1374:
minister, and may dismiss them at any point (without input from the
Chamber of Deputies, which can also force the president to resign). In addition, the president has the sole authority to form a government (which must then receive a vote-of-confidence from Parliament) and dismiss it when they wish. This thus makes Lebanon a president-parliamentary system rather than a premier-presidential system (such as France), as the president does not have to cohabitate with a prime minister he dislikes. The historical reason for the broad powers of the president are that their powers were merged with those of the French high commissioner of Greater Lebanon, thus creating an exceptionally powerful presidency for semi-presidential systems.
1686:
418:
402:
2148:, but they play a much less significant role in Lebanese politics than they do in most parliamentary democracies. Many of the "parties" are simply lists of candidates endorsed by a prominent national or local figure. Loose coalitions, usually organized locally, are formed for electoral purposes by negotiation among clan leaders and candidates representing various religious communities; such coalitions usually exist only for the election, and rarely form a cohesive block in the
2413:
4126:
4136:
3366:
2399:
713:
1402:
35:
169:
1229:
846:
995:. Juries are not used in trials. The Lebanese court system has three levels—courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, e.g., rules on such matters as marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
1119:
Some
Christians favor political and administrative decentralization of the government, with separate Muslim and Christian sectors operating within the framework of a confederation. Muslims, for the most part, prefer a unified, central government with an enhanced share of power commensurate with their
1115:
balance and resulted in greater segregation across the social spectrum. Whether in political parties, places of residence, schools, media outlets, even workplaces, there is a lack of regular interaction across sectarian lines to facilitate the exchange of views and promote understanding. All factions
1099:
There are differences both between and among Muslim and
Christian parties regarding the role of religion in state affairs. There is a very high degree of political activism among religious leaders across the sectarian spectrum. The interplay for position and power among the religious, political, and
1047:
party. While Shi'a and Druze parties command fierce loyalty to their leaderships, there is more factional infighting among many of the
Christian parties. Sunni parties have not been the standard vehicle for launching political candidates, and tend to focus across Lebanon's borders on issues that are
967:
Efforts to alter or abolish the confessional system of allocating power have been at the centre of
Lebanese politics for decades. Those religious groups most favoured by the 1943 formula sought to preserve it, while those who saw themselves at a disadvantage sought either to revise it after updating
983:
age for election is 21) based on a system of majority or "winner-take-all" for the various confessional groups. There has been a recent effort to switch to proportional representation which many argue will provide a more accurate assessment of the size of political groups and allow minorities to be
975:
Although moderated somewhat under Ta'if, the
Constitution gives the president a strong and influential position. The president has the authority to promulgate laws passed by the Parliament, form the government to issue supplementary regulations to ensure the execution of laws, and to negotiate and
2159:
It is not uncommon for election times to be accompanied by outbreaks of violence, especially in polling areas where there are people of conflicting political and religious backgrounds. Sectarianism is so ingrained into
Lebanese politics and society that citizens supporting their political parties
987:
The parliament traditionally has played a significant role in financial affairs, since it has the responsibility for levying taxes and passing the budget. It also exercises political control over the cabinet through formal questioning of ministers on policy issues and by requesting a confidence
1373:
Lebanon operates under a strong semi-presidential system. This system is unique in that it grants the president wide unilateral discretion, does not make him accountable to
Parliament (unless for treason), yet is elected by the Parliament. The president has the sole power to appoint the prime
1444:
Each religious community has an allotted number of seats in the
Parliament. They do not represent only their co-religionists, however; all candidates in a particular constituency, regardless of religious affiliation, must receive a plurality of the total vote, which includes followers of all
2155:
Especially outside of the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues, and it is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party – even an ideologically opposite party – in another constituency.
984:
heard. Most deputies do not represent political parties as they are known in the West, and rarely form
Western-style groups in the assembly. Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal/family allegiance rather than on political affinities.
940:, until 1990 when the ratio changed to half and half. Positions in the government bureaucracy are allocated on a similar basis. The pact also by custom allocated public offices along religious lines, with the top three positions in the ruling "troika" distributed as follows: the
998:
Lebanese political institutions often play a secondary role to highly confessionalized personality-based politics. Powerful families also still play an independent role in mobilizing votes for both local and parliamentary elections. Nonetheless, a lively panoply of domestic
2385:
Global Compact Network in Lebanon during the late 2010s for the advancement of Global Goals and their Impact on Businesses in Lebanon. The latest two were held on October 18, 2018 and October 2019 under the title of connecting the global goals to Local
1445:
confessions. The system was designed to minimize inter-sectarian competition and maximize cross-confessional cooperation: candidates are opposed only by co-religionists, but must seek support from outside of their own faith in order to be elected.
1429:
of 1989 removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians and distributed the seats equally between Christians and Muslims), the Parliament has had 128 seats. The term was four years, but has recently been extended to five.
932:, an unwritten agreement that established the political foundations of modern Lebanon, allocated political power on an essentially confessional system based on the 1932 census. Seats in parliament were divided on a 6-to-5 ratio of
2378:
in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country. In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.
1358:
This confessional system is based on 1932 census data which showed the Maronite Christians as having a substantial majority of the population. The Government of Lebanon continues to refuse to undertake a new census.
1464:
Party is strong), while allocating many Christian members to Muslim-majority constituencies, forcing Christian politicians to represent Muslim interests. (Similar charges, but in reverse, were made against the
2316:
2168:
Lebanon participates in the international community through both international organizations and enacting international policy practices, such as the Sustainable development goals and the
1178:
killed at least 204 people and caused at least US$ 3 billion in property damage. Following the explosion and protests against the government, the prime minister and his cabinet resigned.
1152:
in four rounds, from 29 May to 19 June. The elections, the first for 33 years without the presence of Syrian military forces, were won by the Quadripartite alliance, which was part the
2248:
1080:
representing a new trend in Lebanese politics towards secularism and a truly democratic society. In addition to domestic parties, there are branches of pan-Arab secular parties (
2204:
1968:
2122:
A system of military courts that also has jurisdiction over civilians for the crimes of espionage, treason, and other crimes that are considered to be security-related.
1171:
2014. The index ranks countries according to election processes, pluralism, government functions, political participation, political cultures and fundamental freedoms.
917:
2152:
after the election. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the seats in the Parliament, and no coalition of parties has won more than 35 percent.
2375:
2224:
1137:'s six-year term (which was about to expire) by another three years. The move was supported by Syria, which maintained a large military presence in Lebanon.
1103:
In the past, the system worked to produce a viable democracy. Events over the last decade and long-term demographic trends, however, have upset the delicate
3354:
1197:
movement and its allies lost their parliamentary majority. Hezbollah did not lose any of its seats, but its allies lost seats. Hezbollah’s ally, President
3549:
1738:
655:
2522:"Refworld | Liban : information sur l'âge de la majorité, en particulier chez les femmes; droits de garde du père sur les enfants de sexe féminin"
2312:
2300:
1077:
2632:
2236:
1073:
3661:
3655:
3332:
1995:
2184:
2244:
4091:
3679:
2471:
2280:
2022:
796:
According to the constitution, direct elections must be held for the parliament every four years, however after the parliamentary election in
3667:
3124:
2308:
2188:
2004:
1344:
1302:
949:
751:
529:
252:
3531:
3433:
1826:
813:
601:
596:
2692:
3685:
1986:
2786:
2726:
928:, national policy has been determined largely by a relatively restricted group of traditional regional and sectarian leaders. The 1943
2364:
2357:
2228:
2814:. SDG Centre of Excellence for the Arab Region/Emirates Diplomatic Academy and Sustainable Development Solutions Network. p. 5.
3347:
2878:
2336:
1509:
968:
key demographic data or to abolish it entirely. Nonetheless, many of the provisions of the national pact were codified in the 1989
789:
grants the people the right to change their government. However, from the mid-1970s until the parliamentary elections in 1992, the
2843:
99:
4101:
4040:
2264:
693:
1335:
and deputy prime minister are appointed by the president in consultation with the Parliament; the president is required to be a
71:
2374:
Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review VNR in 2018 at the
675:
671:
724:
2979:
2952:
2284:
1120:
larger share of the population. The reforms of the Ta'if agreement moved in this direction but have not been fully realized.
17:
2613:
4015:
3765:
3370:
3109:
2145:
2134:
1000:
870:
821:
635:
78:
52:
3340:
3016:
2292:
591:
4060:
2220:
1332:
1061:
812:
every six years to a single term. The president is not eligible for re-election. The last presidential election was in
483:
2568:
785:
in which the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives from certain religious communities. The
3160:
2809:
2501:
2340:
2252:
2232:
2208:
1004:
888:
744:
118:
85:
3362:
3614:
2917:
2328:
2105:
1862:
1496:
1336:
1016:
945:
1331:
for a six-year term and cannot be reelected again until six years have passed from the end of the first term. The
3608:
3427:
3378:
2431:
2276:
1878:
1522:
1382:
829:
496:
347:
1189:. Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by the
67:
3708:
3561:
2030:
1808:
1746:
1679:
1182:
1149:
801:
797:
625:
620:
615:
56:
1130:, whose numbers are estimated at between 160,000 and 225,000, are not active on the domestic political scene.
3850:
3173:
2722:
2368:
1692:
1410:
1352:
1324:
468:
1156:, a coalition of several parties and organizations newly opposed to Syrian domination of Lebanese politics.
4160:
4096:
3082:
2871:
2426:
1065:
737:
648:
1685:
866:
needs to be organized and be more focused. Some content belong to other sections, or to a History section.
4055:
3960:
3702:
3465:
3011:
2957:
2932:
2256:
2200:
2039:
1472:
The following table sets out the confessional allocation of seats in the Parliament before and after the
1160:
1040:
921:
824:
may be formed; most are based on sectarian interests. 2008 saw a new twist to Lebanese politics when the
501:
2546:
1220:, did not participate in the election, leaving a political vacuum to other Sunni politicians to fill.
3261:
2922:
2907:
2324:
1720:
1133:
On 3 September 2004, the Lebanese Parliament voted 96–29 to amend the constitution to extend President
778:
4065:
3415:
3119:
2332:
2116:
1844:
1535:
1457:
1348:
1277:
1233:
1072:. Besides the traditional confessional parties above, new secular parties have emerged amongst which
1036:
957:
953:
861:
817:
564:
479:
312:
2808:
Luomi, M.; Fuller, G.; Dahan, L.; Lisboa Båsund, K.; de la Mothe Karoubi, E.; Lafortune, G. (2019).
4010:
3975:
3930:
3782:
3758:
3649:
2947:
2937:
2730:
2344:
2240:
2072:
1977:
1561:
1548:
1449:
1153:
683:
3900:
3895:
3790:
3714:
3620:
3513:
3409:
3236:
3214:
3188:
3087:
3072:
3026:
2927:
2864:
2272:
2090:
1925:
1896:
1712:
1201:
1123:
1108:
1024:
933:
786:
554:
446:
441:
434:
200:
92:
45:
1204:, was no longer the biggest Christian party after the election. A rival Christian party, led by
4020:
3995:
3910:
3890:
3840:
3810:
3800:
3673:
3150:
3097:
3001:
2446:
2320:
2059:
2048:
2013:
1950:
1781:
1764:
1598:
1340:
1049:
1012:
1008:
961:
768:
698:
259:
187:
4106:
3985:
3980:
3860:
3634:
3567:
3494:
3276:
3104:
3077:
2778:
2753:
2651:
2149:
1817:
1611:
1414:
1328:
1175:
825:
805:
523:
217:
4050:
4000:
3955:
3935:
3925:
3825:
3251:
3241:
3183:
3114:
3021:
2989:
2288:
2138:
1574:
1368:
1259:
941:
809:
577:
559:
464:
337:
276:
8:
4080:
4025:
3940:
3805:
3795:
3751:
3266:
3092:
3046:
1624:
1456:
government, has claimed that constituency boundaries have been drawn so as to allow many
1174:
From October 2019, there have been mass protests against the government. In August 2020,
190:
1003:, some even predating independence, exists. The largest are all confessional based. The
4070:
4005:
3970:
3905:
3885:
3875:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3643:
3307:
3300:
3202:
3178:
3138:
2969:
2899:
2891:
2670:
2436:
2196:
2083:
1959:
1439:
1378:
1093:
790:
661:
302:
2594:
924:. Since the emergence of the post-1943 state and after the destruction of the Ottoman
4135:
4111:
4030:
3990:
3965:
3945:
3880:
3855:
3845:
3830:
3581:
3444:
3219:
2752:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.
2751:
2497:
2451:
2441:
1836:
1145:
856:
782:
688:
1100:
party leaders and groups produces a political tapestry of extraordinary complexity.
916:
in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "
3950:
3915:
3870:
3865:
3774:
3555:
3504:
3388:
3316:
3281:
3271:
3256:
3224:
3041:
2974:
2671:"Lebanon: Presidential Election and the Conflicting Constitutional Interpretations"
1772:
1637:
1112:
1104:
1044:
937:
3596:
3590:
3537:
3459:
3453:
3421:
3246:
3155:
2964:
2508:
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
2418:
2169:
1907:
1853:
1790:
1466:
1422:
1213:
1209:
1168:
1057:
1020:
992:
980:
832:
and confirmed religious confessionalism in the distribution of political power.
173:
150:
2521:
2367:
explains major contributions launched in Lebanon towards the advancement of the
1232:
The Grand Serail also known as the Government Palace is the headquarters of the
1134:
3321:
3165:
2942:
2826:
2404:
2382:
2296:
2109:
1703:
1473:
1426:
1386:
1190:
1053:
969:
717:
2693:"Caught between constitution and politics: the presidential vacuum in Lebanon"
4154:
4129:
3519:
3397:
3229:
3031:
2851:
2818:
1941:
1729:
1312:
1028:
929:
266:
227:
184:
3602:
3036:
3006:
2572:
1916:
1870:
1355:
of the ministers and their political affiliation for a list of ministers.)
1292:
1286:
1205:
1186:
1141:
1127:
489:
322:
2381:
Multi-stakeholder forums were held by different UN agencies including the
401:
4139:
2216:
2212:
2192:
1307:
1217:
1198:
1164:
972:, perpetuating sectarianism as a key element of Lebanese political life.
533:
422:
417:
248:
207:
2595:"Beirut explosion: Lebanon's government 'to resign' as death toll rises"
2472:"Pro-Western coalition declares victory in Lebanon – The Globe and Mail"
2412:
2494:
Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon
1185:
since a painful economic crisis dragged it to the brink of becoming a
3543:
3525:
3403:
2912:
2824:
1887:
1799:
1755:
1461:
1194:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1032:
925:
771:
370:
2721:
1460:
Muslims to be elected from Shi'a-majority constituencies (where the
1092:
parties) that were active in the 1960s and throughout the period of
828:
set a new trend where the opposition is allowed a veto power in the
34:
3743:
2856:
2652:"Hariri's absence leaves Sunni voters unsure ahead of Lebanon poll"
2614:"After elections in Lebanon, does political change stand a chance?"
2268:
2260:
1425:). Since the elections of 1992 (the first since the reforms of the
1401:
905:
902:
774:
294:
2633:"Hezbollah allies projected to suffer losses in Lebanon elections"
168:
3365:
2887:
2119:
hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed.
913:
764:
2304:
2137:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
1228:
1144:
was assassinated in February 2005. Following the withdrawal of
238:
2807:
2180:
1453:
909:
1163:
released a report stating that Lebanon ranked the second in
1405:
Lebanese parliament building at Place de l'Étoile in Beirut
1027:(now outlawed) each have their own base among Christians.
2779:"Lebanon .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"
793:(1975–1990) precluded the exercise of political rights.
1389:; being the sole person who appoints it, however, they
2569:"WAMU and Farid Abboud discuss Hariri's assassination"
1393:
still retain all (or most) of their pre-Taif powers.
2668:
2394:
157:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2128:
1116:have called for a reform of the political system.
2717:
2715:
2713:
4152:
2811:Arab Region SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2019
2520:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
2350:
1048:important to the community at large. Lebanon's
2825:Global Compact Network Lebanon (GCNL) (2015).
2710:
2163:
3759:
3348:
2872:
2547:"The anti-establishment - Executive Magazine"
2075:country. Its judicial branch is composed of:
979:The Parliament is elected by adult suffrage (
745:
1167:and 98th out of 167 countries worldwide for
142:
3532:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
3434:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
3766:
3752:
3355:
3341:
2879:
2865:
1193:. In the election Iran-backed Shia Muslim
991:Lebanon's judicial system is based on the
816:. The president and parliament choose the
752:
738:
2365:Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon
2358:Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon
2089:Courts of Appeal (in the centre of every
889:Learn how and when to remove this message
656:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2723:Ministry of Justice, Republic of Lebanon
1400:
1381:, the president lost some powers to the
1227:
1011:, also known as the Phalange Party, the
2175:
2160:will kill or be killed defending them.
1208:, with close ties to Saudi Arabia, the
516:
14:
4153:
1480:Parliament of Lebanon seat allocation
1035:are the main rivals for the organized
3747:
3336:
2980:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
2953:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon
2860:
2789:from the original on 30 December 2020
2669:Issam Michael Saliba (October 2007).
1673:
1396:
457:
365:The Prime Minister with the President
3773:
2886:
2649:
2630:
2611:
2519:
2491:
2135:List of political parties in Lebanon
2112:) rules on constitutionality of laws
1452:, a group opposed to the former pro-
1181:In May 2022, Lebanon held its first
839:
800:another election was not held until
380:
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1223:
143:
24:
2697:Heinrich Böll Stiftung Middle East
2066:
1062:Independent Nasserist Organization
25:
4172:
2837:
2133:For other political parties, see
332:President, on parliament’s advice
4134:
4125:
4124:
3364:
2411:
2397:
2356:This section is an excerpt from
1684:
1362:
844:
777:within the overall framework of
711:
416:
400:
167:
33:
3428:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2801:
2771:
2745:
2685:
2662:
2432:Environmental policy of Lebanon
2129:Political parties and elections
1721:Development and Liberation Bloc
1216:, led by former prime minister
423:Member State of the Arab League
44:needs additional citations for
4092:British Indian Ocean Territory
3709:Popular Nasserist Organization
3562:Popular Nasserist Organization
2643:
2624:
2605:
2587:
2561:
2539:
2513:
2485:
2464:
1747:Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc
1680:2022 Lebanese general election
1469:administration in the 1950s).
13:
1:
2852:The Lebanese Politics Podcast
2783:sustainabledevelopment.un.org
2457:
2369:Sustainable Development Goals
2351:Sustainable development goals
3371:Political parties in Lebanon
2427:Foreign relations of Lebanon
1433:Seats in the Parliament are
1148:in April 2005, Lebanon held
7:
3703:Progressive Socialist Party
3466:Progressive Socialist Party
2958:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2390:
2371:SDGs and the 2030 agenda.
2164:International participation
1739:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1415:Assembly of Representatives
1176:a large explosion in Beirut
1161:Economist Intelligence Unit
1041:Progressive Socialist Party
922:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
864:. The specific problem is:
835:
159:Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah
158:
10:
4177:
2847:official government portal
2376:High Level Political Forum
2355:
2132:
2086:composed of nine chambers
1677:
1575:Other Christian Minorities
1435:confessionally distributed
1366:
4120:
4079:
4039:
3781:
3728:
3695:
3633:
3580:
3503:
3493:
3475:
3443:
3416:Lebanese Democratic Party
3387:
3377:
3294:
3210:
3201:
3146:
3137:
3068:
3059:
2997:
2988:
2898:
2096:Courts of First Instance
2031:Democratic Gathering Bloc
1377:Following the end of the
1303:Speaker of the Parliament
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1234:prime minister of Lebanon
376:
369:
361:
353:
343:
336:
328:
318:
308:
301:
290:
282:
272:
265:
258:
244:
233:
223:
213:
206:
196:
180:
166:
135:
3841:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3650:Lebanese Communist Party
2948:Emirate of Mount Lebanon
2673:. US Library of Congress
1450:Qornet Shehwan Gathering
1212:(LF), made gains. Sunni
1154:Rafik Hariri Martyr List
4102:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3715:National Dialogue Party
3514:Free Patriotic Movement
3410:Free Patriotic Movement
1897:National Dialogue Party
1713:Free Patriotic Movement
1339:, the prime minister a
1202:Free Patriotic Movement
1150:parliamentary elections
1025:Guardians of the Cedars
1005:Free Patriotic Movement
787:constitution of Lebanon
237:Parliament Building in
201:Constitution of Lebanon
3615:National Liberal Party
3161:International rankings
3002:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
2447:Lebanese identity card
2106:Constitutional Council
1696:(caretaker government)
1406:
1236:
1140:Former prime minister
1017:National Liberal Party
918:Maronite-Druze dualism
672:Diplomatic missions of
188:parliamentary republic
3635:17 October Revolution
3609:Independence Movement
3125:Speaker of Parliament
2492:Deeb, Marius (2013).
2144:Lebanon has numerous
1933:Other Opposition (30)
1879:Independence Movement
1650:Total Muslims + Druze
1404:
1231:
1159:In January 2015, the
952:of the Parliament, a
218:Parliament of Lebanon
68:"Politics of Lebanon"
18:Government of Lebanon
4016:United Arab Emirates
2575:on 13 September 2011
2176:Member organizations
2139:Elections in Lebanon
1845:Strong Republic Bloc
1411:national legislature
1383:Council of Ministers
1369:President of Lebanon
1347:of the Parliament a
1240:Main office-holders
1124:Palestinian refugees
871:improve this section
860:to meet Knowledge's
830:Council of Ministers
808:, in turn, elects a
442:Constitution of 1926
348:Council of Ministers
53:improve this article
4161:Politics of Lebanon
4043:limited recognition
3733:Politics of Lebanon
2758:2001-2009.state.gov
2733:on 25 November 2016
2549:. 13 September 2017
2108:(called for in the
1704:Strong Lebanon Bloc
1481:
1241:
1039:vote, and the PSP (
393:Politics of Lebanon
191:democratic republic
144:الجمهورية اللبنانية
3174:Telecommunications
2650:Chehayeb, Kareem.
2631:Chehayeb, Kareem.
2612:Chehayeb, Kareem.
2437:History of Lebanon
2291:, OAS (observer),
2084:Court of Cassation
1908:Ex-Future Movement
1773:March 8 Affiliates
1674:Current parliament
1479:
1440:universal suffrage
1407:
1397:Legislative branch
1379:Lebanese Civil War
1327:is elected by the
1239:
1237:
946:Maronite Christian
791:Lebanese Civil War
718:Lebanon portal
662:Abdallah Bou Habib
303:Head of government
208:Legislative branch
4148:
4147:
4085:other territories
3775:Politics of Asia
3741:
3740:
3724:
3723:
3582:March 14 Alliance
3495:National Assembly
3489:
3488:
3445:March 14 Alliance
3330:
3329:
3290:
3289:
3197:
3196:
3133:
3132:
3110:Political parties
3083:Foreign relations
3055:
3054:
2656:www.aljazeera.com
2637:www.aljazeera.com
2618:www.aljazeera.com
2601:. 10 August 2020.
2452:Lebanese passport
2442:Lebanese diaspora
2283:(correspondent),
2146:political parties
2079:Ordinary Courts:
1837:March 14 Alliance
1671:
1670:
1549:Armenian Catholic
1536:Armenian Orthodox
1497:Maronite Catholic
1321:
1320:
1043:) is the leading
1001:political parties
976:ratify treaties.
899:
898:
891:
862:quality standards
853:This section may
822:Political parties
783:consociationalism
762:
761:
694:Visa requirements
649:Foreign relations
636:Political parties
584:Recent elections
386:
385:
245:Presiding officer
137:Lebanese Republic
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
4168:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4097:Christmas Island
3783:Sovereign states
3768:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3556:Dignity Movement
3505:March 8 Alliance
3501:
3500:
3389:March 8 Alliance
3385:
3384:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3310:
3303:
3208:
3207:
3169:
3144:
3143:
3066:
3065:
3042:Southern Lebanon
2995:
2994:
2975:Cedar Revolution
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2729:. Archived from
2719:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2666:
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2628:
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2609:
2603:
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2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:. Archived from
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2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2496:. Hoover Press.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2468:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2101:Special Courts:
2058:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1861:
1852:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1763:
1754:
1737:
1728:
1711:
1697:
1693:March 8 Alliance
1688:
1587:Total Christians
1523:Melkite Catholic
1510:Eastern Orthodox
1482:
1478:
1317:20 October 1992
1272:31 October 2022
1242:
1238:
1224:Executive branch
1126:, predominantly
1078:Party of Lebanon
1052:parties include
894:
887:
883:
880:
874:
848:
847:
840:
754:
747:
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715:
714:
536:
425:
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388:
387:
260:Executive branch
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133:
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29:
21:
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4144:
4116:
4084:
4075:
4056:Northern Cyprus
4042:
4035:
3777:
3772:
3742:
3737:
3720:
3691:
3629:
3626:Independent (3)
3597:Future Movement
3591:Lebanese Forces
3576:
3573:Independent (5)
3538:Marada Movement
3485:
3471:
3460:Lebanese Forces
3454:Future Movement
3439:
3422:Marada Movement
3373:
3363:
3361:
3331:
3326:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3286:
3262:Public holidays
3193:
3167:
3129:
3051:
2984:
2918:Hellenistic era
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2419:Politics portal
2417:
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2170:Paris Agreement
2166:
2142:
2131:
2117:Supreme Council
2069:
2067:Judicial branch
2056:
2045:
2036:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1859:
1850:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1791:Marada Movement
1787:
1778:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1726:
1709:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1448:The opposition
1437:but elected by
1419:Majlis al-Nuwab
1399:
1371:
1365:
1226:
1214:Future Movement
1210:Lebanese Forces
1169:Democracy Index
1058:Future Movement
1021:Lebanese Forces
993:Napoleonic Code
912:founded modern
895:
884:
878:
875:
868:
849:
845:
838:
779:confessionalism
758:
729:
725:Other countries
712:
710:
704:
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684:Nationality law
680:
668:
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608:
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381:Judicial branch
371:Judicial branch
176:
174:Flag of Lebanon
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3671:
3665:
3662:Tahalof Watani
3659:
3656:Beirut Tuqawem
3653:
3647:
3640:
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3508:
3498:
3491:
3490:
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3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:PM's share (5)
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3457:
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3269:
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3259:
3254:
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3211:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
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3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:Prime Minister
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
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3009:
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2965:French mandate
2962:
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2955:
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2943:Ottoman Empire
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:External links
2836:
2833:
2832:
2817:
2800:
2770:
2744:
2727:"Judicial map"
2709:
2684:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2604:
2586:
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2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2405:Lebanon portal
2392:
2389:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2110:Taif Agreement
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1996:Beirut Tuqawem
1990:
1981:
1972:
1969:Tahalof Watani
1963:
1954:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1888:Sanad Movement
1882:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1833:
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1678:Main article:
1675:
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1474:Taif Agreement
1427:Taif Agreement
1413:is called the
1398:
1395:
1387:Taif Agreement
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1333:prime minister
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1278:Prime Minister
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1225:
1222:
1191:United Nations
1054:Hizb ut-Tahrir
970:Taif Agreement
958:prime minister
897:
896:
852:
850:
843:
837:
834:
826:Doha Agreement
818:prime minister
760:
759:
757:
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749:
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480:Prime Minister
477:
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357:Prime Minister
355:
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313:Prime Minister
310:
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4066:South Ossetia
4064:
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3621:Islamic group
3619:
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3520:Amal Movement
3518:
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3512:
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3509:
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3396:
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3190:
3189:Drug industry
3187:
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3033:
3032:Mount Lebanon
3030:
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3025:
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3018:
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2999:
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2842:
2841:
2828:
2827:"Our Mission"
2821:
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2804:
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2503:9780817916664
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2102:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:Lebanon is a
2061:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:Civil Society
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:Islamic Group
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1872:
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1828:
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1801:
1795:
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1786:
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1777:
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1774:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1730:Amal Movement
1725:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
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1597:
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1565:
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1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1363:The president
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1313:Amal Movement
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:Michel Aoun's
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Syrian troops
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:Sunni Muslims
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:National Bloc
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
985:
982:
977:
973:
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:National Pact
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
893:
890:
882:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:
851:
842:
841:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
769:parliamentary
766:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
733:
732:
726:
723:
722:
720:
719:
708:
707:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
673:
670:
669:
663:
659:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
645:
644:
637:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
613:
612:
610:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
588:
586:
585:
583:
582:
579:
574:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
535:
531:
527:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
513:
512:
503:
502:Past Cabinets
500:
499:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
485:
481:
478:
473:
472:
470:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
448:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
430:
426:
424:
419:
412:
411:
408:
407:
403:
399:
398:
394:
390:
389:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:by Parliament
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
267:Head of state
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
234:Meeting place
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
165:
160:
152:
134:
131:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4081:Dependencies
4011:Turkmenistan
3976:Saudi Arabia
3920:
3732:
3680:Osos Lebanon
3603:Kataeb Party
3550:Ba'ath Party
3237:Demographics
3215:Architecture
3156:Central Bank
3088:Human rights
3073:Constitution
3060:
3037:Shebaa farms
3027:Governorates
3007:Beqaa Valley
2933:Crusader era
2846:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:the original
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:the original
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2507:
2493:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2466:
2373:
2363:
2179:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2143:
2070:
2060:Independents
2049:Independents
2023:Osos Lebanon
1932:
1931:
1917:Kataeb Party
1871:Renewal Bloc
1835:
1834:
1782:Independents
1765:Independents
1691:
1690:
1683:
1488:Before Taif
1471:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1408:
1390:
1385:through the
1376:
1372:
1357:
1322:
1297:14 May 2022
1293:Azm Movement
1287:Najib Mikati
1282:
1264:
1206:Samir Geagea
1187:failed state
1180:
1173:
1158:
1142:Rafic Hariri
1139:
1135:Émile Lahoud
1132:
1122:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1009:Kataeb Party
997:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:Sunni Muslim
954:Shi'a Muslim
900:
885:
876:
869:Please help
865:
854:
795:
781:, a form of
763:
709:
602:
555:Governorates
549:Subdivisions
490:Najib Mikati
447:Human rights
435:Constitution
413:
392:
323:Najib Mikati
197:Constitution
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
4140:Asia portal
4041:States with
3961:Philippines
3901:South Korea
3896:North Korea
3791:Afghanistan
3696:Others (10)
3668:Khatt Ahmar
3568:Union Party
3151:Agriculture
2531:19 February
2386:Businesses.
2091:governorate
2005:Khatt Ahmar
1951:Independent
1818:Union Party
1491:After Taif
1485:Confession
1308:Nabih Berri
1289:caretaker)
1218:Saad Hariri
1165:Middle East
1064:(INO), the
879:August 2020
873:if you can.
699:Visa policy
534:Nabih Berri
517:Legislature
249:Nabih Berri
181:Polity type
4021:Uzbekistan
3996:Tajikistan
3911:Kyrgyzstan
3891:Kazakhstan
3811:Bangladesh
3801:Azerbaijan
3476:Others (5)
3277:Television
3168:(currency)
3078:Corruption
2938:Mamluk era
2763:20 October
2702:20 October
2579:20 October
2553:20 October
2477:20 October
2458:References
2150:Parliament
1562:Protestant
1409:Lebanon's
1343:, and the
1329:Parliament
956:; and the
934:Christians
806:Parliament
772:democratic
676:in Lebanon
660:Minister:
524:Parliament
228:Unicameral
79:newspapers
4107:Hong Kong
4061:Palestine
3986:Sri Lanka
3981:Singapore
3861:Indonesia
3686:ReLebanon
3544:Al-Ahbash
3526:Hezbollah
3404:Hezbollah
3379:Ministers
3252:Languages
3242:Education
3184:Transport
3115:President
3022:Districts
2990:Geography
2970:Civil War
2923:Roman era
2913:Phoenicia
2793:4 October
2754:"Lebanon"
2073:civil law
1987:ReLebanon
1800:Al-Ahbash
1756:Hezbollah
1462:Hezbollah
1325:president
1260:President
1195:Hezbollah
1109:Christian
1094:civil war
1090:communist
1086:socialist
1084:parties,
1066:Al-Tawhid
1033:Hezbollah
942:president
926:Caliphate
906:Catholics
810:president
614:General:
603:2022–2023
597:2014–2016
578:Elections
560:Districts
465:President
458:Executive
362:Appointer
329:Appointer
319:Currently
291:Appointer
283:Currently
277:President
4155:Category
4130:Category
4051:Abkhazia
4001:Thailand
3956:Pakistan
3936:Mongolia
3931:Maldives
3926:Malaysia
3826:Cambodia
3644:Taqaddom
3317:Category
3267:Religion
3105:Military
3093:Abortion
3061:Politics
3047:Wildlife
2928:Arab era
2892:articles
2787:Archived
2737:19 March
2599:BBC News
2526:Refworld
2391:See also
2273:Interpol
2269:Intelsat
2261:Inmarsat
1960:Taqaddum
1391:de facto
1337:Maronite
1183:election
1076:and the
1023:and the
988:debate.
981:majority
908:and the
903:Maronite
855:require
836:Overview
775:republic
689:Passport
109:May 2022
4026:Vietnam
3941:Myanmar
3921:Lebanon
3851:Georgia
3806:Bahrain
3796:Armenia
3301:Outline
3225:Cuisine
3203:Culture
3179:Tourism
3139:Economy
3012:Borders
2908:Ancient
2900:History
2888:Lebanon
2844:Lebanon
2295:, PCA,
2259:, IMO,
2247:, IFC,
2239:, IDA,
1625:Alawite
1612:Shi'ite
1467:Chamoun
1351:. (See
1345:speaker
1245:Office
950:speaker
938:Muslims
914:Lebanon
857:cleanup
765:Lebanon
530:Speaker
497:Cabinet
338:Cabinet
295:Elected
253:Speaker
185:Unitary
93:scholar
4071:Taiwan
4006:Turkey
3971:Russia
3906:Kuwait
3886:Jordan
3876:Israel
3836:Cyprus
3821:Brunei
3816:Bhutan
3322:Portal
3272:Sports
3220:Cinema
3166:Pound
3017:Cities
2890:
2677:13 May
2500:
2305:UNESCO
2301:UNCTAD
2057:
2046:
2037:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1860:
1851:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1762:
1753:
1736:
1727:
1710:
1454:Syrian
1423:Arabic
1283:vacant
1265:vacant
1254:Since
1251:Party
1105:Muslim
1082:Ba'ath
1070:Ahbash
1068:, and
1007:, The
948:; the
804:. The
474:vacant
354:Leader
286:Vacant
239:Beirut
151:Arabic
147:
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
4112:Macau
4031:Yemen
3991:Syria
3966:Qatar
3946:Nepal
3881:Japan
3856:India
3846:Egypt
3831:China
3497:(128)
3308:Index
3282:Women
3257:Music
2317:UNRWA
2313:UNIDO
2309:UNHCR
2249:IFRCS
2205:ESCWA
2189:AFESD
2181:ABEDA
1944:(13)
1847:(22)
1775:(10)
1749:(15)
1723:(15)
1706:(16)
1661:Total
1638:Druze
1599:Sunni
1458:Shi'a
1349:Shi'a
1341:Sunni
1248:Name
1113:Druze
1074:Sabaa
1050:Sunni
1045:Druze
1037:Shi'a
920:" in
910:Druze
767:is a
309:Title
273:Title
100:JSTOR
86:books
3951:Oman
3916:Laos
3871:Iraq
3866:Iran
3674:Lana
3637:(13)
3593:(19)
3584:(38)
3528:(13)
3522:(14)
3516:(17)
3507:(60)
3391:(16)
3381:(24)
3247:Flag
3230:wine
3098:LGBT
2795:2020
2765:2019
2739:2023
2704:2019
2679:2014
2581:2019
2555:2019
2533:2019
2498:ISBN
2479:2019
2337:WIPO
2329:WFTU
2265:ITUC
2245:IFAD
2237:ICRM
2229:ICAO
2225:IBRD
2221:IAEA
2217:G-77
2185:ACCT
2115:The
2104:The
2082:One
2033:(9)
2014:Lana
1856:(19)
1839:(38)
1758:(13)
1732:(14)
1715:(16)
1698:(60)
1667:128
1353:list
1323:The
1269:N/A
1088:and
1031:and
1029:Amal
960:, a
944:, a
901:The
814:2016
802:2018
798:2009
626:2022
621:2018
616:2009
592:2008
484:list
469:list
377:Name
344:Name
224:Type
214:Name
72:news
4083:and
3717:(1)
3711:(1)
3705:(8)
3688:(1)
3682:(1)
3676:(1)
3670:(1)
3664:(1)
3658:(1)
3652:(1)
3646:(2)
3623:(1)
3617:(1)
3611:(2)
3605:(4)
3599:(8)
3570:(1)
3564:(1)
3558:(1)
3552:(1)
3546:(2)
3540:(2)
3534:(3)
3468:(1)
3462:(0)
3456:(2)
3447:(3)
3436:(1)
3430:(1)
3424:(2)
3418:(1)
3412:(6)
3406:(2)
3400:(3)
2345:WTO
2341:WMO
2333:WHO
2325:WCO
2321:UPU
2293:OIC
2289:NAM
2285:ITU
2281:ISO
2277:IOC
2257:IMF
2253:ILO
2241:IDB
2233:ICC
2213:G24
2209:FAO
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