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than take the time to reform his ships for action with the enemy. Kurita then compounded his error by ordering his destroyers to the rear to prevent them from obstructing his battleships' line of fire, preventing them from racing ahead to cut off the slower
American carriers. Concern that his destroyers would burn too much fuel in a flank speed stern chase of what Kurita presumed were 30-knot fleet carriers also played a part in Kurita's decision. However, at the moment Taffy 3 was sighted, Center Force was in the midst of changing from nighttime scouting to daytime air defense steaming formation. Kurita's ships thus charged uncoordinated into action and Kurita quickly lost tactical control of the battle, a situation not helped by poor visibility, intermittent rain squalls and a wind direction favorable to the Americans, who immediately began to make smoke for additional concealment.
194:
214:
955:'s Northern Fleet of Japanese carriers that were sent as a decoy to lure the Americans away from Leyte. But before doing so, in fact before Ozawa's force had been sighted, Halsey had sent a message announcing a "battle plan" to detach his battleships to cover the exit of the strait. With the decision to attack Ozawa, this battle plan was never executed and the heavy ships went north with the carriers. The battle plan called for detaching the battleships to guard San Bernardino Strait, which meant that Halsey's flagship, the battleship
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25:
133:
943:, mortally wounding her. They also scored a number of damaging near misses on other vessels, reducing fleet speed to 18 knots. Knowing that he was already six hours behind schedule and facing the possibility of a sixth attack in the narrow confines of the San Bernardino Strait, Kurita requested air support and turned his fleet west away from Leyte Gulf.
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and spotted the unimposing figure tending to his garden chores. Years later, he still vividly recalled the moment: "It really made an impression of me. The war was just over. Less than a year before Kurita had been in command of the largest fleet that was ever put together, and there he was out there
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and the remainder of the IJN 2nd Fleet from certain destruction, but he had failed to complete his mission, attacking the amphibious forces in Leyte Gulf. The path had been laid open to him by the sacrifices of the
Northern and Southern Forces, but closed again by the determination and courage of the
854:
until five days after the landings, leaving little more than empty transports for his huge battleships to attack. He bitterly resented his superiors, who, while safe in bunkers in Tokyo, ordered him to fight to the death against hopeless odds and without air cover. For his part, Toyoda was aware that
946:
Thus began a chain of events that continues to engage historians and biographers to this day. Halsey, believing that he had mauled Kurita's fleet and that the
Japanese Center Force was retreating, and believing that he had the orders and authorization to do so, abandoned his station guarding General
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and responsible for protecting the landing forces, assumed that Halsey's "battle plan" was a deployment order and that Task Force 34 (TF 34) was actually guarding San
Bernardino Strait. Kinkaid thus concentrated his battleships to the south in order to face the Japanese "Southern Force". During the
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It was not until he was in his 80s that Kurita began to again speak of his actions at Leyte. He claimed privately to a former Naval
Academy student (and biographer), Jiro Ooka, that he withdrew the fleet from the battle because he did not believe in wasting the lives of his men in a futile effort,
1011:
Believing he had chanced upon the carriers of the
American 3rd Fleet, Kurita immediately ordered his battleships to open fire. Recognizing that his best chance depended upon destroying the aircraft carriers before they could launch their aircraft, Kurita gave the order for "general attack" rather
752:
shells at the
American airfield. This was the single most successful Japanese attempt to incapacitate Henderson Field by naval bombardment and allowed a large transport convoy to resupply forces on Guadalcanal the next day relatively unmolested. Kurita later commanded major naval forces during the
1813:
A list of the U.S. Naval
Interrogations of Japanese Officials, conducted after the war, with full texts of the interviews. A number of these interviews are available on line and provide interesting insight from the Japanese commanders, who, many for first time, are openly critical of the war and
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gone, Kurita still had four battleships but only three cruisers remaining, all of his ships were low on fuel and most of them were damaged. Kurita was intercepting messages that indicated
Admiral Halsey had sunk all four carriers of the "Northern Force" and was racing back to Leyte with his
1039:, and inflicting significant damage on most of the other ships. But continual air attacks by aircraft from Taffy 3 and Taffy 2 stationed farther south and a determined counterattack by the U.S. escorts served to further confuse and separate Kurita's forces. Kurita, whose flagship
1071:. Many of his other ships had also been hit and most had suffered casualties from the relentless strafing. After about two and a half hours in action with Taffy 3, Kurita ordered his force to regroup on a northerly course, away from Leyte.
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the plan was a major gamble, but as the
Imperial Japanese Navy fleet was running out of fuel and other critical supplies, he felt that the potential gain offset the risk of losing a fleet that was about to become useless in any event.
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Kurita was criticized by some elements in the Japanese military for not fighting to the death. In December, Kurita was removed from command. In order to protect him against assassination, he was reassigned as commandant of the
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chased the carriers. Unfortunately for Halsey, after an hour and a half without further air attacks Kurita turned east again at 1715 towards San Bernardino Strait and the eventual encounter with Kinkaid's forces in Leyte Gulf.
911:, but Kurita's dunking did him little good, especially since he had only recently recovered from a severe case of dengue fever, and no doubt contributed to the fatigue which may have influenced his subsequent actions.
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battleships to confront the Japanese fleet, and that powerful elements of 7th Fleet were approaching from Leyte Gulf. After steaming back and forth off Samar for two more hours, Kurita, who had been on
1169:, in 1954 when he stated that he had made a mistake at Leyte by turning away and not continuing with the battle, a statement he later retracted. In retirement, Kurita made twice-yearly pilgrimages to
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night of 24–25 October 1944, Kurita changed his mind again, and turned his ships around and headed east again, toward Leyte Gulf. On the morning of 25 October, Kurita's fleet, led by
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By this time, Kurita had received news that the Japanese Southern Force, which was to attack Leyte Gulf from the south, had already been destroyed by Kinkaid's battleships. With
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and approaching the San Bernardino Strait, Kurita's force underwent five aerial attacks by U.S. carrier planes which damaged several of his ships, including
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Kurita's ships were subjected to further air attack the rest of the day and Halsey's battleships just missed catching him that night, sinking the destroyer
834:, Kurita believed that for a captain to "go down with his ship" was a wasteful loss of valuable naval experience and leadership. When ordered by Admiral
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1944:
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1954:
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1934:
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1914:
1008:. Taffy 3 was intended to provide shore support and anti-submarine patrols, not to engage in fleet action against battleships.
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Kurita never discussed politics or the war with his family or others, except to conduct a brief interview with a journalist,
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1949:
1909:
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710:
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789:) for which Kurita is best known. The IJN 2nd Fleet included the largest and most heavily armed battleships in the world,
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their superiors. Admiral Kurita and his role in the war is discussed in a number of different interrogations.
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850:, Kurita thought the effort a waste of ships and lives, especially since he could not get his fleet to
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to pray for his dead comrades-in-arms. In 1966, he was present at the deathbed of his old colleague,
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then the 4th Destroyer Flotilla. He was in command of the 7th Cruiser Division at the time of the
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35:
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Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945 (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
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992:. Thirty minutes after dawn, the battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy sighted "
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907:. Kurita was plucked from the water by a destroyer and transferred his flag to the
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951:'s landing at Leyte Gulf and the San Bernardino Strait, in order to pursue Admiral
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Kurita was a dedicated officer, willing to die if necessary, but not wishing to
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Oil & War: How the Deadly Struggle for Fuel in WWII Meant Victory or Defeat
997:
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1854:
1688:
The Men of the Gambier Bay: The Amazing True Story of the Battle of Leyte Gulf
1969:
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762:
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488:
155:
1811:
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey Pacific – Interrogations of Japanese officials
1562:
Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945
1386:
Okumiya, Masatake (奥宮正武) (1987). "第四章 第三節 不当に批判されている人々 ― 南雲忠一中将、栗田健男中将 ".
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With Kurita's address in hand, a young American naval officer got out of a
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on 1 May 1942, and was reassigned to the 3rd Battleship Division in July.
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As captain from 1932, he commanded the 12th Destroyer Group, the cruiser
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after the war where he was interviewed for the Analysis Division of the
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decided to retire and retreated back through the San Bernardino Strait.
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1636:
1144:, living quietly with his daughter and her family. He was found by an
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on 1 December 1916, and served on a number of ships: protected cruiser
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962:, would have been detached too, leaving him behind while Vice Admiral
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s bridge for nearly 48 hours by this point, and his chief of staff
996:" — a task unit of Kinkaid's covering forces that consisted of six
988:, exited San Bernardino Strait and sailed south along the coast of
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1046:
993:
801:. Additionally, the IJN 2nd Fleet included the older battleships
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where he led a fleet of six heavy cruisers and the light carrier
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508:
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1423:] (in Japanese) (revised ed.). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
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132:
1519:"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"
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Kurita's 7th Cruiser Division participated in the invasion of
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761:. In 1943, Kurita replaced Admiral Kondō as the commander of
1282:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
939:, reducing her speed, and numerous torpedo and bomb hits on
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Kurita's forces mauled Taffy 3, sinking the escort carrier
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to attack the American invasion fleet, Kurita's ships were
744:, Kurita led his battleships in an intense bombardment of
1614:
A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945
609:. In 1920, he was given his first command: the destroyer
1818:
Understanding Kurita's Mysterious Retreat by Evan Thomas
1394:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: PHP Institute. p. 344.
503:
in 1910, ranked 28th out of a class of 149 cadets. As a
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Hoyt, Edwin P.; Thomas H Moorer (Introduction) (2003).
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Kurita died in 1977 at age 88, and his grave is at the
1099:, which had remained behind to save the survivors from
1599:
Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II
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of the IJN 2nd Fleet dubbed "Center Force" during the
1644:
Afternoon of the Rising Sun: The Battle of Leyte Gulf
1045:
fell far behind early in the battle while avoiding a
1586:. Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.: Naval Institute Press.
858:
676:on November 15, 1938, commanding the 1st Destroyer
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1762:The Last Epic Naval Battle: Voices from Leyte Gulf
1181:having long since believed that the war was lost.
654:, 25th Destroyer Group and 10th Destroyer Group.
499:in 1905 and graduated from the 38th class of the
1967:
1502:Goralski, Robert and Russel W. Freeburg (1987).
1776:The Battle Of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action
914:
447:
1629:The Japanese at Leyte Gulf;: The Sho operation
888:and sank Kurita's flagship, the heavy cruiser
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1458:"Understanding Kurita's 'Mysterious Retreat'"
748:on the night of 13 October, firing 918 heavy
1584:The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944
470:, the main Japanese attack force during the
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1885:
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715:that sank 135,000 tons of shipping in the
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1213:
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1209:
1207:
1205:
1120:Retired Admiral Takeo Kurita in June 1949
894:, forcing him to swim for his life while
626:in 1922, Kurita captained the destroyers
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1791:The Battle for Leyte Gulf (Naval Series)
1506:. William Morrow and Company. New York.
1271:
1269:
1115:
423:Order of the Sacred Treasure (2nd class)
1536:
1385:
768:
474:, the largest naval battle in history.
2001:Imperial Japanese Naval Academy alumni
1968:
1516:
1452:
1414:
1275:
1202:
970:
648:from 1927, he commanded the destroyer
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1673:The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors
1374:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1361:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1348:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1335:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1322:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1310:. New York: W.W, Norton. p. 166.
1308:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1266:
585:. He also served as either the chief
1703:Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War
1701:Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997).
927:. Constant air attacks from Admiral
846:and attack the American landings at
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1720:, Volume 12. Castle Books; Reprint
1392:The Real Reading of the Pacific War
1305:
1242:
1219:
452:, 28 April 1889 – 19 December 1977)
137:Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita (1942–45)
13:
1657:Halsey, William Frederick (1983).
1576:
1299:
863:While his fleet was en route from
692:
14:
2012:
1991:Japanese admirals of World War II
1849:9 August 1943 – 23 December 1944
613:. In 1921, he assumed command of
1415:Takagi, Yukichi (高木惣吉) (1959).
859:1. Ambush in the Palawan Passage
237:
212:
192:
23:
1446:
1437:
1408:
687:
663:, and from 1937 the battleship
501:Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
34:needs additional citations for
1716:Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001).
1671:Hornfischer, James D. (2004).
1631:. Princeton University Press.
1379:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1127:Imperial Japanese Navy Academy
838:to take his fleet through the
539:in 1913, Kurita served on the
495:, in 1889. He was sent off to
1:
1496:
1471:United States Naval Institute
1177:, at which he silently wept.
1150:U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey
919:While in the confines of the
705:in December 1941, and in the
482:
1778:. Indiana University Press.
1764:. Praeger Publishers (2005)
1004:, commanded by Rear Admiral
1000:, three destroyers and four
915:2. Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
759:Battle of the Philippine Sea
526:in 1911, he was assigned to
477:
391:Battle of the Philippine Sea
16:Japanese admiral (1889–1977)
7:
1278:"Rear-Admiral Takeo Kurita"
1033:, and the destroyer escort
522:. On being commissioned as
448:
10:
2017:
1843:Commander-in-chief of the
1789:Woodward, C. Vann (1989).
1642:Friedman, Kenneth (2001).
882:damaged the heavy cruiser
1986:People from Mito, Ibaraki
1900:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1749:. Naval Institute Press.
1734:. Naval Institute Press.
1705:. Naval Institute Press.
1659:The Battle for Leyte Gulf
1616:. Naval Institute Press.
1597:D'Albas, Andrieu (1965).
1537:Nishida, Hiroshi (2002).
1136:, Kurita found work as a
1103:. Kurita's retreat saved
779:Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
733:. Kurita was promoted to
487:Takeo Kurita was born in
439:
418:
401:Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
346:
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233:
225:
205:
187:
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142:
130:
123:
1774:Willmott, H. P. (2005).
1661:. U.S. Naval Institute
1627:Field, James A. (1947).
1564:. Simon & Schuster.
1416:
1387:
1195:
935:scored two bomb hits on
755:Solomon Islands campaign
379:Solomon Islands campaign
1582:Cutler, Thomas (2001).
1517:L, Klemen (1999–2000).
1276:L, Klemen (1999–2000).
1112:After Leyte and postwar
901:sank the heavy cruiser
727:), he lost the cruiser
535:After his promotion to
283:10th Destroyer Division
280:12th Destroyer Division
277:25th Destroyer Division
265:3rd Battleship Division
1894:Imperial Japanese Navy
1804:
1745:Potter, E. B. (2003).
1730:Potter, E. B. (2005).
1612:Dull, Paul S. (1978).
1543:Imperial Japanese Navy
1306:Ito, Masanori (1956).
1249:Imperial Japanese Navy
1226:Imperial Japanese Navy
1163:
1146:American naval officer
1121:
682:attack on Pearl Harbor
460:Imperial Japanese Navy
364:Battle of Sunda Strait
274:1st Destroyer Squadron
271:4th Destroyer Squadron
256:Japanese Naval Academy
220:Imperial Japanese Navy
1732:Admiral Arleigh Burke
1560:Thomas, Evan (2006).
1421:Pacific Naval History
1154:
1119:
929:William "Bull" Halsey
875:by U.S. submarines.
840:San Bernardino Strait
226:Years of service
1905:Minister of the Navy
1161:chopping potatoes."
787:Battle of Leyte Gulf
769:Battle of Leyte Gulf
742:Guadalcanal Campaign
624:lieutenant commander
472:Battle of Leyte Gulf
396:Battle of Leyte Gulf
384:Guadalcanal campaign
268:7th Cruiser Division
43:improve this article
1690:. The Lyons Press.
1601:. Devin-Adair Pub.
1480:on 6 September 2017
971:3. Battle off Samar
507:, he served on the
466:. Kurita commanded
1646:. Presidio Press.
1245:"Offensive Forces"
1243:Nishida, Hiroshi.
1220:Nishida, Hiroshi.
1134:Japanese surrender
1122:
785:(both part of the
775:Commander-in-Chief
563:. Kurita became a
493:Ibaraki Prefecture
160:Ibaraki Prefecture
1963:
1962:
1861:
1860:
1852:Succeeded by
1829:Military offices
1036:Samuel B. Roberts
1021:, the destroyers
1002:destroyer escorts
977:Thomas C. Kinkaid
821:aircraft carriers
707:Indian Ocean Raid
703:Dutch East Indies
591:executive officer
428:
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369:Indian Ocean Raid
119:
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93:
2008:
1996:Battle of Midway
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1834:Preceded by
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1793:. Battery Press
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1545:. Archived from
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1521:. Archived from
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1473:. Archived from
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1456:(October 2004).
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1284:. Archived from
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1251:. Archived from
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1237:
1228:. Archived from
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1085:
832:Isoroku Yamamoto
783:Battle off Samar
721:Battle of Midway
672:Kurita became a
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406:Battle off Samar
374:Battle of Midway
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181:Hyōgo Prefecture
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170:19 December 1977
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1577:Further reading
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1539:"Kurita, Takeo"
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1171:Yasukuni Shrine
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1088:Tomiji Koyanagi
1083:
1049:salvo from USS
1006:Clifton Sprague
998:escort carriers
973:
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873:Palawan Passage
861:
842:in the central
771:
757:and during the
746:Henderson Field
723:(serving under
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693:Early campaigns
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1222:"Kurita Takeo"
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1175:Jisaburō Ozawa
1132:Following the
1113:
1110:
972:
969:
953:Jisaburō Ozawa
916:
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857:
770:
767:
750:high explosive
725:Nobutake Kondō
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689:
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537:sub-lieutenant
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58:"Takeo Kurita"
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1930:Warship Units
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1910:General Staff
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1770:0-275-98520-2
1767:
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1760:Sears, David
1759:
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1755:1-59114-691-7
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1737:
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1589:
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1571:
1570:0-7432-5221-7
1567:
1563:
1559:
1549:on 2014-03-14
1548:
1544:
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1525:on 2011-07-26
1524:
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1512:0-688-06115-X
1509:
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1466:Naval History
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1254:
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763:IJN 2nd Fleet
760:
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719:. During the
718:
717:Bay of Bengal
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468:IJN 2nd Fleet
465:
462:(IJN) during
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153:28 April 1889
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1842:
1822:
1790:
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1761:
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1598:
1583:
1561:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1542:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1503:
1482:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1464:
1454:Thomas, Evan
1448:
1443:Goralski 323
1439:
1420:
1410:
1391:
1388:太平洋戦争の本当の読み方
1381:
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1368:
1360:
1355:
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1307:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1281:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1248:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1225:
1190:Fuchu, Tokyo
1183:
1179:
1167:Masanori Itō
1164:
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985:
979:, Commander
974:
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918:
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878:
862:
836:Soemu Toyoda
825:
815:
809:
803:
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739:
735:vice admiral
729:
711:
696:
688:World War II
674:rear admiral
671:
665:
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628:
622:Promoted to
621:
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569:
559:
557:and cruiser
553:
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486:
464:World War II
456:vice admiral
449:Kurita Takeo
431:Takeo Kurita
430:
429:
359:World War II
347:Battles/wars
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
243:Vice Admiral
172:(1977-12-19)
125:Takeo Kurita
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1981:1977 deaths
1976:1889 births
1855:Itō Seiichi
1747:Bull Halsey
1484:6 September
1018:Gambier Bay
921:Sibuyan Sea
844:Philippines
828:die in vain
589:officer or
354:World War I
177:Nishinomiya
1970:Categories
1675:. Bantam.
1667:B0006YBQU8
1637:B0006AR6LA
1553:2007-02-25
1529:2021-03-30
1497:References
1292:2021-03-30
1259:2007-02-25
1236:2007-02-25
959:New Jersey
852:Leyte Gulf
773:It was as
565:lieutenant
541:battleship
505:midshipman
483:Early life
188:Allegiance
149:1889-04-28
99:April 2017
69:newspapers
1935:Air Units
1845:2nd Fleet
1350:, p. 129.
1138:scrivener
1108:Taffies.
981:7th Fleet
957:USS
949:MacArthur
933:3rd Fleet
896:USS
877:USS
646:commander
550:destroyer
489:Mito city
478:Biography
261:2nd Fleet
229:1910–1945
1945:Aircraft
1915:Admirals
1376:, p.172.
1363:, p.132.
1337:, p.128.
1324:, p.127.
1030:Johnston
869:attacked
781:and the
753:Central
678:Flotilla
641:Hamakaze
629:Wakatake
595:Minekaze
582:Minekaze
509:cruisers
436:Japanese
323:Hamakaze
309:Wakatake
249:Commands
206:Service/
1955:Battles
1950:Weapons
1142:masseur
1101:Chikuma
1076:Musashi
1056:Chikuma
1047:torpedo
994:Taffy 3
941:Musashi
871:in the
830:. Like
798:Musashi
740:In the
701:in the
660:Abukuma
651:Urakaze
611:Shigure
587:torpedo
545:Satsuma
529:Tatsuta
519:Niitaka
497:Etajima
458:in the
444:Hepburn
337:Shigure
330:Urakaze
295:Abukuma
183:, Japan
162:, Japan
83:scholar
1925:Fleets
1797:
1782:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1568:
1510:
1427:
1417:太平洋海戦史
1398:
1105:Yamato
1096:Nowaki
1081:Yamato
1068:Chōkai
1065:, and
1062:Suzuya
1042:Yamato
986:Yamato
937:Yamato
925:Yamato
909:Yamato
879:Darter
865:Brunei
816:Haruna
813:, and
804:Nagato
792:Yamato
730:Mikuma
638:, and
606:Hakaze
603:, and
600:Yakaze
554:Sakaki
524:ensign
513:Kasagi
454:was a
419:Awards
217:
208:branch
197:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1940:Ships
1920:Ranks
1478:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1419:[
1390:[
1372:Ito,
1359:Ito,
1346:Ito,
1333:Ito,
1320:Ito,
1196:Notes
1084:'
990:Samar
891:Atago
885:Takao
848:Leyte
810:Kongō
712:Ryūjō
666:Kongō
644:. As
560:Iwate
440:栗田 健男
288:Kongō
90:JSTOR
76:books
1795:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1663:ASIN
1648:ISBN
1633:ASIN
1618:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1486:2017
1425:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1158:jeep
1140:and
1051:Hoel
1027:and
1024:Hoel
904:Maya
898:Dace
795:and
699:Java
635:Hagi
616:Oite
579:and
576:Kaba
570:Tone
516:and
316:Hagi
302:Oite
234:Rank
167:Died
156:Mito
143:Born
62:news
1805:Web
1188:in
931:'s
593:on
45:by
1972::
1541:.
1469:.
1463:.
1280:.
1268:^
1247:.
1241:;
1224:.
1204:^
1192:.
1152:.
1129:.
1059:,
823:.
807:,
765:.
684:.
669:.
632:,
619:.
597:,
548:,
532:.
491:,
446::
442:,
438::
179:,
158:,
1886:e
1879:t
1872:v
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434:(
151:)
147:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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