353:
1141:
48:
381:
in "slices". Applying this idea to the medical field led him to propose what is now known as computed tomography. At the time, Hounsfield was not aware of the work that
Cormack had done on the theoretical mathematics for such a device. Hounsfield built a prototype head scanner and tested it first on a preserved
380:
While on an outing in the country, Hounsfield came up with the idea that one could determine what was inside a box by taking X-ray readings at all angles around the object. He then set to work constructing a computer that could take input from X-rays at various angles to create an image of the object
343:
Electrical
Engineering College in London, graduating with the DFH (Diploma of Faraday House). Before the advent of most university engineering departments, Faraday House was a specialist Electrical Engineering college that provided university level education that combined practical experience with
364:
in Hayes, Middlesex, where he researched guided weapon systems and radar. Hounsfield incorrectly gave this date as 1951 when he wrote his autobiography which is available on the Nobel Prize website. The correct date is 10 October 1949 as stated in a biography of
Hounsfield. At EMI, he became
303:, his mother was Blanche Dilcock. As a child he was fascinated by the electrical gadgets and machinery found all over his parents' farm. Between the ages of eleven and eighteen, he tinkered with his own electrical recording machines, launched himself off haystacks with his own home-made
377:. Shortly afterwards, he began work on the CT scanner at EMI. He continued to improve CT scanning, introducing a whole-body scanner in 1975, and was senior researcher (and after his retirement in 1984, consultant) to the laboratories.
454:
The
Hounsfield Facility for 3-D CT imaging at the University of Nottingham, opened in 2014, was named after him. It was designed to apply CT scanning to biomaterials, especially within soil, and thus to the exploring the environment.
299:, England on 28 August 1919. He was the youngest of five children (he has two brothers and two sisters). His father, Thomas Hounsfield was a farmer from Beighton, and was linked to the prominent Hounsfield and Newbold families of
3045:
1168:
3005:
3020:
2975:
500:
436:
1161:
202:
37:
3030:
3015:
2711:
1177:
1154:
409:. In 1975, Hounsfield built a whole-body scanner. The principles of computed tomography developed by Hounsfield remain in use today (2022).
307:, and almost killed himself by using water-filled tar barrels and acetylene to see how high they could be waterjet propelled. He attended the
194:
29:
769:
Peeters, F.; Verbeeten Jr, B.; Venema, H. W. (1979). "Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology 1979 for A.M. Cormack and G.N. Hounsfield".
2669:
2658:
2643:
2624:
796:
3040:
2854:
466:
He retired from EMI in 1986 and used the prize money from his Nobel to build a personal laboratory in his home. Hounsfield died at
2980:
2704:
257:
157:
3000:
2970:
2829:
1181:
949:
3025:
463:
Hounsfield enjoyed hiking and skiing. He had resolved to develop what came to be CT scanning while on a country ramble.
3035:
821:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2697:
244:
2995:
2990:
2541:
308:
1100:
914:
841:
2557:
1822:
1017:
1734:
2985:
2759:
1249:
1009:
891:
867:
2273:
2632:
2484:
2460:
444:
283:), running from air at â1000 HU, through water at 0 HU, and up to dense cortical bone at +1000 HU and more.
2181:
1074:
448:
1384:
1146:
421:
198:
139:
33:
2161:
1942:
498:(2005). "Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield KT CBE. 28 August 1919 - 12 August 2004: Elected F.R.S. 1975".
3010:
2755:
1902:
1718:
1470:
1446:
265:
117:
1241:
2730:
2025:
398:
2883:
1870:
1698:
145:
2137:
1526:
389:
from a butcherâs shop, and later on himself. On 1 October 1971, CT scanning was introduced into
2798:
2021:
1882:
1663:
1587:
440:
1635:
577:
2837:
2065:
2041:
1798:
1742:
1655:
1611:
1575:
1462:
1426:
352:
261:
1854:
1647:
1309:
2965:
2960:
2165:
2149:
2093:
1954:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1046:
698:
467:
88:
8:
2468:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2249:
2189:
2153:
2113:
2002:
1866:
1619:
1372:
1269:
1213:
432:
253:
178:
2533:
1257:
1140:
702:
2617:
2613:
2356:
2245:
2125:
2085:
1986:
1970:
1898:
1659:
1643:
1514:
1482:
1442:
800:
751:
632:
517:
739:
619:
602:
561:
536:
2779:
2662:
2651:
2500:
2496:
2452:
2376:
2277:
2233:
2213:
2197:
2185:
2057:
1982:
1838:
1786:
1595:
1534:
1498:
1380:
1285:
1108:
982:
945:
887:
863:
778:
743:
667:
624:
521:
495:
420:
Hounsfield received numerous awards in addition to the Nobel Prize. He was appointed
402:
300:
2673:
2141:
2109:
1850:
755:
417:
In 1979, Hounsfield and
Cormack received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
2862:
2738:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2573:
2472:
2285:
2257:
2201:
2077:
1894:
1766:
1738:
1627:
1454:
1418:
1392:
1197:
999:
Editor, ĂGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade
Association. ĂGV. Austria.
974:
735:
706:
659:
636:
614:
583:
556:
548:
509:
272:
209:
123:
2561:
2321:
2868:
2818:
2806:
2768:
2636:
2628:
2585:
2581:
2545:
2517:
2476:
2444:
2392:
2269:
2173:
2133:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1962:
1814:
1778:
1583:
1434:
1277:
328:
312:
304:
296:
292:
69:
65:
1910:
2529:
2456:
2436:
2412:
2388:
2372:
2333:
2329:
2261:
2237:
2101:
2097:
2053:
2037:
1950:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1690:
1542:
1490:
1368:
1301:
797:"Hounsfield Article with technical references on Ganfyd medical reference site"
587:
471:
406:
104:
92:
279:
used in evaluating CT scans. The scale is defined in
Hounsfield units (symbol
2954:
2787:
2689:
2677:
2525:
2492:
2404:
2309:
2209:
1978:
1966:
1930:
1878:
1858:
1830:
1806:
1790:
1758:
1726:
1603:
1293:
1237:
1112:
939:
552:
340:
151:
663:
2744:
2647:
2601:
2549:
2440:
2416:
2400:
2380:
2225:
2081:
2049:
1926:
1842:
1826:
1810:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1506:
1494:
1474:
1353:
1345:
1261:
986:
978:
747:
671:
628:
513:
324:
276:
1176:
1135:
576:
Young, Ian (January 2009). "Hounsfield, Sir
Godfrey Newbold (1919â2004)".
2812:
2721:
2513:
2428:
2424:
2337:
2313:
2221:
1886:
1682:
1599:
1229:
1221:
1205:
782:
382:
374:
332:
2364:
1623:
1571:
1518:
370:
711:
686:
2565:
2117:
940:
Waltham, Richard; Stephen Bates; Liz
Beckmann; Adrian Thomas (2012).
47:
2360:
390:
369:
and in 1958, he helped design the first commercially available all-
366:
860:
Essential
Radiology: Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Imaging
3046:
Recipients of the LaskerâDeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
650:
Kalender, W. (2004). "Worthiness of Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield".
425:
1010:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
230:
386:
336:
218:
944:. London: The British Institute of Radiology. p. 261.
394:
447:
in 1977. In 1994 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the
768:
361:
331:
as a volunteer reservist where he learned the basics of
264:
for his part in developing the diagnostic technique of
965:
Beckmann, E. C. (2006). "CT scanning the early days".
439:. In 1976, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
245:
227:
224:
221:
3006:
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
501:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
236:
233:
215:
212:
3021:People educated at Magnus Church of England School
318:
252:; 28 August 1919 â 12 August 2004) was a British
2952:
2719:
826:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
2976:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
2705:
1162:
933:
356:One frame of a modern CT scan of the abdomen.
726:Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel Chronicles".
422:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
2712:
2698:
1169:
1155:
1139:
942:Godfrey Hounsfield: Intuitive Genius of CT
458:
46:
3031:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
3016:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1039:
857:
710:
618:
560:
437:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1975
964:
684:
649:
534:
351:
1047:"Hounsfield Facility: 3D X-ray imaging"
771:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
600:
579:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
16:British electrical engineer (1919â2004)
2953:
258:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
158:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
2693:
1182:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1150:
1069:
1067:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
575:
494:
490:
488:
486:
412:
393:with a successful scan on a cerebral
822:Godfrey N. Hounsfield â Biographical
725:
373:computer made in Great Britain: the
652:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Medizinische Physik
13:
1064:
896:
483:
360:In 1949, Hounsfield began work at
14:
3057:
1129:
3041:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
271:His name is immortalised in the
208:
1093:
1024:
1018:American Academy of Achievement
1002:
993:
958:
876:
851:
835:
815:
685:Beckmann, Elizabeth C. (2005).
441:American Academy of Achievement
858:Gunderman, Richard B. (2006).
789:
762:
719:
678:
643:
594:
569:
528:
319:Military service and education
191:Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
1:
2981:British electronics engineers
1031:"List of Fellows 2001/2002".
740:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77147-6
620:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17049-9
477:
474:, in 2004, at the age of 84.
339:. After the war, he attended
286:
3001:Fellows of the Royal Society
2971:English electrical engineers
967:British Journal of Radiology
687:"Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield"
449:Royal Academy of Engineering
275:, a quantitative measure of
7:
3026:People from Sutton-on-Trent
2274:Christiane NĂŒsslein-Volhard
882:Gunderman, Richard (2006).
435:. Hounsfield was elected a
10:
3062:
832:. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
603:"Sir Godfrey N Hounsfield"
59:Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
3036:X-ray computed tomography
2878:
2871:(St. Lucia/United States)
2853:
2828:
2797:
2778:
2754:
2729:
2347:
2012:
1673:
1471:Charles Scott Sherrington
1447:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1409:
1188:
431:In 1974, he received the
347:
266:X-ray computed tomography
184:
174:
167:
132:
118:X-ray computed tomography
110:
100:
77:
54:
45:
23:
2461:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1101:"Sir Godfrey Hounsfield"
1075:"Sir Godfrey Hounsfield"
1051:University of Nottingham
915:"Sir Godfrey Hounsfield"
553:10.1136/bmj.329.7467.687
537:"Sir Godfrey Hounsfield"
399:Atkinson Morley Hospital
315:, but was not academic.
2996:British Nobel laureates
2991:English Nobel laureates
664:10.1078/0939-3889-00235
459:Personal life and death
291:Hounsfield was born in
146:Duddell Medal and Prize
2884:Nobel Prize recipients
2830:Physiology or Medicine
1242:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
862:. Thieme. p. 10.
842:Sir Godfrey Hounsfield
601:Oransky, Ivan (2004).
588:10.1093/ref:odnb/93911
514:10.1098/rsbm.2005.0014
385:, then on a fresh cow
357:
25:Sir Godfrey Hounsfield
2986:English biophysicists
2838:Allan MacLeod Cormack
1743:Dickinson W. Richards
1427:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1136:Godfrey N. Hounsfield
535:Richmond, C. (2004).
445:Howard N. Potts Medal
443:. He was awarded the
355:
309:Magnus Grammar School
262:Allan MacLeod Cormack
2166:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1527:Albert Szent-Györgyi
979:10.1259/bjr/29444122
468:Kingston upon Thames
256:who shared the 1979
89:Kingston upon Thames
2558:William C. Campbell
2469:Elizabeth Blackburn
2306:Robert F. Furchgott
2298:Stanley B. Prusiner
2290:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2190:George H. Hitchings
2154:Joseph L. Goldstein
2114:Bengt I. Samuelsson
1943:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1105:The Daily Telegraph
1014:www.achievement.org
884:Essential Radiology
734:(9190): 1653â1656.
703:2005PhT....58c..84B
582:(Online ed.).
433:Wilhelm Exner Medal
344:theoretical study.
254:electrical engineer
179:Electrical engineer
2844:Godfrey Hounsfield
2618:William Kaelin Jr.
2614:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2357:Leland H. Hartwell
2246:Richard J. Roberts
2126:Barbara McClintock
2070:Godfrey Hounsfield
1971:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1903:Marshall Nirenberg
1871:Charles B. Huggins
1660:Tadeusz Reichstein
1648:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1443:Christiaan Eijkman
1138:on Nobelprize.org
1107:. 16 August 2004.
413:Awards and honours
358:
2948:
2947:
2855:Economic Sciences
2687:
2686:
2652:Ardem Patapoutian
2501:Ralph M. Steinman
2497:Jules A. Hoffmann
2485:Robert G. Edwards
2453:Harald zur Hausen
2377:H. Robert Horvitz
2278:Eric F. Wieschaus
2214:E. Donnall Thomas
2198:J. Michael Bishop
2186:Gertrude B. Elion
2058:Hamilton O. Smith
1983:Christian de Duve
1719:Frederick Robbins
1596:Alexander Fleming
1535:Corneille Heymans
1381:Frederick Banting
1286:Allvar Gullstrand
951:978-0-905749-75-4
886:. Thieme. p. 10.
848:(17 August 2004).
777:(51): 2192â2193.
712:10.1063/1.1897571
403:Wimbledon, London
301:Hackenthorpe Hall
188:
187:
169:Scientific career
3053:
3011:Knights Bachelor
2886:
2863:Theodore Schultz
2846:(United Kingdom)
2739:Herbert C. Brown
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2665:
2654:
2639:
2633:Michael Houghton
2620:
2610:Gregg L. Semenza
2604:
2598:James P. Allison
2592:
2590:Michael W. Young
2576:
2574:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2568:
2552:
2536:
2534:Thomas C. SĂŒdhof
2520:
2508:
2487:
2479:
2473:Carol W. Greider
2463:
2447:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2367:
2340:
2324:
2316:
2300:
2292:
2286:Peter C. Doherty
2280:
2264:
2258:Alfred G. Gilman
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2202:Harold E. Varmus
2192:
2176:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2128:
2120:
2104:
2088:
2078:Baruj Benacerraf
2072:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2005:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1945:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1895:Robert W. Holley
1889:
1873:
1861:
1845:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1799:Georg von Békésy
1793:
1781:
1769:
1767:Joshua Lederberg
1753:
1745:
1739:Werner Forssmann
1729:
1721:
1705:
1693:
1685:
1666:
1650:
1638:
1630:
1628:Bernardo Houssay
1614:
1606:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1509:
1501:
1485:
1477:
1465:
1457:
1455:Karl Landsteiner
1449:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1419:Johannes Fibiger
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:Willem Einthoven
1387:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1258:Ălie Metchnikoff
1252:
1250:Alphonse Laveran
1244:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1081:. 21 August 2004
1071:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
962:
956:
955:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
921:. 20 August 2004
911:
894:
880:
874:
873:
855:
849:
839:
833:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
799:. Archived from
793:
787:
786:
766:
760:
759:
723:
717:
716:
714:
682:
676:
675:
647:
641:
640:
622:
598:
592:
591:
573:
567:
566:
564:
532:
526:
525:
492:
391:medical practice
327:, he joined the
273:Hounsfield scale
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
205:
124:Hounsfield scale
84:
50:
40:
21:
20:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2882:
2874:
2869:W. Arthur Lewis
2865:(United States)
2849:
2840:(United States)
2824:
2821:(United States)
2819:Steven Weinberg
2809:(United States)
2807:Sheldon Glashow
2793:
2774:
2769:Odysseas Elytis
2750:
2741:(United States)
2725:
2718:
2688:
2683:
2668:
2657:
2642:
2637:Charles M. Rice
2629:Harvey J. Alter
2623:
2607:
2595:
2586:Michael Rosbash
2582:Jeffrey C. Hall
2579:
2571:
2555:
2546:May-Britt Moser
2539:
2523:
2518:Shinya Yamanaka
2511:
2490:
2482:
2477:Jack W. Szostak
2466:
2450:
2445:Oliver Smithies
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2393:Peter Mansfield
2386:
2381:John E. Sulston
2370:
2354:
2343:
2327:
2319:
2303:
2295:
2283:
2270:Edward B. Lewis
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2179:
2174:Susumu Tonegawa
2171:
2159:
2147:
2131:
2123:
2107:
2091:
2075:
2063:
2047:
2034:Roger Guillemin
2031:
2026:Daniel Gajdusek
2022:Baruch Blumberg
2019:
2008:
1999:Renato Dulbecco
1995:David Baltimore
1992:
1976:
1963:Karl von Frisch
1960:
1948:
1940:
1924:
1908:
1892:
1883:Haldan Hartline
1876:
1864:
1848:
1836:
1820:
1815:Maurice Wilkins
1804:
1796:
1784:
1779:Arthur Kornberg
1772:
1756:
1748:
1732:
1724:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1669:
1653:
1641:
1633:
1617:
1609:
1593:
1584:Joseph Erlanger
1581:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1512:
1504:
1488:
1480:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1440:
1435:Charles Nicolle
1432:
1424:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1278:Albrecht Kossel
1275:
1267:
1255:
1247:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1029:
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919:The Independent
913:
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846:Daily Telegraph
840:
836:
828:on the website
820:
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803:on 28 July 2017
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496:Wells, P. N. T.
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329:Royal Air Force
323:Shortly before
321:
313:Newark-on-Trent
297:Nottinghamshire
293:Sutton-on-Trent
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246:
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128:
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66:Sutton-on-Trent
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41:
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17:
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11:
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2384:
2373:Sydney Brenner
2368:
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2334:Paul Greengard
2330:Arvid Carlsson
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2301:
2293:
2281:
2265:
2262:Martin Rodbell
2253:
2241:
2238:Edwin G. Krebs
2234:Edmond Fischer
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2182:James W. Black
2177:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2142:CĂ©sar Milstein
2138:Georges Köhler
2129:
2121:
2110:Sune Bergström
2105:
2102:Torsten Wiesel
2098:David H. Hubel
2089:
2073:
2061:
2054:Daniel Nathans
2045:
2038:Andrew Schally
2029:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1951:Gerald Edelman
1946:
1938:
1935:Julius Axelrod
1922:
1919:Salvador Luria
1915:Alfred Hershey
1906:
1890:
1874:
1862:
1851:François Jacob
1846:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1754:
1746:
1735:André Cournand
1730:
1722:
1706:
1694:
1691:Selman Waksman
1686:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1656:Edward Kendall
1651:
1639:
1631:
1615:
1612:Hermann Muller
1607:
1591:
1588:Herbert Gasser
1579:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1543:Gerhard Domagk
1538:
1530:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1499:William Murphy
1491:George Whipple
1486:
1478:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1407:
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1396:
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1369:Archibald Hill
1364:
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1349:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1302:Charles Richet
1297:
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1130:External links
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844:. Obituary in
834:
830:nobelprize.org
824:. Entry about
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658:(4): 274â275.
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613:(9439): 1032.
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472:Greater London
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407:United Kingdom
365:interested in
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93:Greater London
87:
85:(aged 84)
81:12 August 2004
79:
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62:28 August 1919
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2150:Michael Brown
2146:
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2066:Allan Cormack
2062:
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2042:Rosalyn Yalow
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:George Palade
1984:
1980:
1979:Albert Claude
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:Konrad Lorenz
1964:
1959:
1956:
1955:Rodney Porter
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:Ulf von Euler
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:Ragnar Granit
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:Jacques Monod
1856:
1852:
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1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:Andrew Huxley
1828:
1824:
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1816:
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1807:Francis Crick
1803:
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1795:
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1791:Peter Medawar
1788:
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1759:George Beadle
1755:
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1601:
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1397:
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1389:
1386:
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1377:
1374:
1373:Otto Meyerhof
1370:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:RĂłbert BĂĄrĂĄny
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1294:Alexis Carrel
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
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1259:
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1251:
1246:
1243:
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1238:Camillo Golgi
1234:
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1199:
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1076:
1070:
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1015:
1011:
1005:
996:
988:
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968:
961:
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947:
943:
936:
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916:
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906:
904:
902:
900:
893:
889:
885:
879:
871:
865:
861:
854:
847:
843:
838:
831:
827:
823:
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798:
792:
784:
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749:
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741:
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733:
729:
722:
713:
708:
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700:
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691:Physics Today
688:
681:
673:
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665:
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621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
589:
585:
581:
580:
572:
563:
558:
554:
550:
547:(7467): 687.
546:
542:
538:
531:
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519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
491:
489:
487:
482:
475:
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446:
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404:
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341:Faraday House
338:
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183:
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152:Mullard Award
150:
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125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
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109:
106:
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95:, England, UK
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:, England, UK
71:
67:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
35:
31:
22:
19:
2914:
2843:
2745:Georg Wittig
2663:Svante PÀÀbo
2648:David Julius
2602:Tasuku Honjo
2550:Edvard Moser
2542:John O'Keefe
2505:posthumously
2504:
2441:Martin Evans
2417:Robin Warren
2401:Richard Axel
2348:2001âpresent
2226:Bert Sakmann
2094:Roger Sperry
2086:George Snell
2082:Jean Dausset
2069:
2050:Werner Arber
2003:Howard Temin
1927:Bernard Katz
1911:Max DelbrĂŒck
1867:Francis Rous
1843:Feodor Lynen
1839:Konrad Bloch
1827:Alan Hodgkin
1811:James Watson
1787:Frank Burnet
1775:Severo Ochoa
1763:Edward Tatum
1751:Daniel Bovet
1664:Philip Hench
1576:Edward Doisy
1507:Hans Spemann
1495:George Minot
1475:Edgar Adrian
1463:Otto Warburg
1385:John Macleod
1354:August Krogh
1346:Jules Bordet
1262:Paul Ehrlich
1214:Niels Finsen
1198:Emil Behring
1116:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:The Scotsman
1078:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1013:
1004:
995:
973:(937): 5â8.
970:
966:
960:
941:
935:
923:. Retrieved
918:
883:
878:
859:
853:
845:
837:
829:
825:
817:
805:. Retrieved
801:the original
791:
774:
770:
764:
731:
727:
721:
697:(3): 84â86.
694:
690:
680:
655:
651:
645:
610:
606:
596:
578:
571:
544:
540:
530:
505:
499:
465:
462:
453:
430:
424:in 1976 and
419:
416:
379:
359:
325:World War II
322:
290:
280:
277:radiodensity
270:
190:
189:
168:
83:(2004-08-12)
18:
2966:2004 deaths
2961:1919 births
2813:Abdus Salam
2722:Nobel Prize
2514:John Gurdon
2429:Craig Mello
2425:Andrew Fire
2338:Eric Kandel
2314:Ferid Murad
2222:Erwin Neher
2134:Niels Jerne
1899:Har Khorana
1887:George Wald
1855:André Lwoff
1823:John Eccles
1711:John Enders
1683:Max Theiler
1644:Walter Hess
1636:Paul MĂŒller
1600:Ernst Chain
1270:Emil Kocher
1230:Robert Koch
1222:Ivan Pavlov
1206:Ronald Ross
508:: 221â235.
397:patient at
383:human brain
375:EMIDEC 1100
333:electronics
101:Nationality
2955:Categories
2815:(Pakistan)
2756:Literature
2365:Paul Nurse
1699:Hans Krebs
1624:Gerty Cori
1572:Henrik Dam
1519:Otto Loewi
1515:Henry Dale
1118:16 January
1085:16 January
925:16 January
892:1588900827
869:1588900827
728:The Lancet
607:The Lancet
478:References
371:transistor
287:Early life
2747:(Germany)
2731:Chemistry
2724:laureates
2566:Tu Youyou
2118:John Vane
2013:1976â2000
1674:1951â1975
1620:Carl Cori
1410:1926â1950
1189:1901â1925
1178:Laureates
1113:0307-1235
522:116385847
428:in 1981.
367:computers
362:EMI, Ltd.
2771:(Greece)
2361:Tim Hunt
1056:2 August
987:16421398
756:54373068
748:10560712
672:15656110
629:15455486
426:knighted
203:HonFREng
38:HonFREng
2799:Physics
2790:(India)
1180:of the
699:Bibcode
637:9630780
105:English
2608:2019:
2596:2018:
2580:2017:
2572:2016:
2556:2015:
2540:2014:
2524:2013:
2512:2012:
2491:2011:
2483:2010:
2467:2009:
2451:2008:
2435:2007:
2423:2006:
2411:2005:
2399:2004:
2387:2003:
2371:2002:
2355:2001:
2328:2000:
2320:1999:
2304:1998:
2296:1997:
2284:1996:
2268:1995:
2256:1994:
2244:1993:
2232:1992:
2220:1991:
2208:1990:
2196:1989:
2180:1988:
2172:1987:
2160:1986:
2148:1985:
2132:1984:
2124:1983:
2108:1982:
2092:1981:
2076:1980:
2064:1979:
2048:1978:
2032:1977:
2020:1976:
1993:1975:
1977:1974:
1961:1973:
1949:1972:
1941:1971:
1925:1970:
1909:1969:
1893:1968:
1877:1967:
1865:1966:
1849:1965:
1837:1964:
1821:1963:
1805:1962:
1797:1961:
1785:1960:
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1749:1957:
1733:1956:
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1654:1950:
1642:1949:
1634:1948:
1618:1947:
1610:1946:
1594:1945:
1582:1944:
1570:1943:
1541:1939:
1533:1938:
1525:1937:
1513:1936:
1505:1935:
1489:1934:
1481:1933:
1469:1932:
1461:1931:
1453:1930:
1441:1929:
1433:1928:
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