872:
area to larger ones. When males approach females, they are often feeding, allowing the males to get closer without an aggressive response and also meaning the female is not moving. On approach, the male makes himself known by tapping on a web strand to ensure the female is amenable before proceeding to mate. When met with aggression, males stop approaching and remain in the same location until the female relaxes or they retreat. Females engage in multiple mating, but no benefit to the offspring occurs as a result of this; however, the energy cost of repelling a male is higher than that of allowing him to copulate. As a result of this, sperm competition occurs through males altering the duration and frequency of mating, with longer mating being proportional to a greater likelihood of success.
695:
847:
680:
124:
148:
776:, and an unknown compound may also aid in the color. Experimental evidence suggests that the silk's color may serve a dual purpose: sunlit webs ensnare bees that are attracted to the bright yellow strands, whereas in shady spots, the yellow blends in with background foliage to act as a camouflage. The spider is able to adjust pigment intensity relative to background light levels and color; the range of spectral reflectance is specifically adapted to insect vision.
2288:
1036:, occurs through the formation of a soft exoskeleton inside the current one. Once the old exoskeleton is shed, the new, larger one begins to harden. Ecdysis occurs when the spider's mass becomes too great for the current exoskeleton to support. Male spiders seek out females for copulation and live on their webs. When mating season arrives, both males and females stop molting and remain the same size for the remainder of their lives.
1082:
403:. Species from Taiwan have been known to reach over 130 mm (5.1 in), legspan included, in mountainous country. In 2014, a study discovered that golden orb-weavers living in urban areas, particularly areas of a high socioeconomic status, grew larger and carried more eggs than those in their native habitats. A number of possible explanations were suggested, such as increased food supplies due to artificial light or lack of
2302:
810:
web" may function as a kind of early-warning system for incoming prey or against spider-hunting predators, or as a shield against windblown leaves; it may also be remnants of the owner's previous web. At least one reference explains the suspended debris-chain as a cue for birds to avoid blundering into and destroying the web.
914:
due to a loss of hydrostatic pressure. Conversely, as temperatures cool down, the spiders position themselves perpendicular to the sun to retain as much heat energy as possible. When ambient temperatures reach extreme highs (above 40 °C), they may leave their webs and seek shade in the surrounding environment.
391:, most of them have striped legs specialized for weaving (where their tips point inward, rather than outward as is the case with many wandering spiders). Their contrast of dark brown/black and green/yellow allows warning and repelling of potential predators to which their venom might be of little danger.
890:
Females produce an egg sac in the surrounding environs of the web to protect their eggs. The eggs are deposited on a silk platform, then are covered in loose silk to form a sac, which is firmly attached to surrounding vegetation so that it is hidden from the view of predators. It is reported that egg
871:
When males are fully mature, they leave their webs to search for a suitable female, often using web characteristics to identify potential mates. Often, multiple males attempt to court the same female, thus competition for territory on the web occurs, but is rarely physical, as smaller males surrender
862:
spiders display large sexual dimorphism in size, with females being greatly larger than males. Debate exists as to whether this is a result of male dwarfism or female gigantism. Smaller males may be selected for due to the presence of competition for mating. Smaller males are quicker and more nimble,
818:
The golden silk orb-weaver targets many different organisms as prey, ranging from small flies and beetles to larger cicadas and locusts. As a result of their strong web structure, small birds and bats can also become trapped and fed upon. Whilst most of the captured prey is relatively small compared
1064:
do not seem to form either beneficial or harmful relationships with humans. Females often construct their webs using human structures as a base for support strands due to their stability. Individuals are often found in urban and suburban environments due to the protection from predation and greater
913:
spiders change their body positioning relative to the sun to maintain internal temperatures at an optimal level. As ambient temperatures increase, the spiders position themselves so the abdomen shades the cephalothorax from the sun. Spiders may also hang from their hind legs as a result of the heat
809:
Adjacent to one face of the main orb, a rather extensive and haphazard-looking network of guard-strands may be suspended a few centimeters distant across a free space. This network is often decorated with a lumpy string or two of plant detritus and insect carcasses clumped with silk. This "barrier
783:
spiders are complex, with a fine-meshed orb suspended in a maze of non-sticky barrier webs. As with many weavers of sticky spirals, the orb is renewed regularly if not daily, apparently because the stickiness of the orb declines with age. When weather is good (and no rain has damaged the orb web),
784:
subadults and adults often rebuild only a portion of the web. The spider removes and consumes the portion to be replaced, builds new radial elements, then spins the new spirals. This partial orb renewal is distinct from other orb-weaving spiders that usually replace the entire orb web. The web of
736:
is large, many habitat similarities are seen between these locations. A warm and reasonably wet climate is generally preferred, as these are some of the environmental cues that induce spiderling hatching. Locally, spiders look for relatively dense vegetation where webs can be set up in areas that
832:
species also create caches of food for storage, which can be found above the hub of the web and contain up to 15 prey items. These items are arranged in a line vertically and are wrapped in silk to reduce dehydration. Caches are created and grow when prey is readily available and more biomass is
793:
Typically, the golden orb-weaver first weaves a nonsticky spiral with space for two to 20 more spirals in between (the density of sticky spiral strands decreases with increasing spider size). When she has completed the coarse weaving, she returns and fills in the gaps. Whereas most orb-weaving
867:
upon copulation. Larger individuals reduce the success of these plugs, allowing for multiple mating and reducing the risk of genital mutilation. Gigantism in females is also associated with fecundity, as larger individuals can produce more eggs and therefore increase reproductive success.
1101:. In 2004 a textile designer, Simon Peers, and an entrepreneur, Nicholas Godley managed in three years' work and using 1.2 million Golden silk orb-weavers (collected in the wild and released some 30 minutes later after they produced the silk) to produce a shawl that was exhibited at the
1011:
species build vertical, elliptical orbs that are incomplete (missing the portion of the orb over the hub, the center where the spider sits). The latter seem to prefer more open habitat such as second-growth scrub or forest edges. Fences or building overhangs often do just as nicely.
880:
as a result of male mating behaviours. By copulating when females are immobile after molting or inactive due to feeding, the males increase their chances of survival. Males also approach from the side of the web opposite the female, increasing the odds of a successful approach. Male
394:
Golden orb-weavers reach sizes of 4.8–5.1 cm (1.5–2 in) in females, not including legspan, with males being usually two-thirds smaller (less than 2.5 cm, 1 in). In 2012, a large individual was photographed killing and consuming a 0.5-m-long
837:
species may also respond to food shortages by moving their webs, but this is a response to longer periods of prey scarcity than cache creation. Web moving is seen as a result of environmental change, whereas caches occur from environmental fluctuation.
863:
allowing them to be able to catch the females more easily, as well as to escape when threatened. Larger males may have to wait for the female to come close due to their slower speed. Larger females may have been selected for as a result of males using
1132:
silk is an excellent scaffold material thanks to its biocompatibility, mechanical strengths, and its property to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. In particular, the silk acts as a suitable guiding material for peripheral nerve regrowth.
901:
species. They lay eggs in small pits on the ground to avoid parasitism. These sacs can contain from 300 to 3000 eggs, depending on mating success and particular species. Once hatched, the spiderlings inhabit a communal web to begin their lives.
985:
spiderlings leave the egg sac as a result of environmental cues, often warmer and wetter conditions in spring. They then live on a communal web, eating dead siblings and web debris for around a week before dispersing to make individual webs.
823:, the majority of biomass consumed comes from larger, rarer prey. Prey larger than 66% of the captor's size accounts for just 16.5% of prey captured, but 85% of prey consumed, indicating the spider is selective in its feeding habits.
1053:, so any bite can cause some mechanical damage, but only of short-term localised effect for humans. However, further studies of the venom components are needed to better understand pathways associated with any toxicity.
1048:
is one of several genera where the venom "must be considered as more or less ineffectual in human beings". That said, the potentially large size of several members of the genus means that they possess relatively strong
721:. Spiderlings can be carried by the wind over long distances, and each year, a small number of female golden orb web spiders are found in New Zealand (where they are not endemic) after having been blown across the
805:
In relation to the ground, the webs of adults may be woven from eye-level upwards high into the tree canopy. The orb web is usually truncated by a top horizontal support strand, giving it an incomplete look.
2260:[Peripheral nervous tissue engineering with spider silk] (in German). Hannover: Klinik fĂĽr Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover. Archived from
1065:
prey availability. As they weave their webs in bushes and near flowers, they might present a nuisance for gardeners or flower pickers. Some nests near fruits may repel or destroy known pests, such as
833:
available for consumption than is required by the spider. The purpose of caches is to have a backup food source when prey is scarce and occasionally to provide bait to attract more prey to the web.
926:
species is relatively uncommon; when it does occur, the main group affected are the juvenile individuals. The major predators are birds, but wasps and damselflies also prey upon smaller juveniles.
826:
Spiders are notified that potential prey has been caught in the web through vibrations along strands, and these can be followed to the prey location on the web and be used to estimate prey size.
1044:
The venom of the golden silk orb-weaver is effective in action on prey, but has not been reported to be of any notable consequence for humans if accidentally bitten. In the literature,
887:
is reported to have a mate binding behavior to avoid sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism does still occur, but generally is more common with larger males, and from older females.
995:) in general color and shape (both genera sport silver stripes or patches on their abdomens, described in some references as a form of heat control). The best distinction between
1193:
Cameron, H. D. (2005). "Chapter 73: An etymological dictionary of North
American spider genus names". In Ubick, Darrell; Paquin, Pierre; Cushing, Paula E.; et al. (eds.).
454:
603:
577:
1877:
Kuntner, Matjaž; Kralj-Fišer, S.; Schneider, Jutta; Li, Daiqin (2009). "Mate
Plugging Via Genital Mutilation In Nephilid Spiders: An Evolutionary Hypothesis".
462:
2211:
555:
1368:"On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae, Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus"
530:
1988:
Humphreys, W. F. (1993). Criteria for identifying thermal behaviour in spiders: a low technology approach. Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum 33, 543–550.
802:" effect when the orb is seen in the sun: groups of sticky spirals reflecting light with "gaps" where the nonsticky spiral does not reflect the light.
519:
614:
2510:
566:
1227:
737:
insects will regularly fly through. Urban environments are also attractive due to the large prey concentrations and lower levels of predation.
322:
consists of numerous species found in warmer regions around the world, although some species formerly included in the genus have been moved to
2549:
1285:
969:
Egg sacs generally remain free from both predation and parasitism, often due to the close proximity of the mother and how well it is hidden.
757:
species remain in their webs permanently, so have a higher predation risk. The golden silk orb-weaver is named for the yellow color of the
1312:"Golden Orbweavers Ignore Biological Rules: Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses Unravel a Complex Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism"
2641:
989:
Young spiders do not generally build yellow-colored silk, and the young themselves can be easily mistaken for young orchard spiders (
1703:
1563:
2484:
713:
Golden silk orb-weavers are widespread in warmer regions throughout the world, with species in
Australia, Asia, Africa (including
2536:
2034:
1105:
in 2009. By 2012 they managed to produce a second, bigger garment, a cape, that, together with the shawl, were exhibited at the
17:
2541:
1024:
spiders inhabit their individual webs, then begin their growth by the molting process. The time between molts is called an
694:
2257:
1767:
Champion; de
Crespigny, F.; Herberstein, M.; Elgar, M. (2001). "Food caching in orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea)".
2146:
1102:
653:, as he considered it unlikely that the amber was actually Burmese in origin. Though largely ambiguous, the origins of
1202:
1421:
1125:
679:
2236:
2554:
1140:
webs and form them into a ball, which is thrown into the water. There it unfolds and is used to catch bait fish.
2651:
2049:
488:(or "red-legged golden orb-weaver spider") found most commonly in southern and East Africa, transferred from
2646:
2523:
2419:
2396:
2613:
2424:
2325:
1106:
1086:
2590:
2564:
1311:
1235:
147:
946:
web to feed from the host spider's captured prey. The frequent rebuilding or abandoning of webs by
2182:
2091:
1113:
made of this spider silk were included in an exhibition of curios from the natural world in 2021.
2160:
846:
2577:
2314:
1422:"Molecular evidence that Trichonephila antipodiana and Nephila laurinae may be the same species"
2336:
495:
484:
473:
400:
2515:
1097:
silk although none commercially viable. These include two bed hangings that were shown at the
2600:
2572:
2030:
1661:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Justyn, Nicholas M.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Shawkey, Matthew D. (2017-06-01).
1098:
31:
1834:
Coddington, Jonathan; Hormiga, G; Scharff, N (1997). "Giant female or dwarf male spiders?".
2608:
2458:
2383:
1843:
1776:
1518:
507:
246:
2183:"Spider silk at the V&A: A tangled (and exquisite) web they wove | The Economist"
2121:
2092:"Spider silk at the V&A: A tangled (and exquisite) web they wove | The Economist"
8:
2636:
1437:
786:
123:
1847:
1780:
1522:
383:
spiders vary from reddish to greenish yellow in color with distinctive whiteness on the
1925:
1859:
1800:
1749:
1544:
1487:
1395:
1336:
1121:
873:
142:
1998:
2445:
2374:
2292:
1890:
1792:
1684:
1643:
1548:
1536:
1479:
1399:
1387:
1367:
1341:
1208:
1198:
666:
1929:
1820:
Robinson, M. and
Robinson, B. (1973). Ecology and behavior of the giant wood spider
1804:
1753:
1491:
753:
spiders produce large asymmetric orb webs up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter.
477:(or "banana spider") found widely in warmer parts of the Americas, transferred from
2450:
1969:
1917:
1886:
1863:
1851:
1784:
1741:
1674:
1635:
1526:
1471:
1433:
1379:
1331:
1323:
955:
939:
799:
769:
535:
396:
1905:
1729:
1459:
2306:
1943:
1110:
893:
883:
851:
650:
588:
544:
510:
does not accept all of these changes, listing the following species in the genus
263:
133:
2388:
1824:(Fabricius) in New Guinea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, (149), pp.1-76.
2401:
2261:
1507:"Biogeographical history of golden orbweavers: Chronology of a global conquest"
1383:
458:("Batik Golden Web Spider"), found most commonly in the Philippines and Vietnam
438:
2319:
2212:"Eight years and 2m arachnids later, spider silk fabrics go on show in London"
2150:
1598:
2630:
2359:
1647:
1540:
1505:
Turk, Eva; Čandek, Klemen; Kralj-Fišer, Simona; Kuntner, Matjaž (June 2020).
1483:
1212:
638:
425:
384:
357:
324:
219:
81:
1974:
1957:
1327:
2528:
1958:"Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider"
1796:
1688:
1391:
1345:
1258:
726:
596:
287:
255:
2411:
1788:
1007:
species tend to build horizontal orbs that form a perfect circle, whereas
2497:
2368:
1475:
1073:. Spiders may bite humans if provoked but more often flee if confronted.
1070:
1066:
1033:
864:
758:
670:
312:
189:
56:
2489:
1904:
Kuntner, MatjaĹľ; Zhang, Shichang; GregoriÄŤ, MatjaĹľ; Li, Daiqin (2012).
1745:
1679:
1662:
1050:
765:
722:
714:
634:
499:(or "tiger spider") found most commonly in Australia, transferred from
466:, found most commonly in South Africa and Madagascar, transferred from
388:
387:
and the beginning of the abdomen. Like many species of the superfamily
229:
101:
66:
2437:
2199:
Simon Peers, a textile designer, and
Nicholas Godley, an entrepreneur,
1531:
1506:
1259:"Giant 'gentle spiders' collected in Taiwan for study at U-M-Dearborn"
1228:"Cairns man Ant Hadleigh snaps incredible pics of snake-eating spider"
2502:
2471:
1921:
1855:
1619:
1568:
1093:
There have been several efforts in the past to produce garments from
934:
794:
spiders remove the nonsticky spiral when spinning the sticky spiral,
179:
159:
106:
2330:
2017:
Venomous
Animals and Their Venoms: Volume III Venomous Invertebrates
1766:
1730:"Prey capture in orb weaving spiders: are we using the best metric?"
1639:
1310:
Matjaz, Kuntner; Hamilton, Chris A.; Cheng, Ren-Chung (2018-12-04).
1164:
1028:
and seven to 12 of these can occur depending on food availability.
445:. Species whose placement has been changed by some sources include:
2476:
2432:
2353:
2287:
1081:
991:
718:
658:
626:
408:
404:
199:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
35:
2145:
1906:"Nephila Female Gigantism Attained through Post-maturity Molting"
1029:
773:
111:
86:
2237:"Biocompatible matrix for tissue engineering and wound dressing"
891:
sacs are mostly under leaves and other coverings. However, only
2301:
1025:
662:
315:
209:
169:
2463:
2585:
1876:
1663:"Spiders have rich pigmentary and structural colour palettes"
1660:
308:
2321:
A Golden Spider-Silk
Textile at the Art Institute of Chicago
1944:
Sperm
Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating systems
1504:
1816:
1814:
599:) – India to China, Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, Australia
938:, a genus of very small black-and-silver spiders that are
1136:
Fishermen on the coasts of the Indo-Pacific ocean remove
1085:
Cape made from Madagascar golden orb-weaver spider silk,
764:
Yellow threads of their web shine like gold in sunlight.
1833:
1811:
1618:
Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007).
2258:"Tissue Engineering peripherer Nerven mit Spinnenseide"
1903:
2029:
790:
contains ant-repellent chemicals to protect the web.
34:. For the race mentioned in the Book of Genesis, see
1286:"Friendly Neighborhood Spiders Get Bigger in Cities"
768:
are the main contributors to this yellow color, but
2122:"1 Million Spiders Make Golden Silk for Rare Cloth"
1309:
1109:in London. Two shawls and a traditional Madagascan
360:, meaning "fond of spinning", from the words νεῖν (
1195:Spiders of North America: An identification manual
1955:
1624:(Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region"
1620:"The systematics and biology of the spider genus
1617:
2628:
2077:Heimer, S. (1988). Wunderbare Welt der Spinnen.
1704:"Golden orb web spider spins ant-repellent silk"
2014:
942:. As many as a few dozen may infest a single
745:
625:Additional fossil species are known from the
1458:Selden, Paul A.; Ren, Dong (November 2017).
2008:
1599:http://www.uvm.edu/~lehiggin/LifeCycle.html
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
917:
813:
708:
2050:"Spider silk cape goes on show at V&A"
1727:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1589:
1587:
1056:
841:
318:noted for the impressive webs they weave.
122:
2073:
2071:
1973:
1678:
1530:
1457:
1420:Yuan, Tao; Zhang, Zhisheng (2020-12-04).
1419:
1335:
1701:
1561:
1365:
1283:
1150:
1080:
845:
2119:
2047:
1702:Phillips, Campbell (23 November 2011).
1604:
1584:
1277:
1192:
14:
2629:
2068:
1225:
932:species are frequently parasitized by
732:Whilst the geographic distribution of
2335:
2334:
2120:Leggett, Hadley (23 September 2009).
1460:"A review of Burmese amber arachnids"
1303:
1256:
1015:
2591:737187FF-FF9D-983E-B4FF-FC75FA95D9DA
2565:d52570da-df62-439e-960a-cf544309be71
1956:Fromhage, L.; Schneider, J. (2004).
1597:Life Cycle. Uvm.edu. Available at:
1438:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9628.2020.02.010
725:; the spiders usually end up in the
30:For the use in Aramaic culture, see
2315:Pictures of golden silk orb-weavers
2152:Rare Spider Silk on Exhibit at AMNH
2015:BĂĽcherl, W.; Buckley, E.E. (1971).
1284:Thompson, Helen (August 20, 2014).
1197:. American Arachnological Society.
905:
798:spiders leave it. This produces a "
24:
2147:American Museum of Natural History
1564:"Giant spider feast for moreport?"
1562:Sivignon, Cherie (19 March 2016).
1103:American Museum of Natural History
661:. With the prime candidates being
452:was considered to be a synonym of
25:
2663:
2642:Extant Jurassic first appearances
2280:
2048:Kennedy, Maev (24 January 2012).
1226:Serenc, Michael (19 April 2012).
2614:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01397
2300:
2286:
2035:"Spiders in the city are bigger"
1891:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00533.x
1366:Sankaran, Pradeep (2020-06-04).
1126:Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
950:may be a tactic for controlling
693:
678:
146:
54:
2250:
2229:
2204:
2175:
2163:from the original on 2021-12-21
2139:
2113:
2084:
2041:
2023:
1991:
1982:
1949:
1946:. 1st ed. Elsevier, pp.223-250.
1936:
1897:
1870:
1827:
1760:
1721:
1695:
1667:Journal of Experimental Biology
1654:
1555:
1498:
2019:. Academic Press. p. 562.
1451:
1413:
1359:
1250:
1219:
1186:
1076:
977:
761:used to construct these webs.
641:, Wunderlich 2015 synonymised
375:
13:
1:
1175:. Natural History Museum Bern
1143:
972:
423:species were reclassified as
2005:. The University of Vermont.
1263:The University Record Online
1003:juveniles is web structure:
347:
294:
7:
1999:"Summer: Growth by Molting"
740:
506:As of April 2024, the
437:) considered in 2020 to be
328:. They are commonly called
137:, Agumbe Rainforest, India
10:
2668:
1384:10.11646/zootaxa.4786.4.11
1107:Victoria and Albert Museum
1087:Victoria and Albert Museum
1069:, without the need to use
746:Web spinning and structure
414:
29:
2343:
962:also inhabit the webs of
560:Biswas & Biswas, 2006
455:Trichonephila antipodiana
293:
286:
279:
274:
261:
254:
143:Scientific classification
141:
130:
121:
45:
1628:Invertebrate Systematics
1265:. University of Michigan
1116:Another possible use of
1039:
1020:Once they are juvenile,
918:Predation and parasitism
897:is different than other
814:Prey capture and feeding
709:Distribution and habitat
621:– Indonesia, Fiji, Tonga
368:νήμα "thread") + φίλος (
364:) = to spin (related to
1511:Journal of Biogeography
1378:(4: 4 Jun. 2020): 594.
1128:reports that processed
1057:Interaction with humans
842:Mating and reproduction
633:was described from the
631:Geratonephila burmanica
604:Nephila tetragnathoides
582:Ghafoor & Beg, 2002
330:golden silk orb-weavers
1910:Journal of Arachnology
1734:Journal of Arachnology
1728:Blackledge, T (2011).
1464:Journal of Arachnology
1090:
1032:, the shedding of the
856:
855:female with many males
578:Nephila pakistaniensis
573:– Myanmar to Indonesia
496:Trichonephila plumipes
485:Trichonephila inaurata
474:Trichonephila clavipes
401:Freshwater, Queensland
46:Golden silk orb-weaver
18:Golden silk orb-weaver
2573:Paleobiology Database
2149:(24 September 2009).
2108:1900 Paris Exhibition
2031:Australian Geographic
1975:10.1093/beheco/ari011
1789:10.1007/s001140000194
1708:Australian Geographic
1328:10.1093/sysbio/syy082
1099:1900 Paris Exhibition
1084:
1067:Tephritid fruit flies
958:spiders of the genus
849:
32:Orion (constellation)
2652:Araneomorphae genera
2311:at Wikimedia Commons
1997:Higgins, L. (2017).
1593:Higgins, L. (2017).
1476:10.1636/JoA-S-17-029
1173:World Spider Catalog
966:as kleptoparasites.
508:World Spider Catalog
463:Trichonephila komaci
429:, with another two (
2647:Pantropical spiders
1848:1997Natur.385..687C
1781:2001NW.....88...42C
1769:Naturwissenschaften
1523:2020JBiog..47.1333T
1124:. A study from the
787:Nephila antipodiana
649:a species from the
610:– Fiji, Tonga, Niue
556:Nephila dirangensis
2264:on 3 December 2012
1962:Behavioral Ecology
1942:Smith, R. (1984).
1879:Journal of Zoology
1746:10.1636/chi10-52.1
1680:10.1242/jeb.156083
1316:Systematic Biology
1257:Gallagher, Terry.
1122:tissue engineering
1091:
1016:Molting and growth
874:Sexual cannibalism
857:
619:(Walckenaer, 1847)
608:(Walckenaer, 1841)
571:(Doleschall, 1859)
531:Nephila constricta
526:– Comoros, Mayotte
338:giant wood spiders
334:golden orb-weavers
2624:
2623:
2337:Taxon identifiers
2305:Media related to
2189:. 25 January 2012
2098:. 25 January 2012
1842:(6618): 687–688.
1673:(11): 1975–1983.
1532:10.1111/jbi.13838
779:The webs of most
620:
609:
594:
593:(Fabricius, 1793)
583:
572:
561:
550:
540:– Tropical Africa
539:
525:
300:
299:
269:(Fabricius, 1793)
250:
16:(Redirected from
2659:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2304:
2291:Data related to
2290:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:10.1636/b12-03.1
1901:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1856:10.1038/385687a0
1831:
1825:
1822:Nephila maculata
1818:
1809:
1808:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1602:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1517:(6): 1333–1344.
1502:
1496:
1495:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:on 21 April 2012
1234:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1161:
956:Spiny orb-weaver
906:Thermoregulation
800:manuscript paper
770:xanthurenic acid
697:
682:
657:are undoubtedly
647:Nephilia tenuis,
618:
607:
592:
581:
570:
559:
548:
534:
523:
520:Nephila comorana
501:Nephila plumipes
490:Nephila inaurata
479:Nephila clavipes
450:Nephila laurinae
419:In 2018, twelve
397:brown tree snake
356:is derived from
245:
151:
150:
131:Ventral side of
126:
116:
53:
52:Ypresian–present
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
27:Genus of spiders
21:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2339:
2320:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2033:(August 2014).
2028:
2024:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1902:
1898:
1875:
1871:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1812:
1765:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1640:10.1071/is05016
1616:
1605:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1503:
1499:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1232:The Cairns Post
1224:
1220:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1146:
1079:
1059:
1042:
1018:
980:
975:
940:kleptoparasitic
920:
908:
894:Nephila pilipes
884:Nephila pilipes
876:is uncommon in
844:
816:
748:
743:
711:
704:
698:
689:
683:
651:Dominican Amber
615:Nephila vitiana
589:Nephila pilipes
545:Nephila cornuta
439:junior synonyms
417:
378:
352:The genus name
350:
270:
267:
244:
145:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2365:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2312:
2298:
2297:at Wikispecies
2282:
2281:External links
2279:
2276:
2275:
2249:
2228:
2203:
2174:
2138:
2112:
2083:
2067:
2040:
2022:
2007:
1990:
1981:
1968:(2): 377–382.
1948:
1935:
1916:(3): 345–347.
1896:
1885:(4): 257–266.
1869:
1826:
1810:
1759:
1740:(2): 205–210.
1720:
1694:
1653:
1603:
1583:
1554:
1497:
1470:(3): 324–343.
1450:
1426:Acta Arachnida
1412:
1358:
1322:(4): 555–572.
1302:
1276:
1249:
1218:
1203:
1185:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1078:
1075:
1058:
1055:
1041:
1038:
1017:
1014:
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907:
904:
843:
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815:
812:
747:
744:
742:
739:
710:
707:
706:
705:
699:
692:
690:
684:
677:
643:Geratonephilia
623:
622:
611:
600:
585:
574:
563:
552:
549:(Pallas, 1772)
541:
527:
504:
503:
492:
481:
470:
468:Nephila komaci
459:
416:
413:
377:
374:
349:
346:
342:banana spiders
298:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:Aranea pilipes
259:
258:
252:
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237:
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227:
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222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
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202:
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55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2664:
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2648:
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2640:
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2632:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
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2587:
2583:
2579:
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2570:
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2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
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2403:
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2299:
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2284:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2188:
2187:economist.com
2184:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2127:
2126:Wired Science
2123:
2116:
2109:
2097:
2096:economist.com
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1572:. p. A18
1571:
1570:
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1550:
1546:
1542:
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1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
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1461:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:9780977143900
1200:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:silk lies in
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
987:
984:
970:
967:
965:
961:
960:Gasteracantha
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
931:
927:
925:
922:Predation of
915:
912:
903:
900:
896:
895:
888:
886:
885:
879:
875:
869:
866:
861:
854:
853:
848:
839:
836:
831:
827:
824:
822:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
791:
789:
788:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
738:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
702:
696:
691:
687:
681:
676:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Burmese amber
636:
632:
628:
617:
616:
612:
606:
605:
601:
598:
591:
590:
586:
580:
579:
575:
569:
568:
567:Nephila kuhli
564:
558:
557:
553:
547:
546:
542:
537:
533:
532:
528:
522:
521:
517:
516:
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513:
509:
502:
498:
497:
493:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
476:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
426:Trichonephila
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
386:
385:cephalothorax
382:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Ancient Greek
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
325:Trichonephila
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
273:
266:
265:
260:
257:
253:
248:
243:
242:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:Araneomorphae
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
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168:
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161:
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155:
154:
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144:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2344:
2307:
2293:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2239:. 2010-07-19
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2218:. 2021-09-06
2216:the Guardian
2215:
2206:
2198:
2191:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2151:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2107:
2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2078:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:The Guardian
2053:
2043:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1938:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1775:(1): 42–45.
1772:
1768:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1594:
1574:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1429:
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1375:
1371:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1319:
1315:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1231:
1221:
1194:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1169:Leach, 1815"
1166:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1117:
1115:
1094:
1092:
1071:insecticides
1061:
1060:
1045:
1043:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
982:
981:
968:
963:
959:
951:
947:
943:
933:
929:
928:
923:
921:
910:
909:
898:
892:
889:
882:
877:
870:
865:mating plugs
859:
858:
850:
834:
829:
828:
825:
820:
817:
808:
804:
795:
792:
785:
780:
778:
763:
754:
750:
749:
733:
731:
727:North Island
712:
703:ventral side
700:
685:
654:
646:
642:
630:
624:
613:
602:
587:
576:
565:
554:
543:
529:
524:Strand, 1916
518:
511:
505:
500:
494:
489:
483:
478:
472:
467:
461:
453:
449:
442:
434:
430:
424:
420:
418:
393:
380:
379:
372:) = "love".
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
319:
303:
302:
301:
280:
262:
256:Type species
240:
239:
216:Infraorder:
132:
40:
2498:iNaturalist
2369:Wikispecies
2157:YouTube.com
1290:Smithsonian
1077:Golden silk
1034:exoskeleton
978:Spiderlings
766:Carotenoids
759:spider silk
717:), and the
688:dorsal side
671:Australasia
376:Description
313:araneomorph
190:Chelicerata
186:Subphylum:
2637:Nephilidae
2631:Categories
2243:2011-02-23
2222:2021-09-21
1634:(5): 407.
1443:23 October
1432:(2): 120.
1405:23 October
1351:23 October
1295:August 21,
1179:2017-05-13
1144:References
1051:chelicerae
973:Life cycle
852:N. pilipes
723:Tasman Sea
715:Madagascar
667:Indomalaya
659:Gondowanan
635:Cenomanian
629:. In 2012
584:– Pakistan
443:N. pilipes
435:N. robusta
389:Araneoidea
295:11 species
230:Nephilidae
180:Arthropoda
134:N. pilipes
2268:17 August
2193:18 August
2167:17 August
2131:17 August
2102:18 August
2060:17 August
1713:16 August
1648:1445-5226
1569:The Press
1549:218778879
1541:0305-0270
1484:0161-8202
1400:219923219
1269:17 August
1242:17 August
1213:502287303
952:Argyrodes
935:Argyrodes
701:N. kuhlii
686:N. kuhlii
431:N. kuhlii
409:parasites
405:predators
348:Etymology
288:Diversity
281:See text
200:Arachnida
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
2433:BugGuide
2409:BioLib:
2354:Wikidata
2161:Archived
2056:. London
1930:30430184
1805:21994595
1797:11261355
1754:54578394
1689:28566355
1576:19 March
1492:90983791
1392:33056468
1346:30517732
1089:, London
1005:Leucauge
997:Leucauge
992:Leucauge
774:quinones
741:Behavior
719:Americas
627:Cenozoic
551:– Guyana
275:Species
226:Family:
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
36:Nephilim
2601:4257013
2516:1352305
2490:2149462
2402:Nephila
2389:Nephila
2375:Nephila
2360:Q261092
2345:Nephila
2326:YouTube
2308:Nephila
2294:Nephila
2003:uvm.edu
1864:4308746
1844:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1622:Nephila
1595:Nephila
1519:Bibcode
1372:Zootaxa
1337:6568015
1167:Nephila
1138:Nephila
1130:Nephila
1118:Nephila
1095:Nephila
1062:Nephila
1046:Nephila
1030:Ecdysis
1022:Nephila
1009:Nephila
1001:Nephila
983:Nephila
964:Nephila
948:Nephila
944:Nephila
930:Nephila
924:Nephila
911:Nephila
899:Nephila
878:Nephila
860:Nephila
835:Nephila
830:Nephila
821:Nephila
796:Nephila
781:Nephila
755:Nephila
751:Nephila
734:Nephila
655:Nephila
562:– India
512:Nephila
421:Nephila
415:Species
381:Nephila
354:Nephila
320:Nephila
316:spiders
304:Nephila
241:Nephila
236:Genus:
210:Araneae
206:Order:
196:Class:
2598:uBio:
2578:133879
2562:NZOR:
2542:848915
2477:1NEPLG
2412:323720
2081:. p.14
2079:Urania
1928:
1862:
1836:Nature
1803:
1795:
1752:
1687:
1646:
1547:
1539:
1490:
1482:
1398:
1390:
1344:
1334:
1211:
1201:
1165:"Gen.
1026:instar
772:, two
669:, and
663:Africa
538:, 1879
536:Karsch
370:philos
249:, 1815
2586:Plazi
2529:36203
2511:IRMNG
2503:49758
2464:89187
2451:63FFB
1926:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1801:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1111:lamba
1040:Venom
645:with
637:aged
340:, or
309:genus
307:is a
247:Leach
2555:6914
2550:NCBI
2537:ITIS
2485:GBIF
2472:EPPO
2438:1981
2425:4094
2420:BOLD
2270:2012
2195:2012
2169:2012
2133:2012
2104:2012
2062:2012
1793:PMID
1715:2012
1685:PMID
1644:ISSN
1578:2016
1537:ISSN
1480:ISSN
1445:2021
1407:2021
1388:PMID
1376:4786
1353:2021
1342:PMID
1297:2014
1271:2012
1244:2012
1209:OCLC
1199:ISBN
999:and
597:type
433:and
407:and
366:nema
362:nein
57:Preęž’
2609:WSC
2524:ISC
2459:EoL
2446:CoL
2397:AFD
2384:ADW
2324:on
1970:doi
1918:doi
1887:doi
1883:277
1852:doi
1840:385
1785:doi
1742:doi
1675:doi
1671:220
1636:doi
1527:doi
1472:doi
1434:doi
1380:doi
1332:PMC
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