144:, from ethnic Germans living in the Serbian and Croatian regions of former Yugoslavia. Initially, the Germans were induced to volunteer, but as the war turned against Germany, they were conscripted, as occurred in other Eastern European German communities. This was one of the foremost German formations to fight Tito’s Communist Partisans. This unit had one of the worst records of human rights violations of any German formation, massacring civilians, particularly in the Bosnian and Dalmatian campaigns. For example, on September 16, 1941, the German Army High Command (OKW) issued an order that one hundred civilian hostages be executed for every German soldier killed, and fifty hostages executed for every German soldier wounded.
20:
156:
permission to transfer these ethnic
Germans to the U.S. occupation zone of Germany, but it was not granted). Of this number, 30,000 to 40,000 escaped from Yugoslav concentration and work camps, often with the connivance of the authorities, most going either to Hungary or Romania. Those who went to Hungary subsequently fled or were expelled to Austria or Germany, whereas those who fled to Romania generally remained, at least provisionally, in the Swabian communities in the Romanian
152:
they no longer had any civil rights, and they were declared enemies of the people. Exempted were those ethnic
Germans who participated in the partisan national liberation movement, and those who were not members of German ethnic societies such as the “Schwäbisch–Deutsche Kulturbund", nor declared themselves to be members of the ethnic German community.
160:. About 55,000 people were murdered in the concentration camps, another 31,000 died serving in the German armed forces, and about 31,000 disappeared, mostly likely dead, with another 37,000 still unaccounted for. Thus the total victims of the war and subsequent ethnic cleansing and killings comprised about 30% of the pre-war German population.
367:
in 1886. "The government looked favourably on these farmers and gave them tax concessions; and in 1890 is passed a special law on 'agrarian colonies', offering up to twelve hectares per family, rent-free for the first three years and then on a low mortgage which would end after ten years if they took
151:
The provisional government of Tito’s
Partisan movement was the AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council for the Liberation of Yugoslavia). In its meeting in Belgrade on November 21, 1944, it decreed that all property of ethnic Germans residing in Yugoslavia be confiscated. Their Yugoslav citizenship was revoked,
155:
Of the approximately 524,000 Germans living in pre-war
Yugoslavia, about 370,000 escaped to Austria and Germany in the last days of the War or were subsequently expelled by the Yugoslav Government. (At one point, in January 1946, the Yugoslav Government requested the U.S. military authorities’
147:
At the end of the war, in retribution, Partisan bands engaged in massacres of ethnic
Germans, primarily in the Province of Vojvodina in present-day Serbia. Villages were wiped out, with the inhabitants either killed or forced into concentration camps, where many died of hunger or disease. As
139:
who were absorbed into the local population. Much of the history of the German community in former
Yugoslavia, during and just after the Second World War, can best be described as a set of mutual massacres between Germans and Yugoslavs. During the war, the Nazi German government raised the
399:
under Otto
Lackman and "...went from village to village, accompanied by the military. They found the communities already victims of partisan raids and even came under attack themselves. By the end of November, VoMi's commandos had evacuated some 18,000
265:, which they were entitled to with 3,000 voter signatures. The president, Andreas Biegermeier, stated that the council will focus on property restitution, and marking of mass graves and camp sites. He estimated the total number of remaining
168:
There are currently approx 8,300 people in former
Yugoslavia who acknowledge some German heritage. Many residents actively practice their German cultural heritage, and some still speak the local form of the German dialect,
148:
justification for their actions to eliminate the German minority in
Yugoslavia, the Partisans applied the principle of collective guilt to the German ethnic group for the atrocities of the Nazi regime.
1609:
1149:
963:
946:
1170:
1713:
1386:
1442:
234:, an area that also has a sizeable Hungarian minority. The Hungarian and Serbian populations also refer to them as Swabian as well. They are known as the
1466:
1430:
1028:
1403:
1488:
1420:
1408:
1626:
1662:
141:
1723:
1728:
1738:
1733:
1698:
1222:
119:
settled in areas of former
Yugoslavia approximately 800 years ago. The majority of Germans in the area lived in the Danube basin between
1703:
1693:
1743:
1708:
1718:
1340:
622:
598:
1578:
1134:
135:. The Danube Swabians developed their own distinct culture and dialect. There were most likely also German settlers on the
1688:
1683:
1583:
1184:
1143:
388:
208:. The “German and Austrian Minority,” as they are officially called, holds a permanent seat in the Croatian Parliament (
1553:
1305:
853:
711:
567:
590:
Forging Germans: Youth, Nation, and the National Socialist Mobilization of Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1918-1944
491:
or Georg Weifert (1850–1937), Serbian industrialist, Governor of the National Bank of Serbia and later Yugoslavia
347:
645:
368:
Bosnian citizenship. Altogether fifty-four such colonies were established, with a population of nearly 10,000."
1548:
204:
around 2,800 people identify themselves as part of the German and Austrian Minority, the majority of whom are
1373:
1253:
1154:
793:
1330:
1011:
1202:
810:
681:
Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German Minorities of Europe, 1939-1945
547:
417:
338:
1454:
1016:
40:
1074:
909:
896:
68:
1604:
1059:
704:
230:. The majority of the remaining population of German origin lives in the northern Serbia in
1197:
891:
512:
8:
1573:
1288:
1099:
1064:
411:
1447:
1413:
588:
1599:
1568:
1558:
1352:
1315:
1273:
1089:
1033:
968:
919:
886:
874:
869:
841:
805:
562:
557:
537:
488:
195:
174:
19:
1234:
87:. The largest German minority was found in Serbia prior to dissolution of Yugoslavia.
1347:
1283:
1263:
1258:
1207:
1192:
1139:
1111:
1094:
1038:
978:
973:
879:
618:
615:
Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II
594:
542:
221:
56:
45:
jugoslovenski Nemci/југословенски Немци, jugoslavenski Nijemci/југославенски Нијемци
1563:
1543:
1521:
1425:
1335:
1320:
1310:
1293:
1248:
1240:
1212:
1116:
1069:
1054:
988:
956:
929:
924:
834:
697:
506:
104:
100:
1381:
1278:
1268:
1229:
901:
815:
798:
771:
649:
552:
425:
363:
358:
321:
266:
235:
205:
173:. This dialect is a mixture of old German from the eighteenth century with many
132:
80:
48:
32:
1021:
1006:
983:
939:
905:
846:
743:
494:
302:
239:
178:
52:
524:
181:
words, similar to what was spoken in Yugoslavia before the Second World War.
1677:
1476:
1359:
951:
934:
913:
759:
500:
380:
112:
1325:
827:
617:. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J. pp. 207, 208, 209, 226.
479:
in origin, and are unrelated to the other German minorities in Yugoslavia.
372:
290:
1655:
1103:
518:
464:
1459:
355:
1396:
820:
468:
1217:
750:
642:
476:
333:
258:
231:
84:
1481:
1471:
452:
396:
313:
298:
262:
170:
136:
72:
325:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1493:
720:
456:
387:
and a treaty to this effect was signed on 30 September 1942. The
329:
317:
309:
294:
282:
250:
226:
The largest German minority in the former Yugoslavia is found in
201:
124:
120:
116:
76:
60:
1503:
689:
1619:
1614:
1391:
1298:
433:
384:
343:
270:
254:
246:
227:
128:
108:
64:
1435:
639:
The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia
439:
376:
286:
261:. In December 2007 they formed their own minority council in
209:
157:
503:(1929-2012), Slovenian former soccer player and soccer coach
301:) in the late 13th century. They assimilated into the local
75:. Despite the name for the group, the label includes ethnic
1631:
1498:
96:
316:
occupation of 1878. Some agricultural colonists came from
670:
Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (1994), pp.142-143.
661:.Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (1994), pp.24-25.
392:
142:
7th Waffen SS Volunteer Mountain Division, Prinz Eugen
371:Following the collapse of internal security during
641:(European University Institute, Florence), p. 56.
455:. One consists of around 1,600 people, centred on
1675:
1714:Bosnia and Herzegovina people of German descent
1357:
705:
350:an offshoot colony was established and named
1653:
825:
757:
741:
734:
637:Sretenovic, Stanislav and Prauser, Steffen,
463:). The other is smaller in size and are the
451:There are two German-speaking minorities in
1663:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
521:(born 1990), Slovenian-German soccer player
407:Areas formerly settled by Germans include:
712:
698:
515:(born 1948), German–American soccer player
276:
18:
1243:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1237:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
312:immigration started here following the
1676:
612:
586:
693:
1724:Slovenian people of Austrian descent
527:(born 1996), Slovenian soccer player
257:, of which 3,154 in the province of
163:
115:as early as the year 375. The first
1729:Croatian people of Austrian descent
422:Bosanski Aleksandrovac (Rudolfstal)
389:Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
273:and their descents at 5,000–8,000.
13:
1739:People of Hungarian-German descent
1734:Serbian people of Austrian descent
1699:Slovenian people of German descent
643:http://www.iue.it/PUB/HEC04-01.pdf
346:frontier. After the 1888 visit by
336:, and created a settlement called
14:
1755:
1704:Croatian people of German descent
1694:Yugoslav people of German descent
719:
482:
1709:Serbian people of German descent
430:Prosara (Hohenberg / Hindenburg)
348:Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
328:. The first settlers came from
249:census from 2002 records 3,901
673:
664:
655:
631:
606:
580:
1:
573:
99:in Europe and the associated
1744:Germany–Yugoslavia relations
1719:Macedonian people by descent
568:Germany–Yugoslavia relations
184:
23:Flag of the Yugoslav Germans
7:
1144:Alsatians and Lotharingians
593:, Oxford University Press,
531:
509:(born 1938), German prelate
497:(1862–1944), German painter
446:
44:
10:
1760:
1689:Demographics of Yugoslavia
1684:German diaspora by country
219:
193:
189:
90:
1646:
1592:
1514:
1372:
1183:
1163:
1127:
1047:
999:
862:
786:
779:
770:
727:
587:Mezger, Caroline (2020),
215:
95:Due to incursions of the
475:) region. They are both
418:Nova Topola (Windthorst)
379:decided to evacuate the
1164:Multinational dimension
613:Merten, Ulrich (2012).
107:people migrated to the
1654:
1358:
1085:Bosnia and Herzegovina
826:
758:
742:
735:
548:Ernst Thälmann Company
277:Bosnia and Herzegovina
69:Bosnia and Herzegovina
36:
24:
320:proper but most were
220:Further information:
194:Further information:
51:-speakers who form a
29:Germans of Yugoslavia
22:
1584:United Arab Emirates
892:Transylvanian Saxons
391:(VoMi) organised an
131:, and were known as
103:in the 4th century,
1171:Central and Eastern
1075:Italy (South Tyrol)
37:Jugoslawiendeutsche
1316:Pennsylvania Dutch
679:Valdis O. Lumans,
648:2009-03-04 at the
563:Germans of Romania
558:Germans of Hungary
538:Germans of Croatia
467:, who live in the
465:Gottscheer Germans
196:Germans of Croatia
25:
1671:
1670:
1642:
1641:
1179:
1178:
979:Russian Mennonite
624:978-1-4128-4302-7
600:978-0-19-885016-8
543:Germans of Serbia
222:Germans of Serbia
164:Current situation
57:former Yugoslavia
1751:
1659:
1610:Papua New Guinea
1448:Kapitaï and Koba
1414:Kapitaï and Koba
1363:
1241:Los Lagos Region
1223:British Columbia
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507:Robert Zollitsch
383:population from
101:migration period
47:) is a term for
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1748:
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1235:Los Ríos Region
1175:
1159:
1123:
1048:Southern Europe
1043:
1017:North Schleswig
1000:Northern Europe
995:
858:
799:Sudeten Germans
766:
723:
718:
688:
687:
678:
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665:
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650:Wayback Machine
636:
632:
625:
611:
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553:Danube Swabians
534:
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426:Franzjosefsfeld
364:Franzjosefsfeld
359:Danube Swabians
322:Danube Swabians
279:
267:Danube Swabians
236:Danube Swabians
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206:Danube Swabians
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133:Danube Swabians
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81:Danube Swabians
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1627:German Samoans
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1128:Western Europe
1125:
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1024:
1022:Potato Germans
1019:
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986:
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957:North Caucasus
954:
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863:Eastern Europe
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790:
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787:Central Europe
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744:Reichsdeutsche
739:
736:Bundesdeutsche
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495:Heinrich Knirr
492:
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483:Notable people
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404:from Bosnia."
395:commando from
303:Roman Catholic
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240:Banat Swabians
217:
214:
191:
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179:Serbo-Croatian
165:
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53:minority group
41:Serbo-Croatian
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1477:Dar es Salaam
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1007:Baltic states
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773:
769:
762:
761:
760:Volksdeutsche
756:
752:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
737:
733:
732:
730:
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721:German people
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710:
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682:
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501:Branko Elsner
499:
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489:Đorđe Vajfert
487:
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398:
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381:Volksdeutsche
378:
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50:
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34:
30:
21:
1455:South Africa
1084:
1079:
828:Walddeutsche
680:
675:
666:
657:
638:
633:
614:
608:
589:
582:
472:
460:
450:
442:(Scheptsche)
414:(Königsfeld)
406:
401:
373:World War II
370:
362:
351:
337:
324:from nearby
308:More recent
307:
305:population.
291:Transylvania
289:miners from
280:
244:
225:
199:
167:
154:
150:
146:
94:
79:, primarily
28:
26:
16:Ethnic group
1656:Ostsiedlung
1605:New Zealand
1579:Philippines
1421:Ivory Coast
1306:Puerto Rico
1259:El Salvador
1150:Netherlands
1104:Gottscheers
904:(including
854:Switzerland
525:Blaž Kramer
519:Kevin Kampl
513:Werner Roth
1678:Categories
1569:Kyrgyzstan
1559:Kazakhstan
1460:Afrikaners
1254:Costa Rica
1218:Hutterites
1080:Yugoslavia
1060:Azerbaijan
969:Bessarabia
728:Historical
574:References
356:Protestant
352:Rudolfstal
339:Windthorst
285:here were
281:The first
1600:Australia
1353:Venezuela
1336:Palatines
1284:Nicaragua
1264:Guatemala
1193:Argentina
974:Black Sea
920:Satu Mare
880:Black Sea
751:Palatines
473:Gottschee
471:(German:
459:(German:
436:(Senitza)
342:near the
334:Rhineland
259:Vojvodina
232:Vojvodina
185:Geography
175:Hungarian
85:Austrians
59:, namely
1647:See also
1574:Pakistan
1482:Zanzibar
1472:Bagamoyo
1467:Tanzania
1387:Cameroon
1321:Nebraska
1289:Paraguay
1249:Colombia
1185:Americas
1117:Bosporus
1100:Slovenia
1065:Bulgaria
925:Bukovina
910:Highland
897:Landlers
842:Slovakia
772:Diaspora
646:Archived
532:See also
477:Austrian
453:Slovenia
447:Slovenia
397:Belgrade
344:Croatian
332:and the
314:Habsburg
299:Slovakia
297:(modern
263:Novi Sad
171:Shwovish
137:Adriatic
111:and the
105:Germanic
73:Slovenia
1593:Oceania
1537:Tianjin
1532:Qingdao
1527:Beijing
1494:Baguida
1443:Senegal
1431:Nigeria
1426:Namibia
1397:Yaoundé
1348:Uruguay
1341:by city
1274:Jamaica
1203:Bolivia
1135:Belgium
1090:Croatia
1070:Georgia
1055:Armenia
1034:Finland
1012:Denmark
989:Galicia
964:Ukraine
930:Dobruja
887:Romania
875:Moldova
870:Belarus
835:Galicia
821:Olęders
816:Vistula
806:Hungary
469:Kočevje
461:Marburg
457:Maribor
412:Dubrava
361:set up
330:Silesia
318:Germany
295:Hungary
283:Germans
251:Germans
247:Serbian
202:Croatia
190:Croatia
125:Croatia
121:Hungary
117:Germans
91:History
77:Germans
61:Croatia
1620:Rabaul
1615:Kokopo
1549:Israel
1409:Guinea
1392:Douala
1382:Angola
1374:Africa
1299:Pozuzo
1279:Mexico
1213:Canada
1208:Brazil
1198:Belize
1140:France
1112:Turkey
1095:Serbia
1039:Sweden
1029:Norway
984:Crimea
947:Russia
940:Zipser
914:Walser
912:, and
902:Danube
847:Zipser
811:Poland
780:Europe
683:(1993)
621:
597:
434:Zenica
385:Bosnia
310:German
271:Serbia
255:Serbia
228:Serbia
216:Serbia
129:Serbia
109:Danube
83:, and
65:Serbia
49:German
33:German
1564:Korea
1554:Japan
1544:India
1522:China
1436:Lagos
1404:Ghana
1331:Omaha
1326:Texas
1269:Haiti
1230:Chile
952:Volga
935:Regat
906:Banat
440:Zepce
377:Nazis
326:Bačka
287:Saxon
210:Sabor
158:Banat
1632:Apia
1515:Asia
1504:Lomé
1499:Sebe
1489:Togo
1294:Peru
619:ISBN
595:ISBN
375:the
245:The
177:and
127:and
97:Huns
27:The
269:in
253:in
238:or
212:).
200:In
71:or
55:in
1680::
908:,
393:SS
354:.
242:.
123:,
67:,
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713:e
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31:(
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