning in the development of antisocial personality disorder"
6194:
6147:
6122:
6098:
6073:
6054:
5879:
5854:
5835:
5783:
5758:
5704:
5656:
5621:
5587:
5521:
5474:
5449:
5421:
5404:
5355:
5175:
5150:
5126:
5099:
5056:
5031:
4970:
4932:
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4815:
4803:
4741:
4729:
4693:
4666:
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4563:
4530:
4517:
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4468:
4443:
4401:
4374:
4350:
4315:
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4222:
4199:
4164:
4151:
4124:
4100:
4075:
4027:
3984:
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3920:
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3869:
3844:
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3689:
3664:
3599:
3564:
3542:
3493:
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3444:
3419:
3395:
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3321:
3271:
3246:
3222:
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3147:
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3049:
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2717:
2624:
2599:
2542:
2517:
2493:
2468:
2449:
2366:
1955:
1922:
802:, there are many variables that are consistently connected to ASPD, such as: childhood
625:
for their harmful actions, and have a callous attitude toward those they have harmed.
485:
108:
82:
9919:
9861:
9254:
8500:
8483:
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are 50% more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder than those who do not.
10486:
9774:
9739:
9699:
9626:
9616:
9566:
9517:
9503:
9465:
9422:
9371:
9357:
9322:
9258:
9219:
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9191:
9116:
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8927:
8845:
8801:
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2016:
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8970:
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4122:
2426:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
2343:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
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9733:
9236:
9202:
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7994:
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8600:
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7579:American Psychiatric Association. (2013).
7294:
7033:(1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books.
6168:
6166:
5969:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5497:Guo G, Roettger M, Shih JC (August 2008).
4879:
3801:
3553:
3123:
2982:Ortiz-Tallo M, Cancino C, Cobos S (2011).
2567:"The specificity of pathological gambling"
2220:
1859:
1832:
422:
408:
9560:
9511:
9416:
9406:
9365:
9316:
9280:. New York: Free Press. pp. 258–290.
9185:
9110:
9100:
9000:
8921:
8716:
8659:
8499:
8265:
8020:
7720:
7534:
7056:Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology
6996:
6788:
6608:
6598:
6532:
6502:
6500:
6480:
6346:
6320:
6146:
6097:
6002:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
5878:
5782:
5655:
5645:
5473:
5420:
5303:
5174:
5125:
5115:
5055:
4692:
4682:
4589:
4579:
4516:
4467:
4400:
4390:
4349:
4339:
4248:
4238:
4150:
4140:
4099:
4058:
3983:
3919:
3909:
3868:
3819:
3775:
3688:
3639:
3598:
3588:
3492:
3443:
3394:
3345:
3270:
3221:
3141:
3100:
3048:
2999:
2958:
2948:
2907:
2811:
2762:
2752:
2703:
2623:
2582:
2571:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
2541:
2492:
2292:
2290:
1954:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1750:
1675:American Psychiatric Association (2013),
530:
480:characterized by enduring and inflexible
8779:
7987:
7968:
7911:
7514:Baumgärtner G, Soyka M (November 2013).
7288:
7151:
7111:
6706:
6649:
5236:Arehart-Treichel J (20 September 2002).
4624:Child Psychiatry & Human Development
2383:
2165:
1163:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1104:(disconnection from self or environment)
736:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
495:International Classification of Diseases
453:characterized by a limited capacity for
169:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
9606:
8204:
8003:Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders
7975:Millon, Theodore – Personality Subtypes
7523:Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie
7429:
7380:
6743:
6687:
6668:
6163:
5966:
5806:Yildirim BO, Derksen JJ (August 2013).
5029:
2564:
2140:
2069:
2035:
2011:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, Virginia:
1096:disinhibited social engagement disorder
10602:
9388:
9237:Fazel S, Danesh J (16 February 2002).
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8836:Fisher KA, Hany M (23 November 2019).
8347:Bernstein DP, Arntz A, Vos Md (2007).
7949:
7873:
7784:
7705:"Neurobiological basis of psychopathy"
6947:
6932:
6903:Duquesne University (4 January 2021).
6746:"Parenting Styles- Which One is Best?"
6560:. New York: Basic Books. p. 123.
6497:
6368:
6366:
6071:
5812:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5763:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5104:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
4833:Mehta PH, Josephs RA (November 2010).
4785:
4715:
4005:
4003:
3953:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3797:
3795:
3070:
3068:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2287:
1976:
1974:
1804:
1791:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1636:
1195:The main text of fifth edition of the
1111:
579:, trading sex for drugs, and frequent
10364:
9923:
9752:
8578:Beck AT, Freeman A, Davis DD (2007).
8543:
8239:
8063:
7702:
7529:(11). Translated by Welsh S: 648–54.
7086:
7024:
6855:
6725:
5756:
5266:
5196:
5194:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4441:
3319:
3163:
3161:
3029:International Journal of Epidemiology
2841:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
2645:
2643:
2598:Falck RS, Wang J, Carlson RG (2008).
1920:
991:
628:People with ASPD can have difficulty
515:(ICD). Both have been referred to as
476:Personality disorders are a class of
8516:
8114:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2 December 2013).
7952:Personality Disorders in Modern Life
7790:
7389:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
7342:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
7182:
6978:
6911:
4448:Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
4016:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
3714:Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
2653:Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
2237:, Hart SD, Harpur TJ (August 1991).
2180:
1916:
1914:
1454:
1290:
9951:Personality disorder classification
8856:
8798:10.17744/mehc.37.1.52g325w385556315
8786:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
8607:Mayo Clinic staff (12 April 2013).
8184:. American Psychiatric Publishing.
6690:"The effects of uninvolved parents"
6581:Álvarez-García D (September 2016).
6363:
5229:
4041:Mohammadzadeh A, Ashouri A (2018).
4000:
3948:
3936:
3792:
3065:
2321:
1971:
1661:
1541:sociopathic personality disturbance
1430:to specifically treat ASPD. A 2020
1142:
1068:
1016:
13:
10543:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
9726:
9684:The American Journal of Psychiatry
7769:Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders.
5454:European Journal of Human Genetics
5191:
5011:. New York City: Sussex Publishers
4988:
4804:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02379.x
4730:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02379.x
4658:
4200:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03639.x
4028:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02054.x
3964:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
3460:
3158:
2679:
2640:
1877:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1770:Mayo Clinic Staff (2 April 2016).
902:, which can generate a release of
40:. For the former trade union, see
14:
10646:
10228:Negativistic (passive–aggressive)
9783:
9135:"Antisocial personality disorder"
8871:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
8838:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
8524:"Antisocial personality disorder"
8090:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
8001:Gabbard GO, Gunderson JG (2000).
7709:The British Journal of Psychiatry
7305:. In Mash EJ, Barkely RA (eds.).
6985:The British Journal of Psychiatry
6633:"The 4 types of parenting styles"
6513:The British Journal of Psychiatry
6339:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012
6321:Yang Y, Raine A (November 2009).
6257:Journal of Individual Differences
5908:
5155:Alcohol Research: Current Reviews
5003:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
4882:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
3756:The British Journal of Psychiatry
3622:Pawłowska B, Rzeszutko E (2015).
2300:The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry
1911:
1835:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
1732:"Antisocial personality disorder"
1644:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
756:Narcissistic personality disorder
173:narcissistic personality disorder
9738:. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9717:The DSM-IV Personality Disorders
9710:
9675:
9663:
9637:
9600:
9577:
9528:
9504:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1728
9441:
9382:
9358:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00900.x
9333:
9284:
9278:Psychiatric Disorders in America
9269:
9230:
9153:
9127:
8938:
8889:
8773:
8758:
8733:
8676:
8627:
8571:
8475:
8440:
8340:
8315:
8282:
8233:
8198:
8154:
8118:(Sixth ed.). New York, NY.
8082:
8057:
7943:
7920:American Psychiatric Association
7867:
7853:
7825:
7661:
7635:Journal of Personality Disorders
7625:
7573:
7558:
7507:
7461:
7423:
7329:
7272:American Psychiatric Association
7200:
7194:American Psychiatric Association
7192:(4th ed.). Washington, DC:
7145:
7130:
7105:
7080:
7047:
6972:
6941:
6926:
6896:
6849:
6805:
6756:
6737:
6719:
6700:
6681:
6662:
6643:
6625:
6574:
6549:
6448:
6413:
6314:
6275:
6244:
6205:
6114:
6065:
6022:
5960:
5933:
5846:
5799:
5736:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.11.008
5715:
4951:American Psychiatric Association
4302:American Psychiatric Association
3804:"Sexuality of dissocial persons"
3485:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.004
3263:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.009
3214:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.021
2853:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01618.x
2804:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.028
2616:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.004
2386:"What is…Antisocial vs. Asocial"
2013:American Psychiatric Association
1710:American Psychiatric Association
1458:
1265:Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (
1011:The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog,
986:
888:
500:American Psychiatric Association
10620:Cluster B personality disorders
10503:Antisocial personality disorder
10390:
9908:Antisocial personality disorder
9291:Fletcher JB, Reback CJ (2017).
8291:The Medical Basis of Psychiatry
8163:Antisocial personality disorder
7473:Development and Psychopathology
7350:Springer Science+Business Media
6709:"Authoritative parenting style"
6652:"Authoritarian parenting style"
6558:The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog
6434:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.1.41
6179:European Journal of Personality
5824:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009
5775:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.005
5724:Journal of Psychiatric Research
5396:
5260:
5219:
5142:
5091:
5023:
4964:
4943:
4900:
4873:
4826:
4779:
4752:
4709:
4615:
4606:
4555:
4484:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4366:
4294:
4265:
4214:
4175:
4116:
4067:
4034:
4010:Newberry AL, Duncan RD (2001).
3885:
3836:
3705:
3656:
3615:
3509:
3411:
3362:
3313:
3287:
3251:Journal of Psychiatric Research
3238:
3189:
3117:
3016:
2975:
2924:
2875:
2828:
2779:
2728:
2591:
2558:
2509:
2460:
2417:
2396:
2377:
2101:
2029:
1596:antisocial personality disorder
1570:antisocial personality disorder
1514:
1382:Reputation-defending antisocial
932:
751:Histrionic personality disorder
746:Borderline personality disorder
681:and the destruction of others'
461:, reckless behavior (including
435:Antisocial personality disorder
185:borderline personality disorder
55:Antisocial personality disorder
9696:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081155
9450:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
9178:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019
8902:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
8652:10.1002/14651858.CD007667.pub3
8368:10.1080/14999013.2007.10471261
7270:(5 ed.). Washington, DC:
7141:. Routledge. pp. 247–250.
6827:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114082
6750:National Fatherhood Initiative
6688:Dlamini S (31 December 2022).
6669:Ciancio S (12 November 2021).
6650:Trautner T (19 January 2017).
6556:Perry B, Szalavitz M (2017) .
6473:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.018
6043:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.022
5390:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012
5048:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.07.007
4092:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101660
4080:American Journal of Psychiatry
3669:Journal of Affective Disorders
3424:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2246:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1927:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1826:
1698:
1563:dissocial personality disorder
1253:
1102:dissociative identity disorder
981:post-traumatic stress disorder
894:Hormones and neurotransmitters
862:The gene that encodes for the
700:
447:dissocial personality disorder
130:Childhood or early adolescence
117:callous and unemotional traits
1:
10553:Sadistic personality disorder
9255:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1
8780:Hatchett G (1 January 2015).
8501:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00015-5
8219:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00083-6
8161:Meloy JR, Yakeley AJ (2011).
7876:History of the Human Sciences
7311:(2 ed.). New York City:
6230:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00232-5
6090:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00273-2
5409:Law and Contemporary Problems
4792:British Journal of Psychology
4722:British Journal of Psychology
4568:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1629:
1577:developed from the so-called
1190:
1167:oppositional defiant disorder
875:genome-wide association study
761:Sadistic personality disorder
197:oppositional defiant disorder
38:Advanced sleep phase disorder
10192:Self-defeating (masochistic)
9553:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318160b3ce
9102:10.1371/journal.pone.0229876
8299:10.1007/978-1-59745-252-6_13
8258:10.1080/14789949.2012.752517
7771:"Hare Psychopathy Checklist"
7744:Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
7137:Archer R, Wheeler E (2006).
6991:(5): 426, author reply 426.
5647:10.1371/journal.pone.0000486
5506:American Sociological Review
4341:10.1371/journal.pone.0268818
4129:Journal of Medicine and Life
4123:Yousefi F, Talib MA (2022).
3590:10.1371/journal.pone.0229876
3387:10.1080/17522439.2011.639901
3093:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.012
2584:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.289
2055:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X
1648:National Library of Medicine
1575:Research Diagnostic Criteria
1450:
1401:
1180:
1090:reactive attachment disorder
445:), sometimes referred to as
216:0.2% to 3.3% in a given year
7:
10054:
9615:. New York: Haworth Press.
9462:10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.462
8488:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
7746:"Definition of psychopathy"
7447:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674
6707:Trautner T (January 2017).
5378:Journal of Criminal Justice
5036:Journal of Criminal Justice
4851:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.020
4060:10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.24.1.44
3473:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
3436:10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.121
3202:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
3143:10.1590/0101-60830000000240
2888:The Journal of Rural Health
2792:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
2604:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
2522:Journal of Gambling Studies
2258:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.391
2085:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1623:Anti-social behaviour order
1605:
957:, and post-central cortex.
835:that breaks down monoamine
10:
10651:
9767:10.1177/0306624X8903300202
8406:Current Psychiatry Reports
8207:Clinical Psychology Review
7217:Cambridge University Press
7158:Cambridge University Press
6379:Current Psychiatry Reports
6269:10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.194
5518:10.1177/000312240807300402
5444:Guo G, Ou XM, Roettger M,
5344:10.1007/s10567-019-00298-w
4880:Fisher KA, Hany M (2022).
4786:Archer J (February 1991).
4716:Archer J (February 1991).
4684:10.1186/s12888-022-03710-y
4636:10.1007/s10578-020-01083-5
4392:10.1186/s13063-020-04896-w
4273:Cambridge University Press
3519:Journal of Safety Research
3124:Akçay BD, Akçay D (2020).
2705:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.08.026
1939:10.1177/070674371506000703
1833:Fisher KA, Hany M (2023),
1805:Berger FK (29 July 2016).
1534:
1257:
1146:
1128:external source of control
810:
726:Substance-related disorder
35:
20:
10571:
10495:
10419:
10398:
10339:Section III (alternative)
10338:
10310:
10277:
10249:
10240:
10215:
10200:
10166:
10146:
10130:
10085:
10035:
10028:
10012:
9998:
9957:
9882:
9808:
9408:10.1186/s40479-015-0033-x
9041:10.1007/s00127-018-1628-5
8875:Harvard Health Publishing
8701:10.1017/S1092852914000157
8461:10.1080/09595239600186011
8418:10.1007/s11920-000-0042-2
8323:"Treatment – Mayo Clinic"
8240:McRae L (February 2013).
7703:Blair RJ (January 2003).
7583:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA.
7485:10.1017/s0954579401002097
7262:, Regier D, eds. (2013).
7225:10.1017/s003329170003854x
6979:Lock MP (November 2008).
6933:McLean (29 August 2022).
6874:10.1007/s00127-007-0248-2
6744:Lampard R (August 2022).
6713:Michigan State University
6656:Michigan State University
6525:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078485
6391:10.1007/s11920-013-0427-7
5757:Glenn AL (January 2011).
5693:10.1007/s10519-014-9661-y
5267:Black D (December 2021).
4921:10.1017/s003329170003854x
4511:(inactive 22 June 2024).
4460:10.1007/s10936-012-9237-z
4240:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.677975
3802:Janus M, Szulc A (2016).
3681:10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.027
3531:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.11.009
2950:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589155
2534:10.1007/s10899-018-9785-8
2079:, Roger D. Davis (1996).
2015:. 2013. pp. 646–49.
778:
721:Impulse control disorders
212:
202:
158:
142:
134:
126:
81:
69:
59:
54:
7888:10.1177/0952695114541864
7647:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_134
7064:10.1007/0-306-47377-1_16
6675:Human Life International
6600:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01383
5859:Translational Psychiatry
4724:. 82 ( Pt 1) (1): 1–28.
4581:10.4103/0972-6748.160931
2754:10.3390/brainsci11020269
2438:10.1177/1529100611426706
2355:10.1177/1529100611426706
2042:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1185:
789:environmental influences
773:neuropsychological tests
21:Not to be confused with
9958:General classifications
9297:Drug and Alcohol Review
8449:Drug and Alcohol Review
6948:Sareen J (April 2023).
6726:Scott S (11 May 2010).
6587:Frontiers in Psychology
6300:10.1023/A:1023015318156
6072:Séguin JR (June 2004).
5576:10.1126/science.1072290
5466:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201999
4227:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3976:10.4088/JCP.08m04812gry
3001:10.20882/adicciones.143
2937:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2404:Oxford University Press
2305:Oxford University Press
2144:Handbook of Psychopathy
794:According to professor
490:accepted by any culture
322:Not otherwise specified
16:Mental health condition
10558:Sexual sadism disorder
10518:History of psychopathy
10487:Superficially charming
8981:Schizophrenia Bulletin
7209:Psychological Medicine
7156:. Cambridge, England:
6671:"Permissive Parenting"
5254:10.1176/pn.37.18.0022a
5167:10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05
4909:Psychological Medicine
4509:10.21500/20112084.2903
4142:10.25122/jml-2021-0317
3849:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1921:Black DW (July 2015).
1554:Antisocial personality
1367:Risk-taking antisocial
1272:American psychiatrist
971:(CSP) is a marker for
900:central nervous system
632:, or interpreting the
594:. They may experience
575:, inconsistent use of
565:irresponsible behavior
531:Symptoms and behaviors
484:patterns of behavior,
391:Post-traumatic organic
177:substance use disorder
160:Differential diagnosis
10610:Anti-social behaviour
10548:Psychopathy Checklist
10427:Anti-social behaviour
10216:Appendix B (proposed)
9166:Biological Psychiatry
8993:10.1093/schbul/sbj068
7308:Child Psychopathology
6998:10.1192/bjp.193.5.426
6769:Personality Disorders
6461:Biological Psychiatry
6031:Biological Psychiatry
5981:10.1300/J076v21n03_03
5305:10.1192/bjp.184.2.118
4839:Hormones and Behavior
3861:10.1093/schbul/sbj068
1417:multisystemic therapy
1332:Malevolent antisocial
1136:clinical psychiatrist
969:Cavum septi pellucidi
864:serotonin transporter
731:Somatization disorder
544:, shorter periods of
226:Personality disorders
10615:Behavioural sciences
10523:Juvenile delinquency
10330:Obsessive-compulsive
10279:Cluster B (dramatic)
10060:Emotionally unstable
8293:. pp. 213–226.
8180:, Bender DS (2005).
7981:1 March 2018 at the
7813:on 11 September 2013
7435:Psychological Review
7315:. pp. 144–198.
6694:Rights for Education
2390:Mental Health @ Home
2307:. pp. 448–449.
2275:on 26 September 2007
2198:(2). New York City:
1889:10.4088/JCP.v66n0602
550:oral administrations
538:blood-borne diseases
451:personality disorder
313:Obsessive–compulsive
261:Cluster B (dramatic)
31:Anti-social behavior
10630:Forensic psychology
10584:George E. Partridge
10312:Cluster C (anxious)
9659:on 1 November 2014.
9093:2020PLoSO..1529876A
8947:Aggressive Behavior
8116:Abnormal psychology
7912:Nussbaum A (2013).
7722:10.1192/bjp.182.1.5
7152:McCallum D (2001).
7112:McCallum D (2001).
6815:Psychiatry Research
6327:Psychiatry Research
6218:Addictive Behaviors
6139:10.1093/scan/nst104
6078:Brain and Cognition
5942:Aggressive Behavior
5871:10.1038/tp.2016.155
5638:2007PLoSO...2..486F
5568:2002Sci...297..851C
5084:4 June 2013 at the
4761:Aggressive Behavior
4332:2022PLoSO..1768818L
3898:Behavioral Sciences
3768:10.1192/bjp.2020.69
3581:2020PLoSO..1529876A
3299:World of Psychology
3081:Addictive Behaviors
2384:Peterson A (2019).
2303:. Oxford, England:
2184:(1 February 1996).
2141:Patrick CJ (2005).
1352:Covetous antisocial
1112:Cultural influences
829:Monoamine oxidase A
767:When combined with
716:Depressive disorder
554:compulsive gambling
467:aggressive behavior
294:Cluster C (anxious)
10579:Hervey M. Cleckley
10472:Pathological lying
10442:Diminished empathy
10113:Passive–aggressive
10045:Anxious (avoidant)
9883:External resources
9607:Forrest G (1994).
8914:10.1037/abn0000099
7682:10.1037/per0000006
7611:10.1037/per0000179
7401:10.1007/bf01261600
7358:10.1007/bf01447558
6821:(114082): 114082.
6781:10.1037/per0000147
5030:Tuvblad C (2013).
3808:Psychiatria Polska
3628:Psychiatria Polska
3301:. 12 February 2015
3041:10.1093/ije/dyn013
2565:Rizeanu S (2012).
1738:. 12 February 2021
1712:. 29 December 2022
1470:. You can help by
1313:Nomadic antisocial
1122:techniques, given
992:Family environment
951:frontopolar cortex
923:psychopathological
583:are also common.
361:Passive–aggressive
10597:
10596:
10572:Notable theorists
10358:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10236:
10235:
10162:
10161:
10126:
10125:
10002:classifications (
9917:
9916:
9745:978-1-57230-344-7
9622:978-1-56024-308-3
9498:(10): 1015–1022.
9389:Howard R (2015).
9346:Bipolar Disorders
9309:10.1111/dar.12446
9249:(9306): 545–550.
8593:978-1-59385-476-8
8308:978-1-58829-917-8
8191:978-1-58562-159-0
8125:978-0-07-803538-8
8075:978-0-393-70127-2
8064:Stone MH (1993).
8012:978-0-88048-273-8
7961:978-0-471-23734-1
7950:Millon T (2000).
7929:978-1-58562-466-9
7846:978-0-89042-025-6
7536:10.1159/000356537
7322:978-1-57230-609-7
7298:, Lee SS (2003).
7281:978-0-89042-555-8
7167:978-0-521-00875-4
7123:978-0-521-00875-4
7098:978-0-394-17833-2
7073:978-0-306-46490-4
7040:978-0-7679-1582-3
6856:Semiz UB (2007).
6567:978-0-465-09445-5
5681:Behavior Genetics
5117:10.2147/NDT.S4882
4983:978-1-57230-609-7
4959:978-0-89042-555-8
4281:978-0-521-00875-4
3911:10.3390/bs2030186
3821:10.12740/PP/59330
3641:10.12740/PP/27823
3338:10.2217/npy.11.69
3320:Swann AC (2011).
3257:(11): 1477–1482.
2900:10.1111/jrh.12184
2485:10.1111/add.13951
2412:978-0-19-852783-1
2314:978-0-19-852783-1
2191:Psychiatric Times
2158:978-1-60623-804-2
2115:. 26 January 2022
2094:978-0-471-01186-6
2083:. New York City:
2022:978-0-89042-555-8
1692:978-0-89042-555-8
1579:Feighner Criteria
1488:
1487:
1395:
1394:
1291:Millon's subtypes
1051:child development
943:lentiform nucleus
911:neurotransmitters
837:neurotransmitters
711:Anxiety disorders
695:superficial charm
642:criminal behavior
569:domestic violence
498:(ICD) and in the
432:
431:
220:
219:
193:criminal behavior
49:Medical condition
10642:
10528:Machiavellianism
10508:Conduct disorder
10411:In the workplace
10385:
10378:
10371:
10362:
10361:
10247:
10246:
10213:
10212:
10174:
10173:
10033:
10032:
10010:
10009:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9921:
9920:
9806:
9805:
9778:
9749:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9651:
9641:
9635:
9634:
9614:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9591:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9564:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9515:
9483:
9474:
9473:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9420:
9410:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9369:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9320:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9209:
9200:
9199:
9189:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9114:
9104:
9072:
9061:
9060:
9024:
9015:
9014:
9004:
8972:
8963:
8962:
8959:10.1002/ab.80015
8942:
8936:
8935:
8925:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8867:
8854:
8853:
8833:
8810:
8809:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8745:Cleveland Clinic
8737:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8663:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8585:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8503:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8393:on 26 July 2011.
8392:
8386:. Archived from
8353:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8269:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8145:
8137:
8111:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8034:
8024:
7998:
7985:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7838:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7809:. Archived from
7803:
7797:
7796:
7791:Hare RD (2003).
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7766:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7593:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7569:10.1002/wps.2023
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7538:
7520:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7304:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7269:
7256:
7245:
7244:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7087:Berne E (1976).
7084:
7078:
7077:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7032:
7025:Stout M (2006).
7022:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6956:. Archived from
6945:
6939:
6938:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6504:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6370:
6361:
6360:
6350:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6191:10.1002/per.2207
6170:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5954:10.1002/ab.90027
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5917:. Archived from
5906:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5649:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5607:. 1 August 2002.
5598:Lay summary in:
5595:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5528:. Archived from
5503:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5242:Psychiatric News
5233:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5206:mentalhealth.gov
5198:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5119:
5095:
5089:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5008:Psychology Today
4999:
4986:
4968:
4962:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4630:(6): 1060–1070.
4619:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4538:
4520:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4442:Gawda B (2013).
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4154:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3970:(9): 1218–1225.
3955:
3946:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3675:(2–3): 384–390.
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3479:(1–3): 193–203.
3464:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3208:(2–3): 194–200.
3193:
3187:
3186:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2665:10.1002/cbm.1923
2647:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2268:. Archived from
2243:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2202:. Archived from
2178:
2163:
2162:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1986:Cleveland Clinic
1978:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1640:
1545:George Partridge
1483:
1480:
1462:
1455:
1445:mood stabilizers
1301:
1300:
1228:bipolar disorder
1149:Conduct disorder
1143:Conduct disorder
1079:childhood trauma
1069:Childhood trauma
1022:Parenting styles
1017:Parenting styles
823:In the specific
741:Bipolar disorder
687:conduct disorder
646:social cognition
478:mental disorders
424:
417:
410:
222:
221:
181:bipolar disorder
52:
51:
10650:
10649:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10639:
10600:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10567:
10533:Macdonald triad
10491:
10420:Characteristics
10415:
10394:
10389:
10359:
10346:
10344:Trait specified
10334:
10306:
10273:
10251:Cluster A (odd)
10232:
10211:
10196:
10170:classifications
10158:
10142:
10122:
10081:
10024:
9994:
9953:
9948:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9878:
9877:
9817:
9786:
9781:
9746:
9729:
9727:Further reading
9724:
9723:
9715:
9711:
9680:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9656:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9623:
9605:
9601:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9533:
9529:
9492:JAMA Psychiatry
9484:
9477:
9446:
9442:
9387:
9383:
9338:
9334:
9289:
9285:
9274:
9270:
9235:
9231:
9210:
9203:
9158:
9154:
9144:
9142:
9141:. 21 March 2018
9133:
9132:
9128:
9087:(3): e0229876.
9073:
9064:
9025:
9018:
8973:
8966:
8943:
8939:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8877:. 13 March 2019
8869:
8868:
8857:
8834:
8813:
8778:
8774:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8681:
8677:
8646:(9): CD007667.
8632:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8605:
8601:
8594:
8576:
8572:
8562:
8560:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8534:
8532:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8480:
8476:
8445:
8441:
8402:
8398:
8390:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8329:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8287:
8283:
8238:
8234:
8203:
8199:
8192:
8174:
8170:
8159:
8155:
8139:
8138:
8126:
8112:
8105:
8095:
8093:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8062:
8058:
8046:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8013:
7999:
7988:
7983:Wayback Machine
7973:
7969:
7962:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7910:
7903:
7872:
7868:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7701:
7697:
7666:
7662:
7630:
7626:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7547:
7518:
7512:
7508:
7466:
7462:
7428:
7424:
7385:
7381:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7302:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7257:
7248:
7205:
7201:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7168:
7150:
7146:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7085:
7081:
7074:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7023:
7014:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6946:
6942:
6931:
6927:
6916:
6912:
6901:
6897:
6868:(11): 865–873.
6854:
6850:
6810:
6806:
6761:
6757:
6742:
6738:
6730:
6724:
6720:
6705:
6701:
6686:
6682:
6667:
6663:
6648:
6644:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6554:
6550:
6505:
6498:
6453:
6449:
6418:
6414:
6371:
6364:
6319:
6315:
6280:
6276:
6249:
6245:
6210:
6206:
6171:
6164:
6119:
6115:
6070:
6066:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
6000:
5996:
5965:
5961:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5907:
5896:
5851:
5847:
5804:
5800:
5755:
5751:
5720:
5716:
5677:
5673:
5618:
5614:
5605:EurekAlert!.org
5599:
5562:(5582): 851–4.
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5535:on 3 March 2016
5532:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5442:
5438:
5401:
5397:
5374:
5367:
5328:
5321:
5284:
5280:
5273:Oxford Academic
5265:
5261:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5147:
5143:
5096:
5092:
5086:Wayback Machine
5077:
5073:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5001:
5000:
4989:
4977:. pp. 144–198.
4969:
4965:
4948:
4944:
4905:
4901:
4878:
4874:
4831:
4827:
4784:
4780:
4757:
4753:
4714:
4710:
4663:
4659:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4560:
4556:
4540:
4539:
4489:
4485:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4371:
4367:
4326:(6): e0268818.
4312:
4308:
4299:
4295:
4270:
4266:
4219:
4215:
4180:
4176:
4121:
4117:
4072:
4068:
4039:
4035:
4008:
4001:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3890:
3886:
3841:
3837:
3800:
3793:
3748:
3741:
3726:10.1002/cbm.740
3710:
3706:
3661:
3657:
3620:
3616:
3575:(3): e0229876.
3561:
3554:
3514:
3510:
3465:
3461:
3416:
3412:
3367:
3363:
3326:Neuropsychiatry
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3194:
3190:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3122:
3118:
3073:
3066:
3021:
3017:
2980:
2976:
2929:
2925:
2880:
2876:
2833:
2829:
2784:
2780:
2733:
2729:
2684:
2680:
2648:
2641:
2596:
2592:
2563:
2559:
2514:
2510:
2465:
2461:
2422:
2418:
2406:. pp. 448–449.
2401:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2335:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2241:
2232:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2179:
2166:
2159:
2139:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2077:Theodore Millon
2074:
2070:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1919:
1912:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1803:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1673:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1608:
1537:
1517:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1468:needs expansion
1453:
1441:antidepressants
1404:
1296:Theodore Millon
1293:
1274:Hervey Cleckley
1262:
1256:
1236:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1151:
1145:
1114:
1071:
1019:
1007:Dr. Bruce Perry
994:
989:
955:cingulate gyrus
935:
896:
891:
853:promoter region
813:
781:
765:
703:
581:unprotected sex
533:
463:substance abuse
428:
233:Cluster A (odd)
50:
45:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10648:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10589:Robert D. Hare
10586:
10581:
10575:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10499:
10497:
10496:Related topics
10493:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10482:Shallow affect
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10395:
10388:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10365:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10316:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10253:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10207:
10205:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10183:
10181:
10171:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10150:
10148:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10134:
10132:
10128:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10120:
10118:Psychoneurotic
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10016:
10014:
10007:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9954:
9947:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9924:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9899:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9864:
9849:
9834:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9809:Classification
9803:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9785:
9784:External links
9782:
9780:
9779:
9750:
9744:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9709:
9674:
9662:
9636:
9621:
9599:
9576:
9547:(3): 291–300.
9527:
9475:
9440:
9381:
9352:(2): 173–181.
9332:
9303:(4): 555–559.
9283:
9268:
9229:
9201:
9172:(6): 553–564.
9152:
9126:
9062:
9035:(5): 617–625.
9016:
8964:
8953:(5): 394–400.
8937:
8908:(4): 982–993.
8888:
8855:
8811:
8772:
8757:
8732:
8695:(5): 391–402.
8675:
8626:
8599:
8592:
8570:
8542:
8515:
8474:
8439:
8396:
8362:(2): 169–183.
8339:
8314:
8307:
8281:
8232:
8197:
8190:
8168:
8153:
8124:
8103:
8081:
8074:
8056:
8047:|journal=
8011:
7986:
7967:
7960:
7942:
7928:
7901:
7866:
7852:
7845:
7824:
7798:
7783:
7758:
7736:
7695:
7676:(4): 483–495.
7660:
7641:(5): 675–697.
7624:
7605:(3): 229–239.
7585:
7572:
7557:
7506:
7460:
7441:(4): 674–701.
7422:
7395:(4): 377–410.
7379:
7328:
7321:
7313:Guilford Press
7287:
7280:
7246:
7199:
7181:
7166:
7144:
7129:
7122:
7104:
7097:
7079:
7072:
7046:
7039:
7012:
6971:
6960:on 10 May 2023
6940:
6925:
6910:
6895:
6848:
6804:
6775:(3): 221–228.
6755:
6736:
6718:
6699:
6680:
6661:
6642:
6624:
6573:
6566:
6548:
6496:
6447:
6412:
6362:
6313:
6294:(1): 231–247.
6274:
6263:(4): 194–200.
6243:
6224:(2): 285–300.
6204:
6185:(5): 529–564.
6162:
6133:(8): 1223–31.
6113:
6064:
6021:
5994:
5959:
5948:(4): 299–316.
5932:
5921:on 17 May 2013
5894:
5845:
5818:(7): 1254–96.
5798:
5749:
5730:(10): 906–14.
5714:
5671:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5546:
5512:(4): 543–568.
5489:
5436:
5395:
5365:
5338:(4): 502–526.
5319:
5278:
5259:
5228:
5218:
5190:
5141:
5090:
5071:
5042:(5): 273–276.
5022:
4987:
4975:Guilford Press
4963:
4942:
4915:(4): 971–986.
4899:
4872:
4845:(5): 898–906.
4825:
4778:
4751:
4708:
4671:BMC Psychiatry
4657:
4614:
4605:
4554:
4483:
4454:(6): 571–580.
4434:
4425:
4416:
4365:
4306:
4293:
4264:
4213:
4174:
4135:(4): 454–461.
4115:
4086:(7): 905–913.
4066:
4033:
4022:(3): 527–541.
3999:
3947:
3935:
3904:(3): 186–194.
3884:
3855:(4): 626–636.
3835:
3814:(1): 187–196.
3791:
3762:(4): 583–590.
3739:
3720:(4): 253–264.
3704:
3655:
3634:(2): 315–324.
3614:
3552:
3508:
3459:
3430:(1): 121–130.
3410:
3361:
3332:(6): 599–610.
3312:
3286:
3237:
3188:
3157:
3116:
3087:(3): 293–298.
3064:
3035:(2): 386–396.
3015:
2994:(3): 189–197.
2974:
2923:
2894:(2): 198–207.
2874:
2847:(1): 105–111.
2827:
2778:
2741:Brain Sciences
2727:
2698:(3): 735–742.
2678:
2659:(3): 181–191.
2639:
2610:(1–2): 24–29.
2590:
2557:
2528:(2): 485–500.
2508:
2459:
2416:
2395:
2376:
2320:
2313:
2286:
2219:
2208:on 28 May 2013
2164:
2157:
2149:Guilford Press
2126:
2100:
2093:
2068:
2028:
2021:
1998:
1970:
1933:(7): 309–314.
1910:
1883:(6): 677–685.
1858:
1825:
1790:
1749:
1723:
1697:
1691:
1660:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1536:
1533:
1516:
1513:
1486:
1485:
1479:September 2019
1465:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1437:antipsychotics
1403:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1289:
1258:Main article:
1255:
1252:
1235:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1119:Robert D. Hare
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1070:
1067:
1018:
1015:
993:
990:
988:
985:
934:
931:
895:
892:
890:
887:
845:norepinephrine
812:
809:
796:Emily Simonoff
780:
777:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
702:
699:
665:violent crimes
638:theory of mind
532:
529:
430:
429:
427:
426:
419:
412:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
332:
331:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
236:
235:
229:
228:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
200:
199:
162:
156:
155:
149:Family history
146:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
119:, feelings of
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10647:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10570:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10462:Lack of guilt
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10386:
10381:
10379:
10374:
10372:
10367:
10366:
10363:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10175:
10172:
10169:
10165:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10129:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9945:
9940:
9938:
9933:
9931:
9926:
9925:
9922:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9888:
9885:
9881:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9761:(2): 91–101.
9760:
9756:
9751:
9747:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9731:
9718:
9713:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9690:(2): 134–42.
9689:
9685:
9678:
9671:
9666:
9655:
9648:
9647:
9640:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9618:
9613:
9612:
9603:
9596:
9588:
9587:
9580:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9482:
9480:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9456:(3): 462–70.
9455:
9451:
9444:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9385:
9377:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9336:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9287:
9279:
9272:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9208:
9206:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9156:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9023:
9021:
9012:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8987:(4): 626–36.
8986:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8969:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8776:
8768:
8761:
8746:
8742:
8736:
8728:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8689:CNS Spectrums
8686:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8595:
8589:
8584:
8583:
8574:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8519:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8494:(3): 217–23.
8493:
8489:
8485:
8478:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8376:11577/3237556
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8328:
8324:
8318:
8310:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8285:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8213:(1): 79–112.
8212:
8208:
8201:
8193:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8117:
8110:
8108:
8091:
8085:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8060:
8052:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7963:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7918:. Arlington:
7917:
7916:
7908:
7906:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7882:(5): 91–110.
7881:
7877:
7870:
7862:
7856:
7848:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7828:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7794:
7787:
7772:
7765:
7763:
7747:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7592:
7590:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7566:
7561:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7479:(2): 355–75.
7478:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7283:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7050:
7042:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6936:
6929:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6519:(3): 186–92.
6518:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6084:(1): 185–97.
6083:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6037:(7): 677–83.
6036:
6032:
6025:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:(3): 382–92.
5974:
5970:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5915:Psych Central
5912:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:(3): 612–20.
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5687:(5): 427–44.
5686:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5460:(5): 626–34.
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5415:(1–2): 7–46.
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5384:(3): 229–41.
5383:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5222:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3136:(4): 95–100.
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2580:
2577:: 1082–1086.
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:(3): 95–162.
2431:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:(3): 95–162.
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2087:p. 226.
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1466:This section
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:Authoritative
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:Authoritarian
1026:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
987:Environmental
984:
982:
978:
977:schizophrenia
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:in the right
940:
930:
927:
924:
918:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
889:Physiological
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
865:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
808:
805:
804:hyperactivity
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
698:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
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39:
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24:
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10467:Manipulative
10447:Disinhibited
10302:Narcissistic
10286:
10108:Narcissistic
9901:
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9866:
9851:
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9654:the original
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9595:individuals.
9593:
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9143:. Retrieved
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9032:
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8901:
8891:
8879:. Retrieved
8874:
8841:
8792:(1): 15–27.
8789:
8785:
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8766:
8760:
8748:. Retrieved
8744:
8735:
8692:
8688:
8678:
8643:
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8629:
8617:. Retrieved
8612:
8602:
8581:
8573:
8561:. Retrieved
8559:. March 2013
8554:
8545:
8533:. Retrieved
8527:
8518:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8455:(3): 271–6.
8452:
8448:
8442:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8388:the original
8359:
8355:
8342:
8330:. Retrieved
8326:
8317:
8290:
8284:
8252:(1): 48–70.
8249:
8245:
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8156:
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8094:. Retrieved
8084:
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7933:. Retrieved
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7879:
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7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7811:the original
7801:
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7774:. Retrieved
7749:. Retrieved
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7708:
7698:
7673:
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7663:
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7548:. Retrieved
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7336:Lynskey MT,
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6012:. Retrieved
6007:
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5919:the original
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5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5530:the original
5509:
5505:
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5457:
5453:
5448:(May 2008).
5439:
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5205:
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5013:. Retrieved
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4574:(1): 40–47.
4571:
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4557:
4543:cite journal
4503:(2): 15–24.
4500:
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4378:
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4194:(1): 75–87.
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3427:
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3413:
3381:(1): 52–62.
3378:
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3325:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3298:
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2521:
2511:
2479:(1): 15–24.
2476:
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2462:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2346:
2342:
2299:
2277:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2252:(3): 391–8.
2249:
2245:
2210:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2195:
2189:
2143:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:patient.info
2112:
2103:
2080:
2071:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2007:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1930:
1926:
1880:
1876:
1850:, retrieved
1838:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1810:
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1742:12 September
1740:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1677:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1618:Animal abuse
1599:
1595:
1592:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1524:Homelessness
1522:
1518:
1515:Epidemiology
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1472:adding to it
1467:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1386:narcissistic
1381:
1366:
1356:negativistic
1351:
1331:
1312:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1224:
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1194:
1175:
1171:
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1115:
1107:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1010:
1009:in his book
1003:
995:
967:
963:
959:
936:
933:Neurological
928:
919:
908:
897:
883:chromosome 6
872:
868:
861:
857:
831:(MAO-A), an
822:
818:Twin studies
814:
793:
782:
766:
704:
691:
677:
669:testosterone
650:
634:mental state
627:
612:
585:
558:
548:, misuse of
534:
512:
510:
503:
493:
475:
471:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:
351:
285:Narcissistic
269:
144:Risk factors
113:manipulation
109:recklessness
101:irritability
46:
27:Introversion
18:
10635:Psychopathy
10625:Criminology
10477:Remorseless
10392:Psychopathy
10269:Schizotypal
10154:Unspecified
10147:Unspecified
10020:Schizotypal
10013:Schizotypal
9975:Multi-axial
9970:Categorical
9965:Dimensional
9892:MedlinePlus
9145:13 December
8881:13 December
8842:StatPearls
8619:17 December
8613:Mayo Clinic
8412:(1): 51–5.
8327:Mayo Clinic
8176:Oldham JM,
7352:: 281–302.
6428:(1): 41–6.
6385:(12): 427.
6333:(2): 81–8.
5865:(9): e883.
5632:(5): e486.
5539:20 November
5226:PMC5446804.
5211:18 February
5015:18 February
4798:(1): 1–28.
4385:(1): 1001.
3305:18 February
2798:: 272–279.
1812:MedlinePlus
1777:Mayo Clinic
1613:Gaslighting
1384:(including
1369:(including
1354:(including
1334:(including
1315:(including
1260:Psychopathy
1254:Psychopathy
939:grey matter
909:One of the
701:Comorbidity
630:mentalizing
608:frustration
588:ambivalence
573:prostitutes
561:suicidality
517:psychopathy
482:maladaptive
459:impulsivity
376:Psychopathy
366:Masochistic
343:Cyclothymic
252:Schizotypal
165:Psychopathy
127:Usual onset
97:impulsivity
60:Other names
10604:Categories
10563:Sociopathy
10538:Narcissism
10513:Dark triad
10406:In fiction
10297:Histrionic
10292:Borderline
10287:Antisocial
10223:Depressive
10065:Histrionic
10040:Anankastic
9990:Structural
9985:Relational
9980:Prototypal
9903:Patient UK
9243:The Lancet
8750:25 January
8096:24 January
8068:. Norton.
7469:Moffitt TE
7431:Moffitt TE
7296:Hinshaw SP
7219:: 971–86.
5925:1 November
5298:: 118–27.
5248:(18): 22.
5110:: 309–26.
4971:Hinshaw SP
4886:StatPearls
4233:: 677975.
2988:Adicciones
2943:: 589155.
2747:(2): 269.
2037:Berríos GE
1839:StatPearls
1818:1 November
1630:References
1588:Eli Robins
1583:Lee Robins
1388:features)
1373:features)
1371:histrionic
1358:features)
1342:features)
1323:features)
1191:Section II
1124:Eric Berne
1046:Neglectful
1038:Permissive
769:alcoholism
663:and other
546:abstinence
521:sociopathy
396:Adjustment
338:Depressive
329:Depressive
280:Histrionic
275:Borderline
270:Antisocial
105:aggression
87:Pervasive
76:Psychiatry
64:Sociopathy
23:Asociality
10457:Impulsive
10452:Grandiose
10325:Dependent
10178:DSM-III-R
10093:Eccentric
10055:Dissocial
10050:Dependent
9775:145103240
8806:1040-2861
8709:1092-8529
8384:145389897
8178:Skodol AE
8142:cite book
8134:855264280
8049:ignored (
8039:cite book
7935:5 January
7896:145719285
6843:235664980
6308:146174376
6199:202253144
6008:BehaveNet
5909:Black D.
5360:199055043
4677:(1): 53.
4652:225072146
4188:Addiction
4169:249232159
4053:: 44–55.
3547:247252508
3525:: 78–86.
3375:Psychosis
3152:225475157
2722:202402587
2473:Addiction
1947:0706-7437
1897:0160-6689
1451:Prognosis
1402:Treatment
1307:Features
1181:Diagnosis
879:mutations
841:serotonin
653:convicted
619:arrogance
600:happiness
486:cognition
308:Dependent
213:Frequency
204:Prognosis
138:Long term
93:deception
71:Specialty
10399:Contexts
10320:Avoidant
10264:Schizoid
10259:Paranoid
10187:Sadistic
10103:Immature
10098:Haltlose
10075:Schizoid
10070:Paranoid
10029:Specific
9704:20008944
9631:25246264
9571:18216737
9522:27580483
9470:11502089
9427:26401314
9376:21443571
9327:27516073
9263:11867106
9224:21834198
9196:17217923
9121:32142531
9081:PLOS ONE
9057:54221869
9049:30506390
9011:16574783
8932:26595476
8850:31536279
8727:24698103
8670:32880105
8469:16203382
8434:33844568
8426:11122932
8276:24009471
8227:11793579
8031:10608903
7979:Archived
7731:12509310
7690:23106185
7655:24689766
7619:26914324
7545:24194058
7501:29182035
7493:11393651
7417:43444052
7374:40789985
7260:Kupfer D
7241:25470721
7176:52493285
7007:18978330
6954:UpToDate
6890:32065022
6882:17721668
6835:34303948
6799:26389621
6619:27679591
6593:: 1383.
6543:20807962
6491:15013837
6442:14990758
6407:10578128
6399:24249521
6357:19833485
6238:12573679
6157:23926170
6108:15134852
6059:12744470
6051:17008143
5989:15817750
5889:27598967
5840:19350747
5832:23644029
5793:20674598
5744:19121834
5709:11599122
5701:24902785
5666:17534436
5626:PLOS ONE
5584:12161658
5526:30271933
5484:18212819
5431:18176636
5352:31367800
5314:14754823
5185:31886107
5161:(1): 1.
5136:19557141
5082:Archived
5066:24526799
4937:25470721
4894:31536279
4867:16459329
4859:20816841
4820:26281585
4746:26281585
4703:35073903
4644:33099658
4600:26257482
4535:55567655
4527:32612761
4478:23337952
4411:33287865
4360:35675301
4320:PLOS ONE
4289:52493285
4259:34290630
4161:35646191
4110:18381900
3994:20361899
3930:25379220
3879:16574783
3830:27086338
3786:32338230
3734:19780022
3699:22835849
3650:26093595
3609:32142531
3569:PLOS ONE
3539:35249630
3503:18775607
3454:16492103
3405:22389652
3356:22235235
3281:21719028
3232:21112701
3183:32208571
3177:. 2013.
3111:22153489
3059:18263645
3010:21814707
2969:33329137
2918:27171488
2861:17239047
2822:25680517
2773:33672693
2714:31500938
2673:25078287
2634:18499357
2552:29971589
2503:28734091
2446:26167886
2363:26167886
1965:26175389
1905:15960559
1847:31536279
1783:12 April
1606:See also
1432:Cochrane
1340:paranoid
1336:sadistic
1321:avoidant
1317:schizoid
1304:Subtype
999:oxytocin
904:hormones
839:such as
785:genetics
683:property
673:cortisol
598:such as
596:emotions
386:Immature
381:Haltlose
371:Sadistic
303:Avoidant
247:Schizoid
242:Paranoid
135:Duration
121:contempt
89:deviance
83:Symptoms
10437:Callous
10138:Organic
10131:Organic
9873:D000987
9562:2945393
9513:5079483
9435:7048653
9418:4579506
9367:3151155
9318:5303689
9187:2044500
9112:7059920
9089:Bibcode
9002:2632266
8923:5225906
8718:4255317
8661:8094881
8510:9571386
8332:13 June
8267:3756620
8022:3330582
7817:8 April
7715:: 5–7.
7455:8255953
7409:8408986
7366:7642838
7233:1488492
7196:. 2000.
6790:4801766
6639:. 2023.
6610:5020069
6534:2930915
6482:2794416
6348:2784035
6148:4127028
6099:3283581
5971:. 3–4.
5880:5048197
5784:3006062
5657:1872046
5634:Bibcode
5592:7882492
5564:Bibcode
5556:Science
5475:2922855
5446:Shih JC
5422:2174903
5176:6927749
5127:2699656
5057:3920596
4929:1488492
4812:2029601
4738:2029601
4694:8785502
4591:4525430
4518:7110155
4469:3825036
4402:7720544
4351:9176833
4328:Bibcode
4304:. 2000.
4250:8287099
4208:9060199
4152:9126463
4101:4104590
3985:2950908
3921:4217629
3870:2632266
3777:7525108
3690:3484175
3600:7059920
3577:Bibcode
3494:2745327
3445:2259460
3396:3289140
3347:3253316
3272:3195997
3223:3062675
3102:3270493
3050:2662885
2960:7732481
2909:5107178
2869:2260942
2813:4609506
2764:7924364
2625:2564618
2543:6517603
2494:5725242
2454:8521465
2371:8521465
2266:1918618
2235:Hare RD
2200:UBM plc
2182:Hare RD
2119:13 July
2063:8425387
1991:13 July
1956:4500180
1852:13 July
1716:13 July
1535:History
947:insular
945:, left
851:of the
849:alleles
811:Genetic
798:of the
661:assault
659:, with
623:remorse
592:boredom
577:condoms
525:asocial
508:(DSM).
455:empathy
449:, is a
153:poverty
10202:DSM-IV
10004:ICD-10
9897:000921
9832:6D11.2
9773:
9742:
9702:
9629:
9619:
9569:
9559:
9520:
9510:
9468:
9433:
9425:
9415:
9401:: 12.
9374:
9364:
9325:
9315:
9261:
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9194:
9184:
9139:nhs.uk
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8999:
8930:
8920:
8848:
8804:
8725:
8715:
8707:
8668:
8658:
8590:
8563:11 May
8535:11 May
8508:
8467:
8432:
8424:
8382:
8305:
8274:
8264:
8225:
8188:
8132:
8122:
8092:. 2023
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