195:
1864:这是乾隆皇帝为防止包括西藏在内的蒙藏上层贵族利用活佛转世之机夺取宗教权力和防止大喇嘛与蒙藏世俗势力结合而采取的一项重要措施 This was an important measure taken by Emperor Qianlong to prevent the Mongol and Tibetan nobles, including Tibet, from taking advantage of the reincarnation of the living Buddha to seize religious power and to prevent the great lama from combining with Mongolian and Tibetan secular forces.
2055:
In the third year of
Guangxu (1877), the eighth Panchen Lama Danbai Wangxiu and the regent Delin Hutuktu, all monks and lay officials from the Three Great Temples and Tashilhunpo Monastery jointly asked the Minister in Tibet to transfer to the court. Since only one soul boy has been selected, and it
1606:
Method of appointment on 14 May 1995 differed from that authorized by
Central Government; Tibetan government-in-exile claims its method involves using possessions of the former Lama to identify his reincarnation, as the new child incarnate will reportedly recognize his past items amid miscellaneous
1335:, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite Central Government officials to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be searched for from current lama families.
2056:
has been recognized by all parties, please be exempt from signing the golden bottle. In March of that year, Emperor
Guangxu issued a decree: "Lob Zangtab, son of Gongga Rinqin, opened Jiamucuo, that is, as the call of the Dalai Lama, Bielehan, there is no need to make a lottery."
2294:...When we made our selection we left nothing to chance. In the silk pouches of the ivory pieces we put a bit of cotton at the bottom of one of them, so it would be a little higher than the others and the right candidate would be chosen.
1142:. The Golden Urn was ostensibly introduced to prevent cheating and corruption in the process but it also positioned the Qianlong Emperor as a religious authority capable of adducing incarnation candidates. A number of lamas, such as the
1641:, which removed Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as Panchen Lama and instead held a ceremony later that year in which Gyaincain Norbu was appointed the 11th Panchen Lama. The legitimacy of this appointment has been disputed by a number of sources.
1282:
On 12 August 1927, the
Central Government mandated that before the publication of new laws, all laws regarding Tibetan Buddhism should continue unless they conflicted with new doctrine or new laws of the Central Government.
1297:). Article 2 states that reincarnated lamas are limited to those who were reincarnated previously, unless approved by the Central Government. Article 5 states that all monasteries, temples, and lamas must register with the
2082:"Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots"
1820:
3023:
4429:
2343:第四世、第五世、第六世、第七世章嘉呼图克图转世灵童都是通过雍和宫的金瓶掣签产生的 The reincarnation of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Zhangjiahutuktu reincarnations were all produced by drawing lots from the Golden Urn in Lama Temple
1301:. Article 7 states that the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission shall draft the methods of lamas' reincarnation, appointment, rewards and punishments, registration, etc., and submit them to the
1258:. The names and dates of birth of each candidate were to be written in the Manchu, Han, and Tibetan languages on metal or ivory slips and placed in the urn. After prayers before the statue of the
1217:), also published in 1792, he explained the history of lamas and the reincarnation system, argued that the reincarnation system is man-made, and created rules to eliminate the system's drawbacks.
1286:
In August 1929, the
Supreme Court of the Central Government ruled that before the publication of new laws, preexisting laws about Tibet and the reincarnation of rinpoches or lamas applied.
2111:"Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement"
3087:
1377:). Article 7 states that no group or individual may carry out activities related to searching for and identifying the reincarnated soul boy of the Living Buddha without authorization.
1512:
requested the
Central Government to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama. The request was approved by the Central Government.
2362:
Tibet, self, and the
Tibetan diaspora: voices of difference ; PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies
1228:
to control the selection process to prevent Mongol and
Tibetan nobles from taking advantage of it to seize religious power and to prevent lamas from combining with secular forces.
3643:
4394:
4389:
1785:
1221:
1190:
1135:
5044:
2921:
4419:
3682:
1828:
4204:
1760:
1763:, Lozang Penden Tenpé Drönmé escaped to Taiwan. It has been reported that before his death in 1957 he had signed a pledge that he would not reincarnate until the
1623:
Lot-drawing ceremony was held on 29 November 1995, and
Gyaincain Norbu was approved by the Central Government on 8 December 1995 to become the 11th Panchen Lama.
3016:
3687:
3523:
2110:
2081:
1767:
retook the mainland. However, the Dalai Lama recognised the current incarnation, Tendzin Dönyö Yéshé Gyatso, on 11 August 1998. He was born in 1980 in
1097:
4744:
4650:
3362:
2322:
We had to prostrate to the so-called
Panchen Lama...we had neither the respect for nor faith in this chosen child... I felt soiled by this gesture.
3102:
4361:
3507:
3478:
3097:
2553:
1380:
Article 8 states that a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn is applicable to rinpoches or lamas reincarnated previously in history. The
2360:
Kevin Garratt, "Biography by installment: Tibetan language reportage on the lives of reincarnate lamas", 1995-99; in P. Christiaan Klieger,
4749:
3179:
1362:). Article 36 states that the reincarnation system must follow religious rituals and historical customs and be approved by the government.
2051:光绪三年（一八七七年），由八世班禅丹白旺秀和摄政王公德林呼图克图、三大寺和扎什伦布寺的全体僧俗官员，联名要求驻藏大臣转奏朝廷，以只选定了一名灵童，且经各方公认，请免予金瓶制签。当年三月，光绪帝谕旨:"贡噶仁钦之子罗布藏塔布开甲木措，即作为达赖喇嘛之呼毕勒罕，毋庸制签，钦此。"
2718:
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1366:
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3167:
3152:
4326:
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1332:
1328:
1298:
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567:
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2425:
2315:
2287:
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2025:
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3391:
3142:
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1384:
handles requests for exemption, and the State Council handles requests for exemptions that would have significant impact.
4199:
2964:
2794:
1915:
470:
4304:
4259:
3607:
2976:
2849:
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1069:
4331:
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3612:
2969:
2546:
2494:
1775:, in India. Neither he nor two other claimants to be the current Changkya are recognised by either Taipei or Beijing.
1143:
1083:
3707:
1193:, was designed to be used in selecting rinpoches, lamas, and other high offices in Tibetan Buddhism, including the
390:
4384:
2183:
5121:
5002:
4836:
4284:
4244:
3977:
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1007:
221:
1771:, was ordained at an early age and came to India as a refugee in 1998. He is now residing in the re-established
4679:
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36:
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3157:
3147:
3132:
3127:
2959:
2909:
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2829:
2663:
1638:
1327:
Article 3 states that the death of lamas including the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama should be reported to
50:
4739:
2118:
2089:
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4699:
4541:
4351:
4180:
3601:
3379:
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4254:
4000:
3518:
3501:
3011:
2986:
2949:
2859:
2819:
2571:
1730:
1045:
685:
2170:"United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: Gedhun Choekyi Nyima – The Panchen Lama."
5156:
4782:
4711:
4704:
4662:
4444:
4229:
3957:
3901:
3347:
5161:
4787:
4721:
4574:
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4449:
4439:
4239:
4062:
4015:
3911:
3630:
3559:
3352:
2884:
2809:
2678:
2596:
2172:
https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/current-rpocs/gedhun-choekyi-nyima-panchen-lama
1186:
176:
2139:
1984:
512:
4911:
4424:
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4100:
4072:
3832:
3652:
3386:
3357:
3107:
2340:
643:
584:
495:
216:
5078:
4637:
4490:
4485:
4005:
3428:
2894:
2879:
2713:
2611:
403:
372:
1316:), the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission published the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas (
4409:
4368:
3809:
3697:
3578:
3403:
2621:
1880:
1244:
1235:
in Lhasa and is to be used for choosing Dalai and Panchen Lama reincarnations; the other is in
965:
923:
804:
631:
540:
2465:
1861:
1590:
Exemption of using lot-drawing process was approved on 3 June 1949 by the Central Government.
5072:
4928:
4923:
4900:
4667:
4346:
4319:
4279:
4234:
4187:
4167:
4110:
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3742:
3702:
3369:
3331:
3219:
3199:
3117:
2916:
2899:
2764:
2733:
2668:
2359:
2226:
2015:
1964:
1941:
1790:
1206:
1202:
731:
277:
259:
149:
2201:
1289:
In 1935, the Central Government of China published the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management (
4672:
4404:
4309:
4082:
3814:
3781:
3747:
3692:
3572:
3554:
3264:
3194:
3001:
2784:
1630:
1598:
1050:
483:
438:
8:
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4716:
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4356:
4125:
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3717:
3657:
3589:
3269:
3122:
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2683:
2591:
1267:
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626:
204:
5059:
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3284:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3028:
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1646:
1160:, were confirmed using the Golden Urn. In cases where the Golden Urn was not used, the
1017:
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2471:
2450:
2421:
2311:
2283:
2258:
2117:. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from
2088:. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from
2021:
1795:
1772:
1764:
1582:
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110:
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4314:
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3050:
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2708:
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1370:
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1131:
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928:
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760:
719:
709:
194:
184:
128:
81:
2506:
Forging the Golden Urn: The Qing Empire and the Politics of Reincarnation in Tibet
272:
246:
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5019:
4916:
4555:
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4150:
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1448:
1432:
1271:
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1154:
972:
797:
787:
782:
465:
460:
362:
282:
2161:《历代班禅与雍和宫》黄崇文著, "1949年6月3日聪明睿智、灵异显著的贡布慈丹经国民政府批准,并由代总统李宗仁颁布命令,成为第十世班禅额尔德尼,免于金瓶掣签"
1456:
Request to proceed with the lot-drawing ceremony was approved in December 1840.
1270:, used the Golden Urn for the first time in 1822 to choose the 10th Dalai Lama,
1250:
The specific ritual to be followed when using the Golden Urn was written by the
5130:
5085:
5065:
4991:
4933:
4049:
3794:
3667:
3433:
3396:
2844:
2834:
2774:
1416:
1308:
In 1936, based on articles 2 and 7 of the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management (
1302:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1123:
977:
946:
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898:
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292:
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4507:
3906:
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3443:
3259:
2650:
2308:
Surviving the Dragon: A Tibetan Lama's Account of 40 Years Under Chinese Rule
2280:
Surviving the Dragon: A Tibetan Lama's Account of 40 Years Under Chinese Rule
1354:
In 2004, the Central Government published the Religious Affairs Regulations (
1259:
1236:
876:
775:
607:
450:
421:
385:
367:
347:
1164:
was consulted. Lhamo Dhondup was exempted from the Golden Urn to become the
4997:
4953:
4943:
4895:
4890:
4873:
4521:
4192:
3926:
3623:
3565:
3254:
3236:
3092:
2562:
2515:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations
1752:
Designated by the Dalai Lama, not approved by Central Government of China.
1198:
1150:
1115:
1012:
997:
837:
357:
88:
513:
4978:
4973:
3862:
3583:
3304:
3299:
2222:
990:
528:
330:
4731:
5090:
4878:
4175:
4039:
3530:
3324:
3294:
3137:
1927:
1492:
from using lot-drawing process was approved by the Central Government.
1194:
1157:
1027:
832:
672:
660:
650:
614:
352:
4600:
2531:
4846:
4560:
4395:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
4390:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
4140:
3319:
3309:
2467:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
1946:[(Abolished) The Regulations on Management of Lama Temples].
1022:
655:
638:
408:
2356:
Lcang skya rin po che'i sku phreng rim byon gyi ngo sprod rags bsdus
1639:
appointment was disputed by the Chinese Communist central government
866:
4516:
4095:
3804:
3549:
3496:
3438:
3314:
3289:
1768:
918:
854:
579:
335:
297:
226:
4420:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
310:
4984:
4938:
4853:
4145:
3942:
3789:
2420:. Introducing World Religions. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 249.
1263:
1240:
1231:
The Qianlong Emperor issued two Golden Urns. One is enshrined in
1002:
958:
953:
849:
748:
714:
502:
426:
211:
2341:
http://www.tibet.cn/cn/rediscovery/202007/t20200720_6821558.html
4863:
4512:
4155:
903:
667:
602:
325:
320:
315:
236:
16:
Method to ensure the fair selection of Tibetan Buddhist leaders
2487:
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
1786:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
1222:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
1191:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
1136:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
154:
5049:
4868:
4858:
3973:
3513:
3072:
1424:
Exemption from using Golden Urn was approved by the Emperor.
1225:
1161:
1126:
by drawing lots or tally sticks from a golden urn. After the
1119:
913:
871:
861:
814:
241:
231:
4595:
4590:
4090:
3683:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3172:
1862:
http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/2018-05/04/content_41720529.htm
1139:
844:
2399:(20th Changkya as recognised by Dalai Lama visits Japan),
4826:
2062:
1440:
Lot-drawing result was reported and approved by emperor.
1266:
temple in Lhasa, a slip was drawn. The 7th Panchen Lama,
1971:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China
1948:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China
1331:, soul boys should be found, reported to and checked by
4445:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
4430:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
2255:
Holder of the White Lotus: The Lives of the Dalai Lama
107:
93:
1895:
3688:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1969:[(Abolished) The method of reincarnation].
1843:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1472:Lot-drawing ceremony was approved by the Emperor
1181:The Golden Urn originated in a 1792 decree by the
5143:
1808:
1550:Lot-drawing result was reported and approved by
1518:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1645:
1637:as the 11th Panchen Lama on May 14, 1995; this
3088:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2305:
2277:
1392:
1365:In 2007, the Central Government published the
4362:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
3958:
3508:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3479:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2547:
1924:Regulations on the Management of Lama Temples
1664:Approval process from the Central Government
1534:Approval process from the Central Government
1408:Approval process from the Central Government
1349:
1091:
55:
41:
2013:
2002:
2358:// Bod kyi dus bab, 20 October 1998:3. See
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2227:"China Asserts Role in Choosing Dalai Lama"
3965:
3951:
2554:
2540:
2017:The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation
1382:State Administration for Religious Affairs
1367:State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5
1138:, which included regulations on selecting
1098:
1084:
3168:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2484:
2463:
2152:《名僧录》经过光绪帝批准,定于 1888 年正月十四日举行九世班禅灵童金瓶掣签仪式
2068:
1738:Approved by Central Government of China.
1722:Approved by Central Government of China.
1708:Approved by Central Government of China.
1680:Approved by Central Government of China.
3017:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
2503:
2327:
1761:People's Republic of China annexed Tibet
1333:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
1329:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
1299:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
1187:Second Invasion of the Sino-Nepalese War
3624:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2561:
2310:. New York: Rodale Books. p. 207.
2282:. New York: Rodale Books. p. 207.
5144:
4119:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2508:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2444:
2412:
2392:
2390:
2257:. London: Little, Brown. p. 165.
2252:
1959:
1957:
1901:
1338:The Method of Reincarnation of Lamas (
1243:for choosing Mongolian Lama, known as
109:
4200:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
3946:
3922:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3163:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2535:
2512:
2464:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (18 June 1991).
2351:
2349:
1926:] (in Chinese). 1935 – via
1914:
1849:
4327:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
3143:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2221:
2103:
1873:
1827:. September 24, 2011. Archived from
1570:Lot-drawing process was approved by
1277:
3891:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2387:
2115:The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas
2086:The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas
1954:
13:
4305:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4260:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3972:
3608:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2977:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2970:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2850:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2674:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2489:. University of California Press.
2470:. University of California Press.
2406:
2346:
568:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
14:
5173:
4342:Protests and uprisings since 1950
4332:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
3897:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3738:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3613:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2765:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1189:. Article One of the decree, the
67:Drawing Lots from the Golden Vase
4450:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
4440:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
3708:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3024:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2780:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2040:Biography of the 12th Dalai Lama
1205:. In Qianlong Emperor's article
1185:, after the Qing victory in the
193:
4425:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2755:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2641:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2369:
2299:
2271:
2246:
2215:
2190:
2176:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2132:
2074:
2043:
2034:
1876:"Murder in Tibet's High Places"
1508:On 26 January 1940, the Regent
1488:In 1877, request to exempt the
1176:
4680:Patron and priest relationship
4646:Central Tibetan Administration
4455:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
3409:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2699:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1977:
1934:
1907:
1867:
1855:
1122:in 1793 for selecting Tibetan
1114:is a method introduced by the
155:
108:
94:
56:
42:
1:
5152:Tibetan Buddhism and politics
5045:Historical and cultural sites
4410:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
3843:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3618:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3474:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3158:Provincial military commander
3148:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3133:Imperial Household Department
2960:Preparative Constitutionalism
2664:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2513:Smith, Warren W. Jr. (1997).
2485:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997).
2438:
1874:Dash, Mike (April 10, 2012).
1519:Panchen Lamas born after 1792
4385:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
3602:Researches on Manchu Origins
3007:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2617:Transition from Ming to Qing
2607:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2418:Introducing Tibetan Buddhism
1224:allows the Qing emperors of
7:
4405:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
4295:British expedition to Tibet
4285:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
4255:Battle of the Salween River
3502:Changzhou School of Thought
3012:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2987:Railway Protection Movement
2965:1909 Parliamentary election
2950:British expedition to Tibet
2860:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2820:Self-Strengthening Movement
2795:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1779:
1746:Tendzin Dönyö Yéshé Gyatso
1684:
1668:
1558:
1538:
1412:
1393:Dalai Lamas born after 1792
514:
10:
5178:
4778:Postage and postal history
4230:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
3902:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2790:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2729:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2719:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2689:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2253:Norman, Alexander (2008).
1731:Lozang Penden Tenpé Drönmé
1702:Changkya Yéshé Tenpé Nyima
1350:People's Republic of China
1171:
5108:
4964:
4807:
4800:
4773:
4764:
4730:
4633:
4624:
4583:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4377:
4240:Mongol invasions of Tibet
4220:
4024:
3993:
3984:
3912:Names of the Qing dynasty
3855:
3823:
3780:
3773:
3642:
3560:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3487:
3419:
3340:
3245:
3041:
2932:
2890:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2885:Gongche Shangshu movement
2830:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2742:
2679:Chinese Rites controversy
2649:
2579:
2570:
2140:"金瓶掣签制度在清朝的实行_宗教_手机中国西藏网"
2020:. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 80–.
1374:
1359:
1346:) was abolished in 2004.
1343:
1321:
1313:
1294:
1214:
166:
148:
143:
139:
133:
127:
122:
101:
87:
80:
75:
71:
63:
49:
35:
30:
26:
21:
4638:Tibet Autonomous Region
4400:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
4352:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
3833:Great Qing Treasure Note
3653:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3363:Administrative divisions
3180:Administrative divisions
3108:Flag of the Qing dynasty
2050:
1965:
1942:
1801:
1387:
597:Practices and attainment
585:Pointing-out instruction
496:Three marks of existence
37:Traditional Chinese
4745:TAR People's Government
4705:Serfs' Emancipation Day
4245:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
3429:Chengde Mountain Resort
3230:Three Eastern Provinces
2880:First Sino-Japanese War
2855:Northern Chinese Famine
2714:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2612:Qing invasion of Joseon
2306:Arjia Rinpoche (2010).
2278:Arjia Rinpoche (2010).
1716:Lozang Tendzin Gyeltsen
1694:Golden Urn use unknown
51:Simplified Chinese
4415:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
4369:Special Frontier Force
3810:Great Qing Copper Coin
3698:Convention of Tientsin
3631:Annotated Bibliography
3579:Qing official headwear
2622:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2504:Oidtmann, Max (2018).
2445:Foster, Simon (2008).
1985:"宗教事务条例 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
1245:Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
966:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4788:Qinghai–Tibet railway
4783:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
4750:TAR People's Congress
4722:India–Tibet relations
4695:Independence movement
4347:1959 Tibetan uprising
4235:Battle of Dafei River
4083:Era of Fragmentation
3884:Draft History of Qing
3743:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3524:performance criticism
3128:Imperial Commissioner
3118:Great Qing Legal Code
2917:Eight-Nation Alliance
2900:Third plague pandemic
2810:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2734:White Lotus Rebellion
2447:Adventure Guide China
2381:July 8, 2010, at the
2014:ChenQingying (2005).
1791:The Discourse of Lama
1633:was appointed by the
1207:The Discourse of Lama
541:Dependent origination
5096:Traditional medicine
4310:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4131:Relations with Ming
4101:Relations with Song
4073:Relations with Tang
4011:European exploration
3815:Great Qing Gold Coin
3748:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3693:Convention of Peking
3573:Pentaglot Dictionary
3555:Literary inquisition
3265:Ever Victorious Army
3098:Deliberative Council
3002:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2955:1905 Batang uprising
2895:Hundred Days' Reform
2785:Small Swords Society
2364:(Leiden 2000). P. 89
1973:. February 20, 1993.
1688:Yéshé Tenpé Gyeltsen
1631:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
1599:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
1574:on 14 January 1888.
1040:History and overview
439:Samding Dorje Phagmo
304:Second dissemination
4740:Regional Government
4717:CIA Tibetan program
4700:Serfdom controversy
4584:Traditional regions
4435:Simla Accord (1914)
4357:2008 Tibetan unrest
4181:List of Qing ambans
4126:Phagmodrupa dynasty
3868:Anti-Qing sentiment
3718:Treaty of the Bogue
3658:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3590:Complete Tang Poems
3270:Green Standard Army
3153:Provincial governor
3123:Imperial Clan Court
3103:Diplomatic missions
3078:Consultative Bureau
2825:Tongzhi Restoration
2704:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2684:Ten Great Campaigns
2592:Jurchen unification
2397:达赖喇嘛确立的第20世章嘉活佛访问日本
1563:Thupten ChokyiNyima
1268:Palden Tenpai Nyima
827:Institutional roles
266:First dissemination
5054:(ceremonial scarf)
5025:Dzong architecture
4842:Imperial Preceptor
4712:Sovereignty debate
4658:Etymology of Tibet
4270:Lhasa riot of 1750
4265:Jinchuan campaigns
4250:Battle of Dartsedo
4168:Qing dynasty rule
4111:Yuan dynasty rule
4085:(9th–13th century)
3753:Treaty of Tientsin
3464:Western Qing tombs
3459:Eastern Qing tombs
3285:Peking Field Force
3029:Manchu Restoration
2922:Declaration of war
2875:Jindandao incident
2694:Lhasa riot of 1750
2517:. Westview Press.
2232:The New York Times
1247:, reincarnations.
1018:Tree of physiology
558:Four Tenets system
5157:Politics of Tibet
5139:
5138:
5104:
5103:
4796:
4795:
4760:
4759:
4663:Foreign relations
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4464:
4463:
4320:Qinghai–Tibet War
4290:Sikkim expedition
4280:Dogra–Tibetan War
4275:Sino-Nepalese War
4210:political leaders
4188:Post-Qing to 1950
4141:Rinpungpa dynasty
4052:(7th–9th century)
3940:
3939:
3851:
3850:
3763:Treaty of Whampoa
3758:Treaty of Wanghia
3733:Treaty of Nanking
3703:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3678:Chefoo Convention
3673:Burlingame Treaty
3544:Kangxi Dictionary
3449:Old Summer Palace
3280:Firearm Battalion
3083:Cup of Solid Gold
3037:
3036:
2982:Manchurian plague
2945:Late Qing reforms
2936:(1901–1912)
2870:Sikkim expedition
2800:Panthay Rebellion
2770:Taiping Rebellion
2746:(1801–1900)
2724:Sino-Nepalese War
2669:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2655:(1683–1799)
2583:(1616–1683)
2524:978-0-8133-3280-2
2477:978-0-520-91176-5
2456:978-1-58843-641-2
2427:978-0-415-45664-7
2317:978-1-60529-754-5
2289:978-1-60529-754-5
2264:978-0-316-85988-2
2027:978-7-5085-0745-3
1989:zh.wikisource.org
1796:Sino-Nepalese War
1773:Drepung Monastery
1765:Republic of China
1756:
1755:
1627:
1626:
1554:in October 1860.
1516:
1515:
1278:Republic of China
1128:Sino-Nepalese War
1108:
1107:
1070:Index of articles
686:Major monasteries
644:Tantra techniques
563:Rangtong-Shentong
471:10th Panchen Lama
260:Key personalities
170:
169:
162:
161:
156:gser bum skrug pa
118:
117:
82:Standard Mandarin
5169:
5162:Qianlong Emperor
5124:
5117:
5055:
4832:Tibetan Buddhism
4805:
4804:
4771:
4770:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4337:Battle of Chamdo
4315:Sino-Tibetan War
4171:
4134:
4114:
4104:
4086:
4076:
4063:List of emperors
4053:
4035:
4016:Historical money
3991:
3990:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3917:New Qing History
3800:Qianlong Tongbao
3778:
3777:
3723:Treaty of Canton
3663:Unequal treaties
3469:Fuling Mausoleum
3068:Advisory Council
2997:Wuchang Uprising
2937:
2840:Tianjin Massacre
2805:Second Opium War
2747:
2709:Sino-Burmese War
2656:
2634:Battle of Penghu
2602:Seven Grievances
2584:
2577:
2576:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2509:
2500:
2481:
2460:
2432:
2431:
2414:Samuel, Geoffrey
2410:
2404:
2394:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2198:"People's Daily"
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1950:. June 11, 1992.
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1817:
1661:Golden Urn Used?
1653:
1652:
1583:Choekyi Gyaltsen
1552:Xianfeng Emperor
1531:Golden Urn Used?
1523:
1522:
1405:Golden Urn Used?
1397:
1396:
1376:
1361:
1345:
1323:
1315:
1296:
1216:
1183:Qianlong Emperor
1134:promulgated the
1132:Qianlong Emperor
1100:
1093:
1086:
1023:Festival thangka
517:
490:General Buddhist
197:
187:
186:Tibetan Buddhism
172:
171:
158:
157:
141:
140:
135:
134:གསེར་བུམ་སྐྲུག་པ
114:
113:
112:
97:
96:
73:
72:
59:
58:
45:
44:
19:
18:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5100:
5053:
4960:
4792:
4756:
4726:
4639:
4612:
4579:
4556:Tibetan Plateau
4551:Rongbuk Glacier
4537:Yarlung Tsangpo
4460:
4373:
4300:Batang uprising
4222:
4216:
4169:
4163:Khoshut Khanate
4151:Ganden Phodrang
4146:Tsangpa dynasty
4132:
4112:
4102:
4084:
4074:
4051:
4045:Yarlung dynasty
4033:
4020:
3980:
3971:
3941:
3936:
3932:Willow Palisade
3878:Chuang Guandong
3847:
3819:
3769:
3728:Treaty of Kulja
3713:Treaty of Aigun
3646:
3638:
3537:History of Ming
3489:
3483:
3421:
3415:
3341:Special regions
3336:
3275:Imperial Guards
3241:
3033:
2992:1911 Revolution
2938:
2935:
2928:
2905:Boxer Rebellion
2865:Sino-French War
2815:Amur Annexation
2760:First Opium War
2748:
2745:
2738:
2657:
2654:
2645:
2629:Great Clearance
2585:
2582:
2566:
2560:
2525:
2497:
2478:
2457:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2411:
2407:
2401:Radio Free Asia
2395:
2388:
2383:Wayback Machine
2374:
2370:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2328:
2318:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2225:(1 July 2010).
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:. 2 March 2023.
2184:"Reincarnation"
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2071:, p. 328–.
2067:
2063:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1831:on May 14, 2015
1825:14th Dalai Lama
1821:"Reincarnation"
1819:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1782:
1651:
1649:born after 1642
1635:14th Dalai Lama
1616:Gyaincain Norbu
1572:Guangxu Emperor
1543:Tenpai Wangchuk
1521:
1510:Reting Rinpoche
1490:13th Dalai Lama
1449:Khendrup Gyatso
1433:Tsultrim Gyatso
1395:
1390:
1352:
1280:
1272:Tsultrim Gyatso
1203:Mongolian lamas
1179:
1174:
1166:14th Dalai Lama
1104:
1075:
1074:
1041:
1033:
1032:
993:
983:
982:
973:Mahayana sutras
949:
939:
938:
894:
884:
883:
828:
820:
819:
688:
678:
677:
598:
590:
589:
486:
476:
475:
466:14th Dalai Lama
461:13th Dalai Lama
445:
434:
416:
398:
380:
363:Patrul Rinpoche
305:
267:
262:
252:
251:
207:
185:
95:Jīnpíng Chèqiān
64:Literal meaning
17:
12:
11:
5:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5003:wall paintings
5000:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4934:Tibetan people
4931:
4929:Social classes
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4566:Nature Reserve
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:PRC annexation
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:List of rulers
4003:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Kangxi Tongbao
3792:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Boxer Protocol
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Forbidden City
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:General of Ili
3394:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:List of ambans
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Margary Affair
2842:
2837:
2835:Mudan incident
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Nian Rebellion
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2405:
2386:
2368:
2345:
2326:
2316:
2298:
2288:
2270:
2263:
2245:
2214:
2189:
2175:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2131:
2102:
2073:
2069:Goldstein 1991
2061:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1953:
1933:
1906:
1904:, p. 171.
1894:
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 135.
1842:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1754:
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1750:
1747:
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1733:
1728:
1724:
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1714:
1710:
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1703:
1700:
1696:
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1659:
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1650:
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1624:
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1618:
1613:
1609:
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1601:
1596:
1592:
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1576:
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1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1481:Thubten Gyatso
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:Trinley Gyatso
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:Lungtok Gyatso
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1351:
1348:
1305:for approval.
1303:Executive Yuan
1279:
1276:
1256:Jamphel Gyatso
1252:8th Dalai Lama
1233:Jokhang Temple
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1124:reincarnations
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Wall paintings
1005:
1000:
994:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
978:Nyingma Gyubum
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
956:
950:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Galdan Namchot
906:
901:
899:Chotrul Duchen
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
869:
864:
858:
857:
852:
847:
841:
840:
835:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
807:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
756:
751:
746:
740:
739:
734:
729:
723:
722:
717:
712:
706:
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
664:
663:
658:
653:
647:
646:
641:
635:
634:
629:
623:
622:
620:Avalokiteśvara
617:
611:
610:
605:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
576:
575:
571:
570:
565:
560:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
537:
536:
531:
526:
520:
519:
510:
505:
499:
498:
492:
491:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:5th Dalai Lama
453:
447:
446:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
418:
417:
412:
411:
406:
400:
399:
394:
393:
391:Rangjung Dorje
388:
382:
381:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
343:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
293:Trisong Detsen
290:
288:Songtsen Gampo
285:
280:
275:
269:
268:
263:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
189:
181:
180:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
144:Transcriptions
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
105:
99:
98:
91:
85:
84:
78:
77:
76:Transcriptions
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
39:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5174:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Manchu people
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Canton System
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Hubu Guanpiao
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:Society &
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Summer Palace
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Mukden Palace
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:Palaces &
3418:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Eight Banners
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Grand Council
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2933:20th century
2931:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
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2204:on 2021-06-28
2203:
2199:
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2149:
2141:
2135:
2121:on 2022-09-30
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2092:on 2019-03-31
2091:
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1501:Tenzin Gyatso
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1237:Yonghe Temple
1234:
1229:
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1223:
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1200:
1199:Panchen Lamas
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1163:
1159:
1156:
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1151:Panchen Lamas
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905:
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888:
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878:
877:Western tulku
875:
874:
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870:
868:
865:
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451:Je Tsongkhapa
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422:Sakya Pandita
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368:Dudjom Lingpa
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348:Yeshe Tsogyal
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66:
62:
54:
52:
48:
40:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
5071:
5064:
5050:
4998:sand mandala
4990:
4983:
4924:Sinicization
4896:Panchen Lama
4891:Lhamo La-tso
4874:Ganden Tripa
4684:
4668:Human rights
4542:Grand Canyon
4522:Namcha Barwa
4515: /
4193:Tibetan Army
4091:Guge kingdom
3927:Treaty ports
3889:
3882:
3856:Other topics
3629:
3622:
3600:
3588:
3571:
3566:Peiwen Yunfu
3564:
3542:
3535:
3506:
3374:
3255:Beiyang Army
3237:Zongli Yamen
3093:Da-Qing Bank
2910:Red Lanterns
2563:Qing dynasty
2514:
2505:
2486:
2466:
2446:
2417:
2408:
2403:, 2017-03-01
2400:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2321:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2254:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2230:
2223:Wong, Edward
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2192:
2178:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2114:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2085:
2076:
2064:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2016:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1970:
1947:
1936:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1897:
1887:December 15,
1885:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1835:December 17,
1833:. Retrieved
1829:the original
1647:Mongol Lamas
1379:
1364:
1353:
1337:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1249:
1230:
1219:
1180:
1177:Qing dynasty
1116:Qing dynasty
1111:
1109:
1013:Ashtamangala
998:Sand mandala
838:Panchen Lama
805:Tashi Lhunpo
437:
358:Jigme Lingpa
278:Śāntarakṣita
123:Tibetan name
89:Hanyu Pinyin
31:Chinese name
5008:wall murals
4912:Catholicism
4496:Environment
4170:(1720–1912)
4133:(1368–1644)
4113:(1270–1350)
4034:(Neolithic)
4032:Prehistory
3863:Aisin Gioro
3825:Paper money
3584:Qing poetry
3305:Wuwei Corps
3300:Shuishiying
3061:Family tree
1902:Foster 2008
1881:Smithsonian
1673:Rölpé Dorjé
1375:国家宗教事务局令第5号
1195:Dalai Lamas
732:Mindrolling
529:Bodhisattva
331:Sukhasiddhi
321:Abhayakirti
5146:Categories
5091:Tibetology
5060:Literature
4879:Dalai Lama
4732:Government
4690:Tibet Area
4685:Golden Urn
4651:Parliament
4176:Lifan Yuan
4103:(960–1279)
4040:Zhangzhung
4025:Chronology
3531:Four Wangs
3422:mausoleums
3375:Golden Urn
3348:Inner Asia
3325:Xiang Army
3295:Hushenying
3220:Liangguang
3200:Liangjiang
3138:Lifan Yuan
3043:Government
2449:. Hunter.
2439:References
2376:藏傳佛教在台灣的發展
2208:2021-06-28
2125:2019-04-01
2096:2019-03-31
1943:廢 管理喇嘛寺廟條例
1928:Wikisource
1850:Smith 1997
1158:Dalai Lama
1112:Golden Urn
1028:Mani stone
833:Dalai Lama
673:Buddhahood
661:Dream yoga
651:Deity yoga
627:Meditation
615:Bodhicitta
353:Longchenpa
283:Kamalaśīla
22:Golden Urn
5073:Chronicle
5035:Festivals
4847:Dpon-chen
4817:Languages
4812:Education
4561:Changtang
4503:Mountains
4470:Geography
4378:Documents
4223:conflicts
4075:(618–907)
3994:Overviews
3353:Manchuria
3320:Huai Army
3310:Yong Ying
3195:Shaan-Gan
2651:High Qing
2597:Later Jin
1759:When the
1168:in 1940.
892:Festivals
656:Guru yoga
639:Vajrayana
608:Pāramitās
508:Cosmology
484:Teachings
409:Taranatha
5131:Category
5015:Calendar
4949:Diaspora
4822:Religion
4626:Politics
4527:Tanggula
4517:Changtse
4221:Wars and
4096:Tsongkha
4058:Timeline
4001:Timeline
3978:articles
3805:Hongqian
3774:Currency
3644:Treaties
3550:Kaozheng
3497:Booi Aha
3439:Hetu Ala
3392:Timeline
3387:Xinjiang
3358:Mongolia
3315:Chu Army
3290:New Army
3247:Military
3185:Viceroys
2416:(2012).
2379:Archived
2238:5 August
1994:28 March
1966:廢 喇嘛轉世辦法
1917:管理喇嘛寺廟條例
1780:See also
1769:Tsongkha
1314:管理喇嘛寺廟條例
1295:管理喇嘛寺廟條例
1153:and the
1051:Timeline
919:Dosmoche
855:Rinpoche
744:Narthang
703:Dzogchen
580:Dzogchen
433:Bodongpa
336:Milarepa
298:Ralpacan
177:a series
175:Part of
5115:Outline
5079:writers
5020:Cuisine
4985:thangka
4966:Culture
4939:Changpa
4854:Nyingma
4801:Society
4766:Economy
4601:Ü-Tsang
4575:Valleys
4533:Rivers
4508:Kailash
4068:Lönchen
4050:Empire
3986:History
3790:Zhiqian
3782:Coinage
3519:Economy
3490:culture
3225:Yun-Gui
3215:Min-Zhe
3210:Sichuan
3205:Huguang
3051:Emperor
2572:History
1691:Unknown
1371:Chinese
1356:Chinese
1340:Chinese
1318:Chinese
1310:Chinese
1291:Chinese
1264:Jokhang
1262:in the
1241:Beijing
1211:Chinese
1172:History
1063:Culture
1058:Outline
1046:History
1003:Thangka
959:Tengyur
954:Kangyur
934:Losoong
929:Sho Dun
850:Karmapa
810:Tsurphu
771:Ramoche
754:Pabonka
749:Nechung
737:Namgyal
727:Labrang
715:Jokhang
698:Drepung
693:Tradruk
668:Thukdam
574:Nyingma
552:Tibetan
524:Rebirth
515:Saṃsāra
503:Skandha
444:Gelugpa
427:Gorampa
404:Dolpopa
342:Nyingma
212:Nyingma
205:Schools
129:Tibetan
5066:Annals
5030:Emblem
4992:tsakli
4864:Jonang
4513:Lhotse
4457:(2008)
4156:Kashag
3976:
3404:Taiwan
2580:Early
2565:topics
2521:
2493:
2474:
2453:
2424:
2314:
2286:
2261:
2024:
1919:
1607:ones.
1373::
1360:宗教事务条例
1358::
1344:喇嘛轉世辦法
1342::
1322:喇嘛轉世辦法
1320::
1312::
1293::
1213::
1201:, and
1130:, the
924:Monlam
904:Dajyur
867:Tertön
766:Ralung
761:Palcho
720:Kumbum
710:Ganden
603:Lamrim
534:Dharma
397:Jonang
373:Mipham
326:Niguma
316:Talika
237:Jonang
227:Bodong
5122:Index
5086:Music
5051:Khata
4954:Names
4944:Yolmo
4917:Islam
4869:Gelug
4859:Kagyu
4837:Sakya
4640:(TAR)
4606:Ngari
4491:Fauna
4486:Flora
3974:Tibet
3596:Queue
3514:Dibao
3370:Tibet
3190:Zhili
3073:Amban
2058:]
2053:[
1922:[
1802:Notes
1388:Usage
1226:China
1162:amban
1140:lamas
1120:China
947:Texts
914:Losar
872:Tulku
862:Geshe
815:Yerpa
798:Shalu
788:Sanga
783:Sakya
632:Laity
546:Karma
415:Sakya
386:Marpa
379:Kagyu
311:Atiśa
242:Gelug
232:Kagyu
222:Sakya
217:Kadam
150:Wylie
5040:Flag
4979:rugs
4901:list
4884:list
4673:LGBT
4596:Kham
4591:Amdo
3332:Navy
3173:Ejen
3056:List
2519:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2366:-90.
2312:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2240:2010
2022:ISBN
1996:2023
1889:2015
1837:2015
1658:Name
1528:Name
1402:Name
1260:Jowo
1220:The
1155:10th
1146:and
1110:The
845:Lama
793:Sera
776:Rato
247:Rimé
57:金瓶掣签
43:金瓶掣籤
4974:Art
4827:Bon
1749:No
1735:Yes
1719:Yes
1705:Yes
1677:Yes
1620:Yes
1612:11*
1595:11*
1567:Yes
1547:Yes
1469:Yes
1453:Yes
1437:Yes
1324:).
1239:in
1215:喇嘛说
1148:9th
1144:8th
1118:of
991:Art
103:IPA
5148::
2389:^
2348:^
2329:^
2320:.
2292:.
2229:.
2113:.
2084:.
2004:^
1987:.
1956:^
1878:.
1823:.
1810:^
1743:8
1603:No
1587:No
1579:10
1505:No
1497:14
1485:No
1477:13
1461:12
1445:11
1429:10
1421:No
1274:.
1254:,
1197:,
179:on
3966:e
3959:t
3952:v
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2527:.
2499:.
2480:.
2459:.
2430:.
2267:.
2242:.
2211:.
2142:.
2128:.
2099:.
2030:.
1998:.
1930:.
1891:.
1839:.
1727:7
1713:6
1699:5
1685:4
1669:3
1559:9
1539:8
1413:9
1369:(
1209:(
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
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