723:
746:. When Prince George of Greece was High Commissioner of Crete, he had found himself in opposition to Venizelos. This gave the latter an anti-dynastic aura that attracted the Goudi insurgents; he was also seen as free from association with the mainland oligarchy's chaos, corruption and incompetence. Starting in October 1909 they had sent him an emissary to sound out his intentions, also suggesting to him that he take the office of Prime Minister of Greece. However, Venizelos did not wish to appear as the soldiers' man, either in Greece or abroad. Neither did he wish to clash head-on with King George I and the "old" political parties. He thus advised them to proceed with legislative elections and entrust implementation of the reform programme to the new assembly. He went to Athens on 28 December [
665:
demanded profound reforms in the country: in its political functioning, as well as social, economic and military. The troops called for naval and land rearmament, and asked that the navy and war ministers belong to the military. The insurgents did not call for the king's abdication or the abolition of the monarchy, remaining loyal subjects. Neither did they announce a military dictatorship or even wish to change the government. They respected the institutions of parliamentary government. However, the officers did demand that the royal princes, chiefly the Crown Prince
Constantine, on whom they blamed the defeat of 1897, be relieved of their posts and expelled from the army. Finally, the league called for a lowering of tax burdens.
554:
Economic growth was too slow for the workers and farmers who left to seek work elsewhere. Until that time, only highlanders and landless island dwellers had left. However, this economic growth did lead to the creation, as elsewhere in Europe in the same period, of a middle class born out of industrial development, of growth in the number of bureaucrats (linked to political clientelism) and to an urban explosion. In the mid-1900s, this middle class could not understand why the country was prosperous while the state's finances were in such poor shape. Politicians, also dissatisfied with government policy, reacted as well. In 1906, a group of young radicals nicknamed the "
480:, while both sides clashed with the Ottoman army and gendarmerie. Reprisals took many forms, including pillage, arson and assassination. Deeply concerned, the Western powers decided to intervene. The eventual plan was for an administrative reorganisation of the region that would allow for an ethnic-based partition. Thus, each of the ethnic groups concerned sought to strengthen its position so as to gain a maximum of territory when the potential partition came. The successes and sacrifices of young officers such as Melas restored the image of part of the army. In turn, the meddling of the European powers in internal Ottoman affairs contributed to the outbreak of the
523:' government was subjected to increasing criticism. His replacement with Rallis had little effect. The new prime minister hastened to show signs of goodwill toward the Turkish ambassador and the Western powers. Wishing to avoid a new Greco-Turkish war, he criticised the "Cretan revolutionaries" and declared his willingness to abide by the Great Powers' decisions. Indignation toward the government's weaknesses and timorous attitude mounted, among the populace as well as in the army, above all among the young officers who had fought in Macedonia. The idea of imitating the Young Turk officers began to spread.
764:
government resigned and
Venizelos became prime minister in October 1910. He surrounded himself with collaborators bent on reform policies and began to apply the programme of the Goudi revolutionaries, strongly backed by public opinion. The Austrian ambassador observed on 28 October 1910: "Venizelos is a sort of popular tribune and almost the dictator of Greece. The enthusiasm of the people, who acclaim him everywhere, is striking". He decided to call immediate
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532:
31:
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anxious to show that he was no military puppet, excluded soldiers from political life, released officers arrested for attempting to thwart the Goudi coup, and restored to Crown Prince
Constantine (given the new post of inspector-general of the army), along with his brothers, their army posts. This angered the members of the defunct Military League, who for a time thought of recreating it; indeed of carrying out another coup.
637:
420:
392:; Cretan Christians, then under Ottoman domination, demanded self-government on their island under the protection of the great powers. Massacres of Christians by Muslims led Greece to intervene, first by accepting the departure of volunteers from its shores, then by more and more directly sending part of its fleet, followed by troops at the beginning of 1897 just when Cretans themselves declared
751:
government, the parliament, the troops and the people. The solutions proposed by the Cretan prime minister were adopted: the convocation of an assembly tasked with constitutional revision; and the resignation of the
Mavromichalis government, to be replaced with a transitional government that would organise legislative elections. Leadership of the transitional government was given to
398:(union with Greece). The intervention of the European powers (France, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany) forced Greece to back down. The opposition criticised the feebleness and indecisiveness of the government, which declared war on the Ottomans at the beginning of April. Fighting lasted a month, which gave its name to the conflict (the
755:, considered an "independent". Nikolaos Zorbas was made minister of land forces. In exchange, Venizelos managed to convince the Military League to dissolve itself so as not to hinder the political process. In March 1910, an initially reluctant sovereign called new elections; three days later, the league announced its dissolution. Venizelos went back to Crete.
714:
how to link its corporatist demands to public discontent by using populist and nationalist slogans, but it unsettled the bourgeoisie. Although it saw the necessity of modernising the country, the middle classes feared the drift towards a military dictatorship, considered deleterious to the normal progress of affairs.
2331:
865:
movements seen elsewhere in the
Balkans in that period. The army and navy were reorganised with help from France, which sent a military mission led by General Eydoux (Germany had reformed the Turkish Army). The navy was reorganised by a British mission that Admiral Tufnell headed. However, Venizelos,
664:
containing their demands (the previous day, Rallis had declined to receive a deputation seeking to hand over the manifesto). Part of it was purely internal in nature: for instance, the soldiers challenged the promotion system, with its limited prospects for advancement. Another part was political and
553:
entered a crisis. A new phenomenon then began: emigration of the working population. The number of emigrants (especially to the United States) went from 1,108 in 1890 to 39,135 in 1910 (of 2.8 million inhabitants); significantly, remittances from
America and Egypt fell amid economic slowdown in 1908.
713:
had reformist ideas. With the revolution running out of steam, the league began to crumble. It was not a real political movement: its ideology and programme lacked coherence; its leaders were popular but unskilled. They were above all soldiers ill at ease outside their barracks. The league had known
704:
The negotiations dragged on, and
Colonel Zorbas lacked the political skills to keep up with the seasoned veterans on the government side. Mavromichalis, in securing passage of a large number of mildly reformist bills, implemented part of the programme demanded by the Military League, this time under
750:
15 December] 1909 and was greeted in
Piraeus harbour by eager officers. In January, a Crown Council gathered together the main leaders of the political movements, under the aegis of the King and of Venizelos. The latter played the role of mediator between the forces present: the King, the
614:
At that time the
Military League's demands were limited to an increased military budget, its reorganisation and modernisation, as well as the dismissal of the princes from the army. Although the Theotokis government had increased supplies of arms and munitions, he had also reinstated Crown Prince
406:
declared in 1893, it meant that Greece had to accept an international financial control commission (Διεθνής Οικονομικός Έλεγχος), which in effect diverted the Greek state's main income sources (state monopolies and port customs tariffs) to the repayment of Greece's public loans. Crete, however,
763:
but he stayed away from the electoral campaign. He was on a diplomatic tour of
Western Europe when he learned that he had been elected and that deputies allied to him had obtained a relative majority with 146 of 362 seats. He thus returned to Athens amid rapturous public acclaim; the Dragoumis
632:
and a symbol of the parliamentary clientelism it hated. But his successor, Dimitrios Rallis, immediately alienated the league by paying tribute to Constantine's major role in the war of 1897, by recalling all officers present in Macedonia, by demanding Great Power intervention in Crete and by
772:
28 November] 1910. Venizelos was careful to present himself as an adversary of the "old" parties (which boycotted the elections), but also as free from influence by the Military League that had sought him out after the Goudi coup. Thus he did not hesitate to take as an aide-de-camp
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barracks: several hundred junior officers, non-commissioned officers, simple soldiers, gendarmes and civilians threatened to march on Athens if their demands were not met. The armed forces, in particular the young officers, sent Rallis' government a
2343:
2299:
607:. They were motivated by a variety of reasons: a desire for reforms that was prevalent in wide parts of society was combined with frustration at the slow rate of promotions and the absence of meritocracy, especially among graduates of the
804:
To the people who wanted the assembly elected in 1910 to be a constituent assembly, Venizelos replied that he considered it more of a "revisionary assembly". The 50 constitutional amendments of 1911, prepared by a commission directed by
688:, the granting of tenure to bureaucrats (so they would no longer depend on politicians for their jobs), better working conditions and the condemnation of usury. King George I, unwilling to follow in the footsteps of his predecessor
758:
Using his Cretan citizenship as a pretext (the island had declared union with Greece but Greece had yet to recognise this), Venizelos did not take part in the elections, held in August 1910. His allies nominated him for a seat in
402:); the Greek defeat was thorough. Although Greece lost only small amounts territory on its northern border, it was forced to pay huge war reparations of 4 million Ottoman pounds to the victor. Coming on the heels of the public
1956:
454:, began. The uprising failed, and Turkish reprisals were severe, with 2,000 killed and villages and homes razed. Following these events, many Greeks became concerned with the level of Bulgarian activity in Macedonia. The
829:. Agricultural education was encouraged, as well as farming cooperatives, a ministry of agriculture was created and an agronomist named in each region. Bureaucrats were given greater security of tenure and hiring for
320:, without, however, satisfying the insurgents, who resorted to a large public demonstration the following month. When a stalemate was reached, the coup leaders appealed to a new and providential figure, the Cretan
627:
The Military League, now numbering about 1,300, began by engaging in a form of lobbying by putting pressure on those in power. It had already scored a success with the July 1909 resignation of Theotokis, its
648:
The arrest of league officers precipitated events: either the league would act now, or it would be dissolved by a government. The league searched for support among the senior officers, and Colonel
549:
recognised that the country was bankrupt by deciding to lower the public debt to 30% of its value, which angered the creditors, particularly the European powers. At the same time, export of the
571:
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2587:
680:
A large popular demonstration, organised and supervised by the soldiers, took place in the streets of Athens on 14 September 1909. The demonstrators, who had come from Athens and the
652:
was chosen as its figurehead. On 14 August, Pangalos liberated two of the arrested officers, thereby provoking Rallis into ordering a clampdown and the arrest of all league members.
619:, who had led the army in the 1897 war, as chief inspector of the army. Also, despite demands, he had authorised only a few officers to pursue further studies in France and Germany.
2408:
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posts began to be done by public examination. Judges were protected by a superior magistracy council. Social legislation ameliorated the condition of the working class:
841:
introduced for both; Sunday was made an obligatory day of rest; primary education was made free and compulsory; and a social insurance system was created. The right of
709:) were removed while budget cuts were made in order to finance army modernisation. But his government clearly showed that the old system endured: only Finance Minister
722:
1941:
738:
Some of the officers went to Crete, which they knew well, either from having participated in the earlier events or in the formation of its civil guard during the
2388:
768:
in order to strengthen his majority: the assembly elected in August continued to be dominated by the old politicians. These took place on 11 December [
2266:
2824:
519:
Anti-Greek demonstrations took place in Turkey, where the press launched a similar campaign. The European powers displayed hostility toward Greece, while
2876:
2748:
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1951:
1518:
451:
1966:
434:
Macedonia was a region disputed between Greece, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (created at the Congress of Berlin). On 2 August [
299:
as their figurehead, on the night of 15 August, the Military League, having gathered together its troops in the Goudi barracks, issued a
75:
692:, who had been forced from the throne under similar circumstances in 1862, pushed Prime Minister Rallis to resign and replaced him with
611:. Other officers from the army, the navy and the gendarmerie joined up later, and by June 1909, had spread out over the Greek military.
2916:
2911:
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1946:
1899:
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333:
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152:
2617:
329:
742:. There, they had also been able to see the political talents of the man who had been Prime Minister of Crete since 9 May 1909:
1889:
849:
once again allowed for foreign borrowing. The state budget showed a surplus in 1911 and 1912 after many years of deficit, and
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1442:
1336:
2252:
570:
its moving spirit. It criticised the old oligarchy that was ruining the country and demanded radical reforms. The group of "
2774:
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The reforms of the Venizelos government were numerous, and allowed Greece to modernise and thus be better prepared for the
291:, financial troubles, a lack of necessary reforms and disillusionment with the established political system. Emulating the
2814:
1864:
1639:
501:
349:
133:
Assembly on constitutional revision called, Military League dissolved, Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis resigns,
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The coup itself was the result of simmering tensions in Greek society, which reeled under the effects of the disastrous
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1828:
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1522:
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threat of an actual military takeover. Thus, the general staff was reorganised and those close to Constantine (such as
447:
2311:
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1412:
1394:
1386:
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1322:
1270:
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Greece had been in economic crisis for decades. Public debt (owed above all to the Great Powers) dating back to the
2881:
2612:
2582:
1624:
464:), tacitly aided by the government in Athens, which provided financial support through its consular agents such as
2275:
2597:
2207:
1843:
809:, led to the frequently expressed opinion that after this date, Greece had an entirely new fundamental law, the
2901:
2622:
2215:
1908:
1277:
Mazower, Mark (December 1992). "The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie: Venizelos and Politics in Greece, 1909–1912".
1735:
2607:
2459:
1802:
1767:
769:
747:
435:
276:, and ushered in a new period. Henceforth and for several decades, Greek political life was dominated by two
253:
56:
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2316:
1894:
1357:
Le Drame de l'hellénisme. Ion Dragoumis (1878–1920) et la question nationale en Grèce au début du XX siècle
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Or their aggressive tactics in parliament (calling to mind the Japanese army’s performance in the recent
1709:
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negotiations with the revolutionaries who, in order to speed them up, resorted to the people of Athens.
655:
On the same night, the league set in motion its bloodless coup. The league members were gathered in the
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2784:
2501:
2294:
1838:
1797:
810:
591:
The Military League (Στρατιωτικός Σύνδεσμος) was formed in October 1908 out of two groups: one of army
324:, who respected democratic norms in calling for new elections. After his allies' twin victories in the
161:
1659:
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and World War I. The King supported them, seeing in his prime minister the best hope of stemming the
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608:
542:
336:, Venizelos became prime minister and proceeded with the reforms demanded by the coup's instigators.
317:
124:
2128:
43:
steps triumphantly over the dead monster of the old-party system, cheered by the army and the people
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2086:
2032:
1508:
592:
399:
288:
269:
191:
40:
512:, was installed. The Young Turk Revolution pushed the Cretans to unilaterally proclaim definitive
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2420:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2049:
1987:
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1740:
1689:
1604:
1562:
1037:
616:
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2165:
1992:
1812:
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1619:
854:
782:
140:
1782:
884:
2845:
2713:
2698:
2693:
2081:
2054:
1807:
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2703:
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2233:
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1777:
1428:
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to the government, demanding an immediate turnaround for the country and its armed forces.
295:, several junior army officers founded a secret society, the Military League. With Colonel
186:
8:
2738:
2718:
2678:
2511:
1982:
1787:
1730:
1599:
1527:
1503:
806:
752:
710:
563:
546:
535:
473:
325:
130:
Coup insurgents hold large public demonstration the following month after demands not met
2202:
1378:
508:. In 1906, the Prince resigned, and a new commissioner, the former Greek prime minister
2743:
2708:
2637:
2632:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2138:
2059:
2044:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1614:
1609:
1492:
1302:
1294:
1033:
596:
567:
520:
428:
381:
365:
345:
309:
203:
134:
120:
1961:
2733:
2728:
2688:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2516:
2182:
2148:
2027:
1752:
1674:
1634:
1557:
1547:
1408:
1390:
1382:
1360:
1332:
1318:
1306:
1266:
1252:
1045:
890:
600:
509:
2425:
2133:
857:
introduced. Taken together, the reforms helped neutralise the development of strong
264:. The coup was a pivotal event in modern Greek history, as it led to the arrival of
245:
2819:
2723:
2683:
2074:
1923:
1918:
1848:
1704:
1694:
1644:
1579:
1286:
313:
273:
207:
116:
2197:
2096:
2804:
2753:
2572:
2022:
2012:
1913:
1498:
1470:
814:
798:
774:
706:
649:
641:
633:
arresting over a dozen of the league's members for insubordination on 12 August.
456:
357:
301:
296:
277:
212:
411:
under international supervision, while remaining under the sultan's suzerainty.
2789:
2192:
2103:
1679:
1537:
1485:
846:
801:
that had surfaced in 1897 and gained renewed momentum in the 1908–1909 crisis.
689:
555:
497:
389:
225:
1290:
2870:
2855:
2850:
2506:
2219:
2017:
1567:
830:
760:
685:
550:
465:
90:
77:
785:
won the elections with an overwhelming majority of 300 out of 362 deputies.
484:
of July 1908, which put an end to the Greek-Bulgarian clashes in Macedonia.
2602:
2567:
2536:
2430:
2244:
2002:
1997:
1513:
838:
834:
739:
559:
469:
408:
148:
2551:
2531:
2143:
2113:
2007:
1903:
1480:
1451:
862:
850:
842:
818:
794:
361:
292:
578:, also called for modernisation of the state apparatus and the economy.
492:
Greece at the time was still embroiled in the Cretan question. In 1905,
2541:
2521:
2451:
2118:
1298:
1265:, Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate, Athens, 1998.
403:
281:
168:
36:
730:
531:
2442:
858:
385:
30:
2526:
2496:
2108:
826:
353:
352:
had been successes for Greek diplomacy. There, the country had won
636:
545:
reached new heights in the 1890s. At that point the government of
681:
575:
460:(National Society) was set up, which sent armed bands of Greeks (
813:. This revision reformed the status of property by allowing for
516:, taking advantage of the absence of the new high commissioner.
919:
An Index of Events in the military History of the Greek Nation.
822:
439:
419:
394:
261:
249:
1420:
1263:
An Index of Events in the Military History of the Greek Nation
504:, who had been appointed by the European powers, and demanded
339:
825:(100,000 ha) were distributed to 4,000 farm families in
656:
369:
257:
68:
487:
817:
in the national interest, opening up the possibility of
837:
was abolished, as was nighttime labour by women, and a
558:" (Ομάς Ιαπώνων), in reference to the dynamism of the
256:
15 August] 1909, starting at the barracks in
438:
20 July] 1903, the feast day of the prophet
1315:
The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup D'état
137:
appointed interim prime minister until new elections
239:
853:was curbed. The tax on sugar was cut by 50% and a
845:to function was recognised. Stabilisation of the
2868:
526:
1251:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
1144:
1142:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1042:Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922
781:of the league whom it had removed. Venizelos'
452:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
284:and conservative, monarchist anti-Venizelism.
2467:
2260:
1436:
1354:
886:Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913
472:. This began what is known in Greece as the "
260:, a neighborhood on the eastern outskirts of
2274:
684:, demanded the imposition of a revenue tax,
640:Contemporary lithograph celebrating Colonel
574:" (Κοινωνιολόγοι), especially influenced by
468:and training from military advisers such as
272:. At one stroke, this put an end to the old
1329:Venizélos. Le fondateur de la Grèce moderne
1139:
1116:
1086:
1072:
889:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 214.
340:Greece at the beginning of the 20th century
2474:
2460:
2267:
2253:
1443:
1429:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1001:
999:
876:
562:, formed around the titular leadership of
268:in Greece and his eventual appointment as
29:
488:Consequences of the Young Turk Revolution
2481:
1834:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
729:
721:
635:
595:(with members including future generals
530:
418:
375:
1375:La Grèce de l'indépendance aux colonels
1276:
1160:
1098:
996:
882:
476:", where Greeks clashed with Bulgarian
158:
2869:
1331:. Bernard Giovanangeli Éditeur, 2008.
717:
2455:
2248:
1424:
1389:(for the original English version). (
1317:, Kent State University Press, 1977.
788:
360:. In order to continue achieving the
2877:1900s coups d'état and coup attempts
2775:First National Assembly at Epidaurus
644:as leader of the "National Movement"
603:) and one of junior officers around
312:gave in and replaced Prime Minister
252:on the night of 28 August [
1962:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
1865:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
13:
1044:, p. 7. C. Hurst & Co., 1998.
675:
586:
14:
2933:
2593:National Progressive Center Union
1466:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1348:, Que Sais-Je ?, PUF, 1964.
2613:Democratic Centre Union (Greece)
1359:(in French). L'Harmattan, 2005.
372:, but met with severe setbacks.
39:celebrating the coup's success.
1450:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1151:
1130:
1063:
1054:
1026:
1017:
1008:
987:
978:
2815:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
2618:Union of the Democratic Centre
1952:Bulgarians deportation program
1523:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1069:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 209, 211.
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
912:
903:
622:
448:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1:
2917:History of Greece (1909–1924)
2912:History of Greece (1863–1909)
1803:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1241:
1060:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 207–210.
1023:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 196–197.
993:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 203–204.
975:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 200–202.
939:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 197–200.
527:Economic and social situation
2810:11 September 1922 Revolution
2800:Movement of National Defence
1895:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
1405:Histoire de la Grèce moderne
1346:Histoire de la Grèce moderne
1225:C. Personnaz, pp. 80, 83–85.
699:
423:Pavlos Melas in traditional
414:
350:Convention of Constantinople
7:
2780:3 September 1843 Revolution
1890:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
1249:A Concise History of Greece
883:Gallant, Thomas W. (2015).
240:
10:
2938:
2785:23 October 1862 Revolution
2502:Modern Greek Enlightenment
1909:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
811:Greek Constitution of 1911
668:The prime minister opened
500:against High Commissioner
153:elections in November 1910
16:1909 coup d'état in Greece
2833:
2770:Greek War of Independence
2762:
2646:
2628:Liberal Alliance (Greece)
2608:Centre Union – New Forces
2560:
2489:
2439:
2369:
2282:
2229:
2070:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
1975:
1934:
1882:
1873:
1857:
1821:
1760:
1749:
1718:
1587:
1576:
1509:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1458:
1291:10.1017/S0018246X00026200
1148:M. Terrades, pp. 238–239.
1083:M. Terrades, pp. 235–236.
984:M. Terrades, pp. 108–113.
966:M. Terrades, pp. 102–103.
694:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
380:From 1895, following the
318:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
289:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
229:
197:
180:
125:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
47:
28:
23:
2922:Military coups in Greece
2674:Epameinondas Deligeorgis
2669:Alexandros Mavrokordatos
2598:National Political Union
2588:Liberal Democratic Union
2276:Military coups in Greece
1844:Treaty of Constantinople
1736:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
1403:Apostolos Vacalopoulos,
1198:C. Personnaz, pp. 82–83.
1189:C. Personnaz, pp. 79–80.
1171:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 212.
1113:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 211.
1005:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 206.
869:
364:, Greece then turned to
59:15 August] 1909
2882:1900s in Greek politics
2583:National Unionist Party
1914:Balkans campaign of WWI
1563:Albanian revolt of 1912
1038:Michael Llewellyn-Smith
581:
2623:Liberal Party (modern)
2188:Crown Prince Alexander
2166:Crown Prince Ferdinand
2129:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
1957:Massacres of Civilians
1947:Massacres of Albanians
1900:Sarajevo Assassination
1829:Greek–Serbian Alliance
1822:Diplomacy and politics
1719:Diplomacy and politics
1543:Bulgarian Independence
1373:Constantin Tsoucalas,
1355:Marc Terrades (2005).
1279:The Historical Journal
957:N. Svoronos, pp. 81–82
855:progressive income tax
735:
727:
645:
538:
431:
280:: liberal, republican
198:Commanders and leaders
151:wins supermajority in
2902:Eleftherios Venizelos
2846:Free public education
2714:Themistoklis Sofoulis
2699:Eleftherios Venizelos
2694:Konstantinos Raktivan
2214:Other Balkan states:
2055:Eleftherios Venizelos
1731:Albanian Independence
1533:Young Turk Revolution
1313:S. Victor Papacosma,
744:Eleftherios Venizelos
733:
726:Eleftherios Venizelos
725:
639:
534:
494:Eleftherios Venizelos
482:Young Turk Revolution
422:
376:Military humiliations
348:in 1878 and the 1881
322:Eleftherios Venizelos
266:Eleftherios Venizelos
145:Eleftherios Venizelos
91:37.98833°N 23.77583°E
2841:Democratic education
2704:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2568:Constitutional Party
2483:Liberalism in Greece
2065:Pavlos Kountouriotis
1234:M. Terrades, p. 241.
1207:M. Terrades, p. 240.
1180:C. Personnaz, p. 78.
1157:C. Personnaz, p. 77.
1127:M. Terrades, p. 237.
1095:C. Personnaz, p. 76.
948:R. Clogg, pp. 74–75.
909:C. Tsoucalas, p. 16.
187:Government of Greece
55:28 August [
2825:Anti-Junta movement
2739:Georgios Papandreou
2719:Georgios Kafantaris
2679:Charilaos Trikoupis
2512:Liberal nationalism
2441: •
2092:Crown Prince Danilo
1942:Carnegie Commission
1839:Treaty of Bucharest
1528:Macedonian Struggle
1504:Serbo-Bulgarian War
1327:Charles Personnaz,
807:Stephanos Dragoumis
753:Stephanos Dragoumis
734:Stephanos Dragoumis
718:Appeal to Venizelos
711:Athanasios Eftaxias
564:Stephanos Dragoumis
547:Charilaos Trikoupis
543:war of independence
536:Charilaos Trikoupis
474:Macedonian Struggle
450:, sponsored by the
326:Hellenic Parliament
248:that took place in
87: /
2907:George I of Greece
2892:August 1909 events
2744:Sofoklis Venizelos
2709:Nikolaos Plastiras
2633:Union of Centrists
2171:Alexandru Averescu
2139:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
2060:Panagiotis Danglis
1967:Places burned down
1493:Congress of Berlin
1344:Nicolas Svoronos,
1034:Russo-Japanese War
789:Reformist policies
740:period of autonomy
736:
728:
646:
605:Theodoros Pangalos
597:Nikolaos Plastiras
568:Dimitrios Gounaris
539:
521:Georgios Theotokis
432:
429:Georgios Jakobides
382:Hamidian massacres
346:Congress of Berlin
135:Stefanos Dragoumis
127:as his replacement
96:37.98833; 23.77583
2897:Conflicts in 1909
2864:
2863:
2763:Historical events
2734:Dimitrios Psarros
2729:Georgios Kartalis
2689:Ioannis Psycharis
2664:Dionysios Solomos
2659:Theophilos Kairis
2654:Adamantios Korais
2561:Political Parties
2517:Liberal democracy
2449:
2448:
2317:11 September 1922
2242:
2241:
2149:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
2028:Stiliyan Kovachev
1753:Second Balkan War
1726:London Conference
1558:Italo-Turkish War
1548:31 March Incident
1407:, Horvath, 1975.
1337:978-2-7587-0011-1
930:J. Tulard, p. 116
601:Georgios Kondylis
510:Alexandros Zaimis
244:) was a military
238:
218:
217:
176:
175:
2929:
2820:Greek Resistance
2724:Nikolaos Politis
2684:Emmanuel Rhoides
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2431:24 February 1975
2421:13 December 1967
2417:
2385:
2361:25 November 1973
2347:
2335:
2303:
2290:3 September 1843
2283:Successful coups
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2208:Božidar Janković
2203:Stepa Stepanović
2075:Viktor Dousmanis
1924:Macedonian front
1919:Serbian campaign
1849:Treaty of Athens
1798:Southern Dobruja
1741:Treaty of London
1580:First Balkan War
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1370:
1351:
1341:
1310:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:R. Clogg, p. 75.
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1136:R. Clogg, p. 76.
1134:
1128:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:R. Clogg, p. 73.
1012:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
916:
910:
907:
901:
900:
880:
609:military academy
502:George of Greece
409:autonomous state
400:Thirty Days' War
314:Dimitrios Rallis
274:political system
243:
241:kinima sto Goudi
233:
231:
230:κίνημα στο Γουδί
208:Dimitrios Rallis
117:Dimitrios Rallis
111:Coup successful
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
49:
48:
33:
21:
20:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2829:
2805:National Schism
2758:
2754:Georgios Mavros
2642:
2573:Modernist Party
2556:
2485:
2480:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2389:22 October 1923
2379:
2365:
2341:
2339:10 October 1935
2329:
2297:
2295:23 October 1862
2278:
2273:
2243:
2238:
2225:
2023:Radko Dimitriev
2013:Vasil Kutinchev
1971:
1930:
1878:
1869:
1853:
1817:
1768:Kilkis–Lachanas
1756:
1745:
1714:
1583:
1572:
1499:Eastern Rumelia
1454:
1449:
1415:
1398:
1381:, Paris, 1970.
1367:
1349:
1339:
1247:Richard Clogg,
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
904:
897:
881:
877:
872:
799:anti-monarchism
791:
775:Ioannis Metaxas
720:
707:Ioannis Metaxas
702:
678:
676:Popular demands
650:Nikolaos Zorbas
642:Nikolaos Zorbas
625:
589:
587:Military League
584:
529:
490:
457:Ethniki Etairia
417:
378:
342:
302:pronunciamiento
297:Nikolaos Zorbas
278:opposing forces
213:Nikolaos Zorbas
206:
192:Military League
115:Prime Minister
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
72:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:1909 in Greece
2884:
2879:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Theriso revolt
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:Ioannis Zigdis
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2336:
2327:22 August 1926
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:17 August 1916
2309:
2307:15 August 1909
2304:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Radomir Putnik
2190:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Ali Rıza Pasha
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2104:Ottoman Empire
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:Georgi Todorov
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1710:Second Çatalca
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Bosnian Crisis
1535:
1530:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:Annexation of
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1401:
1371:
1365:
1352:
1342:
1325:
1311:
1285:(4): 885–904.
1274:
1260:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1129:
1115:
1097:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1025:
1016:
1007:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
911:
902:
895:
874:
873:
871:
868:
790:
787:
719:
716:
701:
698:
677:
674:
662:pronunciamento
624:
621:
588:
585:
583:
580:
556:Japanese Group
528:
525:
498:Theriso revolt
489:
486:
462:makedonomakhoi
425:Makedonomakhos
416:
413:
390:Ottoman Empire
377:
374:
341:
338:
270:prime minister
216:
215:
210:
200:
199:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
165:
155:
138:
131:
128:
108:
104:
103:
67:
65:
61:
60:
53:
45:
44:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2856:Progressivism
2854:
2852:
2851:Modernization
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Liberal Party
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Press freedom
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Anti-nepotism
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Republicanism
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:Coup attempts
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:21 April 1967
2354:
2352:
2351:4 August 1936
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Petar Bojović
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:Janko Vukotić
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Constantine I
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Nikola Ivanov
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
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1660:First Çatalca
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1605:Pente Pigadia
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:Balkan League
1566:
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1396:
1395:2-13-036274-5
1392:
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1387:0-14-052277-8
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1362:
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896:9780748636075
892:
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875:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:labour unions
840:
836:
832:
831:civil service
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:expropriation
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
786:
784:
783:Liberal Party
780:
776:
771:
767:
766:new elections
762:
761:Atticoboeotia
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
732:
724:
715:
712:
708:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:protectionism
683:
673:
671:
666:
663:
658:
653:
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643:
638:
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631:
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612:
610:
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579:
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569:
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551:Zante currant
548:
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466:Ion Dragoumis
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397:
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334:November 1910
331:
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141:Liberal Party
139:
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129:
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121:King George I
118:
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70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2794:
2603:Centre Union
2537:Human rights
2404:28 July 1938
2399:1 March 1935
2394:6 March 1933
2377:1831 attempt
2322:25 June 1925
2306:
2220:Ismail Kemal
2003:Mihail Savov
1998:Stoyan Danev
1976:Participants
1875:
1793:Kresna Gorge
1751:
1620:Kirk Kilisse
1578:
1552:
1514:Cretan State
1404:
1374:
1356:
1345:
1328:
1314:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1248:
1230:
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1212:
1203:
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1185:
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1132:
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1056:
1041:
1028:
1019:
1010:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
918:
914:
905:
885:
878:
839:minimum wage
835:child labour
803:
792:
778:
757:
737:
703:
679:
669:
667:
661:
654:
647:
629:
626:
613:
590:
572:Sociologists
560:Meiji period
540:
518:
513:
505:
496:had led the
491:
477:
470:Pavlos Melas
461:
455:
443:
433:
427:costume, by
424:
393:
379:
356:and part of
343:
307:
300:
286:
221:
219:
181:Belligerents
162:constitution
110:
18:
2552:Land reform
2532:Megali Idea
2426:23 May 1973
2412: [
2409:31 May 1951
2380: [
2342: [
2330: [
2298: [
2114:Nazim Pasha
2008:Ivan Fichev
1993:Ivan Geshov
1988:Ferdinand I
1904:World War I
1630:Lule Burgas
1595:Sarantaporo
1452:Balkan Wars
1416:(in French)
1399:(in French)
1350:(in French)
1340:(in French)
851:tax evasion
819:land reform
795:Balkan Wars
623:Army action
617:Constantine
362:Megali Idea
293:Young Turks
246:coup d'état
164:promulgated
94: /
2871:Categories
2795:Goudi coup
2542:Secularism
2522:Venizelism
2124:Esad Pasha
2119:Zeki Pasha
2087:Nicholas I
2082:Montenegro
1935:Atrocities
1778:Bregalnica
1640:Adrianople
1553:Goudi coup
1459:Background
1242:References
821:; 300,000
779:bête noire
630:bête noire
478:komitadjis
407:became an
404:insolvency
282:Venizelism
222:Goudi coup
169:Venizelism
82:23°46′33″E
79:37°59′18″N
37:lithograph
24:Goudi coup
2638:The River
2443:self-coup
2144:Enver Bey
1883:Aftermath
1788:Kalimanci
1783:Knjaževac
1600:Kardzhali
1476:Bulgarian
1307:154495315
859:socialist
700:Stalemate
670:pro forma
415:Macedonia
386:Armenians
366:Macedonia
235:romanized
159:reformist
123:appoints
119:resigns,
2834:Policies
2497:Centrism
2490:Ideology
2234:Category
2109:Mehmed V
2045:George I
1983:Bulgaria
1670:Merhamli
1665:Kaliakra
1655:Monastir
1615:Kumanovo
1610:Sorovich
1471:Albanian
921:, p. 77.
863:agrarian
827:Thessaly
354:Thessaly
310:George I
204:George I
167:Rise of
71:, Athens
64:Location
35:Popular
2216:Albania
2183:Peter I
2161:Carol I
2156:Romania
1876:General
1761:Battles
1685:Korytsa
1675:Driskos
1635:Yenidje
1625:Scutari
1588:Battles
1486:Serbian
1379:Maspero
1299:2639443
847:drachma
823:arpents
682:Piraeus
576:Marxism
566:, with
446:), the
444:Ilinden
442:(Bulg.
388:in the
237::
143:led by
2647:People
2178:Serbia
2040:Greece
1773:Doiran
1705:Bizani
1700:Şarköy
1695:Bulair
1690:Lemnos
1650:Himara
1645:Prilep
1521:&
1411:
1393:
1385:
1363:
1335:
1321:
1305:
1297:
1269:
1255:
1048:
893:
514:enosis
506:enosis
440:Elijah
395:enosis
358:Epirus
330:August
262:Athens
250:Greece
107:Result
41:Greece
2416:]
2384:]
2346:]
2334:]
2302:]
1858:Other
1813:Pirot
1808:Vidin
1481:Greek
1303:S2CID
1295:JSTOR
870:Notes
657:Goudi
370:Crete
316:with
308:King
258:Goudi
226:Greek
149:Crete
69:Goudi
1902:and
1680:Elli
1519:IMRO
1409:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1046:ISBN
891:ISBN
861:and
777:, a
770:O.S.
748:O.S.
690:Otto
599:and
593:NCOs
582:Coup
436:O.S.
368:and
344:The
332:and
254:O.S.
220:The
157:New
57:O.S.
52:Date
1287:doi
1036:).
384:of
328:in
147:of
2873::
2414:el
2382:el
2344:el
2332:el
2300:el
1397:)
1377:,
1301:.
1293:.
1283:35
1281:.
1162:^
1141:^
1118:^
1100:^
1088:^
1074:^
1040:,
998:^
696:.
232:,
228::
2475:e
2468:t
2461:v
2268:e
2261:t
2254:v
2222:)
2218:(
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1369:.
1309:.
1289::
1273:.
1259:.
899:.
224:(
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