1418:
1199:... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425.
1341:
1944:
317:
1329:
151:
27:
1639:(a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the
2931:
827:
3912:
1048:
descent and who also self-identify as such. A confusing element is the thorough hybridization of
Andalusian and Roma culture (and some would say identity) at a popular level. This has occurred to the point where Spaniards from other regions of Spain commonly mistake elements of one for the other. The
1740:
live below the poverty line. In 2019, another study put 89% of children under the poverty line and 51,8% under extreme poverty. Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is worse amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and
Portugal, in common
1297:
have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions; Andalusian nationalism and identity is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of
Andalusi heritage, which acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular
1352:
For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group. Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their
1005:, losing the meaning of Egyptian and carrying with it a specific meaning of Romanis in Spain. The two peoples are now unambiguously differentiated in modern Spanish, "egipcios" for Egyptians and "gitanos" for Roma in Spain, with "egiptano" being obsolete for either.
1647:
are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her
3434:: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'
1137:
is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
1325:, who were obliged to convert, were dispersed, and were eventually ordered to leave Spain , but stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by many historians and genetic research papers.
1141:
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of
1659:
to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in
1186:. Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although there is controversy over the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in
4503:
1190:
in 1415 by the infante
Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomås, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris". Or instead, it could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, when in 1425
1383:
In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services. In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by
3852:
GusmĂŁo, A.; GusmĂŁo, L.; Gomes, V.; Alves, C.; Calafell, F.; Amorim, A.; Prata, M. J. (2008), "A perspective on the history of the
Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages",
3216:
West, Christina (2011). "MemoryâRecollectionâCultureâIdentityâSpace: Social
Context, Identity Formation, and Self-construction of the Calé (Gitanos) in Spain". In Meusburger P.; Heffernan M.; Wunder E. (eds.).
1162:
from
Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they came from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the
1757:
Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the
1770:
had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years. A traditional discriminatory practice in
Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade
1260:
In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble Calé pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Romån:
1815:
The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal
Andalusian truth.
4390:
4204:
953:
involves frequent contact with Calé people from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. Data on ethnicity are not collected in Spain, although the public pollster
3704:
Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The
Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations",
3085:
1456:, combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called
1353:
language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership. In 1749, a major effort to get rid of the Calé population in Spain was carried out through a
1270:
Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common today among Spanish Romani).
1012:
originally meant "Egyptian", the use itself of the Old Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" (egiptano) to refer to Romanis in Spain developed in the same way that the English word "
1032:
The group's identity is particularly complex in Spain for a variety of reasons that are examined below. Nevertheless, it can be safely said that both from the perspective of
1778:
and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate.
1488:
acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost. Several CalĂł words are part of Spanish slang including Madrid
1395:
to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities. During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 1980s and 1990s,
1774:
from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.)
3147:
1751:
4361:
4308:
4188:
3674:
ZatĂmco romskĂĄ lexika je bliĆŸĆĄĂ hindĆĄtinÄ, marvĂĄrĆĄtinÄ, pandĆŸĂĄbĆĄtinÄ atd., v gramatickĂ© sfĂ©Će nachĂĄzĂme mnoho shod s vĂœchodoindickĂœm jazykem, s bengĂĄlĆĄtinou.
1399:
shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem that afflicts Spain to this day. Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of
4387:
3770:
1016:" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Britain. Some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the
5112:
981:(Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective
4478:
1479:
1020:, upon their first arrivals to Europe, either claimed to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or were mistaken as
802:
4335:
3096:
4504:
Nominal Assimilation: The Ethnic and National Identities of the Gitanos or CalĂ© of Spain as Shown by their Surnames in the 1783â1785 Census
4184:
4067:
4036:
1759:
1576:
have joined their faith in Spain. The Romani Evangelical Assembly is the only religious institution entirely led and composed by Roma. The
1466:
maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of CalĂł. A study on the actual usage patterns of CalĂł among a group of mainly Andalusian
1255:
because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "
4685:
1380:
were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.
1652:, contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.
4557:
1472:
concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 unique terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among
3632:
1065:
in interpretative style, are now commonly associated with this ethnicity by many Spaniards. The fact that the largest population of
954:
5268:
3525:
4818:
1452:
spoke Caló, also known as Romanés, fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of
856:
579:
1901:
was developed in the Calé Romani culture of Southern Spain. Many famous Spanish flamenco musicians are of Romani ethnicity. The
3928:
1241:. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of
4053:
4264:
4198:
3645:
3429:
3402:
3243:
788:
1998:
1273:
The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.
5105:
3970:
3757:
3313:
Gay y Blasco, Paloma (2000). "The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos".
5079:
5013:
4853:
3599:
3563:
1976:
830:
792:
784:
609:
4883:
2387:, dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer
2079:
1988:
1133:. Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882â1888) showed that the
639:
4281:
91:
4464:
4422:
4414:
3609:
3573:
3154:
3043:
1979:
1553:
have a special involvement with recently- dead kin and visit their graves frequently. They spend more money than non-
945:, as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities. The emergence of
448:
110:
4254:
1340:
63:
4968:
4958:
4680:
4309:"Cuando los datos desmienten los prejuicios: solo el 29% de los gitanos con derecho recibe el ingreso mĂnimo vital"
3804:
3259:
Gay y Blasco, Paloma (20 December 2002). "'We don't know our descent': how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past".
3227:
1264:
The number of Romani that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at 3,000 individuals.
709:
699:
488:
326:
3359:
5098:
4858:
1754:
but only 29% of them actually perceived it, due to the complexity of the procedure and the delays in processing.
1643:) around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride. During this process, the
614:
2174:
1972:
1385:
5304:
3981:
3445:
2192:
70:
48:
3218:
1284:
316:
4550:
3992:
2753:
3779:
1237:, pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the
1195:
granted him a letter of insurance; he is mostly accepted as the first Romani person to reach the peninsula.
1114:
and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines and numerals.
5037:
4726:
2985:, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.
2308:
1086:
764:
694:
356:
4441:
3379:
3286:
Gay y Blasco, Paloma (September 2011). "Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the 'Gitano law'".
5237:
4953:
1276:
The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.
1044:) Spaniards, individuals generally considered to belong to this ethnicity are those of full or near-full
849:
689:
77:
3686:
4938:
4798:
4793:
4575:
3668:
HĂŒbschmannovĂĄ, Milena (1995). "RomaĆi Ähib â romĆĄtina: NÄkolik zĂĄkladnĂch informacĂ o romskĂ©m jazyku".
813:
679:
559:
554:
391:
376:
336:
4479:"Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - ArtĂculos - Revista de Humanidades"
3971:
Flamenco and Its Gitanos An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art
2456:
1549:
They rarely go to folk healers, and they participate fully in Spain's state-supported medical system.
5018:
5003:
4998:
4978:
4838:
4828:
2023:
1984:
909:
749:
744:
724:
594:
589:
4527:
2256:
2073:
2054:
1535:
59:
5309:
5074:
5057:
5047:
4983:
4948:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4873:
4863:
4843:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4788:
4783:
4543:
3315:
808:
774:
729:
704:
659:
654:
644:
629:
624:
619:
599:
574:
569:
564:
549:
44:
2591:
1801:
5052:
5032:
4993:
4988:
4973:
4963:
4943:
4928:
4923:
4893:
4878:
4848:
4833:
4823:
4117:
3561:
1321:, supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became
921:
769:
759:
739:
734:
719:
714:
684:
674:
669:
649:
634:
604:
584:
37:
4064:
2135:
2042:
1106:
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in the
5299:
5121:
5042:
5027:
5008:
4933:
4918:
4868:
4004:
Gamella, Juan F; FernĂĄndez, Cayetano; Nieto, Magdalena; Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (December 2011).
2873:
2627:
1872:
1439:
1392:
1238:
1208:
842:
664:
4241:
Historias de Ă©xito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120
4240:
2963:, an English missionary and traveller who studied the Calé of Spain and other parts of Europe.
2196:
926:). Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among
903:
4903:
4710:
4228:
3419:
3392:
2048:
1077:
populations in the northern half of Spain (such as Galicia) do not speak Andalusian Spanish.
381:
3640:, ĂstĂ nad Labem: PedagogickĂĄ fakulta Univerzity J. E. PurkynÄ v ĂstĂ nad Labem, p. 4,
2908:
2525:
2399:
2160:
1994:
1521:
1345:
5273:
4005:
3713:
3475:
3080:
3078:
2621:
1842:
1644:
1354:
1111:
957:
estimated in 2007 that the number of Calé present in Spain is probably around one million.
4107:
3186:
Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild
2797:
2411:
2202:
8:
5154:
3651:
3009:
2435:
2060:
1879:
1782:
1200:
1192:
1164:
1107:
1017:
187:
183:
4690:
3717:
3479:
3075:
3004:, an ethnic group in Spain who were also discriminated against and have unknown origins.
2768:
2111:
2004:
1403:
communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.
989:
to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians from Gypsies. Meanwhile, the term
508:
5129:
4193:(2nd ed.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 36â37.
4152:
4131:
Gay y Blasco, Paloma (September 1997). "A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among
3953:
3878:
3736:
3530:
3439:
2988:
2878:
2747:
2705:
2639:
2537:
2451:
2178:
1883:
1858:
1678:
1175:
1126:
883:
874:
241:
2447:
2357:
386:
5167:
4460:
4418:
4260:
4194:
3870:
3866:
3741:
3641:
3605:
3569:
3503:
3425:
3398:
3299:
3239:
2868:
2847:
2792:
2265:
1565:
1525:
1361:
1315:
1159:
468:
271:
236:
231:
84:
4190:
Second European Union minorities and discrimination survey: Roma - selected findings
3882:
3562:
K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-09-28).
3120:
2759:
2657:
2633:
2238:
2029:
1279:
The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).
5162:
5143:
5069:
4229:
Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100
4144:
3862:
3731:
3721:
3493:
3483:
3295:
3268:
3231:
2889:
2883:
2831:
2812:
2778:
2669:
2495:
2462:
2384:
2129:, actress; granddaughter of Antonio GonzĂĄlez (El PescaĂlla) and daughter of singer
1847:
1806:
1373:
1130:
1122:
898:
798:
251:
216:
211:
5294:
3835:
La condiciĂłn social y jurĂdica de los gitanos en la legislaciĂłn histĂłrica española
2345:
2274:
2017:
1417:
1412:
206:
5197:
4611:
4566:
4408:
4394:
4071:
3808:
3726:
3198:
2944:
2822:
2806:
2740:
2711:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2519:
2429:
2224:
2120:
1836:
1517:
1478:. This would exclude a similar number of Calo words that have entered mainstream
1369:
1333:
1134:
915:
541:
423:
361:
351:
300:
221:
3821:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Spain : Roma/Gypsies
3820:
3464:"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"
3235:
2501:
2092:
1943:
1328:
5252:
5182:
4913:
3565:
Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives
3185:
2969:, a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.
2651:
2555:
2531:
2441:
2394:
2378:
2372:
2351:
2339:
2333:
2302:
2233:
2130:
2098:
1950:
1912:
1904:
1724:
were illiterate. Literacy has greatly improved over time; approximately 10% of
1561:
1505:
946:
331:
275:
4282:"Nueve de cada diez niños gitanos vive bajo el umbral de la pobreza en España"
3902:
Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1988). "The Gypsies".
3488:
3463:
2280:
2247:
1224:
150:
5288:
5177:
4695:
4663:
4601:
3916:
3901:
2960:
2699:
2675:
2645:
2472:
2405:
2366:
2314:
2251:
2242:
2229:
2211:
2187:
1831:
528:
513:
418:
308:
288:
4183:
3833:
3272:
2743:
are more frequent among the Gitanos, though they are not exclusive to them:
2507:
2183:
1857:, ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for
5227:
5062:
4746:
4741:
4631:
4626:
4518:
4362:"Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa"
3874:
3745:
3507:
2936:
2858:
2609:
2585:
2423:
2327:
2164:
2147:
2141:
2115:
1853:
1682:) may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many
1543:
1513:
1457:
1299:
1013:
778:
463:
438:
371:
366:
346:
341:
246:
225:
3028:, often referenced in works discussing the persecution of Cagots in Spain.
2786:
2773:
2534:, "La Terremoto" cantaora (Flamenco singer) and bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
1604:
The traditional Spanish Romani place a high value on the extended family.
5138:
5090:
4758:
4670:
4658:
2999:
2717:
2681:
2615:
2513:
2483:
2390:
2361:
2296:
2206:
2126:
1569:
1539:
1453:
1143:
974:
493:
408:
3957:
3941:
3801:
1888:
Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown
941:
Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their
5202:
5172:
4753:
4731:
4675:
4621:
4410:
Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia
4156:
4095:
3498:
2950:
2723:
2663:
2603:
2543:
2489:
2284:
2269:
2220:
2215:
2168:
1608:
is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young.
1054:
503:
498:
2801:
1069:
is concentrated in Southern Spain has even led to a confusion between
478:
5233:
5207:
5148:
4636:
4616:
3903:
2980:
2898:
2687:
2567:
2277:, footballer frech of the origin calo Spanish, footballer Montpellier
1701:
1655:
When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing
1605:
1307:
1267:
The Roma traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.
1216:
1187:
1096:
1092:
1021:
453:
433:
191:
179:
5247:
4148:
3334:
2480:, singers of Spanish musical group of techno rumba and flamenco pop.
2260:
1150:", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.
26:
5192:
4653:
4646:
4006:"La agonĂa de una lengua. Lo que queda del calĂł en el habla de los
3059:
3025:
2994:
2913:
2863:
2736:
2549:
1918:
1898:
1509:
1322:
1220:
1147:
1050:
942:
483:
4535:
2903:
1368:
were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side. Under the
1073:
accents and those more typical of Southern Spain even though many
5187:
4736:
4455:, Roberto Faure, MarĂa AsunciĂłn Ribes, Antonio GarcĂa, Editorial
4388:
Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations
4336:"Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma"
4112:
3915:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2966:
2954:
2836:
2817:
2693:
1955:
1785:
poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma.
1288:
1183:
1167:
to meet again in France with the northern migratory route. Thus,
994:
443:
255:
1391:
Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of
4705:
4641:
4606:
4596:
4456:
3220:
Cultural Memories. Knowledge and Space (Klaus Tschira Symposia)
2975:, similarly historically persecuted people in France and Spain.
2561:
2477:
2417:
1720:
peers and have poorer academic outcomes. In 1978, 68% of adult
1704:, an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.
1668:
invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other
1532:
1246:
1233:
1100:
523:
473:
428:
413:
3360:"Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición"
2381:, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El PescaĂlla
2369:, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El PescaĂlla
1508:
who participated in four of the Church's sacraments (baptism,
1432:
is the name of this bar in Madrid featuring a reproduction of
906:
known as Calé, with smaller populations in Portugal (known as
5241:
4763:
4700:
3054:
3019:
2972:
2841:
2826:
2468:
1861:
1589:
1489:
1172:
1118:
518:
4477:
Gamella, Juan F.; GĂłmez Alfaro, Antonio; PĂ©rez PĂ©rez, Juan.
4037:"Spanish Martyr Is First Gypsy Beatified by Catholic Church"
3861:(Pt 2), Annals of Human Genetics: Wiley Publishing: 215â27,
949:
has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal
4253:
Gay y Blasco, Paloma; HernĂĄndez, Liria (24 November 2019).
4003:
3598:
Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999).
1585:
4476:
3634:
NĂĄstin mluvnice slovenskĂ© romĆĄtiny (pro pedagogickĂ© ĂșÄely)
3047:
2947:, a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.
2528:, cantaor (Flamenco singer) and bailaor (Flamenco dancer)
1762:
reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese
1627:
must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and
1482:. According to the authors of the study, the majority of
3597:
3014:, a discriminated group of cowherders in Northern Spain.
1564:/New-Born Federation (mostly composed of members of the
1557:
of equivalent economic classes in adorning grave sites.
1538:, in a ceremony reportedly attended by some 3,000 Roma.
3982:
Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle
2375:, singer and actor, son of Lola Flores and El PescaĂlla
2011:
1878:
La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by
1580:
Evangelical church (Iglesia de Filadelfia) asserts the
1223:
by 1447, and in 1462 they were received with honors in
4096:
A `Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among Gitanos
3851:
3703:
2026:, writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life
4252:
3086:"Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España"
2105:
1426:, Spanish for "Gipsy Spain", including the CalĂł word
1283:
In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the
3831:
2926:
4010:. Parte I. MĂ©todos, fuentes y resultados generales"
3457:
3455:
2154:
2036:
1635:). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an
1117:More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with
1095:, presumably from the northwestern Indian state of
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4137:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3557:
3555:
3553:
2991:, ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.
1804:, a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote
1797:in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
1712:Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level.
1520:). They follow traditions such as the cult of the
1110:: the language has grammatical characteristics of
1716:children are regularly segregated from their non-
1619:(similar to an engagement party) followed by the
1304:OrĂgenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo
1146:, traditionally referred to collectively as the "
5286:
3942:"Resisting Respectability: Gypsies in Saragossa"
3452:
2471:, Catalan singer, guitar player and composer of
1442:displaying stereotypes associated with Flamenco.
907:
4442:Emilia 'la Canastera', la primera gitana mĂĄrtir
4413:. Translated by Ni Shuinear, Sinead. Hatfield:
3630:
3601:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
3550:
3170:The Spanish government estimates the number of
2114:, theatre actor and father of Swedish actress
3288:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3261:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3153:. Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from
2067:
1091:The Romani people originate from northwestern
1061:in origin but, having been strongly marked by
5106:
4681:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, RomanisĂŠl)
4551:
4065:"Evangelics fish faithful in catholic crisis"
3667:
3593:
3591:
3526:"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"
3017:
3007:
2080:Emilia FernĂĄndez RodrĂguez, the Basket Weaver
2007:, Spanish Gypsy political activist and lawyer
1922:
1910:
1902:
1745:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1421:
933:
927:
886:
850:
139:
4256:Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography
4185:European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
4179:
4177:
4175:
4130:
3312:
3285:
3258:
2978:
1760:European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
1741:with the other surveyed European countries.
1728:were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older
1057:, art forms that are Andalusian rather than
919:
16:Ethnic group living on the Iberian Peninsula
3424:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70.
3394:Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain
1736:to be illiterate). Ninety-eight percent of
5120:
5113:
5099:
4558:
4544:
4327:
4273:
3588:
3461:
3179:
3053:Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja
1966:
1631:of the bride (proven by the ritual of the
1427:
1103:region shared between India and Pakistan.
857:
843:
149:
133:
4172:
3758:DIĂLOGOS. REVISTA ELECTRĂNICA DE HISTORIA
3735:
3725:
3497:
3487:
2086:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4360:Silva, Claudia Carvalho (28 June 2019).
3772:PĂšlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten Ăąge
3624:
3519:
3517:
2321:
1416:
1339:
1327:
1310:, went as far as alleging that the word
1125:. It shares many phonetic features with
4446:
3672:(4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury.
3661:
3631:Ć ebkovĂĄ, Hana; ĆœlnayovĂĄ, Edita (1998),
3417:
3390:
3352:
1686:are danced and especially sung. Today,
1158:How and when the Romani arrived in the
158:by Francis William Topham (c.1854-1855)
5287:
4406:
4034:
3939:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3845:
3768:
3524:Bhanoo, Sindya N. (11 December 2012).
3523:
3462:Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012).
1921:, developed by Andalusian and Catalan
1829:, the female protagonist of the story
1298:level. The father of such a movement,
1291:ending the reign of Muslims in Spain.
5094:
4539:
4397:". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.
4359:
4333:
4306:
4300:
4279:
3825:
3514:
3064:Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp. 51â60.
1917:are styles mixing flamenco and Cuban
1851:(1845) features the protagonist as a
1153:
897:
4016:(in Spanish). Universidad de Granada
3841:, Universidad de Granada, p. 53
3215:
3057:and the Andalusian Image of Spain."
3046:. The Open Society Institute, 2002 (
2953:, the traditional Gitano quarter of
2012:Historians, philologists and writers
1344:A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the
174:Regions with significant populations
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
4565:
4222:
3929:The Great âGypsyâ Round-up in Spain
3888:
3687:"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma"
1592:lifetime and eventually became the
826:
13:
4453:Diccionario de apellidos españoles
4307:OlĂas, Laura (19 September 2024).
4280:OlĂas, Laura (24 September 2019).
2730:
2360:, singer and composer, husband of
2177:, footballer, currently plays for
2106:Actors, comedians and entertainers
1930:
1892:
1707:
1129:, while its grammar is closest to
14:
5321:
4528:Romani presence in European Music
4512:
4415:University of Hertfordshire Press
2552:, Flamenco guitarist and composer
2299:, equestrian and Olympic medalist
2290:
2032:, French writer born in Barcelona
1750:homes could apply to the Spanish
1584:people originate from a group of
4334:Vidal, Marta (4 February 2019).
4120:from the original on 2021-12-19.
4035:Bohlen, Celestine (5 May 1997).
3910:
3867:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x
3300:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x
3148:"The Situation of Roma in Spain"
3024:a persecuted ethnic minority in
2929:
2155:Footballers and football coaches
2037:Poets, novelists and playwrights
1977:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1942:
1788:
1694:are usual party music fixtures.
825:
315:
25:
5217:Historic and related minorities
4497:
4470:
4431:
4400:
4380:
4353:
4246:
4234:
4210:from the original on 2023-08-04
4163:
4124:
4100:
4089:
4080:
4058:
4047:
4028:
3997:
3986:
3975:
3964:
3933:
3922:
3814:
3795:
3762:
3751:
3697:
3679:
3538:
3411:
3384:
3380:THE STATE AND THE ROMA IN SPAIN
3373:
3327:
3228:Springer Science+Business Media
1249:, where the Council agreed to "
1008:Though etymologically the term
36:needs additional citations for
3993:The Situation of Roma in Spain
3335:"egiptano - Diccionario Dirae"
3306:
3279:
3252:
3209:
3191:
3140:
3113:
3062:and Textiles Research Journal,
3044:The Situation of Roma in Spain
1732:much more likely than younger
1357:organized by the government.
1:
4467:. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.
3670:Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury
3604:. Rough Guides. p. 147.
3188:, page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)
3032:
2057:, artist painter and sculptor
1987:, Spanish Roma politician in
1871:has inspired artists such as
4727:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
4483:www.revistadehumanidades.com
4108:"Mujeres Gitanas Documental"
3727:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
2594:, cantaora (Flamenco singer)
2570:, bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
2510:, bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
2150:, comedian of Duo Sacapuntas
1973:Juan de Dios RamĂrez Heredia
1867:The beauty of a dark-haired
1766:, and 51 percent of Spanish
1386:Juan de Dios RamĂrez Heredia
1087:History of the Romani people
1049:clearest example of this is
973:("Egyptian"), which was the
7:
3940:Kaprow, Miriam Lee (1982).
3397:. Oxford University Press.
3236:10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_7
2922:
2564:, cantaor (Flamenco singer)
2522:, cantaor (Flamenco singer)
2516:, cantaor (Flamenco singer)
2068:Catholic saints and martyrs
1997:, general secretary of the
1599:
1495:
1406:
1388:, the first Romani deputy.
1285:Kingdom of Castile and LeĂłn
1027:
169:Estimated 720,000-1,500,000
10:
5326:
3832:Alejandro MartĂnez Dhier,
3444:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3037:
2223:, former footballer, with
2214:, former footballer, with
2205:, former footballer, with
2195:, former footballer, with
1623:(wedding ceremony), where
1410:
1207:In 1435 they were seen in
1171:would be a deformation of
1084:
403:Romani people by sub-group
5261:
5216:
5128:
4776:
4719:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4169:Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528
3568:. McFarland. p. 50.
3489:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039
3418:Hancock, Ian F. (2005) .
2450:, singer and vocalist of
2414:, French fusion musicians
2138:, actor of film The Niño.
2095:, artist, writer and poet
1911:
1903:
1434:
1080:
977:demonym for someone from
873:, generally known by the
286:
281:
270:
265:
202:
197:
178:
173:
168:
163:
148:
131:
4524:(English exonym present)
4407:Leblon, Bernard (2003).
4086:Gay y Blasco 2002 p. 634
3855:Annals of Human Genetics
3421:We are the Romani People
3174:at a maximum of 650,000.
3068:
2762:(alternatively, Antuñez)
2540:, guitarist and composer
2336:, singer, partially Calé
2317:, Basque pelota champion
4074:; FEREDE, October 2008
3273:10.1111/1467-9655.00081
2783:Gabarri (Catalan Gypsy)
2654:, cantaor and guitarist
2648:, guitarist of Flamenco
2342:, singers, brother duet
2175:JosĂ© RodrĂguez MartĂnez
1967:Leaders and politicians
1528:beatified the Catholic
1428:
1332:Spanish Romani people.
960:
904:Iberian Romani subgroup
134:
5122:Ethnic groups in Spain
4819:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4259:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4014:Gazeta de Antropologia
3905:Spain: A Country Study
3018:
3008:
2979:
2852:Pubill (Catalan Gypsy)
2642:, singer and guitarist
2628:Cancanilla de Marbella
2438:, star flamenco dancer
2348:, singers, sister duet
2257:Antonio Cortés Heredia
2087:Painters and sculptors
2074:Ceferino Giménez Malla
1923:
1873:Julio Romero de Torres
1823:
1746:
1672:). On some occasions,
1664:culture. At weddings,
1572:) claims that 150,000
1536:Ceferino Giménez Malla
1484:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1448:
1443:
1440:Julio Romero de Torres
1422:
1393:Compensatory Education
1349:
1337:
1287:in the Reconquista in
1239:fall of Constantinople
1227:. Years later, to the
1209:Santiago de Compostela
1205:
969:evolved from the word
934:
928:
920:
908:
895:Spanish pronunciation:
887:
140:
127:Romani people in Spain
5305:Spanish Romani people
3203:Minority Rights Group
2855:Ravelino or Rabellino
2765:Calaf (Catalan Gypsy)
2630:, cantaor and bailaor
2592:La Niña de los Peines
2546:, cantaor and bailaor
2504:, singer and composer
2322:Singers and musicians
2163:, ex-footballer, for
2144:, comedian and singer
2045:, poet and dramaturge
1820:Federico GarcĂa Lorca
1813:
1810:("Gypsy Ballad Book")
1802:Federico GarcĂa Lorca
1438:, a 1929 painting by
1420:
1343:
1331:
1251:... give alms to the
1197:
282:Related ethnic groups
3769:Viellieard, Jeanne,
3391:Labanyi, Jo (2002).
3230:. pp. 101â118.
2989:Cleanliness of blood
2714:, singer of Flamenco
2696:, Flamenco Guitarist
2622:Vicente Soto Sordera
2618:, Flamenco guitarist
2612:, Flamenco guitarist
2444:, singer and actress
2309:José Antonio Jiménez
2136:JesĂșs Castro (actor)
1985:Sara Giménez Giménez
1752:Minimum Vital Income
1588:who got lost during
1024:by local Europeans.
45:improve this article
5155:Vaqueiros de alzada
4686:Scottish Travellers
3718:2012PLoSO...748477R
3480:2012CBio...22.2342M
3010:Vaqueiros de alzada
2283:, footballer, with
2197:Sevilla FĂștbol Club
2055:Antonio Maya Cortés
1880:Miguel de Cervantes
1615:wedding requires a
1504:were traditionally
1165:Strait of Gibraltar
1108:Indian subcontinent
1018:Indian subcontinent
464:Kale (Finnish Roma)
459:Kale (Iberian Roma)
128:
4622:English Romanichal
4393:2019-04-03 at the
4070:2009-02-28 at the
4041:The New York Times
3946:Urban Anthropology
3807:2008-05-09 at the
3693:. 23 October 2013.
3531:The New York Times
3160:on 1 December 2007
2706:Juana la Macarrona
2678:, Flamenco singers
2526:El PrĂncipe Gitano
2452:La quinta estacion
2420:, fusion musicians
2400:CamarĂłn de la Isla
2393:, French group of
2315:Patxi Ruiz Giménez
2232:, footballer, for
2179:Maccabi Haifa F.C.
2161:José Antonio Reyes
2142:El Comandante Lara
2049:Luis Heredia Amaya
1995:Mariano R. VĂĄzquez
1949:The ballet dancer
1700:may also marry by
1645:Bartholin's glands
1546:of Romani people.
1522:Virgin of El RocĂo
1444:
1350:
1346:AlcĂĄzar of Seville
1338:
1154:Migration to Spain
899:[xiËtanos]
580:Bosnia-Herzegovina
126:
5282:
5281:
5238:Western Sephardim
5088:
5087:
4772:
4771:
4340:www.aljazeera.com
4266:978-3-030-26542-7
4200:978-92-9491-871-0
3647:978-80-7044-205-0
3474:(24): 2342â2349.
3431:978-1-902806-19-8
3404:978-0-19-815993-3
3245:978-90-481-8945-8
2432:, Flamenco singer
2430:Diego "El Cigala"
2412:Los Niños de Sara
2408:, Flamenco dancer
2402:, Flamenco singer
2354:, Flamenco singer
2330:, Flamenco dancer
2266:Ezequiel Calvente
2259:, footballer for
2250:, footballer, ex-
2241:, footballer, ex-
2186:, footballer, ex-
2043:José Heredia Maya
2020:, feminist writer
1864:of the same name.
1566:Assemblies of God
1526:Pope John Paul II
1362:Spanish Civil War
1316:Andalusian Arabic
1215:were recorded in
1160:Iberian Peninsula
1001:and finally into
935:las leyes gitanas
902:), belong to the
867:
866:
469:Kale (Welsh Roma)
294:
293:
272:Roman Catholicism
121:
120:
113:
95:
5317:
5163:Canary Islanders
5159:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5022:
4587:
4586:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4523:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4474:
4468:
4450:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4404:
4398:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4116:. 4 March 2018.
4104:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4001:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3952:(3/4): 399â431.
3937:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3829:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3778:, archived from
3777:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3729:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3650:, archived from
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3435:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3225:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3095:. Archived from
3090:
3082:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2984:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2741:Spanish surnames
2670:Antonia La Negra
2496:Estrella Morente
2463:Manitas de Plata
2385:Vicente Escudero
2268:, ex-footballer
2063:, artist painter
2061:Fabian de Castro
2024:JoaquĂn AlbaicĂn
1946:
1926:
1916:
1908:
1884:Exemplary Novels
1882:and part of his
1821:
1807:Romancero Gitano
1749:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1374:Francisco Franco
1178:, that is, from
993:evolved through
938:('Gypsy laws').
937:
931:
925:
913:
901:
896:
892:
859:
852:
845:
829:
828:
803:Hungarian-Slovak
509:SepeÄides Romani
319:
296:
295:
164:Total population
153:
143:
137:
129:
125:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5310:Romani in Spain
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5269:Genetic history
5257:
5212:
5151:
5124:
5119:
5089:
5084:
5016:
4959:North Macedonia
4768:
4715:
4612:Burgenland Roma
4578:
4569:
4567:Romani diaspora
4564:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4475:
4471:
4459:, Madrid 2001.
4451:
4447:
4440:(23 June 2016)
4436:
4432:
4425:
4405:
4401:
4395:Wayback Machine
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4368:(in Portuguese)
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4182:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4149:10.2307/3034765
4129:
4125:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:Wayback Machine
4063:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3965:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3911:
3900:
3889:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3809:Wayback Machine
3800:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3545:Current Biology
3543:
3539:
3522:
3515:
3468:Current Biology
3460:
3453:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3362:. Buscon.rae.es
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3311:
3307:
3284:
3280:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3226:. Vol. 4.
3223:
3214:
3210:
3205:. 19 June 2015.
3197:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3040:
3035:
2997:
2945:Triana, Seville
2935:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2733:
2731:Gitano surnames
2712:Antonio Carmona
2598:Pastora Imperio
2580:Antonio Mairena
2574:Manuel Agujetas
2465:, guitar player
2448:Natalia Jiménez
2426:, French singer
2324:
2293:
2225:Atletico Madrid
2157:
2148:Juan Rosa Mateo
2108:
2089:
2070:
2039:
2014:
1991:political party
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1936:
1895:
1893:Music and dance
1859:Georges Bizet's
1843:Prosper Mérimée
1837:Manuel de Falla
1822:
1819:
1791:
1710:
1708:Marginalisation
1602:
1518:extreme unction
1506:Roman Catholics
1498:
1415:
1409:
1334:Yevgraf Sorokin
1156:
1135:Romani language
1112:Indic languages
1089:
1083:
1030:
963:
916:Southern France
894:
871:Romani in Spain
863:
818:
700:North Macedonia
546:
545:
542:Romani diaspora
533:
424:Burgenland Roma
405:
404:
261:
159:
156:Spanish Gypsies
144:
124:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5262:Related topics
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5231:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
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5165:
5160:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5080:United Kingdom
5077:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5014:Basque Country
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
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4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Czechoslovakia
4856:
4854:Czech Republic
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
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4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4770:
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4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4639:
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4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4514:
4513:External links
4511:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4469:
4445:
4430:
4423:
4399:
4379:
4352:
4326:
4299:
4272:
4265:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4199:
4171:
4162:
4143:(3): 517â535.
4123:
4099:
4088:
4079:
4057:
4046:
4027:
3996:
3985:
3974:
3963:
3932:
3921:
3887:
3844:
3824:
3813:
3794:
3761:
3750:
3712:(11): e48477,
3696:
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3660:
3646:
3623:
3610:
3587:
3574:
3549:
3537:
3513:
3451:
3430:
3410:
3403:
3383:
3372:
3351:
3326:
3316:Romani Studies
3305:
3294:(3): 445â461.
3278:
3267:(4): 631â647.
3251:
3244:
3208:
3199:"Roma/Gypsies"
3190:
3178:
3139:
3112:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3015:
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2976:
2970:
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2958:
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2919:
2916:
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2763:
2756:
2751:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:Mala RodrĂguez
2655:
2652:Diego Carrasco
2649:
2643:
2637:
2634:Perla de CĂĄdiz
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2556:Remedios Amaya
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:Dolores Vargas
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2457:Jorge GonzĂĄlez
2454:
2445:
2442:Beatriz Luengo
2439:
2436:JoaquĂn CortĂ©s
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2395:Rumba flamenca
2388:
2382:
2379:Rosario Flores
2376:
2373:Antonio Flores
2370:
2364:
2355:
2352:Manolo Caracol
2349:
2343:
2340:Los Chunguitos
2337:
2334:Isabel Pantoja
2331:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2303:Faustino Reyes
2300:
2292:
2291:Other athletes
2289:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2239:Marcos MĂĄrquez
2236:
2234:Rayo Vallecano
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2131:Antonio Flores
2124:
2118:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:Matéo Maximoff
2027:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1968:
1965:
1953:as the Romani
1951:Carlotta Grisi
1948:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1913:rumba catalana
1905:rumba flamenca
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1840:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1787:
1709:
1706:
1692:rumba flamenca
1611:A traditional
1601:
1598:
1562:New-Protestant
1497:
1494:
1446:Historically,
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1308:etymologically
1302:, in his book
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1155:
1152:
1144:northern India
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1029:
1026:
962:
959:
947:Pentecostalism
865:
864:
862:
861:
854:
847:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
796:
785:United Kingdom
782:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Czechoslovakia
612:
610:Czech Republic
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
321:
320:
312:
311:
305:
304:
292:
291:
284:
283:
279:
278:
276:Evangelicalism
268:
267:
263:
262:
260:
259:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
219:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
176:
175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
161:
160:
154:
146:
145:
132:
122:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5322:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Romani groups
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Extremadurans
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:ethnic groups
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:United States
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Servitka Roma
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Bergitka Roma
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4465:84-239-2289-8
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4424:9781902806051
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4092:
4083:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3917:public domain
3908:. p. 99.
3907:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3785:on 2016-08-20
3781:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3657:on 2016-03-04
3653:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3613:
3611:9781858286358
3607:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3575:9780786494705
3571:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3129:
3122:
3121:"Estimations"
3116:
3102:on 2017-10-10
3098:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:George Borrow
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2796:
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2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:or Altamirano
2749:
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2744:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:Pilar Montoya
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:Lole y Manuel
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:Moraito Chico
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
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2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:Gerardo NĂșñez
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Catalan rumba
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
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2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:Lolita Flores
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:AzĂșcar Moreno
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:TĂ©ji Savanier
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:UD Las Palmas
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:UD Las Palmas
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:Antonio Amaya
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:Carlos Aranda
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Real Zaragoza
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:Rogelio DurĂĄn
2110:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:Silvia AgĂŒero
2016:
2015:
2006:
2005:SĂ©fora Vargas
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1887:
1885:
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1877:
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1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1832:El Amor Brujo
1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1789:In literature
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1748:
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1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:Spanish slang
1476:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:CalĂł language
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:derives from
1313:
1309:
1305:
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1296:
1292:
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1275:
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1194:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
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1043:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
930:
924:
923:
917:
912:
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905:
900:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:
876:
872:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
840:
838:
837:
832:
824:
823:
822:
821:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:United States
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
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693:
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688:
686:
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681:
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663:
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658:
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648:
646:
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641:
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631:
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626:
623:
621:
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616:
613:
611:
608:
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603:
601:
598:
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591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
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568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
537:
536:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Servitka Roma
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
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457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:Bergitka Roma
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
399:
398:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:Romani people
307:
306:
302:
298:
297:
290:
289:Romani people
285:
280:
277:
273:
269:
264:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
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204:
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
130:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5228:Iberian Kale
5223:
5153:
4632:Finnish Kale
4627:Erromintxela
4531:(in Spanish)
4522:(in English)
4519:Romani union
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4485:(in Spanish)
4482:
4472:
4452:
4448:
4437:
4433:
4409:
4402:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4365:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4339:
4329:
4319:20 September
4317:. Retrieved
4315:(in Spanish)
4312:
4302:
4292:20 September
4290:. Retrieved
4288:(in Spanish)
4285:
4275:
4255:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4189:
4165:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4111:
4102:
4091:
4082:
4076:(in Spanish)
4060:
4049:
4040:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4013:
4007:
3999:
3988:
3977:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3924:
3904:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3834:
3827:
3816:
3802:UniĂłn RomanĂ
3797:
3787:, retrieved
3780:the original
3771:
3764:
3753:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3691:Live Science
3690:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3652:the original
3633:
3626:
3615:. Retrieved
3600:
3579:. Retrieved
3564:
3544:
3540:
3529:
3471:
3467:
3420:
3413:
3393:
3386:
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:
3329:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3219:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3164:15 September
3162:. Retrieved
3155:the original
3142:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3092:
3058:
2937:Spain portal
2734:
2610:El Lebrijano
2586:Manuel Torre
2502:Niña Pastori
2424:Kendji Girac
2358:El PescaĂlla
2328:Carmen Amaya
2203:Carlos Muñoz
2199:(Sevilla FC)
2165:Arsenal F.C.
2121:Pastora Vega
2116:Noomi Rapace
2093:Helios GĂłmez
1954:
1932:
1896:
1868:
1854:femme fatale
1852:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1805:
1794:
1792:
1783:Pew Research
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1688:rumba gitana
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1560:The Spanish
1559:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:patron saint
1540:Sara-la-Kali
1529:
1524:. In 1997,
1514:confirmation
1501:
1499:
1458:Erromintxela
1445:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1319:fellah mengu
1318:
1311:
1303:
1300:Blas Infante
1294:
1293:
1282:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1201:King Alfonso
1198:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1140:
1116:
1105:
1090:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
964:
950:
940:
888:
878:
877:
870:
868:
754:
458:
449:Judeo-Romani
439:Crimean Roma
226:Erromintxela
155:
123:Ethnic group
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
5274:Immigration
5168:Cantabrians
5152:(including
5139:Andalusians
5038:Switzerland
5017: [
4969:Netherlands
4671:Polska Roma
4659:Muslim Roma
4590:Uncontested
4576:Settlements
4372:13 February
4313:elDiario.es
4286:elDiario.es
4020:13 February
3499:10230/25348
3344:23 December
2998: [
2846:Pereiro or
2789:or Guiterez
2758:Antunes or
2718:La Macanita
2682:Alba Molina
2616:Paco Cepero
2514:Juan Villar
2484:Los Chichos
2391:Gipsy Kings
2362:Lola Flores
2297:Rafael Soto
2281:JesĂșs Navas
2248:LĂłpez Ramos
2207:Real Oviedo
2127:Alba Flores
2099:Juan Vargas
2001:(1936â1939)
1897:The art of
1570:Pentecostal
1460:. Very few
1454:para-Romani
1435:Cante jondo
1423:España cañĂ
1360:During the
1245:arrived at
985:supplanted
975:Old Spanish
943:patrigroups
831:WikiProject
765:Switzerland
710:Netherlands
695:New Zealand
494:Polska Roma
409:Afro-Romani
392:Settlements
327:Archaeology
5289:Categories
5203:Valencians
5173:Castilians
5130:Indigenous
4954:Montenegro
4777:By country
4711:Welsh Kale
4676:Ruska Roma
4489:3 February
3789:2018-05-20
3617:2016-05-21
3581:2016-05-21
3366:2013-08-15
3133:2016-05-21
3106:2016-05-21
3033:References
2951:Sacromonte
2739:, several
2724:Pansequito
2720:, cantaora
2708:, cantaora
2702:, bailaora
2672:, cantaora
2666:, cantaora
2664:La Serneta
2636:, cantaora
2604:Chiquetete
2600:, bailaora
2558:, cantaora
2544:Mario Maya
2520:José Mercé
2508:Belén Maya
2490:Las Grecas
2406:Farruquito
2285:Sevilla FC
2270:Real Betis
2221:Ivan Amaya
2216:Sevilla FC
2184:JesĂșs Seba
2169:Sevilla FC
2101:, sculptor
2051:, sculptor
1839:is Romani.
1621:casamiento
1617:pedimiento
1500:In Spain,
1055:Sevillanas
1053:music and
918:(known as
690:Montenegro
544:by country
504:Ruska Roma
499:Romanichal
71:newspapers
5234:Sephardim
5208:Galicians
5198:Balearics
5149:Asturians
5144:Aragonese
4939:Lithuania
4799:Australia
4794:Argentina
4754:Bosha/Lom
4720:Contested
4691:SepeÄides
4637:Kalderash
4617:Cascarots
4583:Subgroups
3440:cite book
2981:Cascarots
2899:Carretero
2787:Gutiérrez
2774:FernĂĄndez
2726:, cantaor
2690:, cantaor
2688:Rancapino
2640:Manzanita
2624:, cantaor
2606:, cantaor
2588:, cantaor
2582:, cantaor
2576:, cantaor
2568:La Chunga
2492:, singers
2486:, singers
2123:, actress
2082:, blessed
2076:, blessed
1781:The 2016
1702:elopement
1637:ajuntaora
1606:Virginity
1234:grecianos
1217:Barcelona
1193:Alfonso V
1188:Perpignan
1176:Tingitani
1097:Rajasthan
1093:Hindustan
1022:Egyptians
965:The term
914:) and in
882:, or the
814:Venezuela
680:Lithuania
560:Australia
555:Argentina
489:RomanisĂŠl
454:Kalderash
434:Cascarots
242:Aragonese
198:Languages
192:Catalonia
180:Andalusia
101:July 2022
60:"Gitanos"
5253:Criollos
5193:Catalans
5004:Slovenia
4999:Slovakia
4979:Portugal
4839:Colombia
4829:Bulgaria
4654:Manouche
4647:Machvaya
4438:El Mundo
4391:Archived
4205:Archived
4187:(2016).
4118:Archived
4068:Archived
3958:40552983
3883:36365458
3875:18205888
3805:Archived
3746:23209554
3706:PLOS ONE
3508:23219723
3339:Dirae.es
3060:Clothing
3026:Mallorca
2995:Maragato
2923:See also
2914:Escudero
2909:GonzĂĄlez
2892:or Vilar
2879:Santiago
2864:Sandoval
2748:Altamira
2737:endogamy
2684:, singer
2660:, singer
2550:Tomatito
2498:, singer
2459:, singer
1989:Citizens
1931:Notable
1919:guaracha
1899:Flamenco
1818:â
1684:bulerĂas
1600:Marriage
1510:marriage
1496:Religion
1407:Language
1323:Moriscos
1312:flamenco
1221:Zaragoza
1182:, today
1099:and the
1051:flamenco
1036:and non-
1028:Identity
991:egiptano
987:egiptano
971:egiptano
922:tsiganes
793:Scotland
750:Slovenia
745:Slovakia
725:Portugal
595:Colombia
590:Bulgaria
484:Machvaya
387:Religion
362:Language
352:Folklore
301:a series
299:Part of
266:Religion
247:Manouche
237:Asturian
232:Galician
184:Valencia
5248:Isleños
5224:Gypsies
5188:Basques
5183:Leonese
5075:Uruguay
5058:Ukraine
5048:Tunisia
4984:Romania
4949:Moldova
4909:Ireland
4899:Hungary
4889:Germany
4884:Georgia
4874:Estonia
4864:Denmark
4844:Croatia
4814:Belgium
4809:Belarus
4804:Austria
4789:Algeria
4784:Albania
4742:Kawliya
4737:Garachi
4664:Zargari
4366:PĂBLICO
4157:3034765
4133:gitanos
4113:YouTube
4054:Gitanos
4008:gitanos
3737:3509117
3714:Bibcode
3476:Bibcode
3323:(1): 4.
3172:Gitanos
3128:Gfbv.it
3038:Sources
2967:Quinqui
2955:Granada
2918:Ximénez
2869:Salazar
2848:Pereira
2837:Morgade
2818:Montoya
2809:or Maya
2802:Giménez
2798:Jiménez
2793:Heredia
2760:AntĂșnez
2735:Due to
2694:Sabicas
2311:, boxer
2305:, boxer
1956:Paquita
1933:gitanos
1924:gitanos
1827:Candela
1776:Ciganos
1772:ciganos
1744:52% of
1738:gitanos
1734:gitanos
1730:gitanos
1726:gitanos
1722:gitanos
1698:Gitanos
1670:gitanos
1666:gitanos
1657:el yeli
1641:pañuelo
1633:pañuelo
1625:el yeli
1594:gitanos
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1555:gitanos
1551:Gitanos
1542:is the
1502:gitanos
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1469:gitanos
1463:gitanos
1449:gitanos
1378:gitanos
1366:gitanos
1336:, 1853.
1295:Gitanos
1289:Granada
1253:gitanos
1243:gitanos
1229:gitanos
1213:Gitanos
1184:Tangier
1169:gitanos
1131:Bengali
1127:Marwari
1123:Punjabi
1067:gitanos
1063:gitanos
999:egitano
995:elision
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951:gitanos
929:gitanos
910:ciganos
889:gitanos
875:endonym
809:Uruguay
775:Ukraine
730:Romania
705:Moldova
660:Ireland
655:Hungary
645:Germany
640:Georgia
630:Finland
625:Estonia
620:Denmark
600:Croatia
575:Belgium
570:Belarus
565:Austria
550:Albania
529:Zargari
479:LÄutari
444:Gurbeti
357:History
337:Culture
332:Cuisine
256:Aranese
252:Occitan
217:Catalan
212:Spanish
141:Gitanos
85:scholar
5242:Xuetas
5063:Crimea
5053:Turkey
5033:Sweden
4994:Serbia
4989:Russia
4974:Poland
4964:Norway
4944:Mexico
4929:Latvia
4924:Kosovo
4914:Israel
4894:Greece
4879:France
4849:Cyprus
4834:Canada
4824:Brazil
4706:Ursari
4642:Lovari
4607:Boyash
4597:Arlije
4463:
4457:Espasa
4421:
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3093:Msc.es
2890:Villar
2884:Vargas
2832:Moreno
2813:Molina
2779:Flores
2769:Cortés
2562:Falete
2478:Camela
2418:Ketama
2261:MĂĄlaga
1959:(1844)
1869:Gitana
1848:Carmen
1795:gitano
1768:gitano
1764:cigano
1747:gitano
1718:gitano
1714:Gitano
1679:gadjos
1662:Gitano
1650:honour
1629:honour
1613:gitano
1590:Moses'
1582:gitano
1578:gitano
1533:martyr
1530:gitano
1516:, and
1401:gitano
1397:gitano
1370:regime
1247:Madrid
1231:, the
1180:Tingis
1101:Punjab
1081:Origin
1071:gitano
1059:gitano
1046:gitano
1038:gitano
1034:gitano
1010:gitano
1003:gitano
979:Egipto
967:gitano
884:exonym
779:Crimea
770:Turkey
760:Sweden
740:Serbia
735:Russia
720:Poland
715:Norway
685:Mexico
675:Latvia
670:Kosovo
650:Greece
635:France
605:Cyprus
585:Brazil
524:Ursari
474:Lovari
429:Boyash
414:Arlije
382:People
287:Other
222:Basque
188:Madrid
87:
80:
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5043:Syria
5028:Sudan
5021:]
5009:Spain
4934:Libya
4919:Italy
4869:Egypt
4764:Lyuli
4747:Nawar
4701:Sinti
4345:4 May
4214:4 May
4208:(PDF)
4153:JSTOR
3954:JSTOR
3879:S2CID
3839:(PDF)
3783:(PDF)
3776:(PDF)
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3124:(JPG)
3100:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
3069:Notes
3055:Dress
3020:Xueta
3002:]
2973:Cagot
2904:PĂ©rez
2874:Santi
2859:Reyes
2842:Motos
2827:Monje
2823:Monge
2807:Malla
2754:Amaya
2469:Peret
2193:Diego
1862:opera
1835:, by
1674:payos
1490:Cheli
1173:Latin
1119:Hindi
1014:Gypsy
997:into
755:Spain
665:Italy
519:Sinti
377:Names
372:Music
367:Media
347:Dress
342:Dance
92:JSTOR
78:books
5295:Calé
4904:Iraq
4759:Lori
4491:2020
4461:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4374:2020
4347:2021
4321:2024
4294:2024
4261:ISBN
4216:2021
4195:ISBN
4022:2020
3871:PMID
3742:PMID
3642:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3570:ISBN
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3446:link
3426:ISBN
3399:ISBN
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3240:ISBN
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190:and
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4145:doi
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3863:doi
3732:PMC
3722:doi
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3484:doi
3296:doi
3269:doi
3232:doi
3048:PDF
2825:or
2800:or
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