Guadalcanal campaign

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would be prohibitively difficult. Therefore, Hyakutake decided that the main thrust of his planned attack would be from south of Henderson Field. His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Division), under Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River. The date of the attack was set for 22 October, then changed to 23 October. To distract the Americans from the planned attack from the south, Hyakutake's heavy artillery plus five battalions of infantry (about 2,900 men) under Major General

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diseases. The drain on resources directly contributed to Japan's failure to achieve its objectives in the New Guinea campaign. Japan also lost control of the southern Solomons and the ability to interdict Allied shipping to Australia. Japan's major base at Rabaul became further directly threatened by Allied air power. Most importantly, scarce Japanese land, air, and naval forces had disappeared forever into the Guadalcanal jungle and surrounding sea. The Japanese could not replace the aircraft destroyed and ships sunk in this campaign, as well as their highly trained and veteran crews, especially the naval aircrews, nearly as quickly as the Allies.

2238:, arrived with his staff and took command of all air operations at Henderson Field. Air battles between the Allied aircraft at Henderson and Japanese bombers and fighters from Rabaul continued almost daily. Between 26 August and 5 September, the U.S. lost about 15 aircraft to the Japanese's approximately 19. More than half of the U.S. aircrews shot down were rescued, while most of the Japanese aircrews were not recovered. The eight-hour round-trip flight from Rabaul to Guadalcanal, about 1,120 miles (1,800 km), seriously hampered Japanese efforts to establish air superiority over Henderson Field. Australian coastwatchers on 3336:. A strong Japanese fortified position, called the Gifu, stymied the attacks and the Americans were forced to temporarily halt their offensive on 4 January. The Allies renewed the offensive on 10 January, attacking the Japanese on Mount Austen as well as on two nearby ridges called the Sea Horse and the Galloping Horse. After some difficulty, the Allies captured all three by 23 January. At the same time, U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island, making significant gains. The Americans lost about 250 killed in the operation while the Japanese suffered around 3,000 killed, about 12 to 1 in the Americans' favor. 3412: 2954:

the Lunga perimeter. During the patrol, the raiders fought several battles with Shōji's retreating forces, killing almost 500 of them, while suffering 16 killed. Tropical diseases and a lack of food felled many more of Shōji's men. By the time Shōji's forces reached the Lunga River in mid-November, about halfway to the Matanikau, only 1,300 men remained with the main body. When Shōji reached the 17th Army positions west of the Matanikau, only 700 to 800 survivors were still with him. Most of the survivors from Shōji's force joined other Japanese units defending the Mount Austen and upper Matanikau River area.

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attack the transports. Mikawa was concerned about daylight U.S. carrier air attacks if he remained in the area. Bereft of his carrier air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August due to the threat of more surface attack and lack of air cover from US carriers, and in so doing left the Marines ashore with much of the heavy equipment, provisions and troops still aboard the transports. Mikawa's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake.

197: 3632:" policy agreed to by the Allies had initially only allowed for defensive actions against Japanese expansion in order to focus resources on defeating Germany. However, Admiral King's argument for the Guadalcanal invasion, as well as its successful implementation, convinced Roosevelt that the Pacific Theater could be pursued offensively as well. By the end of 1942, it was clear that Japan had lost the Guadalcanal campaign, a serious blow to Japan's strategic plans for the defense of their empire and an unanticipated defeat at the hands of the Americans. 2939:

at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area. A gap existed by way of a swampy creek in the southern side of the American lines. Between 9 and 11 November, Shōji and between 2,000 and 3,000 of his men escaped into the jungle to the south. On 12 November, the Americans completely overran and killed all the remaining Japanese soldiers left in the pocket. The Americans counted the bodies of 450–475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji's heavy weapons and provisions. The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation.

160: 2302: 2910: 11743: 2879:) heavily damaged. The participating Japanese carrier forces, however, also retired because of high aircraft and aircrew losses and significant damage to two carriers. Although an apparent tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk and damaged, the loss by the Japanese of many irreplaceable, veteran aircrews provided a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, whose aircrew losses in the battle were relatively low. The Japanese carriers played no further significant role in the campaign. 1260: 1655: 2275:, was landed by boat west of the Matanikau near Kokumbuna village on 27 August with the mission of attacking Japanese units in the area, much as in the first Matanikau action of 19 August. The Marines were impeded by difficult terrain, hot sun, and well-emplaced Japanese defenses. The next morning, the Marines found that the Japanese defenders had departed during the night, so the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter by boat. These actions resulted in the loss of 20 Japanese and 3 Marines. 172: 2314:) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign, minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack. The runs became known as the "Tokyo Express" to Allied forces and were labeled "rat transportation" by the Japanese. While troops could be transported in this manner, most of the heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, could not. In addition, this activity tied up destroyers the IJN desperately needed to escort their 3569: 1791: 2345:

forces would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki's Second Echelon, renamed the Kuma Battalion, would attack from the east. The main attack would be by Kawaguchi's "Center Body", numbering 3,000 men in three battalions, from the jungle south of the Lunga perimeter. By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had departed Taivu to begin marching towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu.

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some of which resulted in hand-to-hand fighting. Japanese units that infiltrated past the ridge to the edge of the airfield were also repulsed. Attacks by the Kuma Battalion and Oka's unit at other locations on the Lunga perimeter were also defeated. On 14 September Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade on a five-day march west to the Matanikau Valley to join with Oka's unit. In total Kawaguchi's forces lost about 850 killed and the Marines 104.

3248:, chief of the IGH's operations section, visited Rabaul on 19 December and consulted Imamura and his staff. Upon the delegation's return to Tokyo, Sanada recommended that Guadalcanal be abandoned. The IGH's top leaders agreed with Sanada's recommendation on 26 December and ordered their staffs to begin drafting plans for a withdrawal from Guadalcanal, establishment of a new defense line in the central Solomons, and shifting priorities and resources to the 2820:, "wrought terrible carnage" on the Japanese. A few small groups of Japanese broke through the American defenses but were hunted down and killed over the next several days. More than 1,500 of Maruyama's troops were killed in the attacks while the Americans lost about 60 killed. Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field defended against attacks by Japanese aircraft and ships, destroying 14 aircraft and sinking a light cruiser. 2769: 1799: 2318:. Either inability or unwillingness prevented Allied naval commanders from frequently challenging Japanese naval forces at night, so the Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during nighttime. However, any Japanese ship within range (200 miles or 320 kilometres) of the aircraft at Henderson Field in daylight was at great risk from air attack. This tactical situation existed for the next several months of the campaign. 1760:. The 8th fleet had been sighted at least 5 times over the course of the previous days, by submarines and aerial reconnaissance, but a combination of misidentification of ships and allied leadership's dismissal of Japanese night fighting capability concocted an air of complacence and ignorance of the Japanese approach. Japanese submarine activity and air attack continued to be the main source of concern to Turner and his staff. 209: 3577: 1730:

the evening of 8 August. As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal, even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded. Turner planned, however, to unload as many supplies as possible on Guadalcanal and Tulagi throughout the night of 8 August and then depart with his ships early on 9 August.

2785: 2349: 2664: 2692:, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, reached Guadalcanal and opened fire on Henderson Field from a distance of 16,000 meters (17,500 yd). Over the next one hour and 23 minutes, the two battleships fired 973 14-inch (356 mm) shells into the Lunga perimeter, most of which fell in and around the 2,200 m (24,000 sq ft) area of the airfield. Many of the shells were 3173: 2479:) in operation in the South Pacific Area. Vandegrift also made some changes in the senior leadership of his combat units, transferring off the island several officers who did not meet his performance standards and promoting junior officers who had proven themselves to take their place. One of these was the recently promoted Colonel Merritt Edson, who was placed in command of the 5th Marine Regiment. 1973:. The different units began to move towards Guadalcanal via Truk and Rabaul immediately, but Ichiki's regiment, being the closest, arrived in the area first. A "First Element" of Ichiki's unit, consisting of about 917 soldiers, landed from destroyers at Taivu Point, east of the Lunga perimeter, after midnight on 19 August then made a 9-mile (14 km) night march west toward the Marine perimeter. 1663:

the Allied invasion fleet was moving through but missed seeing the Allied ships because of severe storms and heavy clouds. The landing force split into two groups with one group assaulting Guadalcanal and the other Tulagi, Florida, and nearby islands. Allied warships bombarded the invasion beaches, while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese positions on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese

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Solomons to facilitate barge convoys to Guadalcanal also failed because of destructive Allied air attacks. On 26 November, the 17th Army notified Imamura that it faced a food crisis. Some front-line units had not been resupplied for six days, and even the rear-area troops were on one-third rations. The situation forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies.

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Japanese defenses and capturing Kokumbona. At this time, however, other American forces discovered and engaged newly landed Japanese troops near Koli Point on the eastern side of the Lunga perimeter. To counter this new threat, Vandegrift temporarily halted the Matanikau offensive on 4 November. The Americans suffered 71 killed and the Japanese around 400 killed in the offensive.

1590:, with the commencement date set for 7 August. At first, the Allied offensive was planned just for Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands, omitting Guadalcanal. After Allied reconnaissance discovered the Japanese airfield construction efforts on Guadalcanal, its capture was added to the plan, and the Santa Cruz operation was (eventually) dropped. The Japanese were aware, via 3428:. Extensive naval port and logistics facilities were established at Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida. The anchorage around Tulagi became an important forward base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign. Major ground units were staged through large encampments and barracks on Guadalcanal before deployment further up the Solomons. 3197:

torpedoes missed their targets. At the same time, Wright's cruisers opened fire, hitting and destroying one of the Japanese guard destroyers. The rest of Tanaka's warships abandoned the supply mission, increased speed, turned, and launched a total of 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright's cruisers. The Japanese torpedoes hit and sank the U.S. cruiser

1815:, a Marine aviator who was killed during the Battle of Midway. By 18 August the airfield was ready for operation. Five days' worth of food had been landed from the transports, which, along with captured Japanese provisions, gave the Marines a total of 14 days' supply of food. To conserve supplies, the troops were limited to two meals per day. 4618:, in Evans' book, states that he dropped off Ichiki's regiment at Guam after the Battle of Midway. Ichiki's regiment was subsequently loaded on ships for transport elsewhere but were rerouted to Truk after the Allied landings on Guadalcanal. Robert Leckie, who was at Guadalcanal, remembers the events of the Battle of the Tenaru in his book 1335:, which was a tactical stalemate but in retrospect a strategic Allied victory. It was the Allies' first major victory against the Japanese and significantly reduced the offensive capability of Japan's carrier forces. However, it did not change Japan's audacious offensive mindset for several crucial months, as in the failed attack on 3969:. Total Solomon Islander deaths are unknown. Most of the rest, if not all, of those killed were American. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 1,768 dead (ground), 4,911 dead (naval), and 420 dead (aircrew). Four U.S. aircrew were captured by the Japanese during the 1685:. The 886 IJN personnel manning the naval and seaplane bases on the three islands fiercely resisted the Marine attacks. With some difficulty, the Marines secured all three islands: Tulagi on 8 August, and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August. The Japanese defenders were killed almost to the last man, and the Marines had 248 casualties. 2399:

brigade plus an assortment of light artillery. The Japanese attack began just after nightfall, with Kawaguchi's 1st battalion assaulting Edson's right flank just to the west of the ridge. After breaking through the Marine lines the battalion's assault was eventually stopped by Marine units guarding the northern part of the ridge.

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reached the shore. Because of the failure to deliver most of the troops and supplies, the Japanese were forced to cancel their planned November offensive on Henderson Field, making the battle a significant strategic victory for the Allies and marking the beginning of the end of Japanese attempts to retake Henderson Field.

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small unit operations around the Matanikau Valley. The purpose of these operations was to mop up the scattered groups of Japanese troops east of the Matanikau and to keep the main body of Japanese soldiers off-balance to prevent them from consolidating their positions so close to the main Marine defenses at Lunga Point.

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further west and attacked Kokumbuna village. After briefly occupying the two villages, the three Marine companies returned to the Lunga perimeter, having killed about 65 Japanese soldiers while losing four Marines. This action, sometimes referred to as the "First Battle of the Matanikau", was the first of several major

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slow transport. Instead, the ships carrying Kawaguchi's soldiers were sent to Rabaul. From there, the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi's men to Guadalcanal by destroyers staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands. The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down "The Slot" (

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and attack aircraft to Henderson Field. On 20 September the Japanese had 117 total aircraft at Rabaul while the Allies tallied 71 aircraft at Henderson Field. The air war resumed with a Japanese air raid on Guadalcanal on 27 September which was contested by U.S. Navy and Marine fighters from Henderson Field.

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and south of Florida Island to look for enemy activity. Because of poor weather conditions, he said the invading fleet escaped detection, and that if the invasion fleet had been spotted a day or two prior to 7 August, the Allied convoy, with its slow moving transports, probably would have been destroyed.

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Frank, pp. 132–133; Jersey, p. 203; and Smith, pp. 36–42. The 500 Japanese involved were from the 84th Guard Unit, 11th and 13th Construction Units, and the recently arrived 1st Camp Relief Unit. After this engagement the Japanese naval personnel relocated deeper into the hills in the interior of the

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Frank, pp. 598–618; Shaw, p. 52; and Rottman, p. 65. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 24,600–25,600 dead (ground), 3,543 dead (naval), and 2,300 dead (aircrew). Most of the captured personnel were Korean slave laborers assigned to

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The U.S. Navy suffered such high personnel losses during the campaign that it refused to publicly release total casualty figures for years. However, as the campaign continued, and the American public became more and more aware of the plight and perceived heroism of the American forces on Guadalcanal,

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forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results. Early in the campaign, the Americans were hindered by a lack of resources, as they suffered heavy losses in cruisers and carriers, with replacements from ramped-up shipbuilding programs still months

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The Eighth Fleet's Guadalcanal Reinforcement Unit (the Tokyo Express), commanded by Tanaka, was tasked by Mikawa with making the first of five scheduled runs to Tassafaronga using the drum method on the night of 30 November. Tanaka's unit was centered on eight destroyers, with six destroyers assigned

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As the American troops began to move, Shōji and his soldiers began to arrive at Koli Point. Beginning on 8 November, the American troops attempted to encircle Shōji's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point. Meanwhile, Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces

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Sumiyoshi was informed by Hyakutake's staff of the postponement of the offensive to 24 October, but he was unable to contact his troops to inform them of the delay. Thus, at dusk on 23 October, two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment and the nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company launched

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on Gotō's unsuspecting formation. Opening fire, Scott's warships sank a cruiser and a destroyer, heavily damaged another cruiser, mortally wounded Gotō, and forced the rest of Gotō's warships to abandon the bombardment mission and retreat. During the exchange of gunfire, one of Scott's destroyers was

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Vandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga perimeter and the Matanikau River. Vandegrift therefore decided to conduct another series of

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A lull occurred in the air war over Guadalcanal, with no Japanese air raids between 14 and 27 September because of bad weather, during which both sides reinforced their respective air units. The Japanese delivered 85 fighters and bombers to their air units at Rabaul while the U.S. brought 23 fighters

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in Japan. In an emergency session the top Japanese IJA and IJN command staffs concluded that "Guadalcanal might develop into the decisive battle of the war". The results of the battle now began to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific. Hyakutake realized

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Two companies from Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion charged up the southern edge of the ridge and pushed Edson's troops back to Hill 123 on the center part of the ridge. Throughout the night Marines at this position, who were supported by artillery, defeated wave after wave of frontal Japanese attacks,

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Map of the Lunga perimeter on Guadalcanal showing the approach routes of the Japanese forces and the locations of the Japanese attacks during the battle. Oka's attacks were in the west (left), the Kuma Battalion attacked from the east (right) and the center body attacked "Edson's Ridge" (Lunga Ridge)

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By 23 August, Kawaguchi's 35th Infantry Brigade reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal. The damage done to Tanaka's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by

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Hough, pp. 332–333; Frank, pp. 349–350; Rottman, pp. 62–63; Griffith, pp. 195–196; Miller, pp. 157–158. The Marines lost 2 killed in the action. Japanese infantry losses are not recorded but were, according to Frank, "unquestionably severe." Griffith says that 600 Japanese soldiers were killed. Only

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Bullard; Masaichiro Miyagawa, a Japanese soldier on Tanambogo who was captured by American forces (one of only four of the 3,000 Japanese to survive the battle), wrote that every day four Japanese patrol planes were sent out from Florida Island in fan shape pattern, flying northeast, east, southeast

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On the nights of 4 and 7 February, Hashimoto and his destroyers evacuated the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal. Apart from some air attacks, Allied forces were still anticipating a large Japanese offensive and did not attempt to interdict Hashimoto's evacuation runs. In total, the Japanese

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aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombardment force and passed a warning to the Allied command. Thus warned, Turner detached all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing and ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal

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In order to exploit the victory in the Battle for Henderson Field, Vandegrift sent six Marine battalions, later joined by one Army battalion, on an offensive west of the Matanikau. The operation was commanded by Merritt Edson and its goal was to capture Kokumbona, headquarters of the 17th Army, west

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Later on the morning of 12 October, four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō's retreating, damaged warships. Air attacks by CAF aircraft from Henderson Field sank two of these destroyers later that day. The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal as scheduled

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were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point, including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade, much of the Aoba (4th) Regiment, and the rest of Ichiki's regiment. General Kawaguchi, who landed at Taivu Point on 31 August Express run, was placed in command of all Japanese forces on Guadalcanal. A

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After these clashes, Fletcher was concerned about the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' fuel levels. Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces on

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had arrived at Guadalcanal with most of the 1st Marine Division, but remained behind to rejoin its parent unit, the 2nd Marine Division. The U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division's 35th Regiment arrived at Guadalcanal on 17 December, the 27th Regiment on 1 January, and the 161st Regiment on 4 January.

5634:, pp. 38–39; Frank, pp. 429–430. The American reinforcements totaled 5,500 men and included the 1st Marine Aviation Engineer Battalion, replacements for ground and air units, the 4th Marine Replacement Battalion, two battalions of the U.S. Army's 182nd Infantry Regiment, and ammunition and supplies. 3973:

and survived their captivity. An unknown number of other U.S. ground, naval, and aircrew personnel were, according to Japanese records, captured by Japanese forces during the campaign but did not survive their captivity and the dates and manners of most of their deaths are unknown (Jersey, pp. 346,

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has disposed most of the discovered bombs; however, clearance work is expensive, and the island does not have sufficient resources to clear the remaining explosives. The Solomon Islands have urged both the U.S. and Japanese governments to clear the remaining bombs from the island. In 2012, 18 years

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and Buna–Gona) were these large-scale Japanese offensive actions stopped. Strategic initiative passed to the Allies, as it proved, permanently. The Guadalcanal campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts in the Pacific and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy. The Allied victory at

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The Guadalcanal campaign was costly to Japan strategically and in material losses and manpower. Roughly 30,000 personnel, including 25,000 experienced ground troops, died during the campaign. As many as three-quarters of the deaths were from non-combat causes such as starvation and various tropical

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After Guadalcanal the Japanese were clearly on the defensive in the Pacific. The constant pressure to reinforce Guadalcanal had weakened Japanese efforts in other theaters, contributing to a successful Australian and American counteroffensive in New Guinea which culminated in the capture of the key

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Eighth Fleet personnel devised a plan to help reduce the exposure of destroyers delivering supplies to Guadalcanal. Large oil or gas drums were cleaned and filled with medical supplies and food, with enough air space to provide buoyancy, and strung together with rope. When the destroyers arrived at

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The American offensive began on 1 November and, after some difficulty, succeeded in destroying Japanese forces defending the Point Cruz area by 3 November, including rear echelon troops sent to reinforce Nakaguma's battered regiment. The Americans appeared to be on the verge of breaking through the

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Between 1 and 17 October, the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal, giving Hyakutake 20,000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive. Because of the loss of their positions on the east side of the Matanikau, the Japanese decided that an attack on the U.S. defenses along the coast

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and some additional support units), 137 vehicles, tents, aviation fuel, ammunition, rations, and engineering equipment to Guadalcanal. These crucial reinforcements allowed Vandegrift, beginning on 19 September, to establish an unbroken line of defense around the Lunga perimeter. While covering this

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radio. After destroying everything in sight, except for some documents and equipment carried back with them, the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter. The mounds of supplies along with intelligence gathered from the captured documents informed the Marines that at least 3,000 Japanese troops were

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were finished landing their Marine Raiders back onto Guadalcanal and then patrolled the area for submarines which were surfacing and shelling the Marines nightly. Three Japanese destroyers, who did not know that enemy surface ships were patrolling the area, positioned themselves to attack Henderson

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scout, warned the Americans of the impending attack minutes before Ichiki's assault, which was subsequently defeated with heavy losses to the Japanese. After daybreak, the Marine units counterattacked Ichiki's surviving troops, killing many more of them. The dead included Ichiki, though it has been

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soon after the landings, with one in five Marines afflicted by mid-August. Although some of the Korean construction workers surrendered to the Marines, most of the remaining Japanese and Korean personnel gathered just west of the Lunga perimeter on the west bank of the Matanikau River and subsisted

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One Australian and three American cruisers were sunk and one American cruiser and two destroyers were damaged. The Japanese suffered moderate damage to one cruiser. Mikawa, who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. carriers, immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to

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Bad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and the following morning, taking the defenders by surprise. This is sometimes called the "Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal". A Japanese patrol aircraft from Tulagi had searched the general area

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The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first prolonged campaigns in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. It strained logistical capabilities of the combatant nations. For the U.S., this need prompted the development of effective combat air transport for the first time. A failure to achieve

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By 7 December 1942, Hyakutake's forces were losing about 50 men each day from malnutrition, disease, and Allied ground or air attacks. Further attempts by Tanaka's destroyer forces to deliver provisions on 3, 7 and 11 December failed to alleviate the crisis, and one of Tanaka's destroyers was

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On 5 November, Vandegrift ordered Carlson and his raiders to march overland from Aola and attack any of Shōji's forces that had escaped from Koli Point. With the rest of the companies from his battalion, which arrived a few days later, Carlson and his troops set off on a 29-day patrol from Aola to

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By 23 October, Maruyama's forces still struggled through the jungle to reach the American lines. That evening, after learning that his forces had yet to reach their attack positions, Hyakutake postponed the attack to 19:00 on 24 October. The Americans remained unaware of the approach of Maruyama's

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On 12 October, a company of Japanese engineers began to break a trail, called the "Maruyama Road", from the Matanikau towards the southern portion of the U.S. Lunga perimeter. The 15-mile-long (24 km) trail traversed some of the most difficult terrain on Guadalcanal, including numerous rivers

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Despite the U.S. victory off Cape Esperance, the Japanese continued with plans and preparations for their large offensive scheduled for later in October. The Japanese decided to risk a one-time departure from their usual practice of only using fast warships to deliver their men and materiel to the

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On 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to "rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield". Kawaguchi's attack plan called for his forces, split into three divisions, to approach the Lunga perimeter inland, culminating with a surprise night attack. Oka's

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For six weeks from the end of the Battle of Savo Island to the end of September U.S. Navy capital ships and regular destroyers were ordered to not travel to Tulagi and Guadalcanal and to not resupply the Marines or provide escort duty for slow transport ships in the Guadalcanal area for fear of a

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personnel, landed by boat west of the U.S. Marine Lunga perimeter, east of Point Cruz and west of the Japanese perimeter at Matanikau River, on a reconnaissance mission with a secondary objective of contacting a group of Japanese troops that U.S. forces believed might be willing to surrender. Soon

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pp. 149–171. The Japanese troops delivered to Guadalcanal during this time comprised the entire 2nd (Sendai) Infantry Division, two battalions from the 38th Infantry Division, and various artillery, tank, engineer, and other support units. Kawaguchi's forces also included what remained of the 3rd

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Frank, pp. 290–291. 15 of the Marines and the three U.S. Navy sailors were killed when the Higgins boat carrying them from Tulagi to Aola Bay on Guadalcanal was lost. One of the Japanese killed in the raid was "Ishimoto", a Japanese intelligence agent and interpreter who had worked in the Solomon

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The USMC History Division states that the US ground forces (Army and Marine Corps) suffered 4,709 total wounded. Marine air units add another 127 to this figure. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US

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As Kondō's ships retired, the four Japanese transports beached near Tassafaronga Point on Guadalcanal at 04:00. At 05:55, U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the beached transports, destroying all four, along with most of the supplies that they carried. Only 2,000–3,000 of the army troops

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In the meantime, around 02:00 on 14 November, a cruiser and destroyer force under Gunichi Mikawa from Rabaul conducted an unopposed bombardment of Henderson Field. The bombardment caused some damage but failed to put the airfield or most of its aircraft out of operation. As Mikawa's force retired

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After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field, the IJA planned to try again to retake the airfield in November 1942, but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed. The IJA requested assistance from Yamamoto to deliver the needed reinforcements to the island and to

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at Espiritu Santo were quickly flown to Henderson, and U.S. Army and Marine transport aircraft shuttled aviation gasoline from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal. Aware of the approach of the large Japanese reinforcement convoy, the U.S. desperately sought a way to interdict the convoy before it could

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were to bombard Henderson Field with special explosive shells with the object of destroying the CAF and the airfield's facilities. Because U.S. Navy warships had yet to attempt to interdict any Tokyo Express missions to Guadalcanal, the Japanese were not expecting any opposition from Allied naval

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to attack the Japanese troop concentration west of the Matanikau. One company attacked across the sandbar at the mouth of the Matanikau River while another crossed the river 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) inland and attacked the Japanese forces located in Matanikau village. The third landed by boat

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In contrast to Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo, the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance. At 09:10 on 7 August, Vandegrift and 11,000 U.S. Marines came ashore on Guadalcanal between Koli Point and Lunga Point. Advancing towards Lunga Point, they encountered little resistance and

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Patch, wary of what he thought to be an imminent Japanese offensive, committed only a relatively small portion of his troops to continue a slow-moving offensive against Hyakutake's forces. On 29 January, Halsey, acting on the same intelligence, sent a resupply convoy to Guadalcanal screened by a

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Tokyo Express runs on 5, 7, and 9 November delivered additional troops from the Japanese 38th Infantry Division, including most of the 228th Infantry Regiment. These fresh troops were quickly emplaced in the Point Cruz and Matanikau area and helped successfully resist further attacks by American

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Further Japanese attacks near the Matanikau on 26 October were also repulsed with heavy losses for the Japanese. As a result, by 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat. About half of Maruyama's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the

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islands were often able to provide the Allied forces on Guadalcanal with advance notice of inbound Japanese air strikes, allowing the U.S. fighters time to take off and position themselves to attack the Japanese aircraft as they approached the island. The Japanese air forces were slowly losing a

2020:

As the Tenaru battle was ending, more Japanese reinforcements were already on their way. Yamamoto put together a very powerful expeditionary force. Their aim was to destroy any American fleet units in the area and then eliminate Henderson Field. This force sortied from Truk on 23 August. Several

1990:

after realizing the magnitude of his defeat, rather than dying in combat. In total, 789 of the original 917 members of the Ichiki Regiment's First Element were killed in the battle. About 30 survived the battle and joined Ichiki's rear guard of about 100, and these 128 Japanese returned to Taivu

1409:

on nearby Guadalcanal—from such a base Japanese long-range bombers could threaten the sea lines of communication from the west coast of the Americas to the populous east coast of Australia. By August, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and nearby islands and 2,800 personnel (2,200

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Perhaps as important as the military victory for the Allies was the psychological victory. On a level playing field, the Allies had beaten Japan's best land, air, and naval forces. After Guadalcanal, Allied personnel regarded the Japanese military with much less fear and awe than previously. In

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attacked Mikawa's and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Most of the troops were rescued from the transports by Tanaka's escorting destroyers and returned to the Shortlands. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as

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to intercept the Japanese at Koli. Soon after landing, the Japanese soldiers encountered and drove Hanneken's battalion back towards the Lunga perimeter. In response, Vandegrift ordered Puller's Marine battalion plus two of the 164th infantry battalions, along with Hanneken's battalion, to move

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was told to head for Koli Point, east of the Lunga perimeter. Leading elements of the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army headquarters area at Kokumbona, west of the Matanikau on 4 November. The same day, Shōji's unit reached Koli Point and made camp. Decimated by battle deaths, combat injuries,

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On the night of 12 September, Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion attacked the Raiders between the Lunga River and ridge, forcing one Marine company to fall back to the ridge before the Japanese halted their attack for the night. The next night Kawaguchi faced Edson's 840 Raiders with 3,000 troops of his

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from the opposite direction. Wright's destroyers detected Tanaka's force on radar, and the destroyer commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes. Wright waited four minutes before giving permission, allowing Tanaka's force to escape from an optimum firing setup. All of the American

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Around 01:30 on 13 November, Callaghan's force intercepted Abe's bombardment group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island. In addition to the two battleships, Abe's force included one light cruiser and 11 destroyers. In the pitch darkness the two warship forces intermingled before opening fire at

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island. On 13 October, a convoy comprising six cargo ships with eight screening destroyers departed the Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal. The convoy carried 4,500 troops from the 16th and 230th Infantry Regiments, some naval marines, two batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of tanks.

2576:

Throughout the last week of September and the first week of October, Tokyo Express runs delivered troops from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalcanal. The Japanese Navy promised to support the Army's planned offensive by delivering the necessary troops, equipment, and supplies to the

2526:

A U.S. Marine operation on Japanese forces west of the Matanikau was conducted between 23 and 27 September by elements of three U.S. Marine battalions. The attack was repulsed by Kawaguchi's troops under Akinosuke Oka's local command. During the action three Marine companies were surrounded by

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in New Guinea. Hyakutake, with the concurrence of General Headquarters, ordered his troops on New Guinea, who were within 30 miles (50 km) of their objective of Port Moresby, to withdraw until the "Guadalcanal matter" was resolved. Hyakutake prepared to send more troops to Guadalcanal for

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Battalion from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1,500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11,000 men defending Henderson Field. The 1st Parachute Battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's

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Frank, pp. 194–213; and Lundstrom, p. 45. In comparison to the 560 miles (900 km) separating Lunga Point from Rabaul, Berlin was about 460 miles (740 km) from Allied air bases in eastern England. Later United States Admiral of the Fleet, William F. Halsey, paid tribute to Australian

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evacuation. A staff officer from Rabaul accompanied the troops to notify Hyakutake of the decision to withdraw. At the same time, Japanese warships and aircraft moved into position around the Rabaul and Bougainville areas in preparation to execute the withdrawal operation. Allied intelligence

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The Japanese continued to experience problems in delivering sufficient supplies to sustain their troops on Guadalcanal. Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November failed to provide sufficient food for Hyakutake's forces. A separate attempt to establish bases in the central

1177:

Surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. Three major land battles, seven large naval battles (five nighttime surface actions and two carrier battles), and almost daily aerial battles culminated in the decisive

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In early November, Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field. In response the U.S. sent Task Force 67, a large reinforcement and resupply convoy carrying Marine replacements, two U.S. Army infantry battalions, and ammunition and food,

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The Japanese immediately began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field. The 3rd Battalion, 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment had landed at Kamimbo Bay on the western end of Guadalcanal on 11 September, too late to join Kawaguchi's attack but had joined Oka's forces near the

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and the British district officer for Guadalcanal, brought reports to the U.S. Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu near the village of Tasimboko. Edson planned a raid on the Japanese troop concentration at Taivu. On 8 September, after being dropped off near Taivu by boat, Edson's men captured

1806:

The 11,000 Marines on Guadalcanal initially concentrated on forming a loose defensive perimeter around Lunga Point and the airfield, moving the landed supplies within the perimeter and finishing the airfield. In four days of intense effort, the supplies were moved from the landing beach into

1218:, the Guadalcanal campaign marked the Allies' transition from defensive operations to offensive ones and effectively allowed them to seize the strategic initiative in the Pacific theater from the Japanese. The campaign was followed by other Allied offensives in the Pacific, most notably: the 5894:

pp. 318–321. During the conference with Sugiyama and Nagano, the Emperor asked Nagano, "Why was it that it took the Americans just a few days to build an air base and the Japanese more than a month or so?" (The IJN originally occupied Guadalcanal and began constructing the airfield). Nagano

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At the same time that Hyakutake's troops were attacking the Lunga perimeter, Japanese aircraft carriers and other large warships under the overall direction of Yamamoto moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands. From this location, the Japanese naval forces hoped to engage and

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at midnight on 14 October and began unloading. Throughout the day of 15 October, a string of CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and strafed the unloading convoy, destroying three of the cargo ships. The remainder of the convoy departed that night, having unloaded all of the troops and about

2950:, were to provide security for 500 Seabees as they attempted to construct an airfield at that location. Halsey, acting on a recommendation by Turner, had approved the Aola Bay airfield construction effort; however it was abandoned at the end of November because of unsuitable terrain. 5904:

Frank, pp. 247–252, 293, 417–420, 430–431, 521–522, 529; Griffith, pp. 156, 257–259, 270; Miller, pp. 143, 173–177, 183, 189, 213–219; Jersey, pp. 304–305, 345–346, 363, 365; Hough, pp. 360–362; Shaw, pp. 46–47; Zimmerman, pp. 156–157, 164. The Americal Division infantry regiments were

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shells, specifically designed to destroy land targets. The bombardment heavily damaged both runways, burned almost all of the available aviation fuel, destroyed 48 of the CAF's 90 aircraft, and killed 41 men, including six CAF pilots. The battleship force immediately returned to Truk.

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successfully evacuated 10,652 men from Guadalcanal. Their last troops left the island on the evening of 7 February, six months to the day from when the U.S. forces first landed. Two days later, on 9 February, Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure.

2598:, commander of U.S. Army forces in the South Pacific, convinced Ghormley that U.S. Marine forces on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the island from the next expected Japanese offensive. Thus, on 8 October, the 2,837 men of the 2130:

s aircraft established a precedent. This made daylight supply runs to Guadalcanal impossible for Japanese shipments. Only weeks before this, the Japanese had total control of the sea in this particular region; now they were forced to make supply runs only under the cover of darkness.

1976:

Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, Ichiki's unit conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek (often called the "Ilu River" on U.S. Marine maps) on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of 21 August.

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support the next offensive. Yamamoto provided 11 large transport ships to carry the remaining 7,000 troops from the 38th Infantry Division, their ammunition, food, and heavy equipment from Rabaul to Guadalcanal. He also provided a warship support force that included two battleships,

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At Koli Point early in the morning 3 November, five Japanese destroyers delivered 300 army troops to support Shōji and his troops who were en route to Koli Point after the Battle for Henderson Field. Having learned of the planned landing, Vandegrift sent a battalion of Marines under

2985:, equipped with special fragmentation shells, which were to bombard Henderson Field on the night of 12–13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there to allow the slow transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day. The warship force was commanded from 2829:

malnutrition, and tropical diseases, the 2nd Division was incapable of further offensive action and fought as a defensive force along the coast for the rest of the campaign. In total, the Japanese lost 2,200–3,000 troops in the battle while the Americans lost around 80 killed.

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secured the airfield by 16:00 on 8 August. The Japanese naval construction units and combat troops, under the command of Captain Kanae Monzen, panicked by the warship bombardment and aerial bombing, had abandoned the airfield area and fled about 3 miles (5 km) west to the

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rifles and a meager 10-day supply of ammunition. Because of the need to get them into battle quickly, the operation planners had reduced their supplies from 90 days to only 60. The men of the 1st Marine Division began referring to the coming battle as "Operation Shoestring".

2997: 2021:

other reinforcements, support, and bombardment groups sortied from both Truk and Rabaul. Three slow transport ships departed from Truk on 16 August, carrying the remaining 1,400 soldiers from Ichiki's (28th) Infantry Regiment plus 500 naval marines from the 5th Yokosuka

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On 12 December, the Japanese Navy proposed that Guadalcanal be abandoned. At the same time, several army staff officers at the Imperial General Headquarters (IGH) also suggested that further efforts to retake Guadalcanal would be impossible. A delegation led by Colonel

2495:

Divisions were transported from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul beginning on 13 September. The Japanese planned to transport a total of 17,500 troops from these two divisions to Guadalcanal to take part in the next major attack on the Lunga perimeter by late October.

4622:: "Everyone had forgotten the fight and was watching the carnage, when shouting swept up the line. A group of Japanese dashed along the opposite river edge, racing in our direction. Their appearance so surprised everyone that there were no shots." Leckie, pp. 82–83 2848:, also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle. Nimitz had replaced Ghormley with Admiral Halsey on 18 October after concluding that Ghormley had become too pessimistic and myopic to effectively continue leading Allied forces in the South Pacific Area. 5563:

Peatross, pp. 132–133; Frank, pp. 420–421; Hoffman. The two 2nd Raider companies sent to Aola were Companies C and E. The Aola construction units moved to Koli Point where they successfully built an auxiliary airfield beginning on 3 December 1942. (Miller, p.

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mainly on coconuts. A Japanese naval outpost was also located at Taivu Point, about 35 kilometers (22 mi) east of the Lunga perimeter. On 8 August, a Japanese destroyer from Rabaul delivered 113 naval reinforcement troops to the Matanikau position.

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An unknown amount of unexploded bombs from the battle remain on the island, and residents of the island have been killed or severely injured by unexpected explosions from hidden explosives. The threat to people's lives from unexploded bombs remain high. The

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in New Guinea, however, changed Imamura's priorities. Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul, Imamura postponed further major reinforcement efforts to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea.

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Strategically, the Japanese had an opportunity here for a decisive victory; however, they failed to realize this potential. They allowed the Americans to step away with a view of victory. Additionally, the reinforcement of Henderson Field of Guadalcanal by

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force, numbering 75 warships and transports (of vessels from the U.S. and Australia), assembled near Fiji on 26 July and engaged in one rehearsal landing prior to leaving for Guadalcanal on 31 July. The commander of the Allied expeditionary force was U.S.

5416:, a member of his staff, to monitor the 2nd Division's progress along the trail and to report to him on whether the attack could begin on 22 October as scheduled. Masanobu Tsuji has been identified by some historians as the most likely culprit behind the 3929:

were deployed to Guadalcanal during the campaign. Jersey states that 50,000 Japanese army and navy troops were sent to Guadalcanal and that most of the original naval garrison of 1,000–2,000 men was successfully evacuated in November and December 1942 by

3093:

plus two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers. After the two forces made contact, Kondō's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth. The Japanese warships then sighted, opened fire, and damaged the

1330:

The Japanese made two attempts to continue their offensive and extend their outer defensive perimeter in the south and central Pacific to where they could threaten Australia, Hawaii, and the U.S. west coast. The first offensive was thwarted in the naval

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unusually close quarters. In the resulting mêlée, Abe's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan's force; both Callaghan and Scott were killed. Two Japanese destroyers were sunk, and another destroyer and the

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located just south of Henderson Field. The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area, and was almost undefended. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's battalion were deployed onto and around the ridge.

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Small Allied naval convoys arrived at Guadalcanal on 23 and 29 August, and 1 and 8 September to provide the Marines at Lunga with more food, ammunition, aircraft fuel, aircraft technicians, and other supplies. The convoy on 1 September also brought 392

3688:, the capital of the Solomon Islands. The remains of military equipment and of several aircraft can be seen in the open-air museum. Several memorials for the American, Australian, Fijian, New Zealand and Japanese soldiers who died are erected there. 3049:. Because of Abe's failure to neutralize Henderson Field, Yamamoto ordered the troop transport convoy, under the command of Tanaka and located near the Shortland Islands, to wait an additional day before heading towards Guadalcanal. Yamamoto ordered 3185:

to carry between 200 and 240 drums of supplies apiece. Notified by intelligence sources of the Japanese supply attempt, Halsey ordered the newly formed Task Force 67, comprising four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral

2797:

attacks on the U.S. Marine defenses at the mouth of the Matanikau. U.S. Marine artillery, cannon, and small arms fire repulsed the attacks, destroying all the tanks and killing many of the Japanese soldiers while suffering only light casualties.

2159:, participated in anti-submarine warfare, and provided covering fire for the Marines on Guadalcanal. They also directly sent crucial supplies to the Marines that helped to construct Henderson Field and to maintain the airplanes stationed there. 3270:

of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal. On 31 December, Hirohito formally endorsed the decision. The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation, called Operation Ke, scheduled to begin during the latter part of January 1943.

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two-thirds of the supplies and equipment. Several Japanese heavy cruisers also bombarded Henderson on the nights of 14 and 15 October, destroying a few additional CAF aircraft but failing to cause significant further damage to the airfield.

4096:

Alexander, p. 72; Frank, pp. 23–31, 129, 628; Smith, p. 5; Bullard, p. 119; Lundstrom, p. 39. The Japanese aircraft assigned to Guadalcanal were to come from the 26th Air Flotilla, then located at bases in the Central Pacific (Bullard, p.

3759:

after the U.S. ended its aid program in the South Pacific, the U.S. provided funds to assist efforts to find and remove unexploded bombs. Australia and Norway also established programs to help the Solomon Islands remove unexploded bombs.

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for the trip to Guadalcanal with a projected arrival date of 13 October. To protect the transports carrying the 164th to Guadalcanal, Ghormley ordered Task Force 64, consisting of four cruisers and five destroyers under U.S. Rear Admiral

3419:

After the Japanese withdrawal, Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases supporting the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain. Besides Henderson Field, two additional fighter runways were constructed at

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sunk, and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged. In the meantime, the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott's force.

4525:

Zimmerman, pp. 58–60; Smith, p. 35; and Jersey, pp. 196–199. Goettge was one of the first killed. Only three made it back to the Lunga Point perimeter. Seven Japanese were killed in the skirmish. More details of the event are at

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towards Rabaul, Tanaka's transport convoy, trusting that Henderson Field was destroyed or heavily damaged, began its run down the slot towards Guadalcanal. Throughout the day of 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and the

1498:, gave the operation his full support, even if MacArthur's command could not lend support and the navy had to take full responsibility. As a result, and in order to preserve the unity of command, the boundary between MacArthur's 3676:, stated shortly after the war that Guadalcanal was the decisive turning point in the conflict. Said Kawabe, "As for the turning point , when the positive action ceased or even became negative, it was, I feel, at Guadalcanal." 3611:

While the Battle of Midway is viewed as a turning point in the Pacific War, Japan remained on the offensive, as shown by its advances down the Solomon Islands. Only after the Allied victories in Guadalcanal and New Guinea (at

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Throughout August, small numbers of U.S. aircraft and their crews continued to arrive at Guadalcanal. By the end of August, 64 aircraft of various types were stationed at Henderson Field. On 3 September, the commander of the

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p. 141; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, p. 297. Jersey states that the troops landed were from the 2nd Company, 230th Infantry commanded by 1st Lt Tamotsu Shinno plus the 6th Battery, 28th Mountain Artillery Regiment with the two

5288:

pp. 147–149; and Dull, p. 225. Since not all of the Task Force 64 warships were available, Scott's force was designated as Task Group 64.2. The U.S. destroyers were from Squadron 12, commanded by Captain Robert G. Tobin in

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Guadalcanal they would make a sharp turn and the drums would be cut loose, and a swimmer or boat from shore could pick up the buoyed end of a rope and return it to the beach, where the soldiers could haul in the supplies.

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raided two small Japanese outposts about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay. The raids killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and 3 U.S. Navy personnel killed.

3394:

In the meantime, the Japanese 17th Army withdrew to the west coast of Guadalcanal while rear guard units checked the American offensive. On the night of 1 February, a force of 20 destroyers from Mikawa's 8th Fleet under

1182:

in early November, with the defeat of the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and to land enough troops to retake it. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and

3598:

was unable to match the output of American industry and manpower. Thus, as the campaign wore on the Japanese were losing irreplaceable units while the Americans were rapidly replacing and even augmenting their forces.

2557:. The action forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east of the Matanikau and hindered Japanese preparations for their planned major offensive on the U.S. Lunga defenses. Between 9 and 11 October the U.S. 2094:, was attacked near Taivu Point by Cactus Air Force aircraft from Henderson Field. After suffering heavy damage during the battle, including the sinking of one of the transports, the convoy was forced to divert to the 6615:." Alexandria, VA: Topographic Engineering Center. 360 pages. Lists sources of information regarding the bodies of the US Marines of the Lt Col. Frank B. Goettge Reconnaissance patrol that was ambushed in August 1942. 3767:

The Guadalcanal campaign was the subject of a large amount of high-quality reporting. News agencies sent some of their most talented writers, as it was the first major American offensive combat operation of the war.

2187:

Field and the two American destroyer-transports believed at first that they were a submarine. A U.S. patrol plane also thought that the destroyers were an enemy submarine and dropped flares over the area but instead

3988:

Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: "Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi." Naval personnel deaths both on land and at sea are not

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campaign under Nimitz, with both efforts successfully advancing toward Japan. The remaining Japanese defenses in the South Pacific Area were then either destroyed or bypassed by Allied forces as the war progressed.

2622:

and six destroyers were to deliver 728 soldiers plus artillery and ammunition to Guadalcanal. At the same time, but in a separate operation, three heavy cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral

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Tasimboko as the Japanese defenders retreated into the jungle. In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered Kawaguchi's main supply depot, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition, medical supplies, and a powerful

3978:

while still alive and conscious by an army surgeon as a medical demonstration (Clemens, p. 295). Ships sunk includes both warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational

2106:. At this point, Tanaka withdrew and rescheduled the supply run for the night of 28 August, via the remaining destroyers. Meanwhile, the Japanese had launched an air raid on Guadalcanal, causing chaos and havoc. 5763:

Dull, p. 261, Frank, pp. 497–499. On 24 December, the 8th Fleet, 11th Air Fleet, and all other Japanese naval units in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands areas were combined under one command, designated the

3911:

Frank, pp. 57, 619–621; Rottman, p. 64. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. Figures for other the Allies are not

2254:

During this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions, including the

2042:

Simultaneously, the U.S. carrier task forces under Fletcher approached Guadalcanal to counter the Japanese offensive efforts. On 24 August, the two carrier forces fought. The Japanese had two fleet carriers

8228: 5457:

Hough, p. 336; Frank, pp. 353–362; Griffith, pp. 197–204; Miller, pp. 147–151, 160–162; Lundstrom, pp. 343–352. The 164th became the first Army unit to engage in combat in the war and was later awarded the

4296:

Frank, p. 60; Jersey, p. 95. The landing force, designated Task Force 62, included six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, 15 destroyers, 13 transports, six cargo ships, four destroyer transports, and five

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Matanikau. Tokyo Express runs by destroyers on 14, 20, 21 and 24 September brought food and ammunition as well as 280 men from the 1st Battalion, Aoba Regiment, to Kamimbo Bay. Meanwhile, the Japanese

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decisively defeat any Allied (primarily U.S.) naval forces, especially carrier forces, that responded to Hyakutake's ground offensive. Allied naval carrier forces in the area, under the overall command of

1291:, seize territories rich in natural resources, and establish strategic military bases to defend Japan's empire in the Pacific Ocean and Asia. Initially, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, 5475:

medals were awarded to Sgt. Norman Greber of Ohio, Pvt. Don Reno of Texas, Pvt. Jack Bando of Oregon, Pvt. Stan Ralph of New York, and Cpl. Michael Randall of New York for their actions during the battle.

1481:

An early obstacle was a desire by both the army and Roosevelt to initiate action in Europe. In addition, it was unclear who would command the campaign: Tulagi lay in the area under the command of General

2029:, who planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August. To cover the landings of these troops and provide support for the operation to retake Henderson Field from Allied forces, Yamamoto directed 2033:

to sortie with a carrier force from Truk on 21 August and head towards the southern Solomon Islands. Nagumo's force included three carriers and 30 other warships. Yamamoto would send the light carrier

3399:

successfully extracted 4,935 soldiers, mainly from the 38th Division, from the island. The Japanese and Americans each lost a destroyer from an air and naval attack related to the evacuation mission.

2039:

on a possible bait role ahead of the rest of the fleet and attack Guadalcanal to draw the attention of the American pilots. The aircraft from the two fleet carriers would then attack the Americans.

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on 9 August 1942. In the course of this action 4 allied cruisers were sunk and one was heavily damaged for almost no loss to the Japanese, and the transport fleet was left exposed to further attack.

2800:

Finally, late on 24 October, Maruyama's forces reached the Lunga perimeter. Over two consecutive nights Maruyama's forces conducted numerous frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the

1494:, which would also supply almost all offensive forces that would prepare and be supplied and covered from that area. Both problems were overcome, and the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, General 2765:

were to attack the American defenses from the west along the coastal corridor. The Japanese estimated that there were 10,000 American troops on the island, when in fact there were about 23,000.

4745:

Hara, pp. 118–119; and Hough, p. 293. Though the exact number of the 5th Yokosuka troops killed in the sinking of their transport ship is unknown, the losses were considered to be substantial.

2545:

Between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of Generals

5026:

Griffith, p. 113; Frank, pp. 198–199, 205, 266. The term "rat transportation" was used because, like a rat, the Japanese ships were active only at night. The 35th Infantry Brigade, from the

2381:, Vandegrift's operations officer, correctly believed that the Japanese attack would come at Lunga Ridge, a narrow, grassy, 1,000-yard-long (900 m) coral ridge that ran parallel to the 1170:. The Japanese defenders, who had occupied those islands since May 1942, were outnumbered and overwhelmed by the Allies, who captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as the airfield—later named 8364: 2442:

As the Japanese regrouped west of the Matanikau, the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses. On 14 September Vandegrift moved another battalion, the

1630:. Vandegrift led the 16,000 Allied (primarily U.S. Marine) infantry earmarked for the landings. The troops sent to Guadalcanal were fresh from military training and armed with bolt-action 11859: 8204: 1390:. Tiny Tulagi had a large natural harbor perfect for a float-plane base and small Florida had to be taken as it dominated Tulagi. Large Guadalcanal, south across the soon-to-be-named 6072: 2155:

so they could carry over 100 extra Marines for rapid transportation. They landed the first Marines onto Tulagi and later on Guadalcanal, conducted special operations missions with

727: 2772:

Map of the battle, 23–26 October. Sumiyoshi's forces attack in the west at the Matanikau (left) while Maruyama's 2nd division attacks the Lunga perimeter from the south (right).

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p. 28) contend Fletcher's fuel situation was not at all critical, but Fletcher implied it was in order to provide further justification for his withdrawal from the battle area.

8324:– Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the 7905: 3280: 507: 2631:

Just before midnight, Scott's warships detected Gotō's force on radar near the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal. Scott's force was in a position to

2073:

was hit by several 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs, then by an aerial torpedo; she was then abandoned and sank that night. The two Japanese fleet carriers were not attacked.

5724:, pp. 298–345. The American air sorties were possible due to a supply of 488 55-gallon drums of 100-octane gas that was hidden in a secluded area under the jungle canopy by 1881:" after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal. The Marine fighters went into action the next day on the first of the almost-daily Japanese bomber air raids. On 22 August five 8301: 11824: 2712:

reach Guadalcanal. Using fuel drained from destroyed aircraft and from a cache in the nearby jungle, the CAF attacked the convoy twice on 14 October but caused no damage.

2098:

in the northern Solomons in order to transfer the surviving troops to destroyers for later delivery to Guadalcanal. A Japanese transport was sunk, and the older destroyer

1531:

taking command on 19 June, to direct the offensive in the Solomons. Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander-in-chief for Pacific forces.

3189:, to intercept Tanaka's force off Guadalcanal. Two additional destroyers joined Wright's force en route to Guadalcanal from Espiritu Santo during the day of 30 November. 1594:, of the large-scale movement of Allied forces in the South Pacific Area but concluded that the Allies were reinforcing Australia and perhaps Port Moresby in New Guinea. 10314: 3828:(his series of articles about the November 1942 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal won him a Pulitzer Prize), Sergeant James Hurlbut for the Marine Corps, and Mack Morriss for 10059: 5934:

The 2nd Marine Division's headquarters units, the 6th Marine Regiment, and various Marine weapons and support units also arrived on 4 and 6 January. U.S. Major General

2005: 11879: 9667: 11665: 9683: 6929: 8150: 8102: 4863: 4535: 10003: 4888: 3149:

in New Guinea. One of Imamura's first priorities upon assuming command was the continuation of the attempts to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal. The Allied

9606: 9578: 8722: 3192:

At 22:40 on 30 November, Tanaka's force arrived off Guadalcanal and prepared to unload the supply barrels. Meanwhile, Wright's warships were approaching through

3021:, and aircraft from Henderson Field. The ships were attacked several times on 11 and 12 November by Japanese aircraft from Rabaul staging through an air base at 2115:, after refueling, positioned itself east of Guadalcanal expecting Japanese movement to the area. No Japanese forces made any movement towards the area, and the 6521: 5925:. During its time on Guadalcanal, the 1st Marine Division suffered 650 killed, 31 missing, 1,278 injured, and 8,580 who contracted some type of disease, mainly 11644: 10323: 10010: 9144: 3415:

Allied commanders assemble on Guadalcanal in August 1943 to plan the next Allied offensive against the Japanese in the Solomons as part of Operation Cartwheel.

3121: 2195:

were accidentally silhouetted in the dark night. The modern Japanese destroyers immediately fired on the overmatched American ships, sinking them. 65 men from

4813: 1726:. In the air attacks over the two days the Japanese lost 36 aircraft, while the U.S. lost 19, both in combat and to accidents, including 14 carrier fighters. 10626: 9989: 9298: 8923: 4838: 1444:

to Guadalcanal. In the overall strategy for 1942, these aircraft would provide air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific.

3089:, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondō's bombardment force arrived. Kondō's force consisted of the 1807:

dispersed dumps within the perimeter. Work began on the airfield immediately, mainly using captured Japanese equipment. On 12 August the airfield was named

11814: 9639: 9585: 8771: 720: 3834:

magazine. Commander Vandegrift placed few restrictions on the reporters who were generally allowed to go wherever they wanted and write what they wanted.

1470:'s tacit consent, King also advocated the invasion of Guadalcanal. Because the United States supported Great Britain's proposal that priority be given to 11854: 10096: 9592: 9208: 5262:

Islands area prior to the war and was alleged to have participated in the murder of two Catholic priests and two nuns at Tasimboko on 3 September 1942. (

4346:

Frank, p. 79. Approximately 80 Japanese personnel escaped to Florida Island, where they were found and killed by Marine patrols over the next two months.

2777:

and streams, deep, muddy ravines, steep ridges, and dense jungle. Between 16 and 18 October, the 2nd Division began their march along the Maruyama Road.

1744:

As the transports unloaded on the night of 8–9 August, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral

4017:

Japanese naval construction units. Ships sunk includes warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.

11864: 8618: 7128: 3110:, smashing into the Japanese battleship repeatedly with both main and secondary battery shells and causing fatal damage. After fruitlessly chasing the 2365: 1162:, with the objective of using Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases in supporting a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at 9982: 9429: 9305: 7553: 433: 11819: 9282: 8662: 1287:

fleet, precipitating formal declarations of war between the two nations the next day. The initial goals of Japanese leaders were to neutralize the

8353: 2542:, who was killed as he maneuvered his craft to protect the escaping Marines and became the only Coast Guardsman to be awarded the Medal of Honor. 1523:, including the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The directive held that the eventual goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines. The U.S. 9719: 9031: 8461: 2958:

forces on 10 and 18 November. The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line just west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks.

2492: 713: 95: 2869:. After an exchange of carrier air attacks, Allied surface ships were forced to retreat from the battle area with the loss of one carrier sunk ( 1763: 11874: 11849: 9538: 8840: 2554: 1386:), which eventually became the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive and only later took on the operation name 589: 11537: 1572:

from the United States to New Zealand. Other Allied land, naval and air force units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa,

10330: 10293: 10270: 9791: 8713: 8683: 8307: 8281: 7204: 7107: 5938:, commander of the 2nd Marine Division, remained in New Zealand because he was superior in time in rank to Patch. Instead, Brigadier General 2700:

Despite the heavy damage, Henderson personnel were able to restore one of the runways to operational condition within a few hours. Seventeen

10045: 4539: 10423: 10279: 10263: 10235: 9483: 8690: 6082: 1414:

forced laborers and trustees as well as Japanese construction specialists) on Guadalcanal. These bases would protect Japan's major base at

1405:

in May and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. Allied concern grew when, in early July, the IJN began constructing a large airfield at

356: 3118:, Kondō ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. One of Kondō's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement. 11884: 11180: 10247: 10159: 10103: 10066: 9348: 4154: 4941: 3655:

Guadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history. It is the name of the graveyard of the Japanese army.

2151:, were the most heavily armed U.S. surface ships in Ironbottom Sound during this time. Their torpedo tubes were removed in exchange for 1502:

and Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Area was shifted 60 miles (97 km) to 360 miles (580 km) to the west, effective from 1 August 1942.

10152: 8884: 5573:

Hough, pp. 348–350; Shaw, pp. 42–43; Frank, pp. 420–424; Griffith, p. 246; Miller, pp. 197–200; Zimmerman, pp. 136–145, Jersey, p. 361.

5459: 3445: 3358:

detected the Japanese movements but misinterpreted them as preparations for another attempt to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal.

737: 2740: 1263:

Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942. Guadalcanal is located in the lower right center of the map.

361: 11658: 10286: 8676: 8634: 6238: 5942:

commanded the 2nd Marine Division on Guadalcanal. The total number of Marines on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 6 January 1943 was 18,383.

3377:

cruiser task force. Sighting the cruisers, Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked that same evening and heavily damaged the cruiser

3041:

heavily damaged. Despite his defeat of Callaghan's force, Abe ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. The

1649: 462: 7198: 5030:, contained 3,880 troops and was centered on the 124th Infantry Regiment with various attached supporting units (Alexander, p. 139). 4785: 4582:

Smith, p. 88; Evans, p. 158; and Frank, pp. 141–143. The Ichiki regiment was named after its commanding officer and was part of the

3387:. Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the 3033:

to depart by early evening 12 November. Callaghan's force comprised two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers.

2446:

from Tulagi to Guadalcanal. On 18 September an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade (the

11507: 9326: 9100: 8863: 8729: 8540: 8140:"Operational Leadership Once Beyond the Culminating Point: Perspectives on Calculated Tactical Risk to Achieve Operational Success" 1958: 10402: 10199: 9236: 8736: 8648: 8584: 8311: 8273: 7099: 2287:

began airlifting high-priority cargo, including personnel, aviation gasoline, munitions, and other supplies, to Henderson Field.

2140:

repeat of the disastrous defeat at Savo Island. Transport Division 12 (Trans Div 12), consisting of six obsolete World War I-era

5951:

Frank, pp. 529–534; Miller, pp. 231–237, 244, 249–252; Jersey, pp. 350–351; Anderson, Hough, pp. 363–364; Griffith, pp. 263–265.

2527:

Japanese forces near Point Cruz west of the Matanikau, took heavy losses, and barely escaped with assistance from the destroyer

10605: 10117: 8967: 8505: 6945:

Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944, vol. VI of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

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Hara, pp. 160–161; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull, p. 262; Evans, pp. 197–198; Crenshaw, p. 137; Toland, p. 419; Frank, p. 502; Morison,

5027: 3318: 2913:

U.S. Marines drag the corpses of Japanese soldiers from their bunker in the Point Cruz area after the battle in early November.

2676:

To protect the approaching convoy from attack by CAF aircraft, Yamamoto sent the 3rd Battleship Division, under the command of

2546: 1347:. These strategic victories in the Pacific allowed the Allies to switch from the defensive to seize the initiative from Japan. 2851: 2148: 11201: 11106: 10633: 10379: 10254: 9340: 9314: 9171: 8877: 8794: 8036: 7603: 7342: 7142: 6736: 6468: 5399:

Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment, which was originally part of the 35th Infantry Brigade commanded by Kawaguchi during the

4591: 4583: 3449: 2615:, to intercept and combat any Japanese ships that approached Guadalcanal and threatened the arrival of the transport convoy. 2488: 1540: 1505: 1227: 426: 4756: 3361: 2946:

landed by boat at Aola Bay, 40 miles (64 km) east of Lunga Point. Carlson's raiders, along with troops from the Army's

11804: 11794: 11434: 10841: 10727: 9892: 9359: 9355: 9333: 8937: 7284:

Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps, 1940–1946

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apologized and replied that the Americans had used machines while the Japanese had to rely on manpower. (Toland, p. 426).

3294: 3053:

to assemble another bombardment force using warships from Truk and Abe's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November.

2715: 1239: 1123:

by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of

8170: 6166:

Willmott, H. P.; Cross, Robin; Messenger, Charles (2006) . "American Offensives in the Pacific". In Cowe, Dennis (ed.).

5816:

Brown, pp. 124–125; USSBS, p. 139; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull; p. 262; Crenshaw, pp. 26–33; Kilpatrick, pp. 139–142; Morison,

5275:

Rottman, p. 61; Griffith, p. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266–268, 289–290; Dull, pp. 225–226; and Smith, pp. 132, 158.

3436:

in early 1943. The Allies had gained a strategic initiative which they never relinquished. In June, the Allies launched

2170:

was bombed by Japanese high-altitude horizontal bombers with amazing accuracy and sank, losing 51 men. On 4–5 September

11829: 11558: 11427: 11305: 10883: 10598: 10549: 10307: 9862: 9114: 8953: 8801: 8655: 7563: 4328:

Frank, p. 50. The IJN personnel included Japanese and Korean construction specialists as well as trained combat troops.

3956:

Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement.

3755: 2580: 1749: 1231: 582: 3886: 11674: 10556: 10528: 10345: 9927: 9646: 9613: 7964: 7943: 7922: 7887: 7866: 7845: 7824: 7803: 7782: 7761: 7740: 7719: 7684: 7663: 7642: 7621: 7581: 7525: 7504: 7481: 7460: 7439: 7418: 7397: 7374: 7212: 7079: 7050: 7029: 7008: 6987: 6966: 6900: 6879: 6858: 6837: 6816: 6795: 6754: 6714: 6669: 6648: 6627: 6599: 6578: 6557: 6507: 6486: 6459:

Dean, Peter (2013). "Anzacs and Yanks: US and Australian Operations at the Beachhead Battles". In Dean, Peter (ed.).

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By December, the weary 1st Marine Division was withdrawn for recuperation, and over the course of the next month the

3221:. The rest of Tanaka's destroyers escaped without damage but failed to deliver any of the provisions to Guadalcanal. 2050: 1583: 1544: 1499: 8829: 5536:

Zimmerman, pp. 133–138; Griffith, pp. 217–219; Hough, pp. 347–348; Frank, pp. 414–418; Miller, pp. 195–197; Hammel,

1549: 11711: 10869: 10806: 9941: 9777: 8900: 8188:"'The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939–1945'; The Battle for the Solomons (Chapter 7)" 6613:

The Geology of Guadalcanal: a Selected Bibliography of the Geology, Natural History, and the History of Guadalcanal

6529:. Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP 12-109-11). Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. 5550:

Zimmerman, pp. 133–141; Griffith, pp. 217–23; Hough, pp. 347–350; Frank, pp. 414–423; Miller, pp. 195–200; Hammel,

3970: 2902:

of Point Cruz. Defending the Point Cruz area were Japanese army troops from the 4th Infantry Regiment commanded by

2866: 2838: 1475: 534: 419: 213: 9454: 2203:

were killed, including the commanding officer of Transport Division 12 and the commanding officers of both ships.

1991:

Point, notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul.

11235: 11076: 11065: 10901: 10660: 10619: 10512: 10450: 9837: 9107: 8976: 8944: 5412:

Miller, p. 155; Frank, pp. 339–341; Hough, p. 330; Rottman, p. 62; Griffith, pp. 187–188. Hyakutake sent Colonel

4356: 3872: 3329:

replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, which by January totaled just over 50,000 men.

1007: 9624: 9192: 5523:

Shaw, pp. 40–41; Griffith, pp. 215–218; Hough, pp. 344–345; Zimmerman, pp. 131–133; Frank, pp. 412–420; Hammel,

2865:

The two opposing carrier forces confronted each other on the morning of 26 October, in what became known as the

11621: 11593: 11471: 11264: 10501: 9952: 9878: 9674: 9045: 8764: 8669: 8554: 6356: 5471:

Frank, pp. 63–406, 418, 424, and 553; Zimmerman, pp. 122–123; Griffith, p. 204; Hough, p. 337; Rottman, p. 63.

2947: 2752:(Commanding Officer 1st Marines), Lieutenant Colonel William N. McKelvy (3rd Battalion) and Lieutenant Colonel 2599: 2000: 1708:

During the landing operations on 7 and 8 August, Japanese naval aircraft based at Rabaul, under the command of

1418:, threaten Allied supply and communication lines, and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against 875: 758: 672: 524: 17: 8474: 2942:

Meanwhile, on 4 November, two companies from the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel

189: 11784: 11681: 11614: 11565: 11496: 11321: 10827: 10778: 10542: 10535: 10138: 9899: 9690: 8743: 8334:"Pacific Counterblow: The 11th Bombardment Group and the 67th Fighter Squadron in the Battle for Guadalcanal" 3851: 3742: 2980: 2577:

island, and also by stepping up air attacks on Henderson Field and sending warships to bombard the airfield.

2407: 2382: 2102:

was so badly damaged that it had to be scuttled. Several other warships were damaged, including Tanaka's own

1914: 1808: 1713: 1705:

and Point Cruz area, leaving behind food, supplies, intact construction equipment and vehicles, and 13 dead.

1562: 1402: 1171: 618: 575: 8361:

Fighting On Guadalcanal with short commentary and stories by individual participants including Merritt Edson

4610:, but were on their way back to Japan after the invasion was cancelled following the Japanese defeat in the 2906:. The 4th Infantry was severely understrength because of battle damage, tropical disease, and malnutrition. 2428: 1199:, the last major naval engagement, serving to secure protection for the Japanese troops to evacuate safely. 402:

38 ships lost including 1 light carrier, 2 battleships, 3 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser and 11 destroyers.

11755: 11651: 11026: 10987: 9906: 9741: 9726: 9653: 9632: 9450: 9128: 8914: 8907: 8891: 8602: 8561: 8533: 8004: 5394:

Rottman, p. 61; Frank, pp. 289–340; Hough, pp. 322–330; Griffith, pp. 186–187; Dull, pp. 226–230; Morison,

3974:

449). Captured Japanese documents revealed that two captured Marine scouts had been tied to trees and then

3065:

In order to intercept Kondō's force, Halsey, who was low on undamaged ships, detached two battleships, the

2305:

Japanese reinforcements arriving on Guadalcanal, circa early September 1942; note Savo Island in background

2022: 5132:

Smith, pp. 161–167. The Marine defenders that finally defeated Kokusho's charge were most likely from the

2681: 2225:

from Henderson Field preparing to attack incoming Japanese aircraft in late August or early September 1942

11718: 11042: 10994: 10612: 10584: 10437: 10052: 10031: 9552: 9215: 9121: 8611: 6893:

The Solomons Campaigns, 1942–1943: From Guadalcanal to Bougainville – Pacific War Turning Point, Volume 2

4946: 3706: 3595: 2967: 2505: 1853: 1272: 1179: 1099: 1041: 849: 792: 687: 539: 482: 3730: 3718: 3694: 1929:, the task of retaking Guadalcanal. The army was to be supported by Japanese naval units, including the 11839: 11834: 11516: 11012: 10931: 10876: 10764: 10720: 10370: 9996: 9920: 9822: 9699: 9571: 9564: 9524: 9497: 9229: 9162: 8757: 8568: 8498: 8368: 5400: 3773: 3441: 2812:. U.S. Marine and Army units armed with rifles, machine guns, mortars, and artillery, including direct 2801: 2753: 2687: 2667: 2649: 2558: 2443: 2339: 2272: 1466:

routes between the United States and Australia and to use them as starting points. With U.S. President

1276: 1147: 929: 909: 775: 487: 477: 5890:

Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Griffith, p. 268; Frank, pp. 534–539; Toland, pp. 424–426; Dull, p. 261; Morison,

5070:

Frank, pp. 219–220; and Smith, pp. 113–115, 243. Most of the men in Ichiki's second echelon were from

4287:, Volume 21, No. 1 Winter 2009/2010 Edition, p. 8 (Publication of the Guadalcanal Campaign Veterans, ) 3440:

which, after modification in August 1943, formalized the strategy of isolating Rabaul and cutting its

2618:

Mikawa's 8th Fleet staff scheduled a large and important Express run for the night of 11 October. Two

2089: 1769: 11418: 11335: 11120: 10980: 10952: 10785: 10690: 10480: 9913: 8987: 8641: 8412: 8187: 7259: 4480:

Smith, pp. 14–15. At this time there were exactly 10,819 Marines on Guadalcanal (Frank, pp. 125–127).

3636:

addition, the Allies viewed the eventual outcome of the Pacific War with greatly increased optimism.

3310: 3142: 2535: 1324: 1192: 1094: 1031: 987: 934: 919: 9185: 3411: 1462:. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the 11157: 11134: 10386: 10187: 10180: 9844: 9504: 9476: 9469: 8856: 8440: 7279: 6289: 5263: 3868: 3778: 3444:. The subsequent successful neutralization of Rabaul and the forces centered there facilitated the 3370: 3348: 3072: 2974: 2693: 2571: 2415:

to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal and at the same time support the major ongoing Japanese

2284: 2231: 1918: 1448: 1219: 1196: 1079: 1002: 992: 858: 839: 787: 694: 599: 556: 529: 41: 9201: 9178: 4161:. The Pacific War from Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. Pacific War Historical Society. Archived from 3353:

On 14 January, a Tokyo Express run delivered a battalion of troops to act as a rear guard for the

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On the evening of 12 August, a 25-man U.S. Marine patrol, led by Division D-2 Lieutenant Colonel

1332: 1215: 1203: 924: 904: 894: 814: 226: 89: 5514:

p. 135; Griffith, pp. 214–215; Frank, p. 411; Anderson; Shaw, pp. 40–41; Zimmerman, pp. 130–131.

2744:

From left to right: Lieutenant Colonel Leonard B. Cresswell (1st Battalion), Lieutenant Colonel

11799: 11789: 11271: 11164: 10966: 10917: 10820: 10713: 10683: 10466: 10354: 10080: 9871: 9462: 9443: 9413: 8960: 8930: 7300: 6620:

Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal & The Battle of the Eastern Solomons August 1942

4790: 4761: 3926: 3922: 3163: 3066: 3018: 2612: 2141: 1748:, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 1398: 1316: 1268: 1136: 1084: 844: 824: 544: 392:

29 ships lost including 2 fleet carriers, 6 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers and 17 destroyers.

8252: 7177: 6851:

The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942

5225:

Griffith, pp. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266; Jersey, pp. 248–249; and Smith, pp. 132, 158.

5071: 4931:

Coastwatchers: "The Coastwatchers saved Guadalcanal, and Guadalcanal saved the South Pacific."

4162: 2326:

barge convoy took another 1,000 soldiers of Kawaguchi's brigade, under the command of Colonel

11762: 11485: 11328: 11224: 11194: 11150: 10890: 10855: 10848: 10771: 10669: 10110: 10087: 9934: 9545: 9082: 8822: 8808: 8491: 7698:

The Island: A History of the First Marine Division on Guadalcanal, 7 August – 9 December 1942

5829:

Hara, pp. 161–164; Dull, p. 265; Evans, pp. 199–202; Crenshaw, pp. 34, 63, 139–151; Morison,

5696: 3966: 3216: 2874: 2701: 2416: 2406:

On 15 September at Rabaul, Hyakutake learned of Kawaguchi's defeat and forwarded the news to

2081:, dozens of aircraft, and most of their aircrew; the Americans lost a handful of planes, and 2064: 2010: 1965:

was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel

1906:

Dead Japanese soldiers on the sandbar at the mouth of Alligator Creek, Guadalcanal after the

1874: 1836: 1774: 1739: 1524: 1511:

established two goals for 1942–1943: that Guadalcanal would be taken, in conjunction with an

1467: 1340: 914: 899: 880: 829: 705: 682: 519: 9380: 5341:

Frank, pp. 313–315. The 16th was from the 2nd Division and the 230th from the 38th Division.

3396: 2808:

and the U.S. Army's 3rd Battalion, 164th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel

1794:

Initial U.S. Marine defenses around the airstrip at Lunga Point, Guadalcanal, 12 August 1942

11844: 11586: 11441: 11092: 11019: 10945: 10755: 10734: 9660: 9137: 8815: 7796:

Where the Sun Stood Still: The Untold Story of Sir Jacob Vouza and the Guadalcanal Campaign

7130:

Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43

6767: 6727:

James, Karl (2013). "On Australia's Doorstep: Kokoda and Milne Bay". In Dean, Peter (ed.).

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commanded by Turner, to Guadalcanal on 11 November. The supply ships were protected by two

2539: 2528: 2451: 2206: 1946: 1907: 1897: 1591: 1565: 1520: 1026: 970: 870: 768: 660: 467: 275: 57: 7936:

Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps, 1936–1943

5582:

Frank, pp. 420–421, 424–25, 493–497; Anderson; Hough, pp. 350–358; Zimmerman, pp. 150–152.

3863:

Jersey, pp. 356–358. Assisting the Americans in the latter stages of campaign were Fijian

1557:

on Guadalcanal under construction by Japanese and conscripted Korean laborers in July 1942

314: 8: 11704: 11478: 11356: 11312: 10834: 9968: 9734: 9261: 9091: 9075: 9024: 8453: 8428: 7226: 5935: 5881:

Jersey, p. 384; Frank, pp. 536–538; Griffith, p. 268; Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Toland, p. 426.

4075: 3622: 3613: 3538: 3513: 3437: 3378: 3314: 3249: 3082: 3014: 3001: 2896: 2888: 2708: 2447: 2239: 2222: 2179: 2163: 1942: 1926: 1885: 1870: 1848: 1812: 1720: 1617: 1606: 1569: 1512: 1491: 1459: 1280: 1223: 1211: 977: 939: 887: 809: 642: 635: 502: 492: 344: 279: 269: 5973:

pp. 333–339; Rottman, p. 64; Griffith, pp. 269–279; Jersey, pp. 384–388; Hayashi, p. 64.

3673: 1658:

Routes of Allied amphibious forces for landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, 7 August 1942

11697: 11530: 11455: 11409: 11379: 11287: 11127: 10792: 10676: 10570: 10521: 10459: 10215: 10166: 9975: 9599: 9254: 9052: 7635:

Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Seas, Midway & Guadalcanal

5417: 3788: 3660: 3618: 3332:

On 18 December, Allied (mainly U.S. Army) forces began attacking Japanese positions on

3290: 3186: 2923: 2845: 2728: 2585: 2356:(here photographed as a major general) led Marine forces in the Battle of Edson's Ridge 2171: 1950: 1882: 1627: 1528: 1495: 1371: 1288: 1243: 1188: 1051: 958: 295: 265: 261: 257: 8285: 8122: 7754:

The Battles of Cape Esperance, 11 October 1942 and Santa Cruz Islands, 26 October 1942

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was attacked and damaged. Both fleets then retreated from the area. The Japanese lost

326: 11688: 11572: 11462: 11402: 11363: 11296: 11278: 11244: 11187: 11141: 11085: 10910: 10648: 10640: 10577: 10430: 10024: 9556: 9017: 8996: 8706: 8417: 8146: 8098: 7981: 7967: 7960: 7946: 7939: 7925: 7918: 7890: 7883: 7869: 7862: 7848: 7841: 7827: 7820: 7806: 7799: 7785: 7778: 7764: 7757: 7743: 7736: 7722: 7715: 7701: 7687: 7680: 7666: 7659: 7645: 7638: 7624: 7617: 7599: 7584: 7577: 7559: 7542: 7528: 7521: 7507: 7500: 7484: 7477: 7463: 7456: 7442: 7435: 7421: 7414: 7400: 7393: 7377: 7370: 7367:

Battalion of the Damned: The 1st Marine Paratroopers at Gavutu and Bloody Ridge, 1942

7356: 7338: 7218: 7208: 7138: 7134: 7075: 7063: 7053: 7046: 7032: 7025: 7011: 7004: 6990: 6983: 6969: 6962: 6948: 6934: 6917: 6903: 6896: 6882: 6875: 6861: 6854: 6840: 6833: 6819: 6812: 6798: 6791: 6775: 6757: 6750: 6732: 6717: 6710: 6694: 6680: 6665: 6651: 6644: 6630: 6623: 6602: 6595: 6581: 6574: 6560: 6553: 6530: 6510: 6503: 6489: 6482: 6464: 6449: 6435: 6428: 6410: 6395: 6388: 6374: 6367: 6352: 6338: 6331: 6301: 6294: 6284: 6171: 4599: 3850:

Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at

3769: 3470: 3322: 2892: 2855: 2762: 2603: 2473: 2311: 2248: 2095: 2025:. The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral 1679: 1631: 1516: 1487: 1483: 1391: 1296: 1046: 997: 963: 946: 497: 8333: 8057: 7153: 3050: 3045:

sank later that day after repeated air attacks by aircraft from CAF and the carrier

2030: 310: 11607: 11600: 11544: 11208: 10973: 10959: 10862: 10799: 10750: 10563: 10416: 10363: 10173: 10124: 10038: 9268: 9245: 8778: 7184:. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. p. 418 6662:

Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, November 13–15, 1942

6425:

South Pacific Destroyer: The Battle for the Solomons from Savo Island to Vella Gulf

5990:

from the island, which had been on Guadalcanal since the beginning of the campaign.

5939: 4611: 3797: 3551: 3525: 3476: 3264: 3193: 2749: 2745: 2378: 2353: 2260: 2212: 1934: 1878: 1745: 1712:, attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times, setting afire the transport 1709: 1682: 1614: 1508: 1437: 1344: 1207: 1089: 799: 763: 677: 302: 283: 8787: 8229:"Silk Chutes and Hard Fighting: U.S. Marine Corps Parachute Units in World War II" 8092:"Operational Leadership: A Case Study of Two Extremes during Operation Watchtower" 8040: 5136:

with assistance from the 1st Pioneer Battalion (Smith, p. 167; and Frank, p. 235).

2909: 11630: 11342: 11257: 11215: 11113: 11056: 10924: 10706: 10697: 10226: 9808: 9784: 9038: 8397: 7817:

The Ship that Held the Line: The USS Hornet and the First Year of the Pacific War

6500:

The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers

5189:

Evans, pp. 179–180; Frank, pp. 247–252; Griffith, p. 156; and Smith, pp. 198–200.

5123:

Frank, pp. 223, 225–226; Griffith, pp. 132, 134–135; and Smith, pp. 130–131, 138.

4543: 3864: 3816: 3810: 3645: 3617:

Guadalcanal was the first step in a long string of successes that eventually led

3425: 3326: 3298: 3274: 3256: 3245: 3138: 3115: 2903: 2640:

on 13 October and successfully delivered its cargo and passengers to the island.

2619: 2515: 2456: 2433: 2110: 1702: 1304: 1159: 1140: 1072: 1058: 1036: 1021: 982: 834: 819: 804: 340: 289: 242: 11742: 7068:

Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats

6612: 4615: 3796:

for his coverage of the early days of World War II. Tom Yarbrough wrote for the

3684:

The Vilu War Museum is on Guadalcanal, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of

2624: 2026: 334: 11637: 11173: 11099: 9151: 9010: 8435: 8422: 8139: 8091: 7596:

Operation Ke: The Cactus Air Force and the Japanese Withdrawal from Guadalcanal

6246: 5769: 5413: 4668: 3793: 3783: 3594:

more forces were dispatched to the area. This spelled trouble for Japan as its

3494: 3488: 3029: 2632: 2595: 2361: 2256: 2156: 1978: 1966: 1930: 1860: 1757: 1579: 1455: 1363: 1320: 1292: 1155: 1065: 953: 628: 330: 322: 177: 11870:

Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

7411:

New Zealand's Pacific Frontline: Guadalcanal–Solomon Islands Campaign, 1942–45

2861:

is torpedoed and fatally damaged by a Japanese carrier aircraft on 26 October.

1394:

was added when it was discovered the Japanese were building an airbase there.

11778: 11448: 9373: 9222: 9061: 8449: 8178: 5914: 5439:

17 of the 44 members of the 1st Independent Tank Company survived the battle.

5105:

Hough, pp. 298–299; Frank, pp. 221–222; Smith, p. 129; Griffith, pp. 129–130.

3965:

Frank, pp. 598–618; and Lundstrom, p. 456. 85 Australians were killed in the

3931: 3829: 3669: 3668:

Beyond Kawaguchi, several Japanese political and military leaders, including

3586: 3482: 2943: 2813: 2805: 2789: 2607: 2327: 2296: 2059:, with 177 carrier-based aircraft. The American forces had two carriers, the 1982: 1832: 1654: 1610: 1423: 1411: 1259: 472: 201: 153: 110: 97: 8408:

One episode from a 26-episode series about naval combat during World War II.

8123:"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner" 7222: 5986:

pp. 342–350. After unloading their cargo, the U.S. transports evacuated the

3999: 3568: 2321:

Between 29 August and 4 September, Japanese light cruisers, destroyers, and

1802:

Map showing the U.S. Marine attacks west of the Matanikau River on 19 August

1790: 11747: 11551: 9851: 9756: 9387: 8750: 8514: 8027: 7386: 6779: 5982:

Hough, pp. 367–368; Frank, pp. 568–576; Miller, pp. 319–342; Morison,

5910: 5692: 5355: 4607: 4357:"Combat Narratives Solomon Islands Campaign: I The Landing in the Solomons" 3890: 3801: 3629: 3333: 3260: 3238: 3022: 2817: 2720: 2677: 1938: 1925:-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant General 1624: 1603: 1573: 1471: 1432: 1351: 1336: 1184: 1132: 567: 549: 318: 49: 7985: 7950: 7929: 7705: 7546: 7446: 7243: 7241: 6952: 6938: 6865: 6823: 6761: 6731:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–215. 6721: 6698: 6523:

The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner

6453: 6021:

Frank, pp. 589–597; Jersey, pp. 378–383, 383, 400–401; Miller pp. 342–348.

3145:

at Rabaul. The new command encompassed both Hyakutake's 17th Army and the

2510: 2389: 1474:, the Pacific theater had to compete for personnel and resources with the 11386: 11372: 11034: 9710: 9531: 9516: 8870: 8325: 7971: 7900: 7894: 7873: 7852: 7831: 7810: 7789: 7768: 7747: 7726: 7691: 7670: 7649: 7628: 7588: 7532: 7511: 7493: 7488: 7467: 7425: 7381: 7057: 7036: 7015: 6994: 6973: 6921: 6907: 6844: 6802: 6655: 6634: 6606: 6585: 6564: 6514: 6439: 6399: 6378: 6342: 6305: 6267: 6077: 5472: 5358:

commanded Destroyer Squadron 2 which was part of the battleship's screen.

4942:"Behind Enemy Lines: An Amateur Radio Operator's Amazing Tale of Bravery" 3821: 3805: 3421: 2990: 2930: 2704: 2322: 2264: 2243: 1844:

of Japanese naval troops attacked it and almost completely wiped it out.

1561:

In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, U.S. Marine

1554: 1406: 1355: 1308: 1300: 1167: 1128: 1124: 306: 85: 45: 8340:(Reissue ed.). Office of Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence 7001:

Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43

6886: 6684: 6493: 2217: 2207:

Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses

62:

United States Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign.

10741: 10494: 10473: 9366: 8699: 8627: 8171:"James R. 'Rube' Garrett A Marine Diary: My Experiences on Guadalcanal" 8058:"Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944" 7404: 7151: 5075: 3010: 2824:

upper Matanikau Valley while the 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel

2550: 2235: 1962: 1847:

In response, on 19 August, Vandegrift sent three companies of the U.S.

1284: 411: 7360: 7043:

The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945

2472:

southeast of Guadalcanal. This left only one Allied aircraft carrier (

2438:

burns after being hit by Japanese submarine torpedoes on 15 September.

2283:

to maintain and improve Henderson Field. In addition, on 3 September,

1283:. The attack killed almost 2,500 people and crippled much of the U.S. 11004: 10409: 10206: 10017: 9815: 9770: 8303:

Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I

7574:

Challenge for the Pacific: The Bloody Six-Month Battle Of Guadalcanal

6928:

The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, vol. V of

4419:, pp. 99–100; Loxton, pp. 104–105. Loxton, Frank p. 94; and Morison ( 3391:, south of Guadalcanal, to be ready to counter a Japanese offensive. 3388: 2768: 2463: 2370: 1819: 1798: 1675: 1202:

The campaign followed the successful Allied defensive actions at the

165: 11810:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands

9291: 8078: 4614:. Although some histories state that Ichiki's regiment was at Truk, 3679: 9275: 9003: 7071: 5918: 4606:, p. 52). Ichiki's regiment had been assigned to invade and occupy 4587: 3975: 3267: 2412: 1877:

to Henderson Field. The aircraft at Henderson became known as the "

1664: 1463: 6961:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000. 6641:

Carrier Strike: The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, October 1942

6003:

pp. 364–368; Miller, pp. 343–345; Zimmerman, p. 162; Dull, p. 268.

5803:

Dull, pp. 262–263; Evans, pp. 198–199; Crenshaw, p. 137; Morison,

5252:

Griffith, pp. 169–176; Frank, pp. 282–290; and Hough, pp. 318–322.

5145:

Smith, pp. 162–193; Frank, pp. 237–246; and Griffith, pp. 141–147.

8205:"'From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War'" 7859:

The Do-or-Die Men: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion at Guadalcanal

5926: 5052:

Frank, pp. 201–203; Griffith, pp. 116–124; and Smith, pp. 87–112.

4155:"Despite Pearl Harbor, America adopts a 'Germany First' strategy" 3685: 3285: 3226: 2280: 1987: 1841: 1753: 1452: 1315:. The U.S. was joined in the war against Japan by several of the 8462:

Video including historical footage of the Battle for Guadalcanal

6534: 6328:

Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II

3576: 3313:

took over operations on the island. This corps consisted of the

3106:

approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on the

2680:, from Truk to bombard Henderson Field. At 01:33 on 14 October, 1913:

In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese

9885: 8483: 8259:. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps 4595: 3025:, Bougainville, but most were unloaded without serious damage. 2784: 2348: 2315: 1941:. The 17th Army, at that time heavily involved in the Japanese 1719:(which sank two days later) and heavily damaging the destroyer 1671: 1441: 1415: 1359: 1163: 1151: 7152:

Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I. Jr. (n.d.).

5243:

Smith, pp. 204–215; Frank, pp. 269–274; Zimmerman, pp. 96–101.

3281:

Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse

3275:

Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse

3172: 2663: 735: 10073: 8458:"Part One" and "Part Two" deal with the Guadalcanal campaign. 7353:

The Struggle for Guadalcanal (American Battles and Campaigns)

6407:

Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II

5960:

Frank, pp. 563–567; Miller, pp. 290–305; Jersey, pp. 367–371.

5725: 5114:

Griffith, pp. 130–132; Frank, pp. 221–222; and Smith, p. 130.

4669:"Solomon Islands Campaign: 23 August 1942 – 25 December 1943" 2016:

under aerial attack during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons

1954: 1922: 1427: 1354:

of the United Kingdom), specifically the southern islands of

8253:"Time of the Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons, 1942–1944" 8030:. Flash animated combat map series at The War Times Journal. 7555:

Solomon Islanders in World War II: An Indigenous Perspective

3741:

To mark the 50th anniversary of the Red Beach landings, the

2996: 1678:, were assaulted by 3,000 U.S. Marines under the command of 7242:

Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Allyn Nevitt.

6463:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–239. 5999:

Frank, pp. 582–588, 757–758; Jersey, pp. 376–378; Morison,

2152: 1970: 1693: 1419: 1312: 11860:

World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre

7906:

The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944

7733:

Blood on the Sea: American Destroyers Lost in World War II

7182:

United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific

7137:(translated excerpts). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6550:

Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle

6112:

Dean 2013, p. 236; Keogh 1965, p. 249; James 2012, p. 213.

3497:, Captain (pilot) – 9 October - 19 November 1942, Jan 1943 1773:

shines searchlights towards the northern force during the

8445: 8403: 7453:

The Leatherneck Boys: A Pfc at the Battle for Guadalcanal

6930:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

6749:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. 6479:

A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945

6239:"Long-ago battle in Solomon Islands keeps claiming lives" 5781:

Evans, pp. 197–198, Crenshaw, p. 136, Frank, pp. 499–502.

4598:, because most of the soldiers in the regiment were from 4536:

Broderson, Ben, "Franklin native recalls key WWII battle"

3554:, Signalman First class – 27 September 1942 (posth.) 2934:

Carlson's raiders coming ashore at Aola Bay on 4 November

2466:

after being hit by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine

1343:. The second major Japanese offensive was stopped at the 7390:

The Campaign for Guadalcanal: A Battle That Made History

7286:. U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks 6790:. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press of Florida, 1987. 4200:

Murray, pp. 199–200; Jersey, p. 85; and Lundstrom, p. 5.

3383:. The next day, more torpedo aircraft attacked and sank 2927:

towards Koli Point to attack the Japanese forces there.

8479:

at the Colby Military Writers' Symposium, 11 April 2012

8037:"An Animated Map History of the Battle for Guadalcanal" 7999: 7838:

U.S. Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations 1941–43

7656:

On the Canal: The Marines of L-3-5 on Guadalcanal, 1942

7162:

History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II

6916:. Fredericksburg, TX: Admiral Nimitz Foundation, 1969. 1187:

by 7 February 1943, in the face of an offensive by the

398:

Army: 19,200 dead, of whom 8,500 were killed in combat

9145:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

8238:. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. p. 1 7752:

Poor, Henry V., Henry A. Mustin and Colin G. Jameson.

7476:. Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books, 1991. 7260:"First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal" 6446:

Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II

6165: 3776:, gained fame with the publication of his bestselling 3663:, IJA, Commander, 35th Infantry Brigade at Guadalcanal 2088:

On 25 August, Tanaka's convoy, headed by the flagship

7541:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944. 6594:. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000. 6073:"Ex-soldier recalls Guadalcanal as 'island of death'" 5429:

Griffith, p. 193; Frank, pp. 346–348; Rottman, p. 62.

3640:

Tokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal.

3062:

Kondō's force approached to bombard Henderson Field.

1527:

created the South Pacific theater, with Vice Admiral

1366:, as the first target, designated Task One (codename 8331: 7957:

Combat Officer: A Memoir of War in the South Pacific

7593: 6364:

Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific

4755:

Bernhardt, John W.; Halley, Foster (February 1945).

11825:

Battles of World War II involving the United States

7654:Marion, Ore J., Thomas Cuddihy and Edward Cuddihy. 7455:. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University Press, 1995. 7432:

Guadalcanal Air War: Col. Jefferson DeBlanc's Story

5488:

pp. 199–207; Frank, pp. 368–378; Dull, pp. 235–237.

2832: 1382:), and "adjacent positions". Guadalcanal (codename 8175:An Eyewitness Account of the Battle of Guadalcanal 7558:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 6832:. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 1997. 2366:British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force 1582:, New Hebrides, was selected as the headquarters, 11880:Amphibious operations involving the United States 7756:. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1994. 7244:"Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combinedfleet.com)" 6980:Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II 6349:Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT (Images of Aviation) 6147:Hough, p. 372; Miller, p. 350; Zimmerman, p. 166. 5554:pp. 141–44; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, pp. 297–305. 5350:Evans, pp. 181–182; Frank, pp. 315–320; Morison, 4864:"MaritimeQuest - USS Gregory APD-3 Roll of Honor" 4814:"MaritimeQuest - USS Colhoun APD-2 Roll of Honor" 3680:Vilu War Museum and Guadalcanal American Memorial 3522:, Technician 5th Grade – 10 January 1943 (posth.) 3081:task force. The U.S. force, under the command of 2518:on Guadalcanal on a raft ferry in November, 1942. 2374:on the island and apparently planning an attack. 1994: 1586:, and the main base for the offensive, codenamed 1327:, both of which had also been attacked by Japan. 11776: 8055: 6182:; Miller, p. 350; Shaw, p. 52; Alexander, p. 81. 5868:Dull, pp. 266–267; Evans, pp. 203–205; Morison, 5497:Dull, pp. 237–244; Frank, pp. 379–403; Morison, 4839:"MaritimeQuest - USS Little APD-4 Roll of Honor" 3232: 2360:Meanwhile, native scouts under the direction of 1945:, had only a few units available. Of these, the 1486:, whereas the Santa Cruz Islands lay in Admiral 1210:in May and June 1942. Along with the battles at 8477:Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal 7938:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2011. 7819:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002. 7775:Across the Dark Islands: The War in the Pacific 7499:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 7022:Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal 6747:Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal 6707:Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal 5310:pp. 149–151; D'Albas, p. 183; and Dull, p. 226. 4786:"Shoestring Logistics Lessons from Guadalcanal" 4754: 2719:Japanese cargo ship Kinugawa Maru destroyed at 1146:On 7 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly 8475:Presentation by James Hornfischer on his book 7882:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002. 7637:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. 7616:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. 7594:Letourneau, Roger; Letourneau, Dennis (2012). 7369:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007. 6959:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 6853:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005. 6830:The Shame of Savo: Anatomy of a Naval Disaster 6502:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986. 6481:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978. 6427:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998. 6387:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004. 6330:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000. 3541:, Rear Admiral – 12-13 September 1942 (posth.) 3503:, Major General – 7 Augustus - 9 December 1942 2961: 2499: 2420:another attempt to recapture Henderson Field. 8499: 8308:United States Army Center of Military History 8282:United States Army Center of Military History 7679:. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2003 7205:United States Army Center of Military History 7108:United States Army Center of Military History 6895:. Santa Barbara, CA: BMC Publications, 2002. 5969:Miller, p. 338; Frank, pp. 540–560; Morison, 4757:"Saga of the Unsung—The Destroyer Transports" 3884: 2735: 2553:, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese 2411:that he could not send sufficient troops and 1888:and their pilots arrived at Henderson Field. 1818:Allied troops encountered a severe strain of 1623:). Commanding the amphibious forces was U.S. 1370:), with the initial objectives to occupy the 1174:—that was under construction on Guadalcanal. 721: 583: 427: 217: 8257:Marines in World War II Commemorative Series 7658:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004. 7392:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1972. 7305:Marines in World War II Historical Monograph 7264:Marines in World War II Commemorative Series 6947:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company 1950. 6693:. Quantico: Marine Corps Association, 1959. 6385:Alone on Guadalcanal: A Coastwatcher's Story 5921:. The 147th had previously been part of the 5842:Dull, p. 265; Crenshaw, pp. 56–66; Morison, 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 3937: 3648:, USA, Commander, U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal 3459: 3137:On 26 November, Japanese Lieutenant General 2756:(2nd Battalion) on Guadalcanal, October 1942 2085:was damaged, needing repair for two months. 1917:assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's (IJA) 1785: 597: 11815:Battles of World War II involving Australia 8008:(bibliography of Japanese-language sources) 7614:Lonely Vigil: Coastwatchers of the Solomons 7520:. New York: Military Heritage Press, 1988. 7106:. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. 6933:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. 6874:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. 6691:Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6170:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 208. 3887:"Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support" 3745:was dedicated in Honiara on 7 August 1992. 2565: 2330:, to Kamimbo, west of the Lunga perimeter. 2069:, and their 176 aircraft. The bait carrier 1254: 1135:. It was the first major land offensive by 11855:United States Marine Corps in World War II 8506: 8492: 8125:. United States Government Printing Office 7915:No Bended Knee: The Battle for Guadalcanal 7880:The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise 7700:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1944. 4666: 4644:Frank, pp. 156–158, 681; and Smith, p. 43. 3786:, a Navy correspondent, filed stories for 3098:. As Kondō's warships concentrated on the 2590:, part of Task Force 64 under Norman Scott 2333: 739:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 728: 714: 590: 576: 434: 420: 11865:World War II sites in the Solomon Islands 8185: 7712:Guadalcanal 1942: The Marines Strike Back 7537:Hubler, Richard G., and John A. Dechant. 7298: 6982:. Irvine, CA: ReView Publications, 1995. 6872:Goodbye, Darkness A Memoir of the Pacific 6828:Loxton, Bruce and Chris Coulthard-Clark. 6573:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Pub., 2001. 6232: 6230: 6228: 6156:Hornfischer, Neptune's Inferno, pp. 11–15 6032:Building the Navy's Bases in World War II 5154:Griffith, p. 144; and Smith, pp. 184–194. 4647: 3157: 2748:(Executive Officer 1st Marines), Colonel 2654: 8145:. Joint Military Operations Department, 8137: 8097:. Joint Military Operations Department, 7836:Rottman, Gordon L. and Duncan Anderson. 7598:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 7097: 6957:Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett 6253: 6070: 4384:Jersey, pp. 113–115, 190, 350; Morison, 4130: 4128: 3575: 3567: 3410: 3360: 3289:Left to right, unnamed soldier, Colonel 3284: 3171: 3129:beached at Guadalcanal in November 1942. 3120: 2995: 2929: 2908: 2882: 2850: 2783: 2767: 2739: 2714: 2662: 2579: 2509: 2427: 2388: 2347: 2300: 2216: 2134: 2004: 1901: 1797: 1789: 1762: 1733: 1687: 1653: 1548: 1515:under MacArthur; and the capture of the 1506:Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief 1350:The Allies chose the Solomon Islands (a 1258: 441: 11820:Battles of World War II involving Japan 8399:Victory at Sea – Episode 6: Guadalcanal 8278:The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II 8202: 8089: 8025: 7497:Into the Valley: Marines at Guadalcanal 7332: 7280:"Chapter XXV: Campaign in the Solomons" 7126: 6404: 6200:Quoted in Leckie (1999) p. 9 and others 5376:Frank, pp. 321–326; Hough, pp. 327–328. 4043: 4041: 3473:, Major – 12-13 September 1942 (posth.) 2538:personnel. One of those was piloted by 2423: 1891: 1756:and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral 233: 14: 11777: 10353: 10331:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8271: 8250: 8056:Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate. 7735:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995. 7203:. United States Army in World War II. 7196: 7175: 7062: 6774:. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications. 6643:. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Press, 2000. 6225: 5691:New moon 8 November 1942 15:19 hours: 5264:The Mysterious Mr. Moto on Guadalcanal 4783: 3943: 3572:Military cemetery on Guadalcanal, 1945 27:U.S. military campaign in World War II 11875:Amphibious operations of World War II 11850:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II 11202:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10634:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10280:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10236:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9341:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8487: 8156:from the original on 3 September 2009 8039:. HistoryAnimated.com. Archived from 7413:. : New Zealand Defence Force, 1992. 7277: 7127:Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007). 6766: 6726: 6236: 4736:Frank, pp. 166–174; Lundstrom, p. 106 4355: 4146: 4125: 3748: 3516:, Sergeant – 10 January 1943 (posth.) 3424:, and a bomber airfield was built at 1670:Tulagi and two nearby small islands, 1650:Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo 1541:Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle 1436:). The Japanese planned to deploy 45 1228:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 709: 571: 415: 10324:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9356:Rape during the liberation of France 8190:. New Zealand Electronic Text Center 7899: 7798:. Calabasas, CA: Toucan Pub., 1992. 7551: 7257: 7178:"Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul" 6729:Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War 6679:. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961. 6622:. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, 2004. 6519: 6461:Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War 6458: 6266: 5304:IJN Aoba: Tabular Record of Movement 4594:, took its name from Aoba Castle in 4076:"Battle of Guadalcanal World War II" 4038: 3491:, Platoon Sergeant – 26 October 1942 1969:, was on board transport ships near 74:7 August 1942 – 9 February 1943 8365:United States of America War Office 8226: 8168: 8076: 8062:The Army Air Forces in World War II 6788:Naval Night Battles of the Solomons 6448:. New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1957. 6125:, pp. 522–523; Parshall and Tully, 6071:Kuwahara, Masatoshi (26 May 2015). 5332:pp. 154–171; and Dull, pp. 226–230. 5096:Zimmerman, p. 80; Griffith, p. 125. 2271:The other relocated battalion, the 2109:On 25 August, the American carrier 1240:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 24: 11885:Military campaigns involving Japan 10550:German invasion of the Netherlands 8830:Weather events during World War II 8396:Adams, M. Clay (Director) (1952). 8064:. U.S. Office of Air Force History 8034: 8005:"Secondary Bibliography by Author" 7434:. Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 2008. 7337:. Texas A&M University Press. 7320: 7045:. New York: Modern Library, 2003. 7024:. Novato, CA: Pocket Books, 2003. 6571:Marine Tank Battles of the Pacific 6293:. New York: Modern Library, 2000. 5741:, pp. 349–395; Frank, pp. 469–486. 4364:Naval History and Heritage Command 4273:McGee, p. 21, Bullard, pp. 125–126 2989:by recently promoted Vice Admiral 2643: 2444:3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment 2273:1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment 1854:actions around the Matanikau River 1840:after the patrol landed, a nearby 1696:onto Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942. 1232:Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 25: 11896: 11181:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 8468: 8212:World War II Commemorative Series 8138:Emberton, Keith D. (1 May 1996). 8090:Dillard, Nancy R. (20 May 1997). 7861:. New York: Pocket Books, 2003. 7576:. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. 6366:. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. 6351:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2017. 6274:. W. W. Norton. pp. 120–121. 6043:Hough, p. 374; Zimmerman, p. 166. 5750:Frank, pp. 484–488, 527; Hammel, 5711:, pp. 103–401; Hara, pp. 137–156. 5234:Smith, p. 204; and Frank, p. 270. 4187:p. 12; Frank, pp. 15–16; Miller, 4152: 3885:Garamone, Jim (9 November 2010). 3826:North American Newspaper Alliance 3762: 3369:sinking on 30 January during the 3203:and heavily damaged the cruisers 3141:took command of the newly formed 1826: 1545:Guadalcanal naval order of battle 11741: 8513: 8431:during the Guadalcanal campaign. 8306:. Reports of General MacArthur. 8214:. Marine Corps Historical Center 8120: 8108:from the original on 4 June 2011 8012:Australia-Japan Research Project 7200:Guadalcanal: The First Offensive 6709:. New York: Bantam Books, 2011 6552:. New York: Random House, 1990. 6278: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5993: 5976: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5898: 5884: 5875: 5872:pp. 318–319; Frank, pp. 518–521. 5862: 5849: 5846:pp. 303–312; Frank, pp. 510–515. 5836: 5833:pp. 297–305; Frank, pp. 507–510. 5823: 5810: 5797: 5784: 5775: 5757: 5744: 5731: 5714: 5701: 5697:Phases of the Moon: 1901 to 2000 5685: 5672: 5659: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5611: 5598: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5557: 5544: 5530: 5517: 5504: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5451: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5406: 5388: 5385:Shaw, p. 34; and Rottman, p. 63. 5379: 5370: 5361: 5344: 5335: 5322: 5313: 5296: 5278: 5269: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5192: 4701:Zimmerman, p. 70; Frank, p. 159. 4388:p. 15; and Frank, pp. 61–62, 81. 4337:Shaw, pp. 8–9; McGee, pp. 32–34. 3971:Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3479:, Colonel – 13-14 September 1942 3339: 2867:Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands 2839:Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands 2833:Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands 2364:, a coastwatcher officer in the 2290: 2251:in the skies above Guadalcanal. 2234:, U.S. Marine Brigadier General 1236:Philippines campaign (1944–1945) 1185:evacuated their remaining forces 1015:Philippines campaign (1944–1945) 752:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 235: 219: 207: 195: 183: 170: 158: 146: 56: 8388: 7917:. Novato, CA.: Presidio, 1996. 5183: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5033: 5020: 5007: 4998: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4954: 4934: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4881: 4856: 4831: 4806: 4777: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4717: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4638: 4625: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4548: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4461: 4452: 4439: 4426: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4378: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4300: 4290: 4276: 4267: 4252: 4243: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4177: 4137: 4116: 4100: 4090: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4029: 4020: 4010: 3992: 3934:warships (Jersey, pp. 348–350). 3873:New Zealand Expeditionary Force 3558: 3485:, Sergeant – 24-25 October 1942 3077:, and four destroyers from the 2394:in the lower center of the map. 2352:U.S. Marine Lieutenant Colonel 1775:night battle around Savo Island 76:(6 months and 2 days) 11428:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9138:Territorial changes of Germany 9046:Indonesian National Revolution 6052:Murray, p. 215; Hough, p. 372. 4889:"H-010-1 Operation Shoestring" 4784:Schuck, Eric (November 2019). 4590:. The Aoba regiment, from the 4310:, pp. 46–47; Lundstrom, p. 38. 4111:Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier 4078:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 3982: 3959: 3949: 3915: 3905: 3878: 3857: 3844: 3580:Henderson Field in August 1944 2723:by CAF aircraft on 15 October. 2001:Battle of the Eastern Solomons 1995:Battle of the Eastern Solomons 1513:Allied offensive in New Guinea 1472:defeating Germany before Japan 13: 1: 10828:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10779:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10543:German invasion of Luxembourg 8924:Mediterranean and Middle East 8404:National Broadcasting Company 8332:U.S. Army Air Forces (1992). 8186:Gillespie, Oliver A. (1952). 7675:Merillat, Herbert Christian. 7098:Anderson, Charles R. (1993). 6520:Dyer, George Carroll (1972). 6314: 6061:Murray, p. 215, Hough, p. 372 5752:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5722:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5709:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5680:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5667:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5645:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5632:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5619:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5606:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5328:Frank, pp. 299–324; Morison, 5302:Frank, pp. 295–296; Hackett, 5284:Frank, pp. 293–297; Morison, 5087:Frank, p. 220; Smith, p. 121. 4973:Smith, p. 103; Hough, p. 298. 4528:Clark, Jack, "Goettge Patrol" 3743:Guadalcanal American Memorial 3448:campaign under MacArthur and 3233:Japanese decision to withdraw 3013:, commanded by Rear Admirals 2417:offensive on the Kokoda Track 2408:Imperial General Headquarters 1937:, which was headquartered at 1915:Imperial General Headquarters 1534: 1249: 10735:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10424:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9742:Independent State of Croatia 7959:. New York: Presidio, 2004. 7777:. New York: Presidio, 2003. 7335:Victory Fever on Guadalcanal 7333:Bartsch, William H. (2014). 6409:. New York: The Free Press. 6001:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5984:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5971:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5892:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5870:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5844:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5831:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5818:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5805:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5792:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5739:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5720:Frank, pp. 465–474; Hammel, 5707:Frank, pp. 428–461; Hammel, 5593:Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea 5499:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5486:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5396:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5352:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5330:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5319:Hornfischer, p. 157–188 5308:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5286:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5041:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 5015:Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT 5004:Smith, pp. 79, 91–92, 94–95. 4962:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4469:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4447:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4421:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4386:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4238:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 4209:Loxton, p. 5; Miller, p. 11. 4185:The Struggle for Guadalcanal 3925:troops and 4,800 men of the 3756:Solomon Islands police force 3712:Memorials in Vilu War Museum 3563: 3406: 3004:(pictured here as a captain) 2727:The Japanese convoy reached 2534:and landing craft crewed by 2455:convoy the aircraft carrier 2199:were killed and 24 men from 1959:4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment 1835:and primarily consisting of 1449:invade the southern Solomons 7: 11805:1943 in the Solomon Islands 11795:1942 in the Solomon Islands 11719:End of World War II in Asia 11559:Western invasion of Germany 11066:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11043:Second Battle of El Alamein 10613:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10585:Battle of the Mediterranean 10438:Italian invasion of Albania 8612:Air warfare of World War II 8272:Newell, Clayton R. (2003). 7299:Zimmerman, John L. (1949). 7156:Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal 6611:Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. " 6237:Kekea, Gina (18 May 2021). 5820:pp. 294–296; Frank, p. 504. 5807:p. 297; Frank, pp. 502–504. 4947:American Radio Relay League 3889:. U.S. Navy. Archived from 3736:Aircraft in Vilu War Museum 3724:Aircraft in Vilu War Museum 3700:Entrance of Vilu War Museum 3606: 3596:military-industrial complex 3528:, Captain – 12 January 1943 2968:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 2962:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 2628:surface forces that night. 2506:Actions along the Matanikau 2500:Actions along the Matanikau 2263:(Edson's Raiders), and the 2023:Special Naval Landing Force 1869:delivered a squadron of 19 1667:at their base near Tulagi. 1643: 1273:United States Pacific Fleet 1180:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 373:60,000+ men (ground forces) 10: 11901: 11645:Naval bombardment of Japan 11013:First Battle of El Alamein 10932:Battle of Christmas Island 10877:Japanese invasion of Burma 10641:Italian invasion of Greece 10557:German invasion of Belgium 10529:German invasion of Denmark 10502:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10371:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8635:Comparative military ranks 8028:"The Guadalcanal Campaign" 7355:. New York: Putnam, 1969. 7325: 7301:"The Guadalcanal Campaign" 7197:Miller, John Jr. (1995) . 6772:South West Pacific 1941–45 6677:Japanese Destroyer Captain 6664:. New York: Crown, 1988. 6592:The Battle for Guadalcanal 6423:Crenshaw, Russell Sydnor. 5909:units. The 164th was from 5460:Presidential Unit Citation 4631:Steinberg, Rafael (1978). 3774:International News Service 3442:sea lines of communication 3346: 3325:. U.S. Army Major General 3297:, U.S. Army Major General 3278: 3236: 3161: 2965: 2886: 2836: 2802:1st Battalion, 7th Marines 2736:Battle for Henderson Field 2650:Battle for Henderson Field 2647: 2569: 2503: 2450:plus a battalion from the 2377:Edson, along with Colonel 2337: 2294: 2210: 1998: 1986:claimed that he committed 1895: 1737: 1647: 1538: 776:Dutch East Indies campaign 376:36,200 men (ground forces) 11830:Campaigns of World War II 11734: 11566:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11506: 11497:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11234: 11121:Allied invasion of Sicily 11075: 10981:Aleutian Islands campaign 10953:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10900: 10891:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10786:Second Battle of Changsha 10691:German invasion of Greece 10659: 10536:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10511: 10449: 10344: 10225: 9951: 9861: 9709: 9412: 9403: 9161: 8986: 8878:North and Central Pacific 8839: 8601: 8594: 8521: 8354:"Fighting On Guadalcanal" 8251:Mersky, Peter B. (1993). 7909:. New York: W. W. Norton. 7731:Parkin, Robert Sinclair. 7552:Kwai, Anna Annie (2017). 7176:Miller, John Jr. (1959). 6745:Jersey, Stanley Coleman. 4964:p. 15; and Hough, p. 298. 3869:non-commissioned officers 3590:away from materializing. 3460:Medal of Honor recipients 3323:23rd "Americal" Divisions 2804:under Lieutenant Colonel 2668:Japanese battleship 2559:1st Battalion 2nd Marines 1786:Initial ground operations 1692:U.S. Marines debark from 1638: 1584:Espiritu Santo Naval Base 1325:Dutch government-in-exile 1150:, landed on Guadalcanal, 747: 609: 601:Solomon Islands campaign 453: 380: 367: 350: 249: 139: 66: 55: 39: 34: 11158:Allied invasion of Italy 11135:Solomon Islands campaign 10884:Third Battle of Changsha 10481:First Battle of Changsha 10387:Second Sino-Japanese War 9327:German military brothels 9193:United States war crimes 8427:Biographical film about 8203:Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). 7992: 7878:Stafford, Edward Peary. 7840:. Oxford: Osprey, 2004. 7714:. London: Osprey, 1992. 7003:. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. 6405:Cowdrey, Albert (1994). 6319: 5728:sailor, August Martello. 5078:that lived in that area. 4635:. Time Life Books. p. 30 4240:p. 15; McGee, pp. 20–21. 3837: 3371:Battle of Rennell Island 3349:Battle of Rennell Island 3255:On 28 December, General 2572:Battle of Cape Esperance 2566:Battle of Cape Esperance 2285:Marine Aircraft Group 25 2232:1st Marine Aircraft Wing 1568:was ordered to move his 1295:, Singapore, Burma, the 1269:Japanese forces attacked 1255:Strategic considerations 1220:Solomon Islands campaign 1197:Battle of Rennell Island 993:Neutralisation of Rabaul 859:Solomon Islands campaign 695:Neutralisation of Rabaul 42:Solomon Islands campaign 11580:Second Guangxi campaign 11435:Philippines (1944–1945) 10939:Battle of the Coral Sea 10842:Fall of the Philippines 10488:Battle of South Guangxi 10394:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9800:Italian Social Republic 8421:(Feature-length film). 8026:Burbeck, James (2008). 8001:Australian War Memorial 7258:Shaw, Henry I. (1992). 6943:Morison, Samuel Eliot, 6123:Barrier and the Javelin 5643:Frank, p. 432; Hammel, 5510:Hough, p. 343; Hammel, 5401:Battle of Edson's Ridge 5176:, pp. 179–180; Hammel, 5074:. "Kuma" refers to the 3921:Rottman, p. 65. 31,400 3501:Alexander A. Vandegrift 2948:147th Infantry Regiment 2600:164th Infantry Regiment 2514:U.S. Marines cross the 2340:Battle of Edson's Ridge 2334:Battle of Edson's Ridge 1875:Douglas SBD Dauntlesses 1613:(whose flag was on the 1500:South West Pacific Area 1333:Battle of the Coral Sea 1204:Battle of the Coral Sea 276:Alexander A. Vandegrift 90:British Solomon Islands 11165:Armistice of Cassibile 10967:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10918:Battle of the Java Sea 10821:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10721:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10714:Battle of South Shanxi 10684:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10467:Battle of the Atlantic 10081:Korean Liberation Army 9794:(until September 1943) 9751:(until September 1944) 9729:(until September 1944) 8367:. 1943. Archived from 8121:Dyer, George Carroll. 8083:GuadalcanalJournal.com 8077:Donahue, PFC James A. 7677:Guadalcanal Remembered 7472:Feldt, Eric Augustus. 7451:Farrington, Arthur C. 7090: 6926:Morison, Samuel Eliot 6347:Armstrong, William M. 5923:37th Infantry Division 4794:. U.S. Naval Institute 4765:. U.S. Naval Institute 4532:Pacific Wreck Database 4134:Dyer v. 1, pp. 259–260 3927:Imperial Japanese Navy 3923:Imperial Japanese Army 3666: 3652: 3581: 3573: 3416: 3373: 3306: 3250:campaign in New Guinea 3177: 3164:Battle of Tassafaronga 3158:Battle of Tassafaronga 3130: 3005: 2935: 2914: 2862: 2793: 2773: 2757: 2724: 2673: 2655:Battleship bombardment 2591: 2519: 2439: 2395: 2357: 2306: 2226: 2055:and the light carrier 2017: 1943:campaign in New Guinea 1910: 1803: 1795: 1778: 1697: 1659: 1558: 1458:, Commander in Chief, 1451:was conceived by U.S. 1399:Imperial Japanese Navy 1264: 250:Commanders and leaders 11329:Second Battle of Guam 11225:Bengal famine of 1943 11195:Second Battle of Kiev 11151:Battle of the Dnieper 10856:Battle of Wake Island 10728:East African campaign 10670:Battle of South Henan 10315:atrocities by Germans 10088:Korean Volunteer Army 9069:Occupation of Germany 8823:Music in World War II 8402:(Video documentary). 8079:"Guadalcanal Journal" 7696:Merillat, Herbert L. 6870:Manchester, William. 6704:Hornfischer, James D. 6326:Alexander, Joseph H. 5917:, and the 132nd from 4868:www.maritimequest.com 4843:www.maritimequest.com 4818:www.maritimequest.com 4673:World War II Database 4542:14 April 2015 at the 4458:Hornfischer pp. 44–92 4249:Frank pp. 57, 619–621 4004:www.combinedfleet.com 3967:Battle of Savo Island 3800:, Bob Miller for the 3653: 3638: 3579: 3571: 3414: 3364: 3288: 3175: 3124: 2999: 2933: 2912: 2887:Further information: 2883:November land actions 2854: 2787: 2771: 2743: 2718: 2666: 2583: 2555:4th Infantry Regiment 2513: 2431: 2392: 2351: 2304: 2220: 2211:Further information: 2149:high-speed transports 2135:Transport Division 12 2008: 1947:35th Infantry Brigade 1933:under the command of 1905: 1886:Bell P-400 Airacobras 1873:and a squadron of 12 1856:during the campaign. 1801: 1793: 1766: 1740:Battle of Savo Island 1734:Battle of Savo Island 1691: 1657: 1648:Further information: 1552: 1539:Further information: 1525:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1468:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1262: 1148:United States Marines 1117:Battle of Guadalcanal 381:Casualties and losses 262:William F. Halsey Jr. 111:9.44556°S 160.02028°E 11785:Guadalcanal Campaign 11615:Surrender of Germany 11093:Battle of West Hubei 11050:Guadalcanal campaign 11020:Battle of Stalingrad 10946:Battle of Madagascar 9720:Albania protectorate 9507:(formerly Swaziland) 9216:Wehrmacht war crimes 9032:Expulsion of Germans 8816:Art and World War II 8714:British contribution 8663:Governments in exile 8236:Commemorative series 8181:on 11 February 2007. 7913:Twining, Merrill B. 7815:Rose, Lisle Abbott. 7633:Lundstrom, John B. 6914:The Cactus Air Force 6809:Helmet for my Pillow 6590:Griffith, Samuel B. 6222:, p. 40. Munich 2011 6012:Jersey, pp. 397–400. 5766:Southeast Area Fleet 4982:Zimmerman, pp. 78–79 4620:Helmet for My Pillow 3867:led by officers and 3317:and the U.S. Army's 3263:personally informed 2818:37 mm anti-tank guns 2788:A U.S. 11th Marines 2452:11th Marine Regiment 2424:Allied reinforcement 2257:1st Raider Battalion 2223:Grumman F4F Wildcats 1981:, a Solomon Islands 1961:under Major General 1949:under Major General 1908:Battle of the Tenaru 1898:Battle of the Tenaru 1892:Battle of the Tenaru 1871:Grumman F4F Wildcats 1752:based at Rabaul and 1592:signals intelligence 1588:Operation Watchtower 1566:Alexander Vandegrift 1521:Bismarck Archipelago 1378:), Tulagi (codename 1267:On 7 December 1941, 1121:Operation Watchtower 1115:, also known as the 1113:Guadalcanal campaign 971:New Britain campaign 445:Guadalcanal campaign 35:Guadalcanal campaign 11705:Potsdam Declaration 11594:Italy (Spring 1945) 11357:Liberation of Paris 10814:Siege of Sevastopol 9832:(until August 1944) 9735:Wang Jingwei regime 9557:from September 1943 9517:from September 1944 9455:from September 1944 9315:Romanian war crimes 9306:Persecution of Jews 9292:Croatian war crimes 9262:Japanese war crimes 9076:Occupation of Japan 9025:First Indochina War 8737:Military production 8649:Declarations of war 8438:(Director) (2010). 8415:(Director) (1960). 8374:on 12 February 2023 7955:Walker, Charles H. 7539:Flying Leathernecks 7430:DeBlanc, Jefferson 7229:on 25 December 2007 7114:on 20 December 2007 6999:Rottman, Gordon L. 6978:Peatross, Oscar F. 6849:Lundstrom, John B. 6272:The Conquering Tide 5988:2nd Marine Regiment 5931:2nd Marine Regiment 5072:Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 4516:Smith pp. 20, 35–36 4218:Frank pp. 35–37, 53 4165:on 27 November 2010 4159:America Fights Back 3623:occupation of Japan 3539:Daniel J. Callaghan 3514:William G. Fournier 3438:Operation Cartwheel 3315:2nd Marine Division 3293:, Commander of the 3015:Daniel J. Callaghan 3002:Daniel J. Callaghan 2889:Matanikau Offensive 2754:William W. Stickney 2448:7th Marine Regiment 2153:landing craft boats 1927:Harukichi Hyakutake 1849:5th Marine Regiment 1813:Lofton R. Henderson 1576:and New Caledonia. 1570:1st Marine Division 1460:United States Fleet 1447:The Allied plan to 1224:New Guinea campaign 1139:forces against the 978:Operation Cartwheel 888:New Guinea campaign 661:New Georgia Islands 493:Matanikau Offensive 362:See order of battle 357:See order of battle 345:Harukichi Hyakutake 280:William H. Rupertus 181: • 116:-9.44556; 160.02028 107: / 11698:Surrender of Japan 11531:Battle of Iwo Jima 11380:Belgrade offensive 10793:Siege of Leningrad 10677:Battle of Shanggao 10606:British Somaliland 10571:Dunkirk evacuation 10522:Norwegian campaign 10460:Invasion of Poland 10287:Japanese prisoners 9255:Italian war crimes 9186:British war crimes 9101:Soviet occupations 8885:South-West Pacific 8772:Allied cooperation 8730:Military equipment 8413:Montgomery, Robert 8314:on 25 January 2008 8288:on 2 February 2012 8169:Garrett, James R. 7976:Werstein, Irving. 7934:Ulbrich, David J. 7064:Tucker, Spencer C. 7020:Smith, Michael T. 6912:Miller, Thomas G. 6891:McGee, William L. 6811:. : Ibooks, 2006. 6786:Kilpatrick, C. W. 6569:Gilbert, Oscar E. 6444:D'Albas, Andrieu. 6362:Bergerud, Eric M. 6285:Tregaskis, Richard 5418:Bataan death march 4714:, pp. 124–125, 157 4285:Guadalcanal Echoes 4065:Dyer, v. 1, p. 261 4026:Murray pp. 169–195 3893:on 23 October 2016 3789:The New York Times 3749:Remaining ordnance 3661:Kiyotake Kawaguchi 3582: 3574: 3446:South West Pacific 3417: 3397:Shintarō Hashimoto 3374: 3307: 3305:on 9 December 1942 3291:Richard H. Jeschke 3187:Carleton H. Wright 3178: 3131: 3006: 3000:U.S. Rear Admiral 2936: 2924:Herman H. Hanneken 2915: 2863: 2846:William Halsey Jr. 2794: 2790:75mm pack howitzer 2774: 2758: 2729:Tassafaronga Point 2725: 2674: 2592: 2520: 2440: 2396: 2358: 2307: 2227: 2018: 1951:Kiyotake Kawaguchi 1911: 1859:On 20 August, the 1804: 1796: 1779: 1698: 1660: 1628:Richmond K. Turner 1559: 1529:Robert L. Ghormley 1496:George C. Marshall 1492:Pacific Ocean Area 1372:Santa Cruz Islands 1265: 1244:surrender of Japan 915:Nassau Bay Landing 404:683 aircraft lost 296:Russell R. Waesche 290:Alexander M. Patch 273:U.S. Marine Corps: 266:Richmond K. Turner 258:Robert L. Ghormley 205: • 193: • 11840:Conflicts in 1943 11835:Conflicts in 1942 11772: 11771: 11730: 11729: 11573:Battle of Okinawa 11472:Burma (1944–1945) 11306:Mariana and Palau 11086:Tunisian campaign 10911:Fall of Singapore 10835:Fall of Hong Kong 10578:Battle of Britain 10431:Operation Himmler 10340: 10339: 10004:Dutch East Indies 9647:Southern Rhodesia 9399: 9398: 9299:Genocide of Serbs 9202:German war crimes 9179:Soviet war crimes 9172:Allied war crimes 9018:Division of Korea 8997:Chinese Civil War 8795:Strategic bombing 8707:Manhattan Project 8444:(TV miniseries). 8418:The Gallant Hours 8274:"Central Pacific" 8147:Naval War College 8143:(Academic report) 8099:Naval War College 8095:(Academic report) 7857:Smith, George W. 7773:Radike, Floyd W. 7710:Mueller, Joseph. 7605:978-1-59114-446-5 7474:The Coastwatchers 7409:Crawford, John 7365:Christ, James F. 7344:978-1-62349-184-0 7144:978-0-9751904-8-7 6738:978-1-10703-227-9 6689:Hayashi, Saburo. 6470:978-1-107-03227-9 6383:Clemens, Martin. 6290:Guadalcanal Diary 6218:Michael Brillat: 5913:, the 182nd from 5448:Frank pp. 361–362 5367:Frank pp. 319–321 5207:Frank pp. 264–265 5163:Smith pp. 197–198 5061:Frank pp. 218–219 4600:Miyagi Prefecture 4397:Loxton pp. 90–103 4143:Dyer v. 1, p. 260 4122:Dyer v. 1, p. 259 4047:Dyer v. 1, p. 261 3779:Guadalcanal Diary 3770:Richard Tregaskis 3471:Kenneth D. Bailey 3151:offensive at Buna 2893:Koli Point action 2763:Tadashi Sumiyoshi 2606:boarded ships at 2604:Americal Division 2596:Millard F. Harmon 2594:In the meantime, 2432:The U.S. carrier 2312:New Georgia Sound 2145:-class destroyers 2096:Shortland Islands 1767:Japanese cruiser 1716:George F. Elliott 1680:Brigadier General 1632:M1903 Springfield 1517:Admiralty Islands 1488:Chester W. Nimitz 1484:Douglas MacArthur 1392:Iron Bottom Sound 1297:Dutch East Indies 1246:in August, 1945. 1108: 1107: 1008:Wide Bay–Open Bay 930:Admiralty Islands 703: 702: 667:Northern Solomons 613:Southern Solomons 565: 564: 540:Naval Guadalcanal 483:Matanikau Actions 410: 409: 394:615 aircraft lost 315:Nishizo Tsukahara 293:U.S. Coast Guard: 270:Frank J. Fletcher 135: 134: 16:(Redirected from 11892: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11748:World portal 11746: 11745: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11668: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11640: 11633: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11608:Prague offensive 11603: 11601:Battle of Berlin 11596: 11589: 11582: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11545:Vienna offensive 11540: 11533: 11526: 11524:Battle of Manila 11519: 11499: 11490: 11481: 11474: 11465: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11414: 11405: 11398: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11308: 11301: 11292: 11283: 11274: 11267: 11265:Korsun–Cherkassy 11260: 11249: 11227: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11107:Bombing of Gorky 11102: 11095: 11088: 11068: 11061: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 10997: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10974:Battle of Midway 10969: 10962: 10960:Battle of Gazala 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10870:Battle of Borneo 10865: 10863:Malayan campaign 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10807:Bombing of Gorky 10802: 10800:Battle of Moscow 10795: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10652: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10564:Battle of France 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10417:Munich Agreement 10412: 10405: 10396: 10389: 10382: 10373: 10366: 10351: 10350: 10333: 10326: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10302:Soviet prisoners 10296: 10289: 10282: 10273: 10266: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10242:German prisoners 10238: 10218: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9802: 9795: 9787: 9780: 9778:French Indochina 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9702: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9625:from August 1944 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9508: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9410: 9409: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9351: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9269:Nanjing Massacre 9264: 9257: 9248: 9246:Nuremberg trials 9239: 9232: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9087: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8979: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8850:Asia and Pacific 8832: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8781: 8779:Mulberry harbour 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8621: 8614: 8599: 8598: 8587: 8580: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8485: 8484: 8457: 8426: 8407: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8373: 8358: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8310:. Archived from 8297: 8295: 8293: 8284:. Archived from 8268: 8266: 8264: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8233: 8227:Hoffman, Jon T. 8223: 8221: 8219: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8182: 8177:. Archived from 8165: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8096: 8086: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8043:on 19 March 2009 8031: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8009: 7910: 7609: 7569: 7348: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7225:. Archived from 7193: 7191: 7189: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7148: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7110:. Archived from 7085: 6807:Leckie, Robert. 6783: 6742: 6675:Hara, Tameichi. 6548:Frank, Richard. 6545: 6543: 6541: 6528: 6498:Evans, David C. 6474: 6420: 6308: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6270:(2015). "Four". 6264: 6251: 6250: 6234: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6209:Zimmerman p. 167 6207: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6130: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6081:. Archived from 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5980: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5940:Alphonse DeCarre 5902: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5773: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5410: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4667:Chen, C. Peter. 4664: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4612:Battle of Midway 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3798:Associated Press 3772:, who wrote for 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3674:Torashirō Kawabe 3659:— Major General 3619:to the surrender 3552:Douglas A. Munro 3526:Charles W. Davis 3477:Merritt A. Edson 3301:, who succeeded 3194:Ironbottom Sound 3143:Eighth Area Army 2897:Carlson's patrol 2750:Clifton B. Cates 2746:Edwin A. Pollock 2620:seaplane tenders 2536:U.S. Coast Guard 2379:Gerald C. Thomas 2354:Merritt A. Edson 2261:Merritt A. Edson 2249:war of attrition 2213:Cactus Air Force 2129: 1935:Isoroku Yamamoto 1879:Cactus Air Force 1746:Victor Crutchley 1710:Yamada Sadayoshi 1683:William Rupertus 1615:aircraft carrier 1553:The airfield at 1509:William D. Leahy 1476:European theater 1345:Battle of Midway 1319:, including the 1208:Battle of Midway 1158:in the southern 876:Treasury Islands 742: 740: 730: 723: 716: 707: 706: 673:Treasury Islands 655:Central Solomons 604: 602: 592: 585: 578: 569: 568: 525:Eastern Solomons 503:Carlson's patrol 448: 446: 436: 429: 422: 413: 412: 406:10,652 evacuated 303:Isoroku Yamamoto 284:Merritt A. Edson 245: 241: 239: 238: 229: 225: 223: 222: 212: 211: 210: 200: 199: 198: 188: 187: 186: 176: 174: 173: 164: 162: 161: 152: 150: 149: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 68: 67: 60: 32: 31: 21: 11900: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11761: 11754: 11740: 11738: 11726: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11687: 11680: 11673: 11664: 11659:Atomic bombings 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11629: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11502: 11495: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11417: 11408: 11401: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11371: 11362: 11355: 11350:Eastern Romania 11348: 11343:Warsaw Uprising 11341: 11336:Tannenberg Line 11334: 11327: 11322:Western Ukraine 11320: 11311: 11304: 11295: 11286: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11252: 11243: 11230: 11223: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11114:Battle of Kursk 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11071: 11064: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11002: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10925:St Nazaire Raid 10923: 10916: 10909: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10749: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10707:Anglo-Iraqi War 10705: 10698:Battle of Crete 10696: 10689: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10655: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10627:Eastern Romania 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10507: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10458: 10445: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10369: 10362: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10269: 10262: 10253: 10246: 10241: 10234: 10221: 10214: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10188:Western Ukraine 10186: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10132:Northeast China 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9838:Slovak Republic 9836: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9809:Empire of Japan 9807: 9798: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9718: 9705: 9698: 9689: 9682: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9511: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9395: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9354: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9321:Sexual violence 9320: 9313: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9051: 9044: 9039:Greek Civil War 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8982: 8975: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8864:South-East Asia 8862: 8855: 8848: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8723:Military awards 8721: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8617: 8610: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8517: 8512: 8471: 8466: 8436:Van Patten, Tim 8434: 8411: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8341: 8317: 8315: 8300: 8291: 8289: 8262: 8260: 8241: 8239: 8231: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8193: 8191: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8142: 8128: 8126: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8094: 8067: 8065: 8046: 8044: 8035:Cagney, James. 8016: 8014: 8007: 7995: 7990: 7606: 7572:Leckie, Robert 7566: 7516:Hoyt, Edwin P. 7351:Braun, Saul M. 7345: 7328: 7323: 7321:Further reading 7318: 7309: 7307: 7289: 7287: 7268: 7266: 7248: 7246: 7232: 7230: 7215: 7187: 7185: 7166: 7164: 7145: 7117: 7115: 7093: 7088: 7082: 6739: 6660:Hammel, Eric. 6539: 6537: 6526: 6471: 6417: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6283: 6279: 6265: 6254: 6243:The Interpreter 6235: 6226: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6127:Shattered Sword 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5994: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5863: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5411: 5407: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5301: 5297: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5021: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912:Zimmerman p. 74 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692:Smith pp. 33–34 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4633:Island Fighting 4630: 4626: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4544:Wayback Machine 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489:Smith pp. 16–17 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3765: 3751: 3737: 3734: 3725: 3722: 3713: 3710: 3701: 3698: 3682: 3649: 3646:Alexander Patch 3644:—Major General 3609: 3566: 3561: 3462: 3450:Central Pacific 3409: 3351: 3345: 3327:Alexander Patch 3299:Alexander Patch 3283: 3277: 3257:Hajime Sugiyama 3246:Joichiro Sanada 3241: 3235: 3225:sunk by a U.S. 3166: 3160: 3139:Hitoshi Imamura 3116:Russell Islands 2970: 2964: 2904:Nomasu Nakaguma 2899: 2885: 2873:) and another ( 2841: 2835: 2826:Toshinari Shōji 2738: 2702:SBD-3 Dauntless 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644:Henderson Field 2574: 2568: 2516:Matanikau River 2508: 2502: 2426: 2342: 2336: 2299: 2293: 2215: 2209: 2137: 2127: 2119:was left idle. 2003: 1997: 1900: 1894: 1829: 1809:Henderson Field 1788: 1742: 1736: 1703:Matanikau River 1652: 1646: 1641: 1547: 1537: 1403:occupied Tulagi 1305:Gilbert Islands 1257: 1252: 1172:Henderson Field 1160:Solomon Islands 1141:Empire of Japan 1129:Pacific theater 1109: 1104: 1059:Borneo campaign 988:Cape Gloucester 743: 738: 736: 734: 704: 699: 605: 600: 598: 596: 566: 561: 488:Henderson Field 449: 444: 442: 440: 405: 403: 401: 393: 391: 389: 387: 343: 341:Hitoshi Imamura 339: 337: 333: 329: 327:Shōji Nishimura 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 294: 292: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 236: 234: 230: 220: 218: 216: 208: 206: 204: 196: 194: 192: 190:Solomon Islands 184: 182: 180: 171: 169: 168: 159: 157: 156: 147: 145: 123: 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 75: 61: 46:Pacific Theater 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11898: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11759: 11752: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11678: 11675:South Sakhalin 11671: 11670: 11669: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11541: 11534: 11527: 11520: 11512: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11475: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11415: 11406: 11399: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11309: 11302: 11293: 11284: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11250: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11212: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11154: 11147: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11100:Battle of Attu 11096: 11089: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11062: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10991: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10849:Battle of Guam 10845: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10772:Battle of Kiev 10768: 10761: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10665: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10517: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10390: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10359: 10357: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10311: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10283: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271:United Kingdom 10267: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10239: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10084: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9957: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675:British Empire 9668:United Kingdom 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9509: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9484:Czechoslovakia 9480: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9418: 9416: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9384: 9381:Rape of Manila 9377: 9370: 9363: 9352: 9337: 9330: 9318: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9258: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9233: 9219: 9212: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9167: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9152:United Nations 9148: 9141: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9011:Decolonization 9007: 9000: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8957: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8775: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8703: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8687: 8684:United Kingdom 8680: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8530: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8511: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8470: 8469:External links 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8432: 8429:Admiral Halsey 8423:United Artists 8409: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8350: 8329: 8298: 8269: 8248: 8224: 8200: 8183: 8166: 8135: 8118: 8087: 8074: 8053: 8032: 8023: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7974: 7953: 7932: 7911: 7897: 7876: 7855: 7834: 7813: 7794:Richter, Don. 7792: 7771: 7750: 7729: 7708: 7694: 7673: 7652: 7631: 7612:Lord, Walter. 7610: 7604: 7591: 7570: 7565:978-1760461669 7564: 7549: 7535: 7514: 7491: 7470: 7449: 7428: 7407: 7384: 7363: 7349: 7343: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7296: 7275: 7255: 7239: 7213: 7194: 7173: 7149: 7143: 7124: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7080: 7060: 7039: 7018: 6997: 6976: 6955: 6941: 6924: 6910: 6889: 6868: 6847: 6826: 6805: 6784: 6768:Keogh, Eustace 6764: 6743: 6737: 6724: 6701: 6687: 6673: 6658: 6639:Hammel, Eric. 6637: 6618:Hammel, Eric. 6616: 6609: 6588: 6567: 6546: 6517: 6496: 6477:Dull, Paul S. 6475: 6469: 6456: 6442: 6421: 6415: 6402: 6381: 6360: 6345: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6277: 6252: 6247:Lowy Institute 6224: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6176: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6129:, pp. 416–430. 6114: 6105: 6096: 6085:on 29 May 2015 6063: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6034:, pp. 246–256. 6023: 6014: 6005: 5992: 5975: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5907:National Guard 5897: 5883: 5874: 5861: 5848: 5835: 5822: 5809: 5796: 5783: 5774: 5770:Jinichi Kusaka 5756: 5754:, pp. 391–395. 5743: 5730: 5713: 5700: 5684: 5671: 5658: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5556: 5543: 5529: 5516: 5503: 5490: 5477: 5464: 5450: 5441: 5431: 5422: 5414:Masanobu Tsuji 5405: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5343: 5334: 5321: 5312: 5295: 5277: 5268: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5178:Carrier Strike 5165: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5032: 5019: 5006: 4997: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4953: 4933: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4880: 4855: 4830: 4805: 4776: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4716: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4646: 4637: 4624: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4547: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4460: 4451: 4438: 4425: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4377: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4299: 4289: 4275: 4266: 4251: 4242: 4229: 4227:Bullard p. 122 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4176: 4153:Bowen, James. 4145: 4136: 4124: 4115: 4099: 4089: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4009: 3991: 3981: 3958: 3948: 3936: 3914: 3904: 3877: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3794:Pulitzer Prize 3784:Hanson Baldwin 3764: 3763:News reporting 3761: 3750: 3747: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3672:, Nagano, and 3665: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3608: 3605: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3495:Joseph J. Foss 3492: 3489:Mitchell Paige 3486: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3458: 3453:island-hopping 3408: 3405: 3344: 3338: 3311:U.S. XIV Corps 3279:Main article: 3276: 3273: 3237:Main article: 3234: 3231: 3162:Main article: 3159: 3156: 3051:Nobutake Kondō 3030:reconnaissance 2966:Main article: 2963: 2960: 2884: 2881: 2837:Main article: 2834: 2831: 2737: 2734: 2656: 2653: 2648:Main article: 2645: 2642: 2570:Main article: 2567: 2564: 2547:Masao Maruyama 2504:Main article: 2501: 2498: 2425: 2422: 2362:Martin Clemens 2338:Main article: 2335: 2332: 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2208: 2205: 2157:Marine Raiders 2136: 2133: 2031:Chūichi Nagumo 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1967:Kiyonao Ichiki 1931:Combined Fleet 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1861:escort carrier 1828: 1827:Goettge patrol 1825: 1787: 1784: 1758:Gunichi Mikawa 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1607:Frank Fletcher 1580:Espiritu Santo 1536: 1533: 1364:Florida Island 1321:British Empire 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1156:Florida Island 1119:and codenamed 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042:2nd Corregidor 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 974: 973: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 944: 937: 932: 927: 925:Huon Peninsula 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 891: 890: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 862: 861: 855: 854: 853: 852: 850:2nd Balikpapan 847: 842: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795: 793:1st Balikpapan 790: 779: 778: 772: 771: 769:1st Corregidor 766: 761: 755: 754: 748: 745: 744: 733: 732: 725: 718: 710: 701: 700: 698: 697: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 669: 668: 664: 663: 657: 656: 652: 651: 640: 633: 626: 621: 615: 614: 610: 607: 606: 595: 594: 587: 580: 572: 563: 562: 560: 559: 557:Rennell Island 554: 547: 542: 537: 535:Santa Cruz Is. 532: 530:Cape Esperance 527: 522: 516: 515: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 473:Goettge Patrol 470: 465: 459: 458: 454: 451: 450: 439: 438: 431: 424: 416: 408: 407: 400:1,000 captured 395: 388:7,789+ wounded 383: 382: 378: 377: 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 359: 353: 352: 351:Units involved 348: 347: 331:Gunichi Mikawa 323:Jinichi Kusaka 311:Nobutake Kondō 298: 252: 251: 247: 246: 231: 178:United Kingdom 142: 141: 137: 136: 133: 132: 131:Allied victory 129: 125: 124: 84: 82: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 53: 52: 37: 36: 26: 18:Goettge Patrol 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11897: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11800:1943 in Japan 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:1942 in Japan 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11764: 11760: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11690: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682:Kuril Islands 11679: 11676: 11672: 11667: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11505: 11498: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11449:Syrmian Front 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395:Market Garden 11391: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11254:Monte Cassino 11251: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11222: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11067: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10748: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10704: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620:Baltic states 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10264:United States 10261: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10200:Quốc dân Đảng 10197: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9900:Liechtenstein 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684:United States 9681: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9374:Comfort women 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9358: / 9357: 9353: 9350: 9347: / 9346: 9343: / 9342: 9338: 9335: 9334:Camp brothels 9331: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223:The Holocaust 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9209:forced labour 9206: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9062:Marshall Plan 9059: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8915:Eastern Front 8912: 8909: 8908:Western Front 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8802:Puppet states 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744:Naval history 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8691:United States 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8463: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8450:Seven Network 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8270: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8124: 8119: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965:0-345-46385-4 7962: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944:1-59114-903-7 7941: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7923:0-89141-549-1 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7888:1-55750-998-0 7885: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867:0-7434-7005-2 7864: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7846:1-84176-518-X 7843: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7825:1-55750-008-8 7822: 7818: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804:0-9611696-3-X 7801: 7797: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783:0-89141-774-5 7780: 7776: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7762:0-945274-21-1 7759: 7755: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7741:0-306-81069-7 7738: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7720:1-85532-253-6 7717: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7685:0-8173-1290-0 7682: 7678: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7664:0-8117-3149-9 7661: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643:1-59114-475-2 7640: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622:1-59114-466-3 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582:0-306-80911-7 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7526:0-88029-184-2 7523: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7505:0-8032-7328-2 7502: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7482:0-14-014926-0 7479: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7461:0-89745-180-5 7458: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440:1-58980-587-9 7437: 7433: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7419:0-473-01537-4 7416: 7412: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7398:0-385-04354-6 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387:Coggins, Jack 7385: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375:1-59114-114-1 7372: 7368: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7245: 7240: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7214:0-16-001908-7 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7083: 7081:9781440828621 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051:0-8129-6858-1 7048: 7044: 7041:Toland, John 7040: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7030:0-7434-6321-8 7027: 7023: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009:1-84176-870-7 7006: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988:0-9652325-0-6 6985: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6967:0-674-00680-1 6964: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901:0-9701678-7-3 6898: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6880:0-316-54501-5 6877: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859:1-61251-165-1 6856: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838:1-86448-286-9 6835: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817:1-59687-092-3 6814: 6810: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6796:0-682-40333-4 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755:1-58544-616-5 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6715:0-553-80670-X 6712: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670:0-517-56952-3 6667: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649:0-935553-37-1 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628:0-7603-2052-7 6625: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6600:0-252-06891-2 6597: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579:1-58097-050-8 6576: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558:0-394-58875-4 6555: 6551: 6547: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508:0-87021-316-4 6505: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487:0-87021-097-1 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6433:1-55750-136-X 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6416:0-684-86379-0 6412: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393:1-59114-124-9 6390: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372:0-14-024696-7 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336:1-55750-020-7 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299:0-679-64023-1 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6191:Murray p. 215 6188: 6179: 6177:1-4053-1262-9 6173: 6169: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6138:Hough, p. 350 6135: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915:Massachusetts 5912: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5560: 5553: 5552:Carrier Clash 5547: 5539: 5538:Carrier Clash 5533: 5526: 5525:Carrier Clash 5520: 5513: 5512:Carrier Clash 5507: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5435: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5354:pp. 171–175. 5353: 5347: 5338: 5331: 5325: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5174:Japanese Navy 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5028:18th Division 5023: 5016: 5010: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4726: 4725:Carrier Clash 4720: 4713: 4712:Carrier Clash 4707: 4698: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:Japanese Army 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4434:Carrier Clash 4429: 4422: 4418: 4417:Carrier Clash 4412: 4403: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4308:Carrier Clash 4303: 4297:minesweepers. 4293: 4286: 4279: 4270: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4093: 4077: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4042: 4035:Murray p. 196 4032: 4023: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3952: 3946:, p. 213 3945: 3940: 3933: 3932:Tokyo Express 3928: 3924: 3918: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3760: 3757: 3746: 3744: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3670:Naoki Hoshino 3662: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3587:air supremacy 3578: 3570: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483:John Basilone 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434:Buna and Gona 3429: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:25th Infantry 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3127:Kinugawa Maru 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:Willis A. Lee 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2944:Evans Carlson 2940: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Chesty Puller 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2694:fragmentation 2691: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2608:New Caledonia 2605: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2584:U.S. cruiser 2582: 2578: 2573: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2540:Douglas Munro 2537: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2497: 2494: 2493:38th Infantry 2490: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2328:Akinosuke Oka 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2298: 2297:Tokyo Express 2291:Tokyo Express 2288: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2265:1st Parachute 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2184: (APD-3) 2183: 2177: 2176: (APD-4) 2175: 2169: 2168: (APD-2) 2167: 2162:On 30 August 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1833:Frank Goettge 1824: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1792: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1656: 1651: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1611:Task Force 61 1608: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1563:Major General 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1424:New Caledonia 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:Allied powers 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1247: 1245: 1242:prior to the 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032:Lingayen Gulf 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1003:Jacquinot Bay 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 968: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 942: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 889: 886: 885: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 857: 856: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 815:Badung Strait 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 753: 750: 749: 746: 741: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 711: 708: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688:Green Islands 686: 684: 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Morison, 5076:brown bears 5043:pp. 113–114 5013:Armstrong, 4993:Guadalcanal 4791:Proceedings 4762:Proceedings 4507:Smith p. 26 4406:Frank p. 80 4319:Frank p. 51 4264:, Episode 1 4258:Ken Burns: 3944:Tucker 2014 3852:pp. 173–175 3822:Ira Wolfert 3806:John Hersey 3546:Coast Guard 3422:Lunga Point 3295:8th Marines 3212:New Orleans 3206:Minneapolis 3200:Northampton 3085:aboard the 3011:task groups 2991:Hiroaki Abe 2810:Robert Hall 2633:cross the T 2383:Lunga River 2244:New Georgia 1979:Jacob Vouza 1866:Long Island 1555:Lunga Point 1456:Ernest King 1407:Lunga Point 1356:Guadalcanal 1309:New Britain 1301:Wake Island 1195:, with the 1168:New Britain 1125:Guadalcanal 948:Persecution 871:New Georgia 866:Guadalcanal 840:2nd Tarakan 788:1st Tarakan 624:Guadalcanal 307:Hiroaki Abe 227:New Zealand 114: / 102:160°01′13″E 86:Guadalcanal 11779:Categories 11587:West Hunan 11420:Pointblank 10756:Silver Fox 10742:Summer War 10495:Winter War 10474:Phoney War 10255:Azerbaijan 10216:Yugoslavia 10111:Luxembourg 9953:Resistance 9700:Yugoslavia 9565:Luxembourg 9367:Sook Ching 9163:War crimes 8765:Technology 8758:Opposition 8700:Lend-Lease 8677:Australian 8670:Home front 8628:Blitzkrieg 8578:Casualties 8569:Commanders 8541:Operations 8454:DreamWorks 8344:8 December 8318:8 December 8263:20 October 8208:(brochure) 8129:20 October 8068:20 October 8017:6 November 7290:8 December 7188:20 October 6357:1467127434 6315:References 6121:Willmott, 4678:10 January 4602:(Rottman, 4564:Shaw p. 18 4498:Shaw p. 13 4169:10 January 3976:vivisected 3792:and won a 3520:Lewis Hall 3426:Koli Point 3347:See also: 3343:evacuation 3303:Vandegrift 3125:Transport 3112:Washington 3104:Washington 3087:Washington 3079:Enterprise 3068:Washington 3059:Enterprise 3047:Enterprise 2876:Enterprise 2816:fire from 2551:Yumio Nasu 2236:Roy Geiger 2125:Enterprise 2083:Enterprise 2075:Enterprise 2066:Enterprise 2013:Enterprise 1963:Yumio Nasu 1599:Watchtower 1535:Task force 1401:(IJN) had 1388:Watchtower 1380:Watchtower 1374:(codename 1368:Pestilence 1285:battleship 1250:Background 1238:, and the 1100:Balikpapan 1027:Leyte Gulf 835:2nd Borneo 783:1st Borneo 764:1st Bataan 508:Mt. Austen 498:Koli Point 390:4 captured 386:7,100 dead 287:U.S. Army: 255:U.S. Navy: 11652:Manchuria 11538:Indochina 11314:Bagration 10765:Lithuania 10410:Anschluss 10207:Viet Minh 10104:Lithuania 10046:Hong Kong 9816:Manchukuo 9771:Azad Hind 9430:Australia 9230:Aftermath 9093:Paperclip 8988:Aftermath 8788:Total war 8656:Diplomacy 8619:In Europe 8218:29 August 7986:641130630 7951:670481778 7930:503599358 7706:487310466 7547:494189806 7447:185031258 6953:459673052 6939:861242021 6866:847527705 6824:173166880 6762:122526828 6722:613432356 6699:464063302 6540:18 August 6454:464407286 5859:, p. 527. 5484:Morison, 5291:Farenholt 4995:, p. 197. 4960:Morison, 4898:1 October 4873:1 October 4848:1 October 4823:1 October 4798:21 August 4769:21 August 4727:, p. 147. 4471:pp. 19–59 4236:Morison, 4189:Cartwheel 4183:Morison, 4109:Morison, 4082:23 August 3989:included. 3912:included. 3897:9 January 3871:from the 3865:commandos 3782:in 1943. 3614:Milne Bay 3564:Resources 3432:bases of 3407:Aftermath 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8003:(n.d.). 7980:. 1963. 7972:56656650 7903:(2015). 7895:48493709 7874:53009145 7853:53459823 7832:48507810 7811:27771674 7790:53289933 7769:29031302 7748:48497788 7727:28111740 7692:50559909 7671:53374983 7650:62782215 7629:70045788 7589:40126887 7533:19293942 7512:48941819 7489:27488029 7468:32349291 7426:27363777 7382:71946979 7223:52642465 7072:ABC-CLIO 7066:(2014). 7058:52441692 7037:51645288 7016:61879308 6995:35363398 6974:43109827 6922:31392623 6908:49317834 6845:38759272 6803:16874430 6770:(1965). 6656:42812897 6635:56642994 6607:43555161 6586:45917262 6565:21229351 6535:71603853 6515:13560220 6440:38527912 6400:54687505 6379:37137722 6343:44764056 6306:43109810 5919:Illinois 5737:Hammel, 5678:Hammel, 5665:Hammel, 5630:Hammel, 5617:Hammel, 5604:Hammel, 5591:Hammel, 5039:Morison 4723:Hammel, 4710:Hammel, 4588:Hokkaido 4540:Archived 4467:Morison 4445:Morison 4436:, p. 100 4432:Hammel, 4415:Hammel, 4306:Hammel, 4113:pp. 3–5. 3824:for the 3607:Strategy 3268:Hirohito 2814:canister 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