286:, and foreign powers. This means his function combined elements of the duties performed by modern ministers of internal and foreign affairs. Letters to the Estates could be read by all the members. Therefore, messages of a more secretive nature were sent to the grand pensionary personally. Large parts of the correspondence of the various grand pensionaries have been preserved, forming an important source of information for later historians. The diplomatic contacts of the Republic were in principle managed by the States General. However, they were ill-equipped to receive and entertain envoys with the pomposity needed in the seventeenth century to avoid offending foreign rulers. In practice, this was delegated to the court of the stadtholder of Holland, who also resided at The Hague. When no stadtholder was appointed, the grand pensionary received envoys.
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Sessions of the
Estates were ruled by a procedure that was very different from that of modern parliaments. No votes were held on some proposal and there was no round of debates. The grand pensionary controlled the agenda. He introduced a subject and then invited the members to state their opinions,
279:—in their absence and phrase the single opinion they as a body had the right to express. The office existed because all delegates of the States were, although ranked according to ancient feudal hierarchy, still basically equal and none among them could thus act as a head.
207:, to discern him from comparable officials in Dutch provinces of lesser importance. This embellishment was not used by the Dutch themselves. In English the French was translated as "Grand Pensionary". The Estates of the province of
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The grand pensionary also took care of the total correspondence of the
Estates. He thus handled communications with lower administrative bodies, the other provinces of the Republic, the
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of
Holland, the grand pensionary acted as the chairman of States of Holland. He was appointed by the Estates but could also instantly be fired by the Estates. The city council of
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320:, who played a crucial role in the Dutch struggle for independence equalled him in influence, though he held the position when it was still called land's advocate.
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thus functioned for a short time as the last grand pensionary. He officially functioned as a president of the entire
Republic, not just of Holland. In June 1806,
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The position of the grand pensionary is not easily expressed in modern political terms but is sometimes compared to that of a
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in general was a lawyer paid by a city council to advise them on a permanent basis. Because of the regular payments he was a
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which was done in a fixed order, reflecting the dates the cities they represented had been given
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was for two weeks acting grand pensionary as part of a transitional arrangement.
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as part of a number of measures to strengthen the executive power;
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of 1795 first abolished the office but in the last year of the
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in seventeenth-century Dutch, which later was simplified to
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had no fellow ministers and no head of state above him.
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The most famous and significant grand pensionary was
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The office started in 1619 and replaced the title of
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57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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88:Learn how and when to remove this message
606:Political history of the Dutch Republic
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143:. Fundamental differences are that a
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199:. French diplomats referred to the
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368:. Cambridge University Press.
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175:. Such a person was called a
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488:Grand pensionary (Advocaat)
387:(in Dutch). Delft: Eburon.
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364:(2002).
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