History of Poland (1939–1945)

5796:

promote a defense-minded consolidation of society. The Sanation ruling circle was not inclined to broaden the government's base and in June 1939 ultimately rejected any power-sharing ideas, apparently because they did not believe in the seriousness of German hostile intentions. The delegations that paid visits to President Mościcki and presented petitions on the issue of coalition government and general war preparedness, representing the agrarian and socialist parties and Polish intellectuals, were not well received. The regime did appeal to citizens' patriotism and generosity and several major fund raising efforts, often led by opposition groups and politicians (some of whom returned at that time of danger from political exile), resulted in donations of considerable magnitude, which by and large ended up not utilized.

1124: 3190:'s authorization for the issuance of an uprising proclamation by the Polish underground authorities in Warsaw, at a moment chosen by them. To some of the underground commanders, the German collapse and the entry of the Soviets appeared imminent, and the AK, led by Bór-Komorowski, launched the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August. The insurgents' equipment and supplies would suffice for only several days of fighting and the uprising was planned to last no longer than that. On 3 August Mikołajczyk, conferring with Stalin in Moscow, announced an upcoming "freeing of Warsaw any day now" and asked for military help. Stalin promised help for the insurgents, but noted that the Soviet armies were still separated from Warsaw by powerful and thus far undefeated concentrations of enemy troops. 1294:, it was not even immediately feasible or practical. Because of the Western inaction, of the secret protocols of the German-Soviet treaty, and other factors including its own poor intelligence, the Polish government was initially not fully aware of the degree of the country's isolation and the hopelessness of its situation. The combined British and French forces were strong in principle, but not ready for an offensive for a number of reasons. The few limited air raids attempted by the British were ineffective and caused losses of life and equipment. Dropping propaganda leaflets had henceforth become their preferred course of action, to the dismay of the Polish public, which was led to believe that a real war on two fronts and a defeat of the 3683:(OUN). Under Piłsudski and his successors the Polish state authorities responded with harsh pacification measures. The events that unfolded in the 1940s were a legacy of this bitterness and also a result of other factors, such as the activities of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Ukrainians, generally assigned by the Nazis the same inferior status as Poles, in many practical respects received more favorable treatment. However, the Germans thwarted the Ukrainian attempts to establish a Ukrainian state, imprisoned Ukrainian leaders, and split the occupied lands that Ukrainians considered theirs into two administrative units. Following the Soviet victory at Stalingrad, the Ukrainian nationalists feared a repeat of the post- 4401: 3357: 5549:). Polish peasants were reluctant to take over the landowners' possessions. Stalin summoned to Moscow in late September the KRN and PKWN leaders, led by Bierut, and inquired about the progress of the land reform. The Soviet leader asked how many estates had already been parceled and was very unhappy to find out that the answer was zero. He repeatedly lectured the Polish leaders, appealing to their communist convictions and patriotism. Stalin urged them to start implementing the land reform without any further delay, not to worry excessively about legal proprieties, because it was a revolutionary action, and to take advantage of the fact that the Red Army was still in Poland to help. 2399:. The industry was developed in Lviv and elsewhere and unemployment was officially eliminated by the spring of 1940. The living standards, following the initial collapse, kept gradually improving, many services were free or inexpensive and the poor and people with technical education fared better than under the Polish rule. The cities, of which Lviv and Białystok were particularly well-maintained by the Soviet authorities, were in much better shape than the countryside. The situation was very difficult for the Polish retirees, deprived of their pensions, and for the tens of thousands of war refugees who fled German-occupied Poland and settled in the eastern cities. 1195:(armoured) divisions, dive bombing (to break up troop concentrations and destroy airports, railways and stations, roads, and bridges, which resulted in the killing of large numbers of refugees crowding the transportation facilities), and aerial bombing of undefended cities to sap civilian morale. Deliberate bombing of civilians took place on a massive scale from the first day of the war, also in areas far removed from any other military activity. The German forces, ordered by Hitler to act with the harshest cruelty, massively engaged in murder of Polish civilians. The Polish army, air force and navy had insufficient modern equipment to match the onslaught. 2070: 2904:

230,000 actions of sabotage and diversion throughout the war. According to Zbigniew Mikołejko, 200,000 soldiers and civilians participated in AK activities during the war. However, the Home Army's resources were so scarce that it could effectively equip only about 30,000 fighters in the spring of 1944. Partisan attacks were also hampered by the Nazi policy of retaliation against the civilian population, including mass executions of randomly rounded up individuals. The occupiers would typically kill one hundred Polish civilians for each German killed by the resistance. The AK encountered difficulties establishing itself in the eastern provinces (

2999: 3088: 1302: 1900: 1041:, commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, who said: "With the Germans we run the risk of losing our liberty. With the Russians we will lose our soul". The attitude of the Polish leadership was also reflected by Foreign Minister Józef Beck, who, apparently confident in the French and British declarations of support, asserted that the security of Poland was not going to be guaranteed by a "Soviet or any other Russia". The Soviets then turned to concluding the German offer of a treaty and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed. The Soviet-Nazi cooperation had been making progress since May 1939, when 1316:; it turned out to be a serious logistical shortcoming. The armies were positioned along the border in a semicircle, which provided for weak defense, because the Germans concentrated their forces in the chosen directions of attacks. The German armored corps quickly thwarted all attempts of organized resistance and by 3–4 September the Polish border defenses were broken along all the axes of attack. Crowds of civilian refugees fleeing to the east blocked roads and bridges. The Germans were also able to circumvent other concentrations of the Polish military and arrive in the rear of Polish formations. 2082: 2585: 3289:

the main beneficiaries were the Soviets and the communists, who were able to impose a communist government on postwar Poland with reduced risk of armed resistance. The Soviets and the allied First Polish Army, having resumed their offensive, entered Warsaw on 17 January 1945. In January 1945, the Home Army was officially disbanded. The AK, placed under General Okulicki after General Bór-Komorowski became a German prisoner, was in late 1944 extremely demoralized. Okulicki issued the order dissolving the AK on 19 January, having been authorized to do so by President

1219: 16129: 2429:. The Soviet authorities also started a limited collectivisation campaign. There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth, and, to a lesser extent, Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside of their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions affected everybody. The organisation of Ukrainians desiring independent Ukraine (the 1571: 1555: 972: 1116: 1403: 5955:, the Americans engaged in dealing with the Soviets on their own. Its outcome, stated in the conference protocols, was that until the final peace settlement, the area all the way west to the Lusatian Neisse would by administered by Poland and not be a part of the Soviet zone of occupation. The planned peace conference never took place and the border has remained where it was provisionally placed in 1945. It was confirmed in the treaties that Poland signed with 5173: 5443:, thus ensuring that postwar Poland would not have significant minorities or any minority concentrations to contend with. Thousands were killed in the attendant strife and violence. After the war, many displaced Poles and some of those living in Kresy, now in the Soviet Union, did not end up in Poland as reestablished in 1945. The population within the respective official Polish borders decreased from 35.1 million in 1939 to 23.7 million in 1946. 3855: 3897:, previously rejected by the opposition as illegitimate, was retained for the sake of continuity of the national government. President Raczkiewicz agreed not to use his extraordinary powers, granted by that constitution, except in agreement with the prime minister. There were calls for a war tribunal prosecution of the top leaders deemed responsible for the 1939 defeat. Sikorski blocked such attempts, but allowed forms of persecution of many exiles, 5193:, now unofficially considered principal, and pro-Western forces. There was a disagreement regarding the issue of inclusion of the London-based government in exile as the main pro-Western faction in the government of national unity. The Polish government in exile reacted to the Yalta announcements (unlike the Tehran Conference outcomes, Yalta results were made public) with a series of fervent protests. The Underground State in Poland, through its 3947:, and the planned significant adjustments of the western border, all to be obtained at the expense of Germany. The government considered Poland to be in a state of war with Germany, but not with the Soviet Union, the relationship with which was not clearly specified. The eastern border problem placed the Polish government on a collision course not only with the Soviets but also with the Western Allies, whose many politicians, including 5619:. Churchill asked Stalin to permit the Poles to leave the Soviet Union and thanked him when the agreement was secured. Sikorski was opposed to the removal of Polish soldiers from the Soviet Union, but eventually relented. Sikorski wanted Polish armies engaged against Germany in Western Europe, in the Middle East and in the Soviet Union, because of the uncertain outcomes of military campaigns and because of the need for a Polish ( 3704: 2414: 2169:

intelligentsia or Catholic clergy. Ethnic Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians, while themselves subjected to brutal occupation, generally received more favorable treatment from the Nazis. Their nationalists and others were used by the occupant in actions against ethnic Poles or allowed to conduct anti-Polish activities themselves. Members of all four ethnicities were encouraged to act against the Jews and participated in

5463: 372: 16194: 3426: 5078: 3375:, was required by the Germans in every town with a substantial Jewish population and was able to some extent to bargain with the Germans. Already during this initial stage tens of thousands of Jews died because of factors such as overcrowding, disease and starvation. Others survived, supported by the Jewish social self-help agency and the informal trading and smuggling of food and necessities into the ghettos. 58: 3799:, the dispersing of Ukrainians still remaining in Poland in remote regions of the country. Due in part to the successive occupations of the region, ethnic Poles and Ukrainians were brutally pitted against each other, first under the German occupation, and later under the Soviet occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. 2481: 5629:

Sikorski, his commander-in-chief. At the time of the decision to remove the Polish army from the Soviet Union, it was not yet apparent that the war with Germany would be resolved mainly by a victorious Soviet westbound offensive on the Eastern Front and that the other war theaters would be relegated to a more peripheral role. In particular, it was not known that Poland would be liberated by the Soviets.

5477: 384: 3194: 1254:, 1.2 million Polish troops had been mobilized, but some did not even have rifles. There were 30 infantry divisions, 11 cavalry brigades, 31 light artillery regiments, 10 heavy artillery regiments and 6 aerial regiments. They possessed 3,600 artillery pieces (mostly regular, with only a few hundred of anti-armor or anti-aircraft units), and 600 tanks, of which 120 were of the advanced 4007: 3079:, demands for territorial compensation from Germany, and re-establishment of the pre-1939 eastern border. Thus, the main difference between the Underground State and the communists, in terms of politics, amounted not to radical economic and social reforms, which were advocated by both sides, but to their attitudes towards national sovereignty, borders, and Polish-Soviet relations. 2600:, there was no official collaboration at either the political or economic level. The occupying powers intended permanent elimination of Polish governing structures and ruling elites and therefore did not seek this kind of cooperation. The Poles were not given positions of significant authority. The vast majority of the prewar citizenry collaborating with the Nazis came from the 4964:

Poland were a result of military action; the rest came from intentional exterminations, persecutions, war and occupation hardships and the attendant attrition. 800,000 Poles became permanently disabled and large numbers failed to return from abroad, which further reduced the manpower potential of Poland. 105,000 service people, or about one-half of the soldiers enlisted in the

2511:. According to the NKVD data, of the 107,000 Polish citizens of different ethnicities arrested by June 1941, 39,000 were tried and sentenced for various transgressions, including 1200 given death sentences. At that time, 40,000 were imprisoned in NKVD prisons and about 10,000 of them were murdered by the Soviets during prison evacuation after the German attack. 2632:) calling the phenomenon of Polish collaboration "marginal" and wrote that "only relatively small percentage of Polish population engaged in activities that may be described as collaboration when seen against the backdrop of European and world history". Some researchers give much higher numbers of collaborators, especially when it comes to denouncing Jews. 5346:. Decisions were made at the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences and on other occasions that amounted, according to such opinions, to Western complicity in Stalin's takeover of Eastern Europe. According to Czubiński, blaming the Western powers, especially Winston Churchill, for a "betrayal" of the Polish ally, "seems a complete misunderstanding". 3029:, National Armed Forces, Bataliony Chłopskie (some right-, some left-wing), and of criminal armed bands preying on local populations, led to armed clashes, assassinations, murder, and a climate of chaos and uncertainty, as the Soviet armies, having established their superiority on the Eastern Front, approached Poland's prewar eastern boundaries. 3340:, encouraged by the Nazis and augmented by their propaganda, resulted during the war in many instances of violence directed against Jews. According to Laurence Weinbaum, who quotes Aleksander Smolar, "in wartime Polish society ... there was no stigma of collaboration attached to acting against the Jews". According to the writer and researcher 1147:. During the following days and weeks the technically, logistically and numerically superior German forces rapidly advanced into the Polish territory. Secured by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet troops also invaded Poland on 17 September 1939. Before the end of the month, most of Poland was divided between the Germans and the Soviets. 3530:

highest number of Jewish victims. Of Poland's prewar Jewish population of about or above three million, about or above 10% survived the war. Davies wrote of some 150,000 Jews surviving the war in Poland. Between 50,000 and 100,000 survived in hiding helped by other Poles according to Kochanski, between 30,000 and 60,000 according to Sowa.

5320:. Thousands of militiamen, PPR members and others were murdered before the communist authorities brought the situation under control. According to one estimate, in the post-war violence about 10,000 members of the anti-communist underground were killed, along with 4,500 regime functionaries and several hundred Soviet soldiers. 3772:, a senior UPA commander, ordered the extermination of the entire ethnically Polish population between 16 and 60 years of age. Hundreds of thousands of Poles fled the affected areas. The massacres committed by the UPA led to ethnic cleansing and retaliatory killings by Poles against local Ukrainians both east and west of the 2941:) appointed by the Polish government in London. The Underground State maintained the continuity of the Polish statehood in Poland and conducted a broad range of political, military, administrative, social, cultural, educational and other activities, within practical limits of the conspiratorial environment. In November 1942 3788:, whose goal was to retake and govern western Ukraine after the war. As a result of the fierce fighting that took place in May and June 1944, a Polish-Ukrainian front had been established along the Huczwa River with several thousand participants on each side; it ceased to exist only with the arrival of the Soviet Army. 1527:

were missing. 1000 German tanks or armored vehicles and 600 planes were destroyed. The Soviet Army lost between 2,500 and 3,000 soldiers, while 6,000 to 7,000 Polish defenders were killed in the east. Over 12,000 Polish citizens executed by the Nazis were among the approximate 100,000 civilian victims of the campaign.

5184:, in February 1945, the Soviets were at the height of their power, while the fronts in Western Europe and Italy had not advanced as quickly as expected. At the conference, the Allies continued their discussions and informally finalized decisions on the postwar order in Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt accepted the 5137:, according to Norman Davies, was moderate and very popular. The communists constituted only a small, but highly organized and influential minority in the forming and gaining strength Polish pro-Soviet camp, which also included leaders and factions from such main political blocks as the agrarian, socialist, 1034:, and the limitation of the British guarantee to Poland to cover only Poland's western frontier with Germany. The Polish leaders believed that once on Polish territory the Soviet troops would not leave and throughout 1939 refused to agree to any arrangement which would allow Soviet troops to enter Poland. 4188:

Poland's strategic and economic weaknesses would be eliminated by a takeover of German East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia and that Polish territorial concessions in the east were feasible. On the other hand, Sikorski was credited with preventing the Soviet territorial demands from being granted in the

5926:

indicated his support for the Polish position and the Provisional Government administered the region as soon as it was cleared of the German forces. The American and especially the British governments had a long-standing preference for the border to run further east in its southern portion, along the

5354:

Postwar Poland was a state of reduced sovereignty, strongly dependent on the Soviet Union, but the only one possible under the existing circumstances and internationally recognized. The Polish Left's cooperation with the Stalin's regime made the preservation of a Polish state within favorable borders

5197:

that operated in hiding, issued a more measured and pragmatic response, regretting the sacrifices imposed on Poland but expecting a representative government established and committing itself to adapt to the situation and to promote "friendly and peaceful relations" with the Soviet Union. The council

4229:

basin commenced in January 1944. Churchill applied pressure to Prime Minister Mikołajczyk, demanding accommodation with the Soviets, including on the issue of the borders. As the Red Army was marching into Poland defeating the Nazis, Stalin toughened his stance against the Polish Government-in-Exile,

4046:

to liberate Poland and establish a sovereign Polish state. Other issues, including Poland's borders, were left to be determined in the future. A Polish-Soviet military agreement was signed on 14 August; it attempted to specify the political and operational conditions for the functioning of the Polish

3327:

In 1938, the Polish government passed a law withdrawing Polish citizenship from Poles who had lived outside of Poland for over five years. The law was aimed at and used to prevent the tens of thousands of Polish Jews in Austria and Germany, threatened or expelled by the Nazi regime, from returning to

3233:

In the Polish capital, the AK formations initially took over considerable portions of the city, but from 4 August they had to limit their efforts to defense and the territory under Polish control kept shrinking. The Warsaw AK district had 50,000 members, of whom perhaps 10% had firearms. They faced a

3105:

In early 1943, the Home Army built up its forces in preparation for a national uprising. The situation was soon complicated by the continuing strength of Germany and the threat presented by the advance of the Soviets, who promoted a territorial and political vision of a future Poland that was at odds

2530:

on 28 June 1940. The event marked the beginning of the reorientation of Soviet policies with respect to Poles, which would have momentous consequences for the next half-century and beyond. The Soviets undertook a number of conciliatory measures, such as organizing celebrations of the 85th anniversary

1466:

About 13.4 million Polish citizens lived in the areas seized by the Soviet Union. Of those, about 8.7 million were Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews. The minorities' relations with the Polish authorities were generally bad and many of their members greeted and supported the arriving Red Army

5774:

The Polish Government-in-Exile had to cope with a number of instances of negative media and other publicity. In one particularly damaging case, about one third of the Jewish soldiers in the Polish Army in Britain deserted, claiming antisemitism in the institution. Some of them joined a British corps

5402:

and forced to relocate their families to the new Germany. About 4.4 million had already fled not waiting for the Potsdam decrees (most during the final months of the war), and 3.5 million were removed from what was now territory of Poland in 1945–1949. Davies wrote that the resettlement of

5308:, even though the former lands of eastern Germany were coming under permanent Polish administration. As the Soviets and the pro-Soviet Poles solidified their control of the country, a political struggle with the suppressed and harassed opposition ensued, accompanied by a residual but brutally fought 5225:

in July and was enthusiastically greeted by large crowds in several Polish cities. The new government was quickly recognized by the United Kingdom, the United States, and most other countries. The government, formally a coalition, was in reality controlled entirely by Gomułka's Polish Workers' Party

5163:

In late 1944 and early 1945, the Poles on the one hand tended to resent the Soviet Union and communism and feared Poland's becoming a Soviet dependency, while on the other the leftist viewpoints were increasingly popular among the population. There was little support for a continuation of the prewar

4280:

became the new prime minister in exile in November 1944. Mikołajczyk's disagreements with his coalition partners (he was unable to convince the ministers that restoration of the prewar eastern border of Poland was no longer feasible and further compromises were necessary) and his departure created a

4187:

on 4 July 1943. Sikorski was succeeded as head of the Government-in-Exile by Stanisław Mikołajczyk and by Kazimierz Sosnkowski as the top military chief. Sikorski had been willing to work closely with Churchill, including on the issue of cooperation with the Soviets. The prime minister believed that

3629:

Helping Jews was extremely dangerous because people involved exposed themselves and their families to Nazi punishment by death. The official policies of the Polish Government-in-Exile and the Polish Underground State called for providing assistance to the Jews. However, they reacted to tragic events

3485:

In 1942, the Germans engaged in the systematic killing of the Jews, beginning with the Jewish population of the General Government. The General Government had the largest in Europe population of Jews and was designated to be the primary location of Nazi installations for the elimination of Jews. Six

3218:

and the Western leaders, Stalin eventually allowed airdrops for the Warsaw insurgents and provided limited military assistance. Soviet supply flights continued from 13 to 29 September and an American relief operation was allowed to land on Soviet-controlled territory, but by that time the area under

2367:

churches were persecuted, lost many estates, seminaries and affiliated social organizations, but kept most of their primary facilities (houses of worship) open and were able to provide religious services and organize pilgrimages. Priests were discriminated against by the authorities and subjected to

2052:

reached about 12,500 in 1943), were preserved in the General Government. Over 40,000 Poles worked in the General Government's administration, supervised by over 10,000 Germans. Political activity was prohibited and only basic Polish education was allowed. University professors in Kraków were sent to

1506:

Resistance continued in many places. Warsaw was eventually bombed into submission. The event that served as a trigger for its surrender on 27 September was the bombing damage to the water supply system caused by deliberate targeting of the waterworks. Warsaw suffered the greatest damage and civilian

1438:

populations. The invasion was coordinated with the movement of the German army, and met limited resistance from the Polish forces. The Polish military formations available in the eastern part of the country were ordered by the high command, who were then at the Romanian border, to avoid engaging the

882:

Poland insistently sought a great power status but was not invited to participate in the Munich conference. Minister Beck, disappointed with the lack of recognition, issued an ultimatum on the day of the Munich Agreement to the government of Czechoslovakia, demanding an immediate return to Poland of

4212:

as the future Polish-Soviet boundary. The powers represented divided Europe into spheres of influence and Poland was placed within the Soviet sphere. The Poles were also disappointed by a lack of progress regarding the resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic ties, an urgent issue, because the Soviet

3972:

The infighting within the exile government circles continued. On July 18 President Raczkiewicz dismissed Prime Minister Sikorski because of the disagreements concerning possible cooperation with the Soviet Union. Sikorski's supporters in the Polish military and the British government intervened and

3529:

Prisoners of many nationalities were kept at Auschwitz and parts of the complex were used as a brutal and deadly labor camp, but about 80% of the arriving Jews were murdered upon arrival (some 900,000 people). Auschwitz, unlike Treblinka or Bełżec, was not solely a death camp, but it likely had the

3368:

Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi occupation government, particularly in the urban areas, began immediately after the commencement of the occupation. In the first year and a half, the Germans confined themselves to stripping the Jews of their property, herding them into ghettos (approximately 400

3335:

wrote that, in his opinion, some Poles felt contempt and dismay in observing the barbarian anti-Jewish deeds of the Nazis, while others watched these deeds with interest and admiration. He warned of the threat of demoralization of broad segments of Polish society because of the narrow common ground

3288:

and the AK) ended up greatly destabilized, weakened and with damaged reputation, at the moment when the international decision-making processes impacting Poland's future were about to enter their final phase. The Warsaw Uprising allowed the Germans to largely destroy the AK as a fighting force, but

3204:

In Warsaw, the Germans turned out to be still overwhelmingly strong and the Soviet leaders and their forces nearby, not consulted in advance, contrary to the insurgents' expectations gave little assistance. Stalin had no interest in the uprising's success and following the failure of the talks with

3172:

In the summer of 1944, as the Soviet forces approached Warsaw, the AK prepared an uprising in the German-occupied capital city with the political intention of preempting an imposition of a communist government in Poland. The Polish supreme commander in London, General Sosnkowski, was opposed to the

3016:

also developed and became militarily active in the General Government. They were generally aligned with the Polish leftist Gwardia Ludowa and posed a significant threat to the authority of the AK, which had not adopted a policy of more direct and widespread confrontations with the Nazis until 1943.

2619:

Depending on a definition of collaboration (and of a Polish citizen, including the ethnicity and minority status considerations), scholars estimate the number of "Polish collaborators" at around several thousand in a population of about 35 million. The estimate is based primarily on the number

999:

In August 1939 negotiations took place in Moscow, launched by the competing Allied-Soviet and Nazi-Soviet working groups, each attempting to enlist Stalin's powerful army on their side. By the evening of 23 August 1939, Germany's offer was accepted by default, because the Polish leaders' refusal to

5628:

of July 1941), by the spring of 1942 became convinced of the inevitability of Soviet defeat. Anders then insisted on taking the Polish formations out of the Soviet Union and opposed Sikorski. Eventually Anders became known for his anti-Soviet views; he demanded a dismissal of the government led by

5209:

Because of the continuing disagreement on the composition of the government of national unity, Churchill convinced Mikołajczyk to take part in a conference in Moscow in June 1945, where he and other Polish democrats agreed with Stalin to a temporary deal (until the elections promised to take place

5105:

was its army. The Polish communist centers in Warsaw and in Moscow initially operated separately and had different visions of cooperation with the Soviet Union and regarding other issues. In the spring of 1944, the KRN sent a delegation to the Soviet Union, where it gained Stalin's recognition and

4963:

The heaviest losses among ethnic Poles were experienced by people with secondary and higher education, who were targeted by the occupiers and of whom a third or more had not survived. Academics and professional people suffered the most. According to Kochanski, only about 10% of the human losses of

4175:

to investigate. The Soviets denied involvement and the request was soon withdrawn by Sikorski under British and American pressure, but Stalin reacted by "suspending" diplomatic relations with the Polish Government-in-Exile on 25 April. The Katyn massacre information was suppressed during and after

3238:

troops and various regular army and auxiliary units, up to 50,000 soldiers total. The Polish command had planned to establish a provisional Polish administration to greet the arriving Soviets but came nowhere close to meeting this goal. The Germans and their allies engaged in the mass slaughter of

2122:

prison in Warsaw. From 1941, disease and hunger also began to reduce the population, as the exploitation of resources and labor, terror and Germanisation reached greater intensity after the attack on the Soviet Union. Poles were also deported in large numbers to work as forced labor in Germany, or

1413:

From 3 September Germany urged the Soviet Union to engage its troops against the Polish state, but the Soviet command kept stalling, waiting for the outcome of the German-Polish confrontation and to see what the French and the British were going to do. The Soviet Union assured Germany that the Red

1075:

obligations were updated. Poland, surrounded by the Nazi-led coalition, was under partial military mobilization but poorly prepared for war. Full (general) mobilization was prevented by the pressure from the British and French governments, who sought a last-minute peaceful solution to the imminent

1021:

The Soviet Union, having its own reasons to fear the German eastward expansionism, repeatedly negotiated with France and the United Kingdom, and through them made an offer to Poland of an anti-German alliance, similar to the earlier one made to Czechoslovakia. The British and the French sought the

822:

continued to resist the growing pressure on Poland from the West to cooperate with the Soviet Union in order to contain Germany. Against the rapidly growing German military force, Poland not only possessed no comparable quantity of technical resources, but also lacked the knowledge and concepts of

5795:

camp and the various opposition groups and parties were tense, often hostile. From 1938, the growing external threat was clearly perceived by many and there were voices (mainly from the opposition) calling for the formation of a unified Government of National Defense and for taking other steps to

5531:

According to Davies, the Grand Alliance (Britain, USA and the Soviet Union) decided in the meetings of its three leaders that the unconditional defeat of the Reich was the Alliance's overriding priority (principal war aim). Once this definition was accepted, the two Western powers, having obliged

5239:

and the Polish security services, all backed by the massive presence of the Red Army in Poland. Potential political opponents of the communists were subjected to Soviet terror campaigns, with many of them arrested, executed or tortured. According to one estimate, 25,000 people lost their lives in

4054:

To resolve the various problems that surfaced during the recruitment and training of the Polish divisions and concerning their planned use, Sikorski went to the Soviet Union, where he negotiated with Stalin. The two leaders announced a common declaration "of friendship and mutual assistance" on 4

2227:

By the end of the Soviet invasion, the Soviet Union took 50.1% of the territory of Poland (195,300 km), with 12,662,000 people. Population estimates vary; one analysis gives the following numbers in regard to the ethnic composition of these areas at the time: 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14.5%

1526:

and his regiment pioneered this movement. During the September Campaign, the Polish Army lost about 66,000 troops on the German front; about 400,000 became prisoners of Germany and about 230,000 of the Soviet Union. 80,000 managed to leave the country. 16,600 German soldiers were killed and 3,400

5602:

Kochanski contradicts Czubiński, stating that the exile government did consider itself at war with the Soviet Union. Sikorski's position was that Germany was the principal enemy and that cooperation with the Soviet Union was conditionally possible. There were rival factions in the government and

4220:

of the Allied leaders took place. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed with Stalin on the issue of using the Curzon Line as the basis of Poland's new eastern border and on compensating Poland with lands taken from Germany. The strategic war alliance with the Soviets inevitably

3173:

AK strategy of waging open warfare against the German forces on the eve of the arrival of the Soviet armies (the effective scope of those military undertakings was in any case limited because of insufficient resources and external pressures), as self-destructive for the AK. He dispatched General

963:

and coordinate its foreign policy with Germany, thus becoming a client state. The independence-minded Polish government was alarmed and a British guarantee of Poland's independence was issued on 31 March 1939. Reacting to this act and to Poland's effective rejection of the German demands, Hitler

5295:

of the NKVD. They were all arrested and taken to Moscow to await a trial. The Polish communist Provisional Government and the Western leaders were not informed by the Soviets of the arrests. The British and the Americans were notified by the Polish Government-in-Exile. After the belated Soviet

4454:

and the Warsaw Uprising laid the country open to the establishment of communist rule and Soviet domination. The Soviets performed arrests, executions and deportations of the Home Army and Underground State members, although AK partisans were generally encouraged to join the communist-led Polish

2535:

in November 1940 in Moscow, Lviv, and at other concentrations of the Polish population, or expanding Polish language general and higher education activities in Soviet-controlled territories. Wasilewska and Berling pushed for the Polish division again in September 1942, but Soviet permission for

5697:

Expecting the arrival of the Red Army, in December 1944 the Nazis at the last moment closed down the Auschwitz slave labor operation, demolished the main compound and force-marched some 60,000 prisoners toward camps in Germany. A smaller number of sick people remained on the premises until the

2903:

that operated separately. By mid-1944, partial coalescing of several underground formations had taken place and the AK membership may have reached some 400,000, but its supply of arms remained quite limited. According to Czubiński, the AK counted 300,000 committed soldiers, who performed about

2409:

The Soviets exploited past ethnic tensions between Poles and other ethnic groups, inciting and encouraging violence against Poles by calling upon the minorities to "rectify the wrongs they had suffered during twenty years of Polish rule". The hostile propaganda resulted in instances of bloody

2168:

When German occupation extended to the eastern Kresy territories after they were taken from the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, the Nazis unleashed there their genocidal anti-Jewish policies. They conducted terror campaigns directed against ethnic Poles, including especially such groups as

1498:

and Marshal Rydz-Śmigły issued declarations and orders, which violated their status of persons passing through a neutral country. Germany pressured Romania not to allow the Polish authorities to depart (their intended destination was France) and the group was interned. The Polish ambassador in

1274:

medium bombers. The Polish-made P-series fighter planes were becoming obsolete; state-of-the art P-24s were built but sold abroad to generate currency. Łoś bombers were modern and fast. The navy's participation was limited by the withdrawal of major ships to the United Kingdom to prevent their

4959:

or to places in the West deemed more advantageous than post-war Poland, most of the surviving Jews left Poland in several stages after the war. The goal of Polish communist authorities was a state populated by ethnic Poles and the officials often informally facilitated departures of the Jews.

3262:

After the uprising's surrender on 2 October, the AK fighters were given the status of prisoners-of-war by the Germans but the civilian population remained unprotected and the survivors were punished and evacuated. The Polish casualties are estimated to be at least 150,000 civilians killed, in

2263:

territories (prewar eastern Poland) to be colonized by the Poles and the Red Army was proclaimed a liberator of the conquered nationalities. Many Jews, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians shared that point of view and cooperated with the new authorities in repressing the Poles. The Soviet

3283:

by the German punitive bombing raids, but only after being systematically looted of works of art and other property, which were then taken to Germany. General Sosnkowski, who criticized the Allied inaction, was relieved of his command. Following the defeat of Operation Tempest and the Warsaw

3965:. The Polish Army units, dispersed and attached to various French formations, fought in the defense of France and covered the French retreat, losing 1,400 men. On 18 June 1940, Sikorski went to England and made arrangements for the evacuation of the Polish government and armed forces to the 5205:

and the British and American ambassadors in Moscow worked on the composition of the Polish government of national unity from 23 February, but the negotiations soon stalled because of different interpretations of the Yalta Conference agreements. The former prime minister in exile Stanisław

2911:

The Underground State originated in April 1940, when the exile government planned to establish its three "delegates" in occupied Poland: for the General Government, the German-annexed areas and the Soviet-occupied zone. After the fall of France, the structure was revised to include only a

4257:" Polish state. Following a refusal to accept the conditions by the Polish government, the Soviets engaged in supporting only the leftist government structures they were in process of facilitating, allowing contacts with Mikołajczyk, but already within the framework of communist control. 2448:

and they were denied the status of prisoners of war. When the Soviets conducted recruitment activities among the Polish military, an overwhelming majority of the captured officers refused to cooperate; they were considered enemies of the Soviet Union and a decision was made by the Soviet

4079:. Its 60,000 soldiers grew to 100,000 by mid-1945. Overall, the Polish soldiers were taken from where they conceivably could have had enhanced the faltering standing of the Polish Government-in-Exile and influenced the post-war fate of Poland, to where, as it turned out, they could not. 2129:

or random roundup, on streets or elsewhere, was one of the methods practiced by the Nazis to catch prisoners for labor. Several hundred Wehrmacht brothels, for which local non-German women were forcibly recruited, operated throughout the Reich. In contrast to Nazi policies in occupied

1622:

About one-sixth of Polish citizens lost their lives in the war, and most of the civilian losses resulted from various targeted, deliberate actions. The German plan involved not only the annexation of Polish territory but also a total destruction of Polish culture and the Polish nation

1175:

assisted their German allies by attacking Poland from the south. The Polish forces were blockaded on the Baltic Coast by the German navy. The Polish public, conditioned by government propaganda, was not aware of the gravity of the situation and expected a quick and easy victory of the

5117:, the first major Polish city within the new boundaries to be seized by the Soviets from the Nazis, and began to take over the administration of the country as the Germans retreated. The Polish government in London formally protested the establishment of the PKWN. The PKWN was led by 5418:

of 16 August 1945. The new Poland emerged 20% smaller (by 77,700 km or 29,900 mi) in comparison to the 1939 borders. Eastern poorly developed regions were lost and western industrialized regions were gained, but the emotional impact for many Poles was clearly negative. The

5226:

and other Polish politicians convinced of the inevitability of Soviet domination. The government was charged with conducting elections and normalizing the situation in Poland. The exile government in London, no longer recognized by the great powers, remained in existence until 1991.

3747:

before the war. The entire conflict took place mainly between late March 1943 and August 1947, extending beyond World War II. The actions, orchestrated and conducted largely by the UPA together with other Ukrainian groups and local Ukrainian peasants in three former Polish provinces

1104: 3470:, mostly by the Germans, in areas where Soviet presence was replaced with the Nazi occupation. Especially in the early weeks of the German offensive, many thousands of Jews were murdered by members of local communities in the western parts of the previous Soviet zone, such as the 4935:(1946), 644,000 Polish citizens died as a result of military action and 5.1 million died as a result of the occupiers' repressions and extermination policies. According to Czubiński, the Soviet Union was responsible for the deaths of some 50,000 of the exterminated persons. 3177:

to Poland in May 1944, instructing him not to allow such actions to proceed. Once in Poland, Okulicki pursued his own ideas instead and in Warsaw he became the most ardent proponent of an uprising there, pushing for a quick commencement of anti-German hostilities. Prime Minister

5188:

as the basis of Poland's eastern border, but disagreed with Stalin on the extent of Poland's western expansion, at the expense of Germany. Poland was going to get a compromise provisional (until the agreed free elections) government of national unity including both the existing

2477:, politicians, civil servants and scientists, but also ordinary people suspected of posing a threat to the Soviet rule. Schoolchildren as young as 10 or 12 years old who laughed at Soviet propaganda presented in schools were sent into prisons, sometimes for as long as 10 years. 1012:

of the two signatories. The dividing line was running through the territory of east-central Poland. The "desirability of the maintenance of an independent Polish State" was left to mutually agreed "further political developments" read the text, which was discovered years later.

2164:

program, about 200,000 Polish children were kidnapped by the Germans to be tested for racial characteristics that would make them suitable for Germanisation. Of that number (many were found unsuitable and killed), only between 15% and 20% were returned to Poland after the war.

5300:

was staged in Moscow. They were accused of anti-Soviet subversion and received lenient by Soviet standards sentences, presumably because of the ongoing negotiations on the formation of Polish government and Western interventions. Okulicki was condemned to ten years in prison.

5403:

Germans was not merely an act of wartime revenge, but a result of decades old Allied policy. The Russians as well as the British saw the German East Prussia as a product of German militarism, the "root of Europe's miseries", and the Allies therefore intended to eradicate it.

3691:(UPA) undertook to create an ethnically homogenous Ukrainian society by physically eliminating the Poles. The German occupiers, whose long-standing policy was to aggravate further the Polish-Ukrainian enmity, for the most part, did not intervene in the resulting campaigns of 4272:. Mikołajczyk visited the US in June and on several occasions met with President Roosevelt, who urged him to travel to Moscow and talk to the Soviet leaders directly. Mikołajczyk, subsequently engaged in negotiations with Stalin and the emerging Polish communist government ( 4533:. The First Polish Army fought on the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts. It entered the rubble of Warsaw on 17 January, formally liberating the city. Poznań was taken by Soviet formations after a bloody battle. In the context of the westbound offensive but also to support the 5234:

Persecution of the opposition intensified in October 1944, when the PKWN authorities encountered widespread loyalty problems among the now conscripted military personnel and other sections of Polish society. The enforcement of the communist rule was undertaken by the

2490:

The prisons soon became severely overcrowded with detainees suspected of anti-Soviet activities and the NKVD had to open dozens of ad hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region. The wave of arrests led to the forced resettlement of large categories of people

887:. The move was negatively received in both the West and the Soviet Union, and it contributed to the worsening of the geopolitical situation of Poland. In November, the Polish government also annexed a small border region in dispute with the newly autonomous state of 5149:'s record, was inclined to accept the Soviet territorial concepts and called for the creation of a more egalitarian society. They became empowered and commenced the formation of the new Polish administration, disregarding the existing Underground State structures. 2098:

The population in the General Government's territory was initially about 11.5 million in an area of 95,500 km, but this increased as about 860,000 Poles and Jews were expelled from the German-annexed areas and "resettled" in the General Government. After

2406:, automatically acquired the Soviet citizenship. Residents were still required and pressured to consent and those who opted out (most Poles did not want to give up the Polish citizenship) were threatened with repatriation to Nazi controlled territories of Poland. 4249:. They acted as rivals in a fragile coalition, each defining its own identity and posturing for the expected post-war contest for power. The Polish government in London was losing its already weak influence on the views of the British and American governments. 4971:

The war destroyed 38% of Poland's national assets. A substantial majority of Polish industrial installations and agricultural infrastructure had been lost. Warsaw and a number of other cities were for the most part destroyed and required extensive rebuilding.

3955:". The exile government in Paris was recognized by France, Britain, and many other countries and was highly popular in occupied Poland. By the spring of 1940, an 82,000 strong army was mobilized in France and elsewhere. Polish soldiers and ships fought in the 2472:

Terror policies were also applied to the civilian population. The Soviet authorities regarded service for the prewar Polish state as a "crime against revolution" and "counter-revolutionary activity", and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish

2543:

Unlike in German-occupied Poland, where open cooperation with the occupier was rare among the Polish elites, many Polish intellectuals, artists, literary figures, and journalists cooperated with the Soviets and their activity often included participation in

1486:

within the Soviet sphere and moving the Soviet-German agreed boundary east from the Vistula to the Bug River, and authorized further joint action to control occupied Poland. An idea of retaining a residual Polish state, considered earlier, was abandoned.

3138:. In most Polish-Soviet encounters, the Soviets and their allies ultimately opted not to cooperate with the Home Army and ruthlessly imposed their rule; in the case of the Warsaw Uprising, the Soviets waited for the Germans to defeat the insurgents. The 2421:(spring 1940), exhumed in 1943. The number of victims is estimated at 22,000, with a lower limit of confirmed dead of 21,768. Of them 4,421 were from Kozelsk, 3,820 from Starobelsk, 6,311 from Ostashkov, and 7,305 from Byelorussian and Ukrainian prisons. 1229:

58 German divisions, including 9 Panzer divisions, were deployed against Poland. Germany commanded 1.5 million men, 187,000 motor vehicles, 15,000 artillery pieces, 2,600 tanks, 1,300 armored vehicles, 52,000 machine guns and 363,000 horses. 1,390

4091:, it had become increasingly apparent that Stalin's vision of a future Poland and of its borders was fundamentally different from that of the Polish government in London and the Polish Underground State; the Polish-Soviet relations kept deteriorating. 2700:, who often considered the Polish underground as enemies on a par with the Germans and from June 1943 were authorized by their command to denounce them to the Nazis. Due to the intensified, by the fall of 1943, warfare between the Home Army and the 2134:, the Germans treated the Poles with intense hostility and all Polish state property and private industrial concerns were taken over by the German state. Poland was plundered and subjected to extreme economic exploitation throughout the war period. 4431:. After the German attack was brought under control, Rokossovsky informed Stalin on 8 August that his forces would be ready to engage in an offensive against the Germans in Warsaw around 25 August, but received no reply. The Soviets secured their 4252:

The British and Soviet demands on the exile government were made in January 1944, in the context of a possible renewal of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations and, contingent on the Polish agreement, a Soviet consent for an independent, presumably

3776:. Estimates of the number of Ukrainians killed in Polish reprisals vary from 10,000 to 20,000 in all areas affected by the conflict. Ukrainian historians give higher numbers for the Ukrainian losses. The reprisal killings were committed by the 1394:, France concluded that the Polish military campaign had already been resolved and that there was no point in launching an anti-German relief expedition. The Polish leaders were unaware of the decision and still expected a Western offensive. 4230:

wanting not only the recognition of the proposed frontiers, but also a resignation from the government of all elements 'hostile to the Soviet Union', which meant President Raczkiewicz, armed forces commander Sosnkowski, and other ministers.

2503:. An estimated 30–40 thousand Polish citizens were held at the labor camps in 1939–1941. The Polish and formerly Polish citizens, a large proportion of whom were ethnic minorities, were deported mostly in 1940, typically to northern Russia, 3546:

and of civilians). About 250,000 Jews escaped German-occupied Poland and went mostly to the Soviet Union. At Treblinka (a site that, together with Auschwitz, produced the highest number of Jewish victims) and other extermination locations,

3369:

were established beginning in October 1939) and putting them into forced labor in war-related industries. Thousands of Jews survived by managing to stay outside the ghettos. During this period, a Jewish so-called community leadership, the

4055:

December 1941. But political and practical difficulties continued; for example the Soviets were unable or unwilling to properly feed and supply the Poles. Ultimately, with British help, the chief of the Polish army in the Soviet Union

3263:

addition to the fewer than 20,000 AK soldiers. The German forces lost over two thousand men. Under three thousand of the First Polish Army soldiers died in the failed rescue attempt. 150,000 civilians were sent to labour camps in the

2647:

was formed. At its peak in 1943, it numbered around 16,000. Its primary task was to act as a regular police force and to deal with criminal activities, but they were also used by the Germans in combating smuggling and patrolling the

1417:

For the optimal "political motivation" (a collapse of Poland having taken place), Molotov wished to hold the Soviet intervention until the fall of Warsaw, but the city's capture by the Germans was being delayed due to its determined

5561:

Marshal Rydz-Śmigły made a final radio broadcast to Polish troops from Romania on September 20. He stressed the Polish army's involvement in fighting the Germans and told the commanders to avoid pointless bloodshed of fighting the

5544:

The PKWN's land reform decree was issued on 6 September 1944. The Polish communists were reluctant to execute the land reform, which represented a radical departure from old Polish legal systems (they claimed adherence to the 1921

2936:

rule, humbled by the 1939 defeat. The parties established clandestine cooperation in February 1940 and dedicated themselves to a future postwar parliamentary democracy in Poland. From autumn 1940, the "State" was led by a delegate

1210:

soon after the beginning of the hostilities. Of them about 2,000 were killed by angry Poles, and other instances of killing ethnic Germans took place elsewhere. Many times greater numbers of Polish civilians had been killed by the

1159:. According to the historian Andrzej Leon Sowa, the technical and organizational level of the Polish forces corresponded to that of the World War I period. The armed forces' strategic position was made more hopeless by the recent 5623:

affiliated) military force fighting along whichever power would eventually liberate Poland. General Anders, earlier characterized in Soviet internal documents as a loyal pro-Soviet Polish officer (he was a strong supporter of the

3219:

insurgent control had been greatly reduced and much of the dropped material was lost. General Berling's failed but costly attempt to support the fighters on 15–23 September using his Polish forces (First Army units crossed the

1351:, Rydz-Śmigły fled the capital and the Polish high command failed its army. Rydz-Śmigły's departure had disastrous effects on both the morale of the Polish armed forces and on his ability to exercise effective overall command. 5450:

replaced the wartime cooperation. The borders, essential to Poland's existence, were in practice guaranteed by the Soviet Union, which only increased the dependence of Polish government leaders on their Soviet counterparts.

3880:

government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a continuation of the prewar government, but was beset by strong tensions between the sympathizers of the Sanation regime, led by President Raczkiewicz and General

5160:. It was headed by the socialist Osóbka-Morawski, but the communists held a majority of key posts. In April 1945, the provisional government signed a mutual friendship, alliance and cooperation pact with the Soviet Union. 1374:

was mounted (against the German forces until 22 September, when the defenders surrendered to the Soviets upon their arrival). On 13 September, Marshal Rydz-Śmigły ordered all Polish forces to withdraw toward the so-called

4224:

With the Western Allies stalling a serious offensive undertaking from the west, it was clear that it would be the Soviet Union who would enter Poland and drive off Nazi Germans. The Soviet offensive aimed at taking the

2765:

estimates that in Warsaw the number of Polish citizens collaborating with the Nazis during the occupation might have been around "1 or 2 percent". Fugitive Jews (and members of the resistance) were handed over to the

5857:

of the NSZ avoided the Soviet advance and collaborated with the German military authorities, which made possible its entry into Czechoslovakia in February 1945. As the war ended, the brigade came in contact with the

3209:

information agency stated in the 13 August broadcast that "the responsibility for the events in Warsaw rests entirely with the Polish émigré circles in London". The Poles appealed to the Western Allies for help. The

5206:

Mikołajczyk, approached by representatives of the communist-controlled Provisional Government, refused to make a separate deal with that body, but on 15 April made a statement of acceptance of the Yalta decisions.

2526:, who from 1940 led a small group of Polish officers working on the concept of formation of a Polish division in the Soviet Union. Wasilewska, an informal leader of Polish communists, was received by Stalin at the 737:), who, in terms of practical implementations, conformed to Stalin's views on Poland's borders and future government. The fate of Poland was determined in a series of negotiations that included the conferences in 3634:, chief of the armed underground, characterized as overwhelmingly antisemitic attitudes of Polish society. Gangs and individuals denounced Jews and preyed on Jewish victims. Right-wing organizations, such as the 1150:

The Polish military did not anticipate the German attack. After 1926, Józef Piłsudski led the military to discontinue defense preparations of the western border. They were resumed in March 1939. Afterwards the

2061:

in the ghettos had to follow the German policies. Many Jews escaped to the Soviet Union (they were among the estimated 300,000 to 400,000 refugees that arrived there from German-occupied Poland) and some were

1614:

The greatest extent of depredations and terror inflicted on and suffered by the Poles resulted from the German occupation. The most catastrophic series of events was the extermination of the Jews known as the

3791:

The ethnic cleansing and securing ethnic homogeneity reached its full scale with the post-war Soviet and Polish communist removal of the Polish and Ukrainian populations to the respective sides of the Poland-

2176:

Different segments of Polish society experienced different degrees of suffering under the German occupation. Residents of rural villages and small towns generally did better than big city dwellers, while the

2281: 5832:

in Poland if the Polish Government in London had accepted our faithful counsel given to them a year ago. They would have entered into Poland as its active Government, with the liberating Armies of Russia."

4629:

According to Czubiński, in the final stages of the war, the Polish armed forces were the fourth largest on the Allied side, after the armies of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

2676:, acting in their capacity as a collaborationist force, the Blue Police may have killed more than 50,000 Jews. The police assisted the Nazis at tasks such as rounding up Poles for forced labor in Germany. 3032:

With Stalin's encouragement, Polish communist institutions rival to the Government-in-Exile and the Underground State were established. They included the Polish Workers' Party (from January 1942) and the

2118:). Catholic clergy were commonly imprisoned or otherwise persecuted; many were murdered in concentration camps. Tens of thousands of members of the resistance and others were tortured and executed at the 4111:

of the Government-in-Exile, but no common understanding was arrived at and the Delegation terminated the talks after the Soviet-Polish breach in diplomatic relations caused by the dispute concerning the

1247:, a section of the Free City of Danzig, a defended enclave separate from the main city and awarded to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. 53 navy ships were designated for action against Poland. 8746:(Acitivies of Armia Krajowa in Lithuania in 1942–1944). Armija Krajova Lietuvoje, pp. 14–39. A. Bubnys, K. Garšva, E. Gečiauskas, J. Lebionka, J. Saudargienė, R. Zizas (editors). Vilnius – Kaunas, 1995. 4938:

Approximately 90% of Polish Jews perished; most of those who survived did so by fleeing to the Soviet Union. 380,000 Polish Jews were estimated to have survived the war. According to an estimate of the

1634:

Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (8 October and 12 October 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed to Germany. These included all the territories which Germany had lost under the 1919

3025:. The presence of the various partisan formations, who often represented irreconcilable political orientations, followed contradictory military strategies and were mutually hostile, including also the 1064:

was an immensely important Polish contribution to the war effort, as it was continued throughout the war in Britain and deprived the unsuspecting Germans of secrecy in their crucial communications.

5399: 4439:

east-bank districts of Warsaw. The situation on the ground, combined with political and strategic considerations, resulted in the Soviet decision to pause at the Vistula for the remainder of 1944.

3348:

could not have survived the war even if they had been in possession of material resources and social connections because ethnic Poles diligently and persistently excluded them from Polish society.

1312:

The several Polish armies were defending the country in three main concentrations of troops, which had no territorial command structure of their own and operated directly under orders from Marshal

2704:, a few Polish commanders accepted weapons and ammunition from the Germans to fight the communist forces. In 1944, the Germans clandestinely armed some regional AK units operating in the areas of 2228:

Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees from the areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). Areas occupied by the Soviet Union were

3876:

became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the

9573: 3382:, one of the largest and most isolated, lasted also the longest (from April 1940 until August 1944), because goods were manufactured there for the Nazi war economy. The deportations from the 3447:) were organised to kill Jews in the areas of eastern Poland which had been annexed by the Soviets in 1939. The Nazi anti-Jewish persecutions assumed the characteristics and proportions of 8186: 2356:

Ukrainian and Belarusian social organizations, closed by the Polish government in the 1930s, were reopened. In schools, the language of instruction was changed to Ukrainian or Belarusian.

2949:, to warn the Western Allies of the imminent extermination of the Jews in Poland. Karski was able to convey his personal observations to American Jewish leaders and he met with President 2879:, was formed from the Union of Armed Struggle and other groups in February 1942. In July its forces approached 200,000 sworn soldiers, who undertook many successful anti-Nazi operations. 6067:

right-bank part of Warsaw took over a month of fighting at the cost of eight thousand soldiers killed on each side. After the area was cleared of the Germans in mid-September, General

4116:. The Polish Workers' Party formulated its separate program and from November was officially under Gomułka's leadership. On the initiative of the Union of Polish Patriots, presided by 814:, embarked on a military reform and rearmament of the Polish Army in the face of the changing political climate in Europe. Thanks in part to a financial loan from France, Poland's new 4038:

had been invalidated. Polish soldiers and others imprisoned in the Soviet Union since 1939 were released and the formation of a Polish army there was agreed, intended to fight on the

1782:

districts German summary courts sentenced to death 11,000 Poles in late 1939 and early 1940. A total of 30,000 Poles were executed there already in 1939, with an additional 10,000 in

2202:, the International Military Tribunal stated: "The wholesale extermination of Jews and also of Poles had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term". 1076:

Polish-German conflict. On 1 September 1939, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany. Britain and France, bound by military alliances with Poland, declared war on Germany two days later.

5327:(PSL), which refused to join the bloc, was the only legal opposition; they counted on winning the promised legislative elections. Other contemporary Polish movements, including the 5210:

soon, but with no specific time frame provided or even discussed) excluding the government in exile. Mikołajczyk was perceived in the West as the only reasonable Polish politician.

1586: 1008:

was signed. In anticipation of an attack and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany, the pact had secret provisions attached, which delineated carving up parts of Eastern Europe into

252: 242: 232: 6982: 6101: 3671:, most of whom had been killed by the Nazis before 1943). The Ukrainians blamed the Poles for preventing the emergence of their national state as a result of the outcomes of their 3063:

In August 1943 and March 1944, the Underground State announced its long-term plan, partially designed to counter the attractiveness of some of the communist proposals. It promised

2391:

textile industry factories. The results of the Soviet economic policies soon resulted in serious difficulties, as shops lacked goods, food was scarce and people were threatened by

7486:

Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, The United Nations War Crimes Commission, Volume VII, London, HMSO, 1948 CASE NO. 37 The Trial of Haupturmfuhrer Amon Leopold Goeth page 9.

5578:

All Polish institutions of secondary and higher education were dismantled and remained closed throughout the war. Some managed to continue functioning as an underground activity.

1206:. Many German leaders in Poland and communist activists were interned by the Polish authorities after 1 September. 10–15,000 ethnic Germans were arrested and force marched toward 3687:

scenario: a power vacuum left by the exhausted great powers and a Polish armed takeover of western Ukraine. Aiming for a country without any Poles or Polish interests left, the

5342:

The Western Allies and their leaders, Roosevelt and Churchill in particular, have been criticised by Polish writers and some Western historians for what most Poles see as the

3542:, about 35,000 Polish Jews survived the war in Poland, but he counts the Jewish deaths caused directly or indirectly by ethnic Poles in hundreds of thousands (victims of the 2761:

was released from a Soviet prison and crossed into the German zone of occupation in October 1941. However, his reasons and the context of his action are not known. Historian

2652:. Many individuals in the Blue Police followed German orders reluctantly, often disobeyed them or even risked death acting against them. Many members of the Blue Police were 943:. In early 1939 Hitler proposed Poland an alliance on German terms, with an expectation of compliance. The Polish government would have to agree to Danzig's incorporation by 7758: 5431:

from Poland into their respective Soviet republics. In particular, the Soviet and Polish communist authorities expelled between 1944 and 1947 nearly 700,000 Ukrainians and

11479: 2921: 223: 7520:

Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941 (Sovietization of education in eastern Lesser Poland during the Soviet occupation 1939–1941)

1888:). The total area, including the area given to Lithuania, was 201,000 square kilometres, with a population of 13.2 million. A small strip of land that was a part of 1451:) and south to fill the area allotted to them by the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. They took steps to block the potential Polish evacuation routes into 1422:(until September 27). The Soviet troops marched on 17 September into Poland, which the Soviet Union claimed to be by then non-existent anyway (according to the historian 1283:). The navy consisted of four destroyers (of which three had left for England), one minelayer, five submarines, and some smaller vessels, including six new minesweepers. 1026:

in the east, and France and Britain in the west. As of May 1939, the Soviet conditions for signing an agreement with Britain and France were as follows: the right of the

14700: 5758:

decided to satisfy the Lithuanian demands for Vilnius, Ukrainian for Lviv, and to annex for the Soviet Union Eastern Galicia, a region that had never been a part of the

17: 14445: 5999:

There was a total of 1,517,983 'repatriates' from the east, according to Halik Kochanski. Others give different figures. Of the several million ethnic Poles living in

14053: 12773: 4664: 16051: 14069: 12341: 1503:, a member of the Polish opposition who was refused a military assignment and also entered Romania, to acquire departure documents and the general left for France. 8860: 1198:

Each of Germany's five armies involved in attacking Poland was accompanied by a special security group charged with terrorizing the Polish population; some of the

14389: 4221:

outweighed the Western loyalty toward the Polish government and people. The Poles were not consulted or properly informed of the three Allied leaders' decisions.

16451: 13992: 13964: 13108: 12526: 5532:

themselves not to withdraw from the conflict for any reason (including pressuring the Soviets), had lost their ability to meaningfully influence Soviet actions.

12551: 11095:"Sprawozdanie w przedmiocie strat i szkód wojennych Polski w latach 1939-1945" (eng. "Report on the losses and damages of war in Poland in 1939-1945") DJVU file 4030:

was signed on 30 July despite strong resistance from Sikorski's opponents in the exile government (three cabinet ministers resigned, including Foreign Minister

2315:

All institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened with new directors who were mostly Russian and in rare cases Ukrainian or Polish.

16030: 14709: 14396: 13530: 3223:

but were slaughtered in a battle over the bridgehead) derailed Berling's own career. The Soviets halted their western push at the Vistula for several months,

1386:

asked France to grant asylum to the Polish government and Romania to allow the transfer of the government members through its territory. On 12 September, the

15012: 14375: 13684: 13309: 5681:, while the British wanted to delay the landing in France, which they judged impractical for the time being, and focus instead on the much easier to execute 1798:. Catholic priests became targets of campaigns of murder and deportation on a mass scale. The population in the annexed territories was subjected to intense 1470:

Had it not been for the Soviet-German treaty and the Soviet invasion, all of prewar Poland would have likely been captured by Nazi Germany already in 1939.

14025: 13971: 13157: 12336: 12290: 9594: 5414:" from the eastern regions now in the Soviet Union (2–3 million people) and from other places. The precise Soviet-Polish border was delineated in the 4204:

of foreign ministers of the three Allied great powers (October 1943), at the request of the Polish government borders were not discussed, but US President

2020:, and Kraków, to which East Galicia and a part of Volhynia were added as a district in 1941. (For more detail on the territorial division of this area see 5894:

alone, because the Western Allies, as shown by the record of British diplomacy, would not have objected to a much smaller Polish state being established.

5113:

As the Soviets advanced through Poland in 1944 and 1945, the German administration collapsed. The communist-controlled PKWN was installed in July 1944 in

3482:, encouraged by the Germans, were sometimes perpetrated primarily or exclusively by the locals, including Lithuanians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Poles. 14482: 13978: 13594: 12848: 5309: 2991:

was made more difficult by the fact that the Allies now assigned Poland to the Soviet sphere of operations, and Britain refrained from or limited direct

2222: 6003:, a few million were repatriated to Poland as reestablished within new borders, while perhaps a million stayed in what had become the Soviet territory. 5754:. Similar territorial conditions were postulated by the Polish government in London in August 1944, after Prime Minister Mikołajczyk's visit to Moscow. 1775:

The area of these annexed territories was 92,500 square kilometres and the population was about 10.6 million, a great majority of whom were Poles.

13004: 5446:

Poland's western borders were soon questioned by the Germans and many in the West, while the planned peace conference had not materialized because the

4622:(according to Czubiński). Over 600,000 Soviet soldiers died fighting German troops in Poland. Terrified by the reports of Soviet-committed atrocities, 4192:. After his death, the Polish government's position within the Allied coalition deteriorated further and the body splintered into quarreling factions. 3720: 2248:

policies of the Lithuanian authorities, which led to lasting ethnic conflicts in the area. Lithuania, including the contested Vilnius area, was itself

541: 4129: 3939:

The war was expected to end soon in an Allied victory and the government's goal was to reestablish the Polish state in pre-1939 borders, augmented by

3056:(19 April–16 May). The Polish-Jewish leaders knew that the rising would be crushed but they preferred to die fighting than wait to be murdered in the 14368: 13815: 13691: 12828: 12793: 5415: 5367: 3409:. As the final liquidation of the remaining ghetto population was commenced by the Nazis on 19 April 1943, hundreds of Jewish fighters revolted. The 3306: 2229: 1590: 818:

participated in the project from 1936 in an attempt to catch-up with the advanced weapons development by Poland's richer neighbors. Foreign Minister

205: 9808: 6339:

Boris Meissner, "The Baltic Question in World Politics", The Baltic States in Peace and War (The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978), 139–148

3969:. Only 19,000 soldiers and airmen could be evacuated, which amounted to less than a quarter of the Polish military personnel established in France. 16294: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16229: 16224: 16219: 13668: 13048: 12185: 5907: 5829: 5260: 5190: 5153: 2785:

took place. The exact circumstances of what happened during the pogrom are not clear and vigorously debated. According to the investigation by the

2453:(5 March 1940) to secretly execute them (22,000 officers and others). The officers and a large number of ordinary soldiers were then murdered (see 5259:

became its commander and NIE remained in existence after the AK was dissolved in January 1945. Its activities were directed against the communist

4591:

and operated with the 1st Ukrainian Front. The soldiers, who were recently conscripted, poorly taken care of and badly commanded, advanced toward

14105: 13417: 8196: 2793:. They were locked in a barn which was then set on fire by Polish residents of Jedwabne. By several accounts, this was done under German duress. 9266: 2153:

or turned into slave populations. The cleared territories were to be resettled by Germans. A trial evacuation of all Poles was attempted in the

1822:. About one million Poles were forcibly removed from their dwellings and replaced with over 386,000 ethnic Germans brought from distant places. 13924: 13226: 12858: 12664: 12634: 12617: 6350: 5878:

According to Andrzej Leon Sowa, between 10,000 and 25,000 civilians and 5,000 Polish soldiers perished during the siege and defense of Warsaw.

4657: 4450:

took power in Allied-controlled Polish territory, to ensure that Poland remained an independent country after the war. However, the failure of

2683:

against the Soviet Union in June 1941, the German forces quickly overran the eastern half of Poland controlled by the Red Army since 1939. New

846:, the United Kingdom and France also pursued rearmament. Meanwhile, German territorial expansion into central Europe began in earnest with the 718: 15923: 3214:

and the Polish Air Force based in Italy dropped some arms but little could be accomplished without Soviet involvement. Urged by the communist

2319:

and other schools restarted anew as Soviet institutions. Some departments, such as law and humanities were abolished; new subjects, including

14716: 14679: 14656: 14177: 13099: 13069: 12659: 8498: 5495: 4623: 4385: 2754:

as saying: "The Polish Home Army (AK) was by and large untainted by collaboration" and that "the honor of AK as a whole is beyond reproach".

701:

Stalin pursued a strategy of facilitating the formation of a Polish government independent of (and in opposition to) the exile government in

14431: 16214: 14809: 14665: 14649: 14621: 13869: 13076: 12592: 12457: 11138: 8371:

Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II.

6275:

Zgórniak, Marian; Łaptos, Józef; Solarz, Jacek (2006). Wielka historia świata, tom 11, wielkie wojny XX wieku (1914–1945) . Kraków: Fogra.

3567: 2828:) organization, established on 27 September 1939. Poland's prewar political parties also resumed activity. The Service was replaced by the 2063: 9791: 4943:, 50,000 Jews survived in Poland. Close to 300,000 Jews found themselves in Poland soon after the war. For a number of reasons, including 2559:, in the summer of 1941, the exiled Poles were released under the declared amnesty. Many thousands trekked south to join the newly formed 15566: 14633: 14545: 14489: 14452: 13734: 12674: 11551: 8124: 6979: 6105: 4944: 4121: 777:. The Soviet Union kept the eastern half of prewar Poland, granting Poland instead the greater southern portion of the eliminated German 482:

estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died due to the German occupation and about 150,000 due to the Soviet occupation. The

414: 12321: 7006:

Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, ed. Tomasz Szarota and Wojciech Materski, Warszawa, IPN 2009,

16456: 16160: 14538: 13270: 12853: 12833: 11084: 9071: 8817: 8463: 7454: 6374:

Zgórniak, Marian; Łaptos, Józef; Solarz, Jacek (2006). Wielka historia świata, tom 11, wielkie wojny XX wieku (1914–1945) , pp. 418–420

6292:

Zgórniak, Marian; Łaptos, Józef; Solarz, Jacek (2006). Wielka historia świata, tom 11, wielkie wojny XX wieku (1914–1945) , pp. 410–412

5505: 5395: 4839: 4377: 4095:

institutions rival to those of the main national independence and pro-Western movement were established in Poland in January 1942 (the

3558:

were also marked by the Nazis for immediate elimination. Of the 80,000 Romani living in Poland, 30,000 survived the German occupation.

2988: 2813: 2802: 2668:

awards for saving Jews. However, the moral position of Polish policemen were often compromised by a necessity for cooperation, or even

2657: 1530:

Several Polish Navy ships reached the United Kingdom and tens of thousands of soldiers escaped through Hungary, Romania, Lithuania and

1046: 757:

aimed at establishing an independent Polish authority, but the efforts were thwarted by the Soviets. The Polish communists founded the

721:

was formed in the Soviet Union to fight together with the Soviets. At the same time Stalin worked on co-opting the Western Allies (the

596: 522:. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. 195: 9834: 7853: 5615:

The British wanted the Polish forces moved to the Middle East because they expected a German offensive in that direction, through the

4268:

was established in the US in May 1944; among the organization's goals was the promotion of interests of independent Poland before the

3182:, who thought an uprising in Warsaw would improve his bargaining position in the upcoming negotiations with Stalin, cabled on 27 July 2536:

building a Soviet-allied Polish armed force was granted only after the break in diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the

16182: 16044: 14672: 13062: 13020: 12114: 5411: 4650: 3823: 3119: 2570:, around 150,000 Polish citizens died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The number of deportees was estimated at around 320,000. 7928: 5947:

continued lobbying aimed at keeping all of Lower Silesia under Polish jurisdiction, rather than letting some of it be a part of the

15893: 13712: 13486: 13249: 13115: 12926: 12788: 8018: 7944: 7822: 6811:"Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу: 1939–1941 (Dropped chance of Stalin: USSR and the struggle for Europe)" 6783: 5944: 5214: 4172: 3252: 884: 678:. Further efforts to continue the Polish-Soviet cooperation had failed because of disagreements over borders, the discovery of the 6671:

Zgórniak, Marian; Łaptos, Józef; Solarz, Jacek (2006). Wielka historia świata, tom 11, wielkie wojny XX wieku (1914–1945) , p. 448

5590:

According to Kochanski, 694,000 Polish soldiers, including 60,000 Jews, were captured by the Germans, and 240,000 by the Soviets.

3522:, was carried out between 1942 and 1945. Nearly three million Polish Jews were murdered, most in death camps during the so-called 879:. Faced with the threat of a total annexation of Czechoslovakia, the Western Powers endorsed the German partition of the country. 14788: 14585: 13622: 13122: 13034: 12970: 12643: 11429: 8670: 7989: 7789: 5825: 5107: 3215: 2579: 1335:

and the supreme military commander Rydz-Śmigły left Warsaw on the night of 6 September and moved in the eastern direction toward

766: 8838: 8079: 14991: 14503: 13353: 12891: 12213: 12026: 5821: 5324: 4931:

The numerical dimensions of Polish World War II human losses are difficult to ascertain. According to the official data of the

4599:. Subsequently, the Second Army took part in the capture of Dresden and then crossed into Czechoslovakia to fight in the final 3712: 3680: 2737: 2643:

to the service of the occupational authorities. The policemen were to report for duty or face the death penalty. The so-called

2430: 2309: 5677:

in 1942, the Allies exercised extra caution and would not risk any more failed operations. In general, the Americans demanded

3405:

camps and at a number of ghettos. The leftist ŻOB was established in the Warsaw Ghetto in July 1942 and was soon commanded by

3293:. The civilian Underground State structure remained in existence and hoped to participate in the future government of Poland. 2041:, was appointed Governor-General of the General Government on 26 October 1939. Frank oversaw the segregation of the Jews into 1123: 15587: 15492: 15019: 14765: 14640: 13726: 13700: 13557: 13263: 13180: 12531: 11464: 11321: 11292: 11194: 10783: 10184: 10138: 9520: 9426: 9401: 9380: 8601: 7011: 6476: 6363: 6327: 6322:(2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, pp. 44–48. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6263: 6163: 5657:

alone. According to Sowa, over 2.5 million Polish citizens were used as forced laborers in Germany and occupied France.

5359:

in outlook Jewish communist activists, and a national branch, willing to take a "Polish route to socialism", led by Gomułka.

2972:, but the Soviet leader did not take his – nor the similar alerts from his top intelligence officer in Japan, 2353:

and subordinate organisations were allowed to exist. Soviet teachers in schools encouraged children to spy on their parents.

1810:

alone already in October 1939. In 1939–40, many Polish citizens were deported to other Nazi-controlled areas, especially the

1605: 965: 139: 16431: 15820: 15227: 15113: 14278: 13745: 13741: 13719: 13323: 12178: 11515: 11495: 11469: 6728: 5952: 4281:

vacuum, because the British and the Americans were practically unwilling to deal with the Polish government that followed.

3744: 3114:, a socialist. The plan for the establishment of Polish state authority ahead of the arrival of the Soviets was code-named 2863:, a partisan force of the peasant movement, was active from August 1940 and reached 150,000 participants by June 1944. The 2296:

to legitimize the Soviet rule. The new assemblies subsequently called for the incorporation into the Soviet Union, and the

2253: 1969: 468: 342: 287: 174: 10411: 5710:

The Western powers were soon informed of the secret provisions to the treaty, but failed to notify the Polish government.

5106:

the two branches began working together. In intense negotiations, the two Polish communist groups agreed to establish the

3864:

Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a

15735: 15199: 14531: 14517: 13730: 12467: 11812: 11732: 11541: 10847: 5436: 5323:

A "Democratic Bloc" comprising the communists and their socialist, rural and urban allies was established. Mikołajczyk's

5198:

declared its readiness to participate in the consultations leading to the formation of the government of national unity.

4289: 4137: 3803: 3792: 3276: 3224: 2899:. Its forces split in 1942 and again in 1944, with most joining the Home Army and the rest forming the ultra-nationalist 2628:. The underground courts sentenced 10,000 Poles, including 200 death sentences. John Connelly quoted a Polish historian ( 2305: 1543: 1379:

in southeastern Poland, next to the Romanian and Soviet borders, the area he designated to be the final defense bastion.

1160: 1156: 908: 8870: 7018: 3048:

groups undertook armed resistance activities in 1943. In April, the Germans began deporting the remaining Jews from the

2045:

in the larger cities, including Warsaw, and the use of Polish civilians for compulsory labour in German war industries.

567:, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General 15944: 15813: 15691: 15269: 14984: 14935: 14693: 14248: 13500: 13339: 13187: 13041: 12746: 12622: 12233: 11648: 11577: 11212: 5500: 5264: 4063:. According to one source, 78,631 Polish soldiers and tens of thousands of civilians left the Soviet Union and went to 2597: 2334:

The Soviet authorities attempted to remove all signs of Polish existence and activity in the area. On 21 December, the

2297: 1826: 1736: 1594: 1582: 924: 815: 7762: 3149:, the Soviets demanded that the Home Army be disbanded there and its underground soldiers enlist in the Soviet-allied 2908:) and in the western areas annexed to Germany. General Rowecki was betrayed and arrested by the Gestapo in June 1943. 16461: 16446: 16060: 14942: 14914: 14731: 14313: 14032: 12843: 12768: 12714: 12462: 12404: 12371: 12295: 12228: 11817: 11759: 11510: 11500: 11487: 11382: 11350: 11335: 11307: 11255: 11233: 11170: 11162: 11134: 10979: 10876: 8896: 8571: 8540: 8511: 8261: 8233: 8169: 8132: 8095: 8060: 8049:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

7985: 7958: 7908: 7867: 7832: 7805: 7772: 7699: 7667: 7634: 7602: 7577: 7527: 7044: 6793: 6280: 6140: 5510: 5490: 5394:(17 July to 2 August 1945). The entire country was shifted to the west and resembled the territory of Medieval early 4769: 4157: 3573: 3320:

there was the largest in Europe and thrived. Jews constituted a large percentage and often the majority of the urban

2786: 2567: 2425:

Parts of the Ukrainian population initially welcomed the end of Polish rule and the phenomenon was strengthened by a

2206: 1837: 1806:. The Poles experienced property confiscations and severe discrimination; 100,000 were removed from the port city of 1563: 1479: 1306: 843: 479: 460: 317: 297: 277: 13215: 5859: 5370:). Deferring to Stalin's territorial schemes, the Allies compensated Poland with the German territories east of the 3394:(ŻOB). An estimated 500,000 Jews died in the ghettos, and a further 250,000 were murdered during their elimination. 3268: 2728:. Such arrangements were purely tactical and did not evidence the type of ideological collaboration as shown by the 2610:

ID. During the war, there were about 3 million former Polish citizens of German origin who signed the official

16097: 15255: 15192: 14327: 14163: 13286: 12800: 12536: 12484: 12474: 11872: 11847: 11747: 9946: 8040: 7898: 7657: 6779: 5274: 5271:(WiN) formation, whose goal was to organize political rather than military resistance to the communist domination. 4940: 4108: 3593: 2913: 2747: 2123:

taken to concentration camps. About two million were transported to Germany to work as slaves and many died there.

2053:

a concentration camp and in Lviv were shot. Ethnic Poles were to be gradually eliminated. The Jews, intended for a

1387: 1037:

The Polish unwillingness to accept the Soviet dangerous offer of free entry is illustrated by the quote of Marshal

612: 13840: 12734: 8609: 8563: 7622: 5296:

admission, they unsuccessfully pressured the Soviet government for the release of the captives. In June 1945, the

2157:

region in 1942 and 1943. 121,000 Poles were removed from their villages and replaced with 10,000 German settlers.

1290:. The offensive in the West that the Poles understood they were promised was not materializing, and, according to 16466: 16426: 15621: 15462: 15451: 15287: 15046: 15005: 14898: 14836: 14223: 13493: 13362: 13330: 12489: 12171: 9556: 5863: 5682: 4965: 4293: 4285: 4076: 4047:

army. Sikorski's preference, stated around 1 September, was for the Polish army to be deployed in defense of the

3983: 3844: 3840: 3617: 3413:

lasted until May 16 and resulted in thousands of Jews killed and tens of thousands transported to Treblinka. The

3150: 2821: 2816:

was the largest in all of occupied Europe. Resistance to the German occupation began almost at once and included

2789:, completed in 2002, at least 340 members of Jewish families were rounded up by or in the presence of the German 2649: 2466: 2269: 588: 407: 181: 115: 14010: 13578: 12669: 8645: 4981: 4400: 3142:

called for stopping the war against Germany and concentrating on fighting the communists and the Soviet threat.

1818:. With the clearing of some western Poland regions for German resettlement, the Nazis initiated the policies of 1522:

was fought until 4 October. In the country's woodlands, army units began underground resistance almost at once.

1494:

territory and crossed into neutral Romania on the night of 17 September. From Romania on 18 September President

883:

the contested Zaolzie border region. The distressed Czechoslovak government complied, and Polish military units

16007: 15979: 15857: 15650: 14887: 14338: 14264: 14060: 13431: 13150: 13055: 12940: 12823: 12778: 12361: 12351: 11274: 6235: 5263:. However, as a result of Okulicki's arrest by the NKVD in March and the persecution, NIE ceased to exist. The 4329: 3495: 2892: 2545: 2402:

According to the Soviet law of 29 November 1939, all residents of the annexed area, referred to as citizens of

1467:

troops as liberators. The British and French responses to the "not unexpected" Soviet encroachment were muted.

1068: 10690: 4388:, comprising 15 warplane squadrons and 10,000 pilots, fully participated in the Western offensive, as did the 2074: 1143:, a provocation (one of many) staged by the Germans, who claimed that Polish troops attacked a post along the 16175: 16067: 16000: 15951: 15882: 15707: 15213: 15164: 14928: 14921: 14524: 14285: 14076: 13129: 12511: 12496: 12419: 12389: 12366: 12208: 11766: 11536: 8706: 5625: 5355:

possible. The dominant Polish Workers' Party had a strictly pro-Soviet branch, led by Bierut and a number of

4932: 4729: 4573: 4034:

and General Sosnkowski) and Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations were restored. The territorial aspects of the

4027: 3397:

While many Jews reacted to their fate with disbelief and passivity, revolts did take place, including at the

3317: 3280: 2556: 2331:

were taught by the reorganized departments. Tuition was free and monetary stipends were offered to students.

2301: 2249: 2237: 2210: 1799: 1684: 1172: 1072: 659: 487: 472: 120: 108: 6230:

Overy, Richard (2010). The Times Complete History of the World (8th ed.), pp. 294–295. London: Times Books.

5339:

were not allowed to function legally and were dealt with by the Polish and Soviet internal security organs.

5145:

in particular, with considerable support from the peasant movement leaders, both critical in respect to the

4859: 3507: 3499: 3456: 3402: 3378:

The ghettos were eliminated when their inhabitants were shipped to slave labor and extermination camps. The

519: 16141: 16037: 15412: 15373: 14292: 14127: 14112: 14039: 14018: 13836: 13514: 13300: 13293: 13277: 12988: 12947: 12919: 12838: 12719: 12709: 12699: 12587: 12435: 12409: 12399: 12285: 5854: 5546: 5356: 4854: 4499: 4039: 3894: 3635: 3511: 3491: 3430: 3398: 3356: 3272: 2992: 2244:. The majority of Polish-speaking inhabitants of the Vilnius region soon found themselves subjected to the 1031: 663: 515: 511: 10133:

Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , Kraków: Fogra,

8217: 5653:

According to Kochanski, a million and a quarter labor prisoners were forcibly taken by the Nazis from the

4176:

the war by the British, to whom the revelation was an embarrassment and presented a political difficulty.

478:

Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the

16104: 15428: 15380: 14998: 14970: 14823: 14438: 14417: 13938: 13601: 13507: 12997: 12729: 12689: 12684: 12414: 12346: 12049: 11737: 11678: 11653: 11597: 11422: 8809: 8353:, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire, Volume 15, Issue 2 April 2008, pages 193 – 205 5328: 4423:

headed for Warsaw, together with the allied Polish forces. As they approached the Polish capital, German

4189: 4035: 3609: 3503: 2665: 1833: 1061: 1001: 980: 448: 151: 16190: 11278: 8420: 5156:

was established at the end of 1944 in Lublin and was recognized by the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and

2149:

in order to exterminate the Slavic peoples. Tens of millions were to be eliminated, others resettled in

1366:

on 9–21 September. Heavy fighting took place also at a number of other locations, including the area of

15902: 15398: 15317: 15262: 15150: 15106: 14756: 14382: 14306: 14208: 14085: 13957: 13950: 13910: 13883: 13615: 13548: 13143: 12954: 12884: 12805: 12763: 12751: 12724: 12679: 12612: 12356: 12331: 12258: 12243: 12238: 12084: 12016: 11899: 11546: 11531: 11456: 10285:

Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 364–374.

8865: 7797: 5813: 5620: 4759: 4712: 4611: 4572:

were taken over by the 2nd Belorussian Front by the end of March, with the participation of the Polish

4459: 4234: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3869: 3865: 3834: 3785: 3740: 3679:). Ukraininan partisans therefore undertook a campaign of terror during the interwar years, led by the 3604:

before the ghetto was eliminated and thus saved. (See also an example of the village that helped Jews:

3463:

was put into operation first. Beginning on 8 December 1941, at least 150,000 Jews were murdered there.

3391: 3290: 3256: 3187: 3179: 3045: 2917: 2829: 2717: 2701: 2537: 2350: 2115: 2092: 1973: 1959: 628: 576: 400: 362: 186: 103: 37: 8977:

Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 349–350

7847: 5277: 4764: 4446:

would cooperate with the advancing Red Army on a tactical level, as Polish civil authorities from the

3183: 2371:

Many enterprises were taken over by the state or failed, small trade and production shops had to join

2349:

type political regime, based on terror. All Polish parties and organisations were disbanded. Only the

2030:

or German "living space" in the east, and constituted the beginning of the implementation of the Nazi

1430:

was justified by the Soviets by their own security concerns and by the need to protect the ethnically

807: 749:. In 1944, the Polish Government-in-Exile approved and the underground in Poland undertook unilateral 15804: 15721: 15506: 15366: 15338: 15171: 15076: 14866: 14299: 13373: 13027: 12741: 12506: 12326: 12280: 12119: 11996: 11877: 11827: 11705: 11612: 11587: 9418: 8633: 5407: 5281: 5194: 4798: 4734: 4553: 4180: 4171:. The Polish government, suspecting the Soviets to be the perpetrators of an atrocity, requested the 3539: 3107: 2998: 2965: 2601: 2364: 1768: 1427: 1406: 1144: 1093: 1089: 1052:

The German military used a system of automated code for the secret transfer of messages based on the

995:

had a secret protocol attached in which arrangements were made for a partition of Poland's territory.

750: 687: 456: 125: 13571: 8757: 8699: 5722:

The lands expected to be taken from Germany were also considered a restored Polish territory by the

5218: 5118: 4576:. The First Polish Army's campaign continued as it forced the Oder in April and finally reached the 4104: 3158: 3087: 2069: 16441: 16168: 15543: 15520: 14772: 14573: 14566: 14230: 13890: 13862: 13855: 13242: 12756: 12541: 12516: 12445: 12316: 11658: 11622: 11602: 9593:('Bikont: The Jews were diligently excluded from Polish society at every step'). 02 February 2018. 5723: 5678: 5288: 5268: 5098: 4825: 4820: 4803: 4744: 4596: 4561: 4552:, accomplished by the badly battered First Polish Army and the Soviets on 5 February, during their 4447: 4265: 4201: 4100: 4096: 3761: 3708: 3688: 3672: 3535: 3285: 3064: 3038: 2888: 2876: 2625: 2087: 1983: 1913:

in June 1941, the Polish territories previously occupied by the Soviets were organized as follows:

1815: 1301: 714: 710: 604: 557: 13587: 13564: 8495: 7683: 7518:(1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.). 5853:

in German-occupied Poland. They fought the incoming Soviet troops and Polish security forces. The

3784:, and Polish self-defense units. They were restrained from mounting indiscriminate attacks by the 3768:

province (4,000–5,000 killed). The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943, when

2987:, neither joined the broad coalition nor recognized the Government Delegate. The situation of the 2973: 1371: 16436: 16198: 15965: 15909: 15779: 15639: 15324: 14977: 14873: 14779: 14347: 14215: 14185: 14149: 14134: 14006: 13898: 13876: 13822: 13808: 13790: 13454: 13235: 12963: 12912: 12783: 12704: 12654: 12649: 12639: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12582: 12572: 12273: 12253: 12194: 11837: 11807: 11715: 11592: 11474: 11397:

Collection of civilian testimonies from German-occupied Poland in "Chronicles of Terror" database

7569: 5317: 4776: 4607: 4534: 4301: 4242: 3933: 3873: 3858: 3519: 3302: 2925: 2896: 2852: 2837: 2696:. As the Soviet-German war progressed, the Home Army fought against both invaders, including the 1616: 1609: 1500: 1444: 1313: 1038: 600: 568: 98: 12163: 7515: 5849:(NSZ) stopped cooperating with the AK in November 1944. Being highly antisemitic, they attacked 4781: 4618:(elements of the First Polish Army), suffered losses equal to those experienced during the 1939 4538: 4373: 3811: 1899: 1234:

warplanes were used to attack Polish targets. On 1 September the German navy positioned its old

611:. The whole clandestine structure was formally directed by the Government-in-Exile through its 15657: 15550: 15352: 15303: 15206: 15099: 15069: 14852: 14740: 14466: 14257: 13848: 13829: 13799: 13346: 13316: 12440: 12394: 12311: 12263: 12097: 12092: 12036: 11929: 11867: 11683: 11663: 11415: 11122: 9807:

Ofer Aderet, "'Orgy of Murder': The Poles Who 'Hunted' Jews and Turned Them Over to the Nazis"

8666: 8482:

Policja granatowa w okupacyjnym systemie administracyjnym Generalnego Gubernatorstwa: 1939–1945

8157: 6255: 5960: 5948: 5146: 5090: 4808: 4614:, was ultimately expanded to 400,000 people, and, helping to defeat Germany all the way to the 4530: 4420: 4238: 4164: 4023: 3995: 3991: 3925: 3815: 3807: 3410: 3316:

Despite the various forms of anti-Jewish harassment that took place in late prewar Poland, the

3169:. Some partisans obeyed, others refused, and many were arrested and persecuted by the Soviets. 3053: 3034: 3004: 2192: 2003: 1419: 1344: 1244: 1239: 984: 758: 695: 636: 592: 93: 11226:

Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia

11115: 9950: 8528: 8351:

The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944

8136: 8052: 8044: 7978:

Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia

5213:

Based on the understanding reached in Moscow by the three powers with Mikołajczyk's help, the

4156:, was increasingly influential. They also had a prevailing sway on the formation of Berling's 3893:, and politicians from the Polish parties persecuted in the past in Sanation Poland. The 1935 3781: 2860: 2588:

German recruitment poster: "Let's do agricultural work in Germany: report immediately to your

1651:, but also a large, indisputably Polish area east of these territories, including the city of 1056:. The constantly generated and altered code scheme was broken by Polish mathematicians led by 1000:

cooperate militarily with the Soviets prevented the possibility of the alternate outcome. The

616: 16148: 15871: 15714: 15610: 15580: 15536: 15276: 15241: 15234: 15157: 15055: 14496: 14473: 14320: 13931: 13468: 13208: 13194: 12877: 12546: 12521: 12479: 12248: 12218: 12069: 12021: 11852: 11797: 11688: 11064: 10879:. (A conversation with Zbigniew Wawer). Gazeta Wyborcza wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 08 March 2015. 9893: 9540: 8686: 8587: 8249: 6634: 6388: 6048: 5846: 5387: 5362:

As agreed by the Allies in Yalta, the Soviet Union incorporated the lands in eastern Poland (

5336: 4864: 4526: 4416: 4246: 4205: 4056: 3909: 3639: 3581: 3139: 3127: 3110:, a quasi-parliament, was instituted in occupied Poland on 9 January 1944; it was chaired by 2984: 2950: 2929: 2916:. The Underground State was endorsed by Poland's main prewar political blocks, including the 2900: 2725: 1519: 1060:

and the discovery was shared with the French and the British before the outbreak of the war.

726: 620: 13766: 5060:

3. Excess of tuberculosis instances (exceeding the average theoretical number of instances)

4588: 15972: 15827: 15478: 15435: 15405: 15331: 15141: 15120: 14046: 13523: 13201: 12556: 12107: 11971: 11832: 11727: 11668: 9838: 9396:('The Czerniaków Bridgehead, 1944'), pp. 219–220. Zabrze 2011, Wydawnictwo inforteditions, 7873: 7857: 5911: 5371: 5297: 5252: 4903: 4888: 4722: 4584: 4088: 4026:

on 12 July and Churchill pressed Sikorski to also reach an agreement with the Soviets. The

4019: 3882: 3467: 3438: 3406: 3387: 2980: 2969: 2887:

were the much smaller leftist formations, backed by the Soviet Union and controlled by the

2845: 2713: 2680: 2552: 2384: 2178: 2111: 2100: 2081: 1910: 1662: 1636: 1575: 1559: 835: 799: 782: 647: 486:

were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90 percent of

464: 5951:

of Germany. Taking advantage of the British delegation's disruption by the results of the

5222: 4633: 3819: 2584: 1523: 1367: 1355: 643:. The aim of the Warsaw Uprising was to prevent domination of Poland by the Soviet Union. 8: 16090: 15864: 15742: 15698: 15220: 14354: 14120: 13647: 13477: 13461: 13410: 12074: 12064: 11991: 11956: 11862: 11754: 11742: 11722: 11695: 11673: 11565: 9577: 7561: 5439:, and then spreading the remaining groups in the Polish Recovered Territories during the 5420: 4815: 4786: 4749: 4695: 4557: 4494:

and the German administration fled the city. Marshal Konev's forces then advanced toward

4467: 4141: 4092: 3769: 3620: 3551:

ordered measures intended to conceal the Nazi crimes and prevent their future detection.

2742: 2103:, the General Government's area was 141,000 km, with 17.4 million inhabitants. 1979: 1491: 1376: 1359: 1223: 1181: 1152: 1022:

formation of a powerful political-military bloc, comprising the Soviet Union, Poland and

1009: 1005: 992: 960: 936: 706: 156: 6151: 4881: 4325: 3379: 1795: 1251: 16083: 15916: 15841: 15795: 15765: 15673: 15513: 15178: 15062: 14956: 14907: 14845: 14601: 14552: 14361: 13985: 13640: 13438: 12054: 12001: 11961: 11636: 11103: 9598: 9512: 8842: 7950: 7849: 5976: 5940: 5654: 5641:

According to Czubiński, 32,000 Polish soldiers were evacuated, including 6,200 pilots.

5391: 5202: 5142: 4956: 4917: 4910: 4707: 4619: 4337: 4277: 3956: 3523: 3487: 3227: 3057: 2762: 2685: 2396: 2380: 2021: 1991: 1811: 1720: 1439:

Soviets, but some fighting between Soviet and Polish units did take place (such as the

1136: 1132: 1108: 1085: 1042: 976: 746: 507: 432: 9710:

Overy, Richard (2010). The Times Complete History of the World (8th ed.), pp. 300–301.

8559:

Pogrobowcy klęski: rzecz o policji "granatowej" w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie 1939–1945

8405:

Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris

7946:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

7522:(in Polish). Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. p. 294. 7172:

Overy, Richard (2010). The Times Complete History of the World (8th ed.), pp. 298–299.

6785:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...

6733:"The German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office" 6732: 5284: 5094: 4389: 4082: 3111: 3091: 2106:

Tens of thousands were murdered in the German campaign of extermination of the Polish

1495: 928: 811: 16074: 15958: 15848: 15788: 15749: 15682: 15664: 15630: 15573: 15527: 15471: 15296: 15034: 15026: 14963: 14816: 14410: 13942: 13403: 13382: 13092: 12268: 12138: 12011: 11966: 11921: 11911: 11857: 11842: 11785: 11617: 11582: 11447: 11378: 11346: 11331: 11317: 11303: 11288: 11270: 11251: 11229: 11208: 11190: 11166: 11158: 11130: 10975: 10967: 10779: 10180: 10134: 9516: 9422: 9397: 8892: 8856: 8567: 8536: 8507: 8257: 8229: 8165: 8091: 8078: 8056: 7981: 7954: 7904: 7863: 7828: 7801: 7768: 7743:

Craig Thompson-Dutton (1950). "The Police State & The Police and the Judiciary".

7695: 7663: 7630: 7598: 7573: 7523: 7040: 7007: 6810: 6789: 6472: 6359: 6323: 6276: 6259: 6231: 6159: 6136: 5817: 5440: 4847: 4791: 4717: 4702: 4642: 4451: 4321: 4317: 4297: 4217: 4163:

In April 1943, the Germans discovered the graves of 4,000 or more Polish officers at

4068: 4051:

oil fields, which would allow it to maintain close contacts with the British forces.

3987: 3948: 3796: 3623: 3115: 2817: 2751: 2673: 2621: 2125: 1990:

The remaining block of territory was placed under a German administration called the

1539: 1140: 940: 831: 754: 738: 734: 428: 46: 11771: 11401: 4977:

Biological losses of Polish society as reported by Polish government in January 1947

3655:

The bloody ethnic conflict exploded during World War II in areas of today's western

2758: 2395:. Nevertheless, the conditions were better under the Soviets than in the German-run 1482:

signed on 28 September. It adjusted and finalized the territorial division, placing

694:, the Polish Government-in-Exile gradually ceased being a recognized partner in the 15993: 15986: 15930: 15594: 15359: 15345: 15248: 15185: 15136: 14949: 14802: 14749: 14559: 14510: 14424: 13654: 13631: 13164: 12223: 11939: 11822: 11802: 11710: 11221: 8678: 7973: 7894: 7653: 6036: 5850: 5809: 5343: 5256: 5244: 5181: 4832: 4754: 4615: 4600: 4381: 4309: 4153: 4133: 4117: 3962: 3929: 3921: 3692: 3548: 3531: 3174: 3026: 3013: 2976: – advance warnings seriously regarding the imminent Nazi invasion. 2968:

network in Western Europe. He became aware and informed Stalin of the Nazi-planned

2946: 2697: 2669: 2563:, but thousands were too weak to complete the journey or perished soon afterwards. 2515: 2484: 2440:

and other Soviet agencies. The first victims were the approximately 230,000 Polish

2199: 1917: 1819: 1535: 1511: 896: 872: 857: 742: 691: 632: 580: 537: 146: 13173: 8613: 8425:

University Press of Kentucky 1989 – 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas,

4871: 4128:, a Polish Army colonel, to replace the "treacherous" Anders' army that left. The 2209:(IPN), between 5.62 million and 5.82 million Polish citizens (including 1868:

region, which was annexed by Germany. These territories were largely inhabited by

1683:

the remaining area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, which was incorporated into the

1658:

The annexed areas of Poland were divided into the following administrative units:

1218: 16016: 15728: 15643: 15601: 15499: 15442: 15310: 15092: 15083: 14612: 14194: 14170: 13424: 12501: 12147: 12059: 12006: 11981: 11976: 11265: 11260: 11202: 10851: 10694: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10415: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9795: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9560: 9358: 9356: 9203: 9201: 9143: 9141: 9075: 8985: 8983: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8653: 8557: 8502: 8467: 8021:. Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation 7458: 7022: 6986: 6319: 6080: 6068: 6020: 5915: 5910:

of Poland demanded the establishment of the post-war Polish-German border at the

5751: 5305: 5134: 4876: 4739: 4549: 4428: 4308:

and opened a road to Rome. In the summer and fall, the corps participated in the

4125: 4067:

in the spring and summer of 1942. The majority of General Anders' men formed the

4011: 3724: 3244: 3211: 3198: 3166: 3135: 3099: 3072: 2961: 2790: 2782: 2733: 2560: 2532: 2523: 2441: 2360: 2316: 2289: 2031: 2012:). The General Government was originally subdivided into four districts, Warsaw, 1925: 1640: 1626: 1508: 1440: 1402: 1348: 1271: 1057: 952: 683: 667: 640: 524: 16128: 11882: 11300:

Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945

7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6612: 6610: 5931:(Eastern Neisse) and the upper Oder rivers, which would keep a large portion of 5928: 5390:). The deal was practically, but in principle not permanently, finalized at the 4360:. In April 1945 the division concluded its combat in Germany, where it occupied 3908:

was established in December 1939. It was chaired by the Polish senior statesman

3898: 3890: 3251:. The SS and auxiliary units were recruited from the Soviet Army deserters (the 3118:

and began in late 1943. Its major implemented elements were the campaign of the

2465:

in 1940–41, mostly POWs, only 583 men survived, released in 1941–42 to join the

2335: 2024:.) The General Government was the nearest to Germany proper part of the planned 1267: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16289: 16259: 16254: 16234: 16023: 15559: 15485: 13537: 13396: 12102: 11944: 11607: 10408: 8957: 8649: 6246: 6244: 6040: 5759: 5482: 5221:

and Mikołajczyk as deputy prime ministers. Mikołajczyk returned to Poland with

5122: 5082: 4955:

accusations, loss of families, communities and property, desire to emigrate to

4333: 4261: 4254: 4113: 4031: 3631: 3452: 3443: 2938: 2880: 2856: 2527: 2474: 2454: 2418: 2387:. Among the industrial installations dismantled and sent east were most of the 2285: 2265: 2245: 2233: 2146: 2131: 2107: 1840:, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers 1783: 1340: 1336: 1053: 868: 730: 679: 584: 388: 88: 83: 11001: 10844: 10464: 10376: 9980: 9713: 9353: 9198: 9138: 8980: 8769: 8713: 6039:

units. A smaller number of Jews also served there and in the Polish communist

4479: 3990:. Polish sailors, on Polish and British ships, served with distinction in the 1790:. Jews were expelled from the annexed areas and placed in ghettos such as the 1320: 16420: 15834: 13759: 13608: 13447: 12152: 12044: 11700: 11176: 11150: 11093: 10972:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

8225: 7708: 7541: 7418: 7053: 7015: 6690: 6607: 6482: 6355: 6128: 5932: 5923: 5891: 5776: 5755: 5468: 5217:

was constituted on 28 June 1945, with Osóbka-Morawski as prime minister, and

4948: 4514: 4495: 4462:, aiming at the liberation of Poland and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Marshal 4361: 4305: 4269: 4179:

Prime Minister Sikorski, the most prominent of the Polish exile leaders, was

3966: 3753: 3664: 3601: 3597: 3555: 3515: 3471: 3383: 3361: 3240: 3235: 3049: 2964:, a Polish-Jewish communist, worked as a master spy and was the chief of the 2721: 2629: 2606: 2338:

was withdrawn from circulation with limited exchange to the newly introduced

2277: 2054: 1986:, was incorporated into the General Government and became its fifth district. 1877: 1803: 1791: 1752: 1728: 1648: 1515: 1423: 1291: 1202:

had been trained in Germany to help with the invasion, forming the so-called

1199: 1171:

and East Prussia, and the German-controlled Czechoslovakia. The newly formed

988: 722: 655: 499: 495: 491: 376: 161: 7469: 7467: 6241: 6076: 5172: 4952: 2820:. Centrally commanded military conspiratorial activity was started with the 2048:

Some Polish institutions, including the police (the number of the so-called

1570: 1554: 1383: 1358:

played an especially prominent role in its defense. The campaign's greatest

819: 16133: 15937: 14237: 14142: 13773: 13136: 12900: 12629: 11986: 11187:

Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War

10172: 8759:

Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia)

8681:. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012 – via Internet Archive. 8506:

entry on the Blue Police, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York NY, 1990.

8191: 8083: 7940: 7455:

Pogromy w cieniu gigantów. Żydzi i ich sąsiedzi po ataku III Rzeszy na ZSRR

7451:

Pogromy w cieniu gigantów. Żydzi i ich sąsiedzi po ataku III Rzeszy na ZSRR

6015:

Most of the soldiers who opted to stay in the West hailed from the eastern

5980: 5956: 5383: 5102: 4435:

bridgeheads, and, with the First Polish Army, established control over the

4145: 4136:

on 12–13 October. The Soviet-based communist faction, organized around the

3940: 3886: 3345: 3337: 2884: 2729: 2653: 2636: 2346: 2345:

All the media became controlled by Moscow. Soviet occupation implemented a

2293: 2008: 1937: 1841: 1714: 1644: 1490:

The Polish government and military high command retreated to the southeast

1295: 1203: 948: 944: 827: 778: 709:. Among Polish communist organizations established during the war were the 624: 444: 440: 436: 78: 11396: 11241:

Polish Society under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944

8891:

Zamoyski, Adam. The Polish Way, p. 360. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994.

8312: 8283: 4518: 3534:

wrote of estimated 50,000 Jews surviving in Poland, a majority of them in

3460: 2855:, prime minister in exile and chief military commander, appointed General 2514:

Among the Poles who decided to cooperate with the Soviet authorities were

2388: 1921: 1690: 1652: 1319:

As the Polish armies were being destroyed or in retreat, the Germans took

1115: 971: 15772: 15758: 15420: 14096: 13917: 13902: 13256: 11949: 9788:

Co premier widzi, a czego nie. Morawiecki w Nowym Jorku fałszuje historię

8484:(in Polish). Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych. p. 83. 7464: 5984: 5739: 5670: 5428: 5406:

The new western and northern territories of Poland were repopulated with

5366:, east of the Curzon Line), previously occupied and annexed in 1939 (see 5291:

leaders were invited to and on 27 March 1945 attended talks with General

5185: 5130: 4365: 4313: 4209: 4149: 4060: 3975: 3952: 3773: 3749: 3736: 3684: 3642:(NSZ), remained virulently antisemitic throughout the occupation period. 3543: 3341: 3321: 3076: 3068: 2771: 2693: 2644: 2426: 2372: 2154: 2049: 1885: 1853: 1702: 1673: 1431: 1426:, Poland was defeated by Germany within two weeks from 1 September). The 1280: 876: 861: 839: 671: 533: 459:. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union 73: 11068: 6851: 4372:, captured by the Nazis after the Warsaw Uprising. In September General 3675:

and for Poland's nationality policies (such as military colonization in

3596:. Żegota is particularly noted for its children-saving operation led by 3386:

began in July 1942. They were facilitated by collaborators, such as the

3336:

that the Nazis shared with many ethnic Poles on the Jewish issue. Local

1748: 1163:. Poland was now surrounded on three sides by the German territories of 635:

partisan organizations. Among the failed anti-German uprisings were the

455:

was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union

15127: 14880: 14859: 13752: 13085: 13013: 11934: 10776:

Germany, Poland and Postmemorial Relations: In Search of a Livable Past

9595:

Bikont: Na każdym kroku pilnie wykluczano Żydów z polskiej społeczności

9591:

Bikont: Na każdym kroku pilnie wykluczano Żydów z polskiej społeczności

8600:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2005). 7687: 5862:. The British refused to agree to the brigade's incorporation into the 5563: 5424: 5304:

Post-German industrial and other property was looted by the Soviets as

5292: 5157: 4634:

Polish state reestablished with new borders and under Soviet domination

4548:

The heaviest battles fought by the Poles included the breaching of the

4491: 4471: 4463: 3854: 3660: 3613: 3608:). Because of such actions, Polish citizens have the highest number of 3425: 3332: 2942: 2705: 2612: 2504: 2500: 2445: 2161: 2038: 2026: 1933: 1903: 1435: 1287: 1276: 1235: 1187: 956: 545: 8222:

A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II

7595:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939

5936: 4513:

North of the Ukrainian Front, the 1st Belorussian Front under Marshal

4507: 4502:

on 27 January. In early February, the 1st Ukrainian Front reached the

3248: 1865: 907:

The Munich Agreement of 1938 did not last for long. In March 1939 the

15390: 14795: 14592: 14403: 14201: 14156: 12577: 12450: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10055: 10053: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8427:

The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944

6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6044: 5375: 5313: 4895: 4542: 4443: 4412: 4184: 3951:, kept thinking of Poland's proper eastern boundary in terms of the " 3777: 3414: 3162: 3154: 3145:

As the Operation Tempest failed to achieve its goals in the disputed

2864: 2661: 2480: 2450: 2328: 2320: 2273: 2241: 1948:

counties, was "attached" to (but not incorporated into) East Prussia;

1941: 1861: 1849: 1779: 1756: 1740: 1677: 1483: 1452: 1448: 1391: 1231: 1212: 1164: 920: 848: 608: 13677: 11285:

No Greater Ally: The Untold Story of Poland's Forces in World War II

11127:

Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947.

8408: 8374: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6826: 6824: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6400: 6398: 6396: 4522: 4487: 3973:

Sikorski was reinstated, but the internal conflict among the Polish

3944: 3589: 2368:

high taxes, drafts into military service, arrests and deportations.

1999: 1764: 1744: 1670: 1666: 1414:

Army advance into Poland would follow later at an appropriate time.

1354:

The Germans began surrounding Warsaw on 9 September. City president

1324: 1258:-type. The air force regiments included 422 aircraft, including 160 875:

of 30 September 1938 was followed by Germany's incorporation of the

856:

in March 1938. Poland dispatched special diversionary groups to the

563:

In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in

13661: 13389: 10687: 9407: 9270: 8162:

Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947

6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 5792: 5674: 5616: 5447: 5332: 4687: 4341: 4168: 4083:

In the shadow of Soviet offensive, death of Prime Minister Sikorski

4059:

and Sikorski obtained Stalin's permission to move the force to the

4048: 4043: 3877: 3757: 3703: 3448: 3371: 3123: 2933: 2778: 2413: 2324: 2280:

in occupied eastern Poland. On 22 and 26 October 1939, the Soviets

2187: 2142: 2058: 1893: 1574:

Changes in administration of Polish territories following the 1941

1332: 1286:

Although the UK and France declared war on Germany on 3 September,

1259: 1027: 888: 803: 774: 11407: 11328:

Forgotten Survivors:Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation

10792: 10632: 10582: 10560: 10484: 10144: 10050: 9172: 9036: 8996: 8901: 8379: 8088:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939–1941

5126: 3760:

alone. Other major regions of the slaughter of Poles were eastern

3161:

complied, disbanding in late July 1944 his formations east of the

3008:

in retaliation for the assassination of one German policeman, 1944

2604:, the members of which were offered several classes of the German 2495:, Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors or 2444:. The Soviet Union had not signed any international convention on 1710: 1698: 1697:) consisting of five northern counties of the Warsaw Voivodeship ( 1103: 599:

began organizing in Poland in 1939, soon after the invasions. Its

12193: 7597:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 441. 7175: 6886: 6821: 6652: 6560: 6433: 6411: 6393: 6072: 5743: 5379: 5138: 4592: 4432: 4353: 4345: 4226: 4103:). Early in 1943, the Polish communists (their delegation led by 4001: 3656: 3605: 3475: 3220: 3131: 3018: 3002:

An announcement of fifty Poles tried and sentenced to death by a

2767: 2709: 2640: 2508: 2496: 2376: 2150: 1955: 1954: – the Polish part of White Russia (today western 1929: 1889: 1873: 1869: 1857: 1787: 1587:

Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II

1460: 1363: 1263: 1168: 1023: 916: 912: 892: 864: 853: 564: 549: 529: 11314:

Forgotten Holocaust:The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944

11266:

The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War.

8634:

The Righteous Among The Nations – Polish rescuer Waclaw Nowinski

7445: 7443: 7441: 6727: 6193: 6169: 6145: 5386:(in Polish communist government's propaganda referred to as the 5077: 4982:"Report on the losses and damages of war in Poland in 1939–1945" 4595:

from 16 April and suffered huge losses as they struggled in the

4474:

Vistula bridgehead on 11 January and rapidly moved west, taking

4208:

had already expressed his support for Britain's approval of the

1542:, and, allied with the British forces, in other operations (see 1030:

troops to pass through Polish territory, the termination of the

16202: 14271: 12869: 11438: 11014: 9557:

d_okupacjami.html Zagadnienie żydowskie w Polsce pod okupacjami

5738:

The Polish communists attempted to obtain modifications of the

5432: 5114: 4569: 4565: 4483: 4424: 4405: 3765: 3520:

mass murder of millions of Jews from Poland and other countries

3479: 2872: 2462: 2392: 2170: 2145:

and ethnic cleansing of the territories occupied by Germany in

2119: 2042: 2013: 1945: 1807: 1760: 1706: 1531: 1456: 1328: 1192: 770: 762: 702: 651: 572: 452: 9937:

The Past and Present Society: Oxford University Press. pg. 220

8187:"A Polish life. 5: Starobielsk and the trans-Siberian railway" 7745:

The Police State: What You Want to Know about the Soviet Union

5267:

was established instead in May, to be finally replaced by the

5028:

2. War invalidity (war invalids and civilian invalids — total)

4233:

The Underground State governing structures were formed by the

4132:

was rushed to its first military engagement and fought at the

3351: 3193: 57: 14459: 10960: 10869: 8407:, Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 771–781, 7438: 6064: 6016: 6000: 5363: 5312:

waged by unreconciled elements of the former, now officially

4475: 4458:

In January 1945, Soviet and allied Polish armies undertook a

4436: 4357: 4349: 4087:

As the Soviet forces began their westward offensive with the

4072: 3676: 3331:

In December 1939, the Polish diplomat and resistance fighter

3264: 3239:

the civilian population, including between 40,000 and 50,000

3146: 3022: 2905: 2833: 2807: 2690: 2518:, who was allowed to publish a Polish language periodical in 2492: 2458: 2339: 2260: 2017: 1845: 1207: 675: 650:, Sikorski, an important war ally of the West, negotiated in 553: 11343:

The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41

11330:(1st ed.; Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004). 8460:

I wtedy Bóg zesłał Żydom Polaków. IPN pisze historię na nowo

8373:

Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4, (Winter, 2005), pp. 711–746.

7377: 6639: 4071:

in the Middle East, from where the corps was transported to

4006: 3082: 431:

from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the

10265: 10263: 10261: 9294: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 6520: 6518: 6461: 5919: 5779:, but eventually granted amnesty by President Raczkiewicz. 5747: 5236: 4577: 4503: 4273: 4120:, in the spring of 1943 the Soviets began recruiting for a 4064: 3668: 3206: 3095: 2724:. The AK turned these weapons against the Nazis during the 2589: 2519: 2437: 1881: 483: 9871: 9869: 9751: 9749: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9574:

Confronting chilling truths about Poland's wartime history

9383:. Gazeta Wyborcza wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2016. 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 7848:

various authors; Stanisław Ciesielski; Wojciech Materski;

7142: 7140: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 4442:

The Government-in-Exile in London was determined that the

3849: 3616:

Museum. Thousands of Jews were saved with the help of the

3466:

About two million Jews were killed after the beginning of

2383:(over ten percent of the arable area) by the start of the 528:

contemplated turning the remaining majority of Poles into

10934: 9801: 9771: 9545: 9060: 8956: 8216: 7333: 7331: 7126: 7124: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 6939: 4427:

divisions counterattacked, while the Poles commenced the

4369: 3828: 3719:

The wartime Polish-Ukrainian conflict commenced with the

1255: 939:

to Germany, even though its status was guaranteed by the

10864:

Siedmiu wspaniałych poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR

10812: 10754: 10741: 10712: 10258: 10177:

Siedmiu wspaniałych poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR

9583: 9230: 8831: 8638: 8125:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre" 8104: 8019:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre" 6302: 6300: 6298: 5176:

The legacy of World War II: Poland's old and new borders

4352:. In October, heavy fighting by its units helped secure 3514:) were established in which the most extreme measure of 3417:

and some Warsaw residents assisted the ghetto fighters.

1996:

Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete

1079: 10921: 10895: 10882: 10825: 10606: 10389: 10203: 10166: 9866: 9746: 9620: 9307: 9125: 8854: 8765:. pp. 12/13, 17/18, 21 – via Yad Vashem.org. 7794:

The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union

7137: 6495: 5866:

and the brigade was disarmed by the US Army in August.

4541:, the First Polish Army was directed northwards to the 2288:(legislative bodies) of the newly created provinces of 2057:, were herded into ghettos and severely repressed. The 1507:

losses (40,000 killed), already in September 1939. The

1331:

on 6 September. The Polish government was evacuated to

13531:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10730: 10728: 9780: 9369: 8665: 8533:

The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies

8156: 8010: 7903:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 396. 7662:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 396. 7405: 7328: 7121: 7099: 7079: 6547: 5240:

labour camps created by the Soviets as early as 1944.

5121:, a socialist, and included other non-communists. The 4672: 4395: 4024:

British government allied itself with the Soviet Union

3572:

Some Poles tried to save Jews. In September 1942, the

2979:

In Poland, the communists, more active after the 1941

2945:, a special emissary, was sent to London and later to 2137:

The future fate of Poland and Poles was stipulated in

1958:) and the Vilnius province were incorporated into the 1680:

Voivodeship, and one county of the Warsaw Voivodeship;

1478:

The Nazi-Soviet treaty process was continued with the

947:

and to an extraterritorial highway passage connecting

11404:, Witold J. Lukaszewski, Sarmatian Review, April 1998 10856: 10820:

Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej

10762:

Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej

10657: 10655: 10549: 10547: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10313: 10311: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10221: 10219: 10087: 10085: 10071: 10069: 9935:

The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943,

9916: 9914: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9609: 9607: 9566: 9509:

Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej

9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9219: 9217: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8452: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8301: 8299: 7742: 7682: 6295: 5072: 4545:

region, where its drive began at the end of January.

1676:, most of the Łódź Voivodeship, five counties of the 1562:

in 1939 as agreed by Germany and the Soviet Union in

9767: 9765: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 7820: 7514: 7394: 7392: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 6342: 5975:

The confiscations stopped after repeated appeals to

5824:: "Let me remind them that there would have been no 5458: 3106:

with what the Polish leaders were striving for. The

2712:. This AK-Nazi cooperation was condemned by General 2300:

annexed the two territories to the already existing

902: 502:

and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed

490:(nearly three million) were murdered as part of the 11248:

The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War

11204:

Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East

11098:(in Polish). Warszawa: Biuro Odszkodowań Wojennych. 10908: 10725: 10619: 9814: 9531: 9529: 9501: 9444: 9431: 9386: 9340: 9327: 9094: 9081: 9068:

Zbigniew Mikołejko: Jeden drugiemu wchodzi na głowę

8789: 7862:(in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Ośrodek Karta. 7764:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953

7560: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6124: 6122: 5791:During the 1930s, the relations between the ruling 4213:armies were moving toward Poland's 1939 frontiers. 3364:(1940–1943), during the German occupation of Poland 2664:. Some of its officers were ultimately awarded the 2573: 1534:to continue the fight. Many Poles took part in the 793: 690:. Afterwards, in a process seen by many Poles as a 11040: 11027: 10988: 10947: 10699: 10668: 10652: 10544: 10524: 10506: 10442: 10424: 10363: 10350: 10337: 10324: 10308: 10288: 10281: 10279: 10245: 10232: 10216: 10190: 10129: 10127: 10111: 10098: 10082: 10066: 10037: 10024: 10011: 9998: 9967: 9911: 9898: 9853: 9733: 9688: 9675: 9655: 9642: 9604: 9481: 9457: 9276: 9214: 9154: 9107: 9016: 8973: 8971: 8848: 8744:Armijos Krajovos veikla Lietuvoje 1942–1944 metais 8526: 8432: 8325: 8296: 8270: 7994: 7625:. In Myron Weiner; Sharon Stanton Russell (eds.). 7344: 7315: 7284: 7153: 6875: 6873: 6778: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6679: 6677: 6594: 6583: 6581: 6536: 6534: 5603:probably no official proclamations on that issue. 5243:A conspiratorial AK-related organization known as 4140:(activated January 1944), directed by such future 3584:. This body later became the council to Aid Jews ( 3284:Uprising, the remaining resistance in Poland (the 3234:reinforced German special corps of 22,000 largely 3165:and ordering the fighters to join the army led by 3017:The Soviet partisans were especially prevalent in 2110:and other elements thought likely to resist (e.g. 935:). Formal demands were made for the return of the 646:In order to cooperate with the Soviet Union after 12532:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 11200: 9762: 9706: 9704: 8921: 7887: 7389: 7297: 7264: 7244: 7220: 7207: 5368:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 5349: 4195: 3307:War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II 2871:or AK), loyal to the Government-in-Exile then in 2342:. In schools, Polish language books were burned. 1591:War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II 899:, located within the now federal Czechoslovakia. 16418: 10179:, Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, 9882: 9837:. yadvashem.org. January 1, 2012. Archived from 9526: 9257: 9255: 8422:Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust 8248: 7893: 7652: 7357: 6953: 6951: 6928: 6368: 6119: 5154:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 4356:and resulted in the taking of the Dutch city of 3441:in June 1941, special extermination squads (the 2032:grandiose and genocidal human engineering scheme 1191:("lightning war") provided for rapid advance of 1119:Polish anti-aircraft artillery in September 1939 842:international order. Unable to prevent Hitler's 660:agreed to form a Polish army in the Soviet Union 10276: 10124: 8968: 8839:Polish Town Still Tries To Forget Its Dark Past 8802: 8749: 8429:, University Press of Kentucky 1986 – 300 pages 7757: 7620: 7592: 7037:The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi 6870: 6857: 6743: 6674: 6623: 6578: 6531: 6377: 6313: 6286: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6102:"Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll" 6019:areas annexed to the Soviet Union. The bulk of 4260:In the aftermath of the controversial visit of 3901:by their past role in Poland's ruling circles. 3451:, and, from the fall of 1941, of the organized 3390:, and opposed by the resistance, including the 2223:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–46) 1860:(known in Polish as Wilno), which was given to 1288:little movement took place on the western front 951:with the rest of Germany through the so-called 16452:Military history of Poland during World War II 10409:The NKVD Against the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) 9701: 8733: 8017:Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7039:. Harvard University Press. pp. 330–334. 6842: 6840: 6808: 6788:McFarland & Company. pp. 88–90, 295. 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6158:, Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, Poznań 2012, 5890:The size of post-war Poland was determined by 4002:Polish Army's evacuation from the Soviet Union 3868:. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 3630:with delays and were hampered by what General 2777:Soon after the German takeover of the town of 955:(an area linking the Polish mainland with the 16176: 12885: 12195:History of World War II by region and country 12179: 11423: 9553:Zagadnienie żydowskie w Polsce pod okupacjami 9252: 8580: 8074: 8072: 8016: 7787: 7648: 7646: 7616: 7614: 7166: 6980:Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll 6948: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 5808:In late February 1945, referring to the post- 5496:List of Polish cities damaged in World War II 4658: 4107:) engaged in Warsaw in negotiations with the 3982:Polish pilots became famous because of their 2956: 2213:) died as a result of the German occupation. 919:, leaving Slovakia as a German puppet state. 408: 11361:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 11340: 11071:. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2016. 10773: 9265:('Destination: Warsaw'). 12 September 2017. 8863:[A different picture of neighbors]. 8590:) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers 8529:"The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw" 8522: 8520: 8150: 8117: 7939: 7917: 7676: 7586: 6665: 6219: 6043:. Jews were rarely admitted into the Polish 5943:, the delegation of what was now the Polish 5229: 5201:The tripartite Allied commission made up of 3645: 3568:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 2932:parties and absorbed many supporters of the 867:) area in hope of expediting the breakup of 591:were reconstituted and fought alongside the 27:Period of Polish history during World War II 8602:"Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa" 7692:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 7489: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6837: 6710: 6269: 4316:offensive, finishing the campaign with the 3600:. Jewish children were smuggled out of the 3352:Nazi persecution and elimination of ghettos 1566:; division of Polish territories in 1939–41 1275:destruction, and their linking up with the 983:. Behind him stand (left) Foreign Minister 830:announced and expanded the hitherto secret 18:German occupation of Poland in World War II 16183: 16169: 12892: 12878: 12186: 12172: 11430: 11416: 11085:Bibliography of Poland during World War II 11022:Historia drugiej wojny światowej 1939–1945 10974:. Yale University Press. pp. 88, 93. 10942:Historia drugiej wojny światowej 1939–1945 9074:. A conversation with Zbigniew Mikołejko. 8818:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 8210: 8112:Historia drugiej wojny światowej 1939–1945 8069: 8039: 8033: 7814: 7643: 7611: 7593:Various authors (1998). Adam Sudoł (ed.). 7554: 6763: 6469:Historia drugiej wojny światowej 1939–1945 6351:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory 5918:(Western Neisse), and, further north, the 5506:Polish material losses during World War II 4665: 4651: 3963:France was invaded and defeated by Germany 3889:, led by Prime Minister Sikorski, General 3296: 3267:or shipped to concentration camps such as 2814:Polish resistance movement in World War II 2808:Armed resistance and the Underground State 2803:Polish resistance movement in World War II 415: 401: 9273:nr. 37 (3127). Retrieved 9 December 2017. 8517: 8473: 8129:Institute of National Remembrance website 7967: 7383: 7034: 4498:, freeing the remaining survivors of the 4490:was liberated on 18 January, a day after 4320:in April 1945. In August 1944, after the 3824:27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) 3752:), resulted in between 50,000 and 60,000 3186:, the government delegate, declaring the 3083:Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising 2859:, resident in Poland, to head the Union. 2660:; a large percentage cooperated with the 2216: 1599: 1127:"Poland: A Military Autopsy" American map 461:dividing and annexing the whole of Poland 11368:Poles in the Italian Campaign, 1943–1945 11143:Coutouvidis, John, and Reynolds, Jaime. 11053: 10774:Kopp, Kristin; Niżyńska, Joanna (2012). 8488: 8256:(in Polish). Lublin: Test. p. 540. 8184: 8000:"O Sowieckich represjach wobec Polaków" 7933: 7694:(in Polish). Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364. 6964: 6802: 6135:, p. 978. HarperCollins, New York 1998, 5945:Provisional Government of National Unity 5171: 5167: 5141:, and nationalist movements. The Polish 5110:(PKWN), a sort of temporary government. 5076: 4525:route. Still further north operated the 4399: 4005: 3853: 3764:(20,000–25,000 killed) and southeastern 3702: 3424: 3420: 3355: 3192: 3086: 2997: 2583: 2479: 2412: 2173:and other instances of killing of Jews. 2080: 2068: 1898: 1569: 1553: 1447:). The Soviet forces moved west (to the 1401: 1300: 1217: 1157:organized for the defense of the country 1122: 1114: 1102: 970: 11316:(3rd rev. ed.; N.Y.:Hippocrene, 2012). 11157:. New York: Columbia University Press. 8755: 8549: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 7827:. Transaction Publishers. p. 310. 7781: 7767:. Praeger Publishers. pp. 99–101. 7751: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 5251:or Independence) was set up in 1944 by 5108:Polish Committee of National Liberation 4404:January 1945 aerial photo of destroyed 3872:was appointed as president and General 3850:Polish government in France and Britain 3707:Victims of a massacre committed by the 3561: 3433:, established by Nazi Germany in Poland 3216:Polish Committee of National Liberation 2844:), placed under the command of General 2796: 2720:, who ordered the responsible officers 2580:Collaboration in German-occupied Poland 1549: 1370:(until 26 September), and a determined 767:Polish Committee of National Liberation 467:in the summer of 1941, the entirety of 14: 16419: 14739: 14717:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10966: 8644:Leszczyński, Adam (7 September 2012). 8555: 8479: 8413: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8242: 7736: 7623:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 5742:that would result in Poland retaining 5679:accelerated offensive action in Europe 4638: 4610:, placed under the overall command of 4419:) on 19 July 1944 and their commander 3994:. Polish soldiers participated in the 3829:Government-in-Exile, communist victory 3681:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 3075:of the industrial base, more powerful 2620:of death sentences for treason by the 2310:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1179:The German "concept of annihilation" ( 1131:On 1 September 1939, without a formal 571:, a former prime minister, arrived in 16164: 15588:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 15020:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 14666:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14622:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13727:Rape during the occupation of Germany 12873: 12167: 11411: 10767: 8673:Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland 8659: 7841: 6471:, Dom Wydawniczy REBIS, Poznań 2009, 6035:Several thousand Poles fought in the 4646: 4290:a substantial contribution to the war 4075:in early 1944, to participate in the 3795:border and the implementation of the 2635:In October 1939, the Nazis ordered a 2461:. Of the 10,000–12,000 Poles sent to 2252:in the summer of 1940 and became the 2091:, published in London in 1942 by the 1767:counties, which became a part of the 1606:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 1215:throughout the "September Campaign". 1200:Polish citizens of German nationality 1107:Polish infantry in action during the 1080:German and Soviet invasions of Poland 1016: 781:and shifting the country west to the 595:in France, Britain and elsewhere. A 532:and annihilating those perceived as " 14710:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 13742:Rape during the liberation of France 11375:Poland 1939: The birth of Blitzkrieg 11250:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 11228:, Princeton University Press, 2002, 11091: 10845:Forced migration in the 20th century 9572:Weinbaum, Laurence (21 April 2015). 8814:Museum of the History of Polish Jews 8593: 8356: 8080:Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 7980:, Princeton University Press, 2002, 7629:. Berghahn Books. pp. 308–315. 6993: 6729:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg 5344:abandonment of Poland to Soviet rule 4968:, returned to Poland after the war. 4276:), eventually resigned his post and 2757:The former prime minister of Poland 2566:According to a 2009 estimate by the 2436:A rule of terror was started by the 2254:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 2205:According to a 2009 estimate by the 2037:A German lawyer and prominent Nazi, 686:perpetrated by the Soviets, and the 615:resident in Poland. There were also 11437: 11007:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 10477:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 10382:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 9991:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 9726:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 9362:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 9207:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 9147:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 8989:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 8837:Green, Peter S. (8 February 2003). 8810:"Jedwabne – timeline of remebrance" 8782:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 8726:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 8392: 8338: 8318:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 8289:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 7729:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 7547:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 7473:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 7431:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 7072:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 6703:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 6616:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 6488:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 6250:Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, 5129:on July 22, initiating the crucial 5097:, was established in Warsaw by the 4396:Soviet and Polish-communist victory 4138:Central Bureau Communists of Poland 3904:A quasi-parliamentary and advisory 3804:Historiography of the Volyn tragedy 3698: 3580:) was founded on the initiative of 3037:in occupied Poland, as well as the 2774:", who received financial rewards. 2433:) was persecuted as "anti-Soviet". 2306:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1687:(initially Reichsgau Westpreussen); 1576:German invasion of the Soviet Union 1544:Polish contribution to World War II 1518:continued until 2 October, and the 1161:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 909:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 24: 14936:German invasion of the Netherlands 13216:Weather events during World War II 11302:(1st ed.; N.Y.:Hippocrene, 1994). 9954:. Published by McFarland. Page 247 8090:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79. 6057: 6029: 6009: 5993: 5969: 5900: 5884: 5872: 5839: 5802: 5785: 5768: 5732: 5716: 5704: 5691: 5663: 5647: 5635: 5609: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5555: 5538: 5525: 5501:Polish culture during World War II 5265:Armed Forces Delegation for Poland 5073:Beginnings of communist government 4556:. The Poles, commanded by General 3673:conflict at the end of World War I 3241:massacred in the districts of Wola 2672:, with the occupier. According to 2298:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 2272:, as they applied the policies of 2264:administrators used slogans about 1827:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany 1595:Polish culture during World War II 1473: 1397: 1382:On 11 September, foreign minister 1098: 834:contrary to the provisions of the 583:, the government was evacuated to 25: 16478: 16457:World War II occupied territories 15567:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 11488:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 11390: 11180:Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw 10875:Leszczyński, Adam (19 May 2014). 10778:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. 9835:"The Righteous Among The Nations" 9772:Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki. 8133:Institute of National Remembrance 6940:Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki. 6051:underground armed organizations. 5511:World War II casualties of Poland 5435:, transferring most of them into 5400:millions of Germans were expelled 4020:Germany attacked the Soviet Union 4014:, released from a Soviet POW camp 3574:Provisional Committee to Aid Jews 3439:German attack on the Soviet Union 3311: 2981:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 2848:, a minister in that government. 2787:Institute of National Remembrance 2375:, but only a small proportion of 2207:Institute of National Remembrance 2195:, prospered also during the war. 1924:), which included the Białystok, 1911:German attack on the Soviet Union 966:German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact 903:Aftermath of the Munich Agreement 871:and regaining the territory. The 844:remilitarization of the Rhineland 788: 480:Institute of National Remembrance 471:, which proceeded to advance its 449:German–Soviet non-aggression pact 16192: 16127: 12899: 11873:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 11207:. University Press of Kentucky. 10838: 10681: 10402: 9958: 9940: 9927: 9827: 8885: 8627: 8599: 8464:I wtedy Bóg zesłał Żydom Polaków 7627:Demography and National Security 5475: 5461: 5423:included also the moving of the 5004:b) due to the occupiers’ terror 5002:a) due to direct military action 4941:Central Committee of Polish Jews 3594:Government Delegation for Poland 3360:Starving Jewish children in the 3120:27th Home Army Infantry Division 3012:After Operation Barbarossa, the 2895:was a military structure of the 2574:Collaboration with the occupiers 2250:incorporated by the Soviet Union 2073:Public execution of 54 Poles in 1952:Bezirke Litauen und Weißrussland 1388:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 1176:Polish-French-British alliance. 794:Rearmament and first annexations 607:network and became known as the 382: 370: 56: 11189:. Yale University Press, 2012. 11078: 8178: 7480: 7028: 6333: 5864:Polish Armed Forces in the West 4992:Number of persons in thousands 4966:Polish Armed Forces in the West 4603:, entering the city on 11 May. 4292:. In May, participating in the 4216:In November–December 1943, the 4099:) and in the Soviet Union (the 3845:Polish Armed Forces in the East 3841:Polish Armed Forces in the West 3578:Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom 3225:directing their attention south 3140:forces of the Polish right-wing 2993:support of resistance movements 2467:Polish Armed Forces in the East 2270:dictatorship of the proletariat 1270:reconnaissance-bombers, and 45 465:Axis attack on the Soviet Union 15814:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 13524:Territorial changes of Germany 13432:Indonesian National Revolution 11129:Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004 10877:"Z ziemi polskiej do włoskiej" 6990:, expatica.com, 30 August 2009 6094: 6058: 6030: 6010: 5994: 5970: 5901: 5885: 5873: 5845:The right-wing anti-communist 5840: 5803: 5786: 5769: 5733: 5717: 5705: 5692: 5664: 5648: 5636: 5610: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5556: 5539: 5526: 5416:Polish–Soviet border agreement 5350:Soviet-controlled Polish state 5101:(PPR) on January 1, 1944. The 4537:and the forces engaged in the 4196:Decline of Government-in-Exile 3721:massacres of Poles in Volhynia 3592:and under the auspices of the 3474:, eastern Poland, and western 3431:Auschwitz I concentration camp 3324:and urban poor in many towns. 2893:National Military Organization 2417:One of the mass graves of the 1583:Occupation of Poland (1939–45) 1362:was fought west of the middle 1185:) that later evolved into the 717:in Moscow. In late 1943 a new 469:Poland was occupied by Germany 13: 1: 15214:Japanese invasion of Thailand 15165:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14929:German invasion of Luxembourg 13310:Mediterranean and Middle East 11402:Polish Losses in World War II 9811:. Haaretz.com, Feb. 11, 2017. 9792:Co premier widzi, a czego nie 9601:. Retrieved 07 February 2018. 9580:. Retrieved 01 December 2015. 9394:Przyczółek Czerniakowski 1944 8881:– via Internet Archive. 8845:. Retrieved 04 February 2018. 8610:Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe 8564:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 8496:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 7821:Victor A. Kravchenko (1988). 5830:Lublin Provisional Government 5491:History of Poland (1945–1989) 5398:. Per the Potsdam agreement, 4933:Polish War Reparations Bureau 4368:that held many Polish female 3711:in the village of Lipniki in 3650: 2499:, for instance) to the Gulag 2232:, with the exception of the 1968: – the Polish 1856:, except for the area around 1838:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty 1685:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 1669:), which included the entire 1480:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty 838:– the foundation of the post- 785:, at the expense of Germany. 473:racial and genocidal policies 15121:Invasion of the Soviet Union 14810:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 14128:Independent State of Croatia 11366:Terlecki, Olgierd. (1972), 9964:Magosci, Motyka, Rossolinski 9563:. Retrieved 08 January 2015. 8606:Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN 8470:. Retrieved 14 October 2017. 8082:; Gottfried Schramm (1997). 7536:Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 7016:Introduction reproduced here 6817:(in Russian). Moscow, Veche. 6254:, pp. 483–490. Kraków 2009, 6087: 5939:in post-war Germany. At the 5855:Holy Cross Mountains Brigade 5547:March Constitution of Poland 5215:Government of National Unity 4500:Auschwitz concentration camp 4415:was crossed by the Soviets ( 4344:, the division crossed into 4332:distinguished itself at the 3895:April Constitution of Poland 3659:, inhabited at that time by 3344:, most Jews who escaped the 3259:) were particularly brutal. 2822:Service for Poland's Victory 2716:, commander-in-chief in the 2064:sheltered by Polish families 2055:more immediate extermination 1972:, was incorporated into the 1343:took over and organized the 666:alongside the Soviets. The " 548:were perpetrated in western 7: 16432:History of Poland by period 16105:End of World War II in Asia 15945:Western invasion of Germany 15452:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 15429:Second Battle of El Alamein 14999:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14971:Battle of the Mediterranean 14824:Italian invasion of Albania 12998:Air warfare of World War II 11654:Central European Initiative 11465:Prehistory and protohistory 9774:A Concise History of Poland 8962:A Concise History of Poland 8527:Gunnar S. Paulsson (2004). 6942:A Concise History of Poland 6854:#13 (795), 23–29 March 2015 5454: 4677:and Eastern Germany 1944–45 4626:in the westerly direction. 4517:went to the Oder along the 4190:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 3610:Righteous Among the Nations 2995:in central-eastern Europe. 2666:Righteous Among the Nations 2259:The Soviets considered the 2230:annexed to Soviet territory 2141:, a Nazi plan to engage in 1512:capitulated on 29 September 1345:defense of the capital city 1266:and 20 P.11a fighters, 120 1062:Cryptanalysis of the Enigma 1047:minister of foreign affairs 911:began with the invasion of 823:developing modern warfare. 773:, after the arrival of the 713:in occupied Poland and the 670:" was instead taken to the 662:, intended to fight on the 579:was soon formed. After the 140:Prehistory and protohistory 10: 16483: 16031:Naval bombardment of Japan 15399:First Battle of El Alamein 15318:Battle of Christmas Island 15263:Japanese invasion of Burma 15027:Italian invasion of Greece 14943:German invasion of Belgium 14915:German invasion of Denmark 14888:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14757:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 13021:Comparative military ranks 11377:, Osprey Publishing 2002, 11287:, Osprey Publishing 2009, 11201:Fritz, Stephen G. (2011). 11082: 11061:Masakra żołnierzy Berlinga 9798:. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 7798:Cambridge University Press 7461:. Retrieved 24 March 2015. 7035:Chapoutot, Johann (2018). 5820:said the following in the 5814:Polish Government-in-Exile 5085:was issued on 22 July 1944 3899:people seen as compromised 3838: 3835:Polish government-in-exile 3832: 3801: 3786:Polish Government-in-Exile 3741:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 3588:), known by the code-name 3565: 3457:Chełmno extermination camp 3392:Jewish Combat Organization 3300: 3188:Polish Government-in-Exile 3046:Jewish Combat Organization 2957:After Operation Barbarossa 2875:and a military arm of the 2830:Polish Government-in-Exile 2800: 2718:Polish Government-in-Exile 2702:Soviet partisans in Poland 2577: 2538:Polish Government-in-Exile 2220: 2093:Polish Government-in-Exile 1974:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1960:Reichskommissariat Ostland 1725:Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz 1713:), which became a part of 1603: 1580: 1083: 1067:At the end of August, the 601:largest military component 577:Polish Government-in-Exile 363:Timeline of Polish history 16328: 16210: 16120: 15952:Bratislava–Brno offensive 15892: 15883:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 15620: 15507:Allied invasion of Sicily 15461: 15367:Aleutian Islands campaign 15339:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 15286: 15277:Greek famine of 1941–1944 15172:Second Battle of Changsha 15077:German invasion of Greece 15045: 14922:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 14897: 14835: 14730: 14611: 14337: 14247: 14095: 13798: 13789: 13547: 13372: 13264:North and Central Pacific 13225: 12987: 12980: 12907: 12814: 12565: 12428: 12382: 12304: 12201: 12132: 12083: 12035: 11920: 11907: 11898: 11793: 11784: 11644: 11635: 11573: 11564: 11524: 11455: 11446: 11009:Historia Polski 1918–1945 10479:Historia Polski 1918–1945 10384:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9993:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9728:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9419:Columbia University Press 9364:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9209:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9149:Historia Polski 1918–1945 9078:. Retrieved 30 June 2016. 8991:Historia Polski 1918–1945 8784:Historia Polski 1918–1945 8728:Historia Polski 1918–1945 8656:. Retrieved 11 June 2014. 8646:"Polacy wobec Holocaustu" 8320:Historia Polski 1918–1945 8291:Historia Polski 1918–1945 8218:Gustaw Herling-Grudziński 8045:"Ukrainian Collaborators" 7747:. Dutton. pp. 88–95. 7731:Historia Polski 1918–1945 7566:Historia Polski 1914–1997 7549:Historia Polski 1918–1945 7475:Historia Polski 1918–1945 7433:Historia Polski 1918–1945 7074:Historia Polski 1918–1945 6705:Historia Polski 1918–1945 6618:Historia Polski 1918–1945 6490:Historia Polski 1918–1945 6252:Historia Polski 1918–1945 5626:Sikorski–Mayski agreement 5282:Council of National Unity 5230:Persecution of opposition 5195:Council of National Unity 4683: 4564:, completed on 18 March. 4554:East Pomeranian Offensive 4286:Polish forces in the West 4264:to the Soviet Union, the 3984:exceptional contributions 3912:. The vice-chairmen were 3646:Polish-Ukrainian conflict 3538:. According to historian 3281:almost totally demolished 3108:Council of National Unity 2602:German minority in Poland 2557:Sikorski–Mayski agreement 2531:of the death of the poet 1966:Bezirk Wolhynien-Podolien 1892:before 1914 was given to 1769:Province of Upper Silesia 1727:) or, unofficially, East 1695:Regierungsbezirk Zichenau 1428:Soviet invasion of Poland 1407:Soviet invasion of Poland 1139:using the pretext of the 1094:Slovak invasion of Poland 1090:Soviet invasion of Poland 816:Central Industrial Region 688:death of General Sikorski 16462:Politics of World War II 16447:Modern history of Poland 15544:Allied invasion of Italy 15521:Solomon Islands campaign 15270:Third Battle of Changsha 14867:First Battle of Changsha 14773:Second Sino-Japanese War 13713:German military brothels 13579:United States war crimes 11649:Administrative divisions 11370:, Interpress Publishers. 11046:Halik Kochanski (2012). 11033:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10994:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10953:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10807:Historia Polski XX wieku 10705:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10674:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10661:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10647:Historia Polski XX wieku 10601:Historia Polski XX wieku 10577:Historia Polski XX wieku 10553:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10537:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10517:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10501:Historia Polski XX wieku 10457:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10435:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10369:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10356:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10343:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10330:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10317:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10301:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10251:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10238:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10225:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10196:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10161:Historia Polski XX wieku 10117:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10104:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10091:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10075:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10061:Historia Polski XX wieku 10043:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10030:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10017:Halik Kochanski (2012). 10004:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9973:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9920:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9904:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9888:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9859:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9739:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9694:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9681:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9668:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9648:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9613:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9535:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9494:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9474:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9381:Biedni Polacy na żniwach 9377:Biedni Polacy na żniwach 9287:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9223:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9193:Historia Polski XX wieku 9165:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9118:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9055:Historia Polski XX wieku 9029:Halik Kochanski (2012). 9011:Historia Polski XX wieku 8916:Historia Polski XX wieku 8445:Halik Kochanski (2012). 8387:Historia Polski XX wieku 8331:Halik Kochanski (2012). 8305:Halik Kochanski (2012). 8276:Halik Kochanski (2012). 8254:Bez ostatniego rozdziału 7951:Indiana University Press 7621:various authors (2001). 7398:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7370:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7308:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7277:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7257:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7237:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7213:Halik Kochanski (2012). 7202:Historia Polski XX wieku 6957:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6923:Historia Polski XX wieku 6879:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6863:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6832:Historia Polski XX wieku 6756:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6683:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6660:Historia Polski XX wieku 6629:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6587:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6573:Historia Polski XX wieku 6540:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6456:Historia Polski XX wieku 6428:Historia Polski XX wieku 6406:Historia Polski XX wieku 6383:Halik Kochanski (2012). 6214:Historia Polski XX wieku 6188:Historia Polski XX wieku 6156:Historia Polski XX wieku 5724:Polish Underground State 5516: 5318:nationalistic right wing 5289:Polish Underground State 5269:Freedom and Independence 5000:1. Loss of life — total 4535:clearing of East Prussia 4266:Polish American Congress 4144:ruling personalities as 4101:Union of Polish Patriots 3887:anti-Sanation opposition 3735:), a campaign of ethnic 3689:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 3205:Mikołajczyk, the Soviet 3039:Union of Polish Patriots 2877:Polish Underground State 2826:Służba Zwycięstwu Polski 2626:Polish Underground State 2088:The Black Book of Poland 1032:Polish–Romanian alliance 959:). Poland would join an 891:and gave its support to 715:Union of Polish Patriots 605:Polish Underground State 558:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 15966:Second Guangxi campaign 15821:Philippines (1944–1945) 15325:Battle of the Coral Sea 15228:Fall of the Philippines 14874:Battle of South Guangxi 14780:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 14186:Italian Social Republic 11848:Regional GDP per capita 11123:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan 8648:. (A conversation with 8369:Klaus-Peter Friedrich. 8185:beanbean (2008-05-02). 7859:Indeks represjonowanych 7570:Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN 6809:Мельтюхов М.И. (2000). 6083:rescue attempt) began. 6023:fell in that category. 5278:Jan Stanisław Jankowski 4036:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3743:, which was the Polish 3667:(and until recently by 3303:The Holocaust in Poland 3297:The Holocaust in Poland 3197:Warsaw Uprising in the 3184:Jan Stanisław Jankowski 3065:parliamentary democracy 2989:Polish armed resistance 2838:Union of Armed Struggle 2689:were formed across the 1998:), with its capital at 1834:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1832:Under the terms of the 1759:counties, and parts of 1610:The Holocaust in Poland 1499:Romania helped General 1445:Border Protection Corps 1002:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 987:of Germany and (right) 981:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 964:renounced the existing 810:, along with President 808:his political followers 761:in 1943/44 in occupied 544:and to a lesser extent 233:Early elective monarchy 200:10th century–1385 16467:20th century in Poland 16427:Poland in World War II 15551:Armistice of Cassibile 15353:Battle of Dutch Harbor 15304:Battle of the Java Sea 15207:Attack on Pearl Harbor 15107:Syria–Lebanon campaign 15100:Battle of South Shanxi 15070:Invasion of Yugoslavia 14853:Battle of the Atlantic 14467:Korean Liberation Army 14180:(until September 1943) 14137:(until September 1944) 14115:(until September 1944) 12115:Orders and decorations 11345:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11279:word search by Amazon. 11059:Krzysztof Wasilewski, 9933:Timothy Snyder. (2003) 8705:CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8694:Cite journal requires 8667:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 8458:Mirosław Maciorowski, 8158:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 8135:. 2004. Archived from 8051:. McFarland. pp. 7900:Revolution from Abroad 7788:Peter Rutland (1992). 7659:Revolution from Abroad 6256:Wydawnictwo Literackie 6071:'s forces crossed the 6063:The liberation of the 5949:Soviet occupation zone 5908:Provisional Government 5750:and the oil fields of 5261:Provisional Government 5177: 5119:Edward Osóbka-Morawski 5091:State National Council 5086: 4945:antisemitic activities 4624:masses of Germans fled 4620:defense of the country 4531:Konstantin Rokossovsky 4421:Konstantin Rokossovsky 4408: 4181:killed in an air crash 4028:Sikorski–Mayski treaty 4015: 3996:North African Campaign 3992:Battle of the Atlantic 3861: 3816:Pavlivka, Volyn Oblast 3808:Janowa Dolina massacre 3728: 3716: 3434: 3411:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 3365: 3201: 3159:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski 3126:(from February 1944), 3102: 3054:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 3035:State National Council 3009: 2842:Związek Walki Zbrojnej 2679:During Nazi Germany's 2593: 2487: 2422: 2217:Soviet-occupied Poland 2095: 2078: 2002:. It became a part of 1906: 1735:), which included the 1600:German-occupied Poland 1578: 1567: 1410: 1309: 1226: 1128: 1120: 1112: 1073:Polish-French alliance 996: 985:Joachim von Ribbentrop 975:Soviet Prime Minister 759:State National Council 733:led by Prime Minister 637:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 575:, where a replacement 15715:Second Battle of Guam 15611:Bengal famine of 1943 15581:Second Battle of Kiev 15537:Battle of the Dnieper 15242:Battle of Wake Island 15114:East African campaign 15056:Battle of South Henan 14701:atrocities by Germans 14474:Korean Volunteer Army 13455:Occupation of Germany 13209:Music in World War II 11341:Sword, Keith (1991). 11283:Koskodan, Kenneth K. 8861:"Inny obraz sąsiadów" 8608:(in Polish). Warsaw: 8586:Paczkowski (op.cit., 8562:(in Polish). Warsaw: 8556:Hempel, Adam (1990). 8535:. London: Routledge. 8480:Hempel, Adam (1987). 7684:Karolina Lanckorońska 7568:(in Polish). Warsaw: 6649:, pp. 995, 1000–1001. 6079:operation (a limited 5847:National Armed Forces 5388:Recovered Territories 5325:Polish People's Party 5314:disbanded underground 5175: 5168:Allied determinations 5099:Polish Workers' Party 5080: 4612:Michał Rola-Żymierski 4529:commanded by Marshal 4527:2nd Belorussian Front 4417:1st Belorussian Front 4403: 4336:. After fighting the 4330:1st Armoured Division 4300:under General Anders 4206:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4097:Polish Workers' Party 4089:victory at Stalingrad 4022:on 22 June 1941, the 4010:Polish volunteers to 4009: 3914:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 3870:Władysław Raczkiewicz 3857: 3833:Further information: 3745:Volhynian Voivodeship 3706: 3640:National Armed Forces 3636:National Radical Camp 3582:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka 3566:Further information: 3428: 3421:Extermination of Jews 3359: 3196: 3180:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 3128:Operation Ostra Brama 3090: 3041:in the Soviet Union. 3001: 2985:right wing extremists 2901:National Armed Forces 2889:Polish Workers' Party 2801:Further information: 2726:Operation Ostra Brama 2587: 2483: 2416: 2379:agriculture was made 2284:to Moscow-controlled 2242:Republic of Lithuania 2084: 2072: 1902: 1876:, with minorities of 1665:(initially Reichsgau 1573: 1557: 1405: 1304: 1221: 1126: 1118: 1106: 974: 727:Franklin D. Roosevelt 711:Polish Workers' Party 116:Territorial evolution 16001:Surrender of Germany 15479:Battle of West Hubei 15436:Guadalcanal campaign 15406:Battle of Stalingrad 15332:Battle of Madagascar 14106:Albania protectorate 13893:(formerly Swaziland) 13602:Wehrmacht war crimes 13418:Expulsion of Germans 13202:Art and World War II 13100:British contribution 13049:Governments in exile 12027:World Heritage Sites 11269:Harvard U.P., 2012, 11243:(Princeton UP, 1979) 11092:Work, Group (1947). 11069:przeglad-tygodnik.pl 10420:Warsaw Uprising 1944 9555:. 15 November 2014. 8869:(77). Archived from 7854:"Represje 1939–1941" 7516:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur 5914:, that is along the 5421:population transfers 5298:Trial of the Sixteen 5191:communist government 5031:a) physical handicap 4574:1st Armoured Brigade 4539:Battle of Königsberg 4374:Stanisław Sosabowski 4302:stormed the fortress 3883:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 3812:Massacre of Ostrówki 3626:in western Ukraine. 3562:Efforts to save Jews 3468:Operation Barbarossa 3429:The entrance to the 3407:Mordechai Anielewicz 2970:Operation Barbarossa 2846:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 2797:Resistance in Poland 2714:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 2681:Operation Barbarossa 2553:Operation Barbarossa 2234:Wilno/Vilnius region 2112:Operation Tannenberg 2101:Operation Barbarossa 2009:Grossdeutsches Reich 1970:Province of Volhynia 1737:Silesian Voivodeship 1663:Reichsgau Wartheland 1637:Treaty of Versailles 1550:Occupation of Poland 1145:German–Polish border 1010:spheres of influence 961:anti-Soviet alliance 836:Treaty of Versailles 674:in 1942 and then to 648:Operation Barbarossa 16091:Potsdam Declaration 15980:Italy (Spring 1945) 15743:Liberation of Paris 15200:Siege of Sevastopol 14218:(until August 1944) 14121:Wang Jingwei regime 13943:from September 1943 13903:from September 1944 13841:from September 1944 13701:Romanian war crimes 13692:Persecution of Jews 13678:Croatian war crimes 13648:Japanese war crimes 13462:Occupation of Japan 13411:First Indochina War 13123:Military production 13035:Declarations of war 12644:Carpathian Ruthenia 11767:Political prisoners 9776:. pp. 260–261. 9578:The Washington Post 9417:volume II, p. 355. 9379:(17 January 2011). 8964:. pp. 264–269. 8960:; Hubert Zawadzki. 8462:. 02 October 2017. 8164:. Lexington Books. 8041:Piotrowski, Tadeusz 8007:(34) 2003 page 4–31 7562:Wojciech Roszkowski 7386:, pp. 341–345. 6944:. pp. 255–256. 5935:and of the city of 5669:After the abortive 5621:Government-in-Exile 5337:Christian Democracy 5287:and thirteen other 5275:Government Delegate 5180:By the time of the 4985: 4639:Poland's war losses 4558:Stanisław Popławski 4506:in the vicinity of 4468:1st Ukrainian Front 4380:fought hard at the 4130:Kościuszko Division 4122:leftist Polish army 3866:Government-in-Exile 3782:Bataliony Chłopskie 3770:Dmytro Klyachkivsky 3733:Volhynian slaughter 3488:extermination camps 3253:Dirlewanger Brigade 3058:extermination camps 2861:Bataliony Chłopskie 2686:Reichskommissariats 2613:Deutsche Volksliste 2294:Western Byelorussia 1816:concentration camps 1492:Romanian Bridgehead 1377:Romanian Bridgehead 1360:Battle of the Bzura 1224:Battle of the Bzura 1182:Vernichtungsgedanke 1153:Polish Armed Forces 993:non-aggression pact 937:Free City of Danzig 798:After the death of 597:Resistance movement 589:Polish armed forces 508:extermination camps 206:Jagiellonian period 152:Bronze and Iron Age 16084:Surrender of Japan 15917:Battle of Iwo Jima 15766:Belgrade offensive 15179:Siege of Leningrad 15063:Battle of Shanggao 14992:British Somaliland 14957:Dunkirk evacuation 14908:Norwegian campaign 14846:Invasion of Poland 14673:Japanese prisoners 13641:Italian war crimes 13572:British war crimes 13487:Soviet occupations 13271:South-West Pacific 13158:Allied cooperation 13116:Military equipment 12234:French West Africa 12214:British Somaliland 11373:Steven J. Zaloga, 11326:Lukas, Richard C. 11312:Lukas, Richard C. 11298:Lukas, Richard C. 11114:has generic name ( 11020:Antoni Czubiński, 10940:Antoni Czubiński, 10850:2015-10-21 at the 10805:Antoni Czubiński, 10693:2007-09-30 at the 10645:Antoni Czubiński, 10599:Antoni Czubiński, 10575:Antoni Czubiński, 10499:Antoni Czubiński, 10414:2021-01-21 at the 10159:Antoni Czubiński, 10059:Antoni Czubiński, 9947:Tadeusz Piotrowski 9841:on August 18, 2010 9786:Dawid Warszawski, 9599:Krytyka Polityczna 9513:Krytyka Polityczna 9304:, pp. 32, 117–118. 9191:Antoni Czubiński, 9066:Aleksandra Klich, 9053:Antoni Czubiński, 9009:Antoni Czubiński, 8914:Antoni Czubiński, 8843:The New York Times 8501:2007-09-28 at the 8419:Richard C. Lukas, 8385:Antoni Czubiński, 8110:Antoni Czubiński, 7850:Andrzej Paczkowski 7453:. 3 January 2015. 7449:Dawid Warszawski, 7200:Antoni Czubiński, 7021:2012-03-23 at the 6985:2012-04-06 at the 6921:Antoni Czubiński, 6830:Antoni Czubiński, 6780:Tadeusz Piotrowski 6739:. Yale Law School. 6737:The Avalon Project 6658:Antoni Czubiński, 6571:Antoni Czubiński, 6467:Antoni Czubiński, 6454:Antoni Czubiński, 6426:Antoni Czubiński, 6404:Antoni Czubiński, 6212:Antoni Czubiński, 6186:Antoni Czubiński, 5977:Vyacheslav Molotov 5941:Potsdam Conference 5655:General Government 5392:Potsdam Conference 5329:National Democracy 5280:, chairman of the 5203:Vyacheslav Molotov 5178: 5125:was proclaimed in 5093:(KRN), chaired by 5087: 5033:b) mental handicap 4975: 4855:Murowana Oszmianka 4770:Sandomierz–Silesia 4589:Karol Świerczewski 4585:Second Polish Army 4562:assault on Kolberg 4409: 4338:Battle of Chambois 4278:Tomasz Arciszewski 4142:Stalinist Poland's 4016: 3957:Norwegian Campaign 3874:Władysław Sikorski 3862: 3859:Władysław Sikorski 3717: 3524:Operation Reinhard 3435: 3415:Polish underground 3366: 3228:toward the Balkans 3202: 3103: 3010: 2883:and its successor 2853:Władysław Sikorski 2781:in July 1941, the 2770:by the so-called " 2763:Gunnar S. Paulsson 2748:Tadeusz Piotrowski 2736:in Norway, or the 2594: 2488: 2423: 2397:General Government 2193:independent Poland 2096: 2079: 2022:General Government 1992:General Government 1907: 1812:General Government 1579: 1568: 1501:Władysław Sikorski 1411: 1314:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 1310: 1245:shell Westerplatte 1240:Schleswig-Holstein 1227: 1222:Polish cavalry at 1133:declaration of war 1129: 1121: 1113: 1109:Invasion of Poland 1086:Invasion of Poland 1045:became the Soviet 1043:Vyacheslav Molotov 1039:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 1017:Military alliances 997: 977:Vyacheslav Molotov 895:'s expansion into 885:took over the area 705:by empowering the 603:was a part of the 569:Władysław Sikorski 556:) from 1943. The 542:massacres of Poles 433:invasion of Poland 389:History portal 278:Partitioned Poland 243:Deluge and decline 16414: 16413: 16158: 16157: 16116: 16115: 15959:Battle of Okinawa 15858:Burma (1944–1945) 15692:Mariana and Palau 15472:Tunisian campaign 15297:Fall of Singapore 15221:Fall of Hong Kong 14964:Battle of Britain 14817:Operation Himmler 14726: 14725: 14390:Dutch East Indies 14033:Southern Rhodesia 13785: 13784: 13685:Genocide of Serbs 13588:German war crimes 13565:Soviet war crimes 13558:Allied war crimes 13404:Division of Korea 13383:Chinese Civil War 13181:Strategic bombing 13093:Manhattan Project 12867: 12866: 12458:Dutch East Indies 12296:Southern Rhodesia 12229:French Somaliland 12161: 12160: 12128: 12127: 12050:Ethnic minorities 11894: 11893: 11780: 11779: 11733:Political parties 11679:Foreign relations 11631: 11630: 11560: 11559: 11516:Poland since 1989 11359:Snyder, Timothy. 11322:978-0-7818-1302-0 11293:978-1-84908-479-6 11246:Hiden, John. ed. 11222:Gross, Jan Tomasz 11195:978-0-300-16660-6 11145:Poland, 1939–1947 11048:The Eagle Unbowed 11035:The Eagle Unbowed 10996:The Eagle Unbowed 10955:The Eagle Unbowed 10929:No Simple Victory 10916:No Simple Victory 10903:No Simple Victory 10890:No Simple Victory 10833:No Simple Victory 10785:978-0-230-33730-5 10749:Europe: A History 10736:Europe: A History 10720:Europe: A History 10707:The Eagle Unbowed 10676:The Eagle Unbowed 10663:The Eagle Unbowed 10627:No Simple Victory 10614:No Simple Victory 10555:The Eagle Unbowed 10539:The Eagle Unbowed 10519:The Eagle Unbowed 10459:The Eagle Unbowed 10437:The Eagle Unbowed 10397:No Simple Victory 10371:The Eagle Unbowed 10358:The Eagle Unbowed 10345:The Eagle Unbowed 10332:The Eagle Unbowed 10319:The Eagle Unbowed 10303:The Eagle Unbowed 10271:Europe: A History 10253:The Eagle Unbowed 10240:The Eagle Unbowed 10227:The Eagle Unbowed 10211:No Simple Victory 10198:The Eagle Unbowed 10185:978-83-7700-042-7 10139:978-8-385-71961-8 10119:The Eagle Unbowed 10106:The Eagle Unbowed 10093:The Eagle Unbowed 10077:The Eagle Unbowed 10045:The Eagle Unbowed 10032:The Eagle Unbowed 10019:The Eagle Unbowed 10006:The Eagle Unbowed 9975:The Eagle Unbowed 9922:The Eagle Unbowed 9906:The Eagle Unbowed 9890:The Eagle Unbowed 9877:No Simple Victory 9861:The Eagle Unbowed 9822:No Simple Victory 9790:. 18 April 2019. 9757:No Simple Victory 9741:The Eagle Unbowed 9696:The Eagle Unbowed 9683:The Eagle Unbowed 9670:The Eagle Unbowed 9650:The Eagle Unbowed 9637:No Simple Victory 9615:The Eagle Unbowed 9537:The Eagle Unbowed 9521:978-83-63855-61-1 9515:, Warszawa 2014, 9496:The Eagle Unbowed 9476:The Eagle Unbowed 9452:No Simple Victory 9439:No Simple Victory 9427:978-0-231-12819-3 9421:, New York 2005, 9402:978-83-89943-65-1 9348:No Simple Victory 9335:No Simple Victory 9322:No Simple Victory 9302:No Simple Victory 9289:The Eagle Unbowed 9247:Europe: A History 9225:The Eagle Unbowed 9167:The Eagle Unbowed 9133:No Simple Victory 9120:The Eagle Unbowed 9102:No Simple Victory 9089:No Simple Victory 9031:The Eagle Unbowed 8859:(31 March 2001). 8857:Tomasz Strzembosz 8797:Europe: A History 8675:by Bogdan Musial" 8447:The Eagle Unbowed 8333:The Eagle Unbowed 8307:The Eagle Unbowed 8278:The Eagle Unbowed 7413:No Simple Victory 7400:The Eagle Unbowed 7372:The Eagle Unbowed 7352:No Simple Victory 7339:No Simple Victory 7323:No Simple Victory 7310:The Eagle Unbowed 7292:No Simple Victory 7279:The Eagle Unbowed 7259:The Eagle Unbowed 7239:The Eagle Unbowed 7215:The Eagle Unbowed 7161:No Simple Victory 7148:Europe: A History 7132:No Simple Victory 7116:No Simple Victory 7094:No Simple Victory 7012:978-83-7629-067-6 6959:The Eagle Unbowed 6881:The Eagle Unbowed 6865:The Eagle Unbowed 6758:The Eagle Unbowed 6685:The Eagle Unbowed 6647:Europe: A History 6631:The Eagle Unbowed 6602:No Simple Victory 6589:The Eagle Unbowed 6555:No Simple Victory 6542:The Eagle Unbowed 6526:Europe: A History 6477:978-83-7177-546-8 6385:The Eagle Unbowed 6364:978-0-14-311409-3 6358:, New York 2006, 6328:978-0-674-06814-8 6308:Europe: A History 6264:978-83-08-04125-3 6164:978-83-63795-01-6 6133:Europe: A History 5959:in 1970 and with 5818:Winston Churchill 5698:Soviets arrived. 5441:Operation Vistula 5223:Stanisław Grabski 5219:Władysław Gomułka 5070: 5069: 4984: 4928: 4927: 4840:Polish resistance 4597:Battle of Bautzen 4470:broke out of its 4460:massive offensive 4452:Operation Tempest 4448:Underground State 4378:Parachute Brigade 4366:war prisoner camp 4334:Battle of Falaise 4322:Normandy landings 4318:Battle of Bologna 4243:National Alliance 4218:Tehran Conference 4202:Moscow Conference 4158:First Polish Army 4105:Władysław Gomułka 3988:Battle of Britain 3949:Winston Churchill 3910:Ignacy Paderewski 3820:Przebraże Defence 3797:Operation Vistula 3624:Andrey Sheptytsky 3586:Rada Pomocy Żydom 3286:Underground State 3151:First Polish Army 3147:eastern provinces 3116:Operation Tempest 3021:and elsewhere in 2818:guerrilla warfare 2752:Joseph Rothschild 2743:Distrikt Galizien 2658:Polish resistance 2622:Underground court 2546:Soviet propaganda 2312:) on 2 November. 2191:), privileged in 2179:land-owning class 1980:Distrikt Galizien 1884:(for numbers see 1733:Ost-Oberschlesien 1721:Katowice District 1540:Battle of Britain 1368:Tomaszów Lubelski 1356:Stefan Starzyński 1307:bombing of Warsaw 1141:Gleiwitz incident 1111:in September 1939 941:League of Nations 925:forced to give up 832:German rearmament 735:Winston Churchill 725:led by President 707:Polish communists 429:history of Poland 425: 424: 377:Poland portal 354: 353: 326: 325: 261: 260: 214: 213: 182:Early Middle Ages 16:(Redirected from 16474: 16197: 16196: 16195: 16185: 16178: 16171: 16162: 16161: 16151: 16144: 16137: 16134:World portal 16132: 16131: 16107: 16100: 16093: 16086: 16077: 16070: 16063: 16054: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16010: 16003: 15996: 15994:Prague offensive 15989: 15987:Battle of Berlin 15982: 15975: 15968: 15961: 15954: 15947: 15940: 15933: 15931:Vienna offensive 15926: 15919: 15912: 15910:Battle of Manila 15905: 15885: 15876: 15867: 15860: 15851: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15816: 15809: 15800: 15791: 15784: 15775: 15768: 15761: 15754: 15745: 15738: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15694: 15687: 15678: 15669: 15660: 15653: 15651:Korsun–Cherkassy 15646: 15635: 15613: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15553: 15546: 15539: 15532: 15523: 15516: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15493:Bombing of Gorky 15488: 15481: 15474: 15454: 15447: 15438: 15431: 15424: 15415: 15408: 15401: 15394: 15383: 15376: 15369: 15362: 15360:Battle of Midway 15355: 15348: 15346:Battle of Gazala 15341: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15299: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15258: 15256:Battle of Borneo 15251: 15249:Malayan campaign 15244: 15237: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15209: 15202: 15195: 15193:Bombing of Gorky 15188: 15186:Battle of Moscow 15181: 15174: 15167: 15160: 15153: 15146: 15130: 15123: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15095: 15086: 15079: 15072: 15065: 15058: 15038: 15029: 15022: 15015: 15008: 15001: 14994: 14987: 14980: 14973: 14966: 14959: 14952: 14950:Battle of France 14945: 14938: 14931: 14924: 14917: 14910: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14848: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14803:Munich Agreement 14798: 14791: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14759: 14752: 14737: 14736: 14719: 14712: 14703: 14696: 14689: 14688:Soviet prisoners 14682: 14675: 14668: 14659: 14652: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14628:German prisoners 14624: 14604: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14541: 14534: 14527: 14520: 14513: 14506: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14476: 14469: 14462: 14455: 14448: 14441: 14434: 14427: 14420: 14413: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14385: 14378: 14371: 14364: 14357: 14350: 14330: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14274: 14267: 14260: 14240: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14188: 14181: 14173: 14166: 14164:French Indochina 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14130: 14123: 14116: 14108: 14088: 14079: 14072: 14063: 14056: 14049: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14021: 14014: 14011:from August 1944 14002: 13995: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13946: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13894: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13844: 13832: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13796: 13795: 13776: 13769: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13737: 13722: 13715: 13708: 13703: 13694: 13687: 13680: 13671: 13664: 13657: 13655:Nanjing Massacre 13650: 13643: 13634: 13632:Nuremberg trials 13625: 13618: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13590: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13560: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13517: 13510: 13503: 13496: 13489: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13392: 13385: 13365: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13333: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13236:Asia and Pacific 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13167: 13165:Mulberry harbour 13160: 13153: 13146: 13139: 13132: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13079: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 13016: 13007: 13000: 12985: 12984: 12973: 12966: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12871: 12870: 12618:Military history 12372:Native Americans 12188: 12181: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12141: 11905: 11904: 11886: 11813:Economic history 11803:Balcerowicz Plan 11791: 11790: 11642: 11641: 11578:Cities and towns 11571: 11570: 11511:Communist Poland 11491: 11483: 11453: 11452: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11409: 11408: 11356: 11261:Kochanski, Halik 11218: 11155:God's Playground 11119: 11113: 11109: 11107: 11099: 11072: 11057: 11051: 11044: 11038: 11031: 11025: 11018: 11012: 11005: 10999: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10964: 10958: 10951: 10945: 10938: 10932: 10925: 10919: 10912: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10854: 10842: 10836: 10829: 10823: 10816: 10810: 10803: 10790: 10789: 10771: 10765: 10758: 10752: 10751:, pp. 1061–1062. 10745: 10739: 10732: 10723: 10722:, pp. 1050–1051. 10716: 10710: 10703: 10697: 10685: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10659: 10650: 10643: 10630: 10623: 10617: 10610: 10604: 10597: 10580: 10573: 10558: 10551: 10542: 10535: 10522: 10515: 10504: 10497: 10482: 10475: 10462: 10455: 10440: 10433: 10422: 10406: 10400: 10393: 10387: 10380: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10341: 10335: 10328: 10322: 10315: 10306: 10299: 10286: 10283: 10274: 10273:, pp. 1036–1039. 10267: 10256: 10249: 10243: 10236: 10230: 10223: 10214: 10207: 10201: 10194: 10188: 10170: 10164: 10157: 10142: 10131: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10102: 10096: 10089: 10080: 10073: 10064: 10057: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9989: 9978: 9971: 9965: 9962: 9956: 9944: 9938: 9931: 9925: 9918: 9909: 9902: 9896: 9886: 9880: 9873: 9864: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9812: 9809:'Orgy of Murder' 9805: 9799: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9769: 9760: 9753: 9744: 9737: 9731: 9724: 9711: 9708: 9699: 9692: 9686: 9679: 9673: 9666: 9653: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9618: 9611: 9602: 9587: 9581: 9570: 9564: 9549: 9543: 9533: 9524: 9505: 9499: 9492: 9479: 9472: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9435: 9429: 9415:God's Playground 9411: 9405: 9390: 9384: 9375:Marcin Zaremba, 9373: 9367: 9360: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9331: 9325: 9318: 9305: 9298: 9292: 9285: 9274: 9261:Norbert Bączyk, 9259: 9250: 9249:, pp. 1040–1044. 9243: 9228: 9221: 9212: 9205: 9196: 9189: 9170: 9163: 9152: 9145: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9072:"Jeden drugiemu" 9070:. 25 June 2016. 9064: 9058: 9051: 9034: 9027: 9014: 9007: 8994: 8987: 8978: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8954: 8919: 8912: 8899: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8873:on June 10, 2001 8852: 8846: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8806: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8780: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8753: 8747: 8742:Rimantas Zizas. 8741: 8737: 8731: 8724: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8697: 8692: 8690: 8682: 8679:Sarmatian Review 8663: 8657: 8642: 8636: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8612:. Archived from 8597: 8591: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8524: 8515: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8443: 8430: 8417: 8411: 8401: 8390: 8383: 8377: 8367: 8354: 8347: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8294: 8287: 8281: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8250:Władysław Anders 8246: 8240: 8239: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8195:. Archived from 8182: 8176: 8175: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8121: 8115: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8014: 8008: 7998: 7992: 7974:Jan Tomasz Gross 7971: 7965: 7964: 7937: 7931: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7895:Jan Tomasz Gross 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7872:. Archived from 7845: 7839: 7838: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7740: 7734: 7727: 7706: 7705: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7654:Jan Tomasz Gross 7650: 7641: 7640: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7512: 7487: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7447: 7436: 7429: 7416: 7409: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7275: 7262: 7255: 7242: 7235: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7198: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7150:, pp. 1034–1035. 7144: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7112: 7097: 7090: 7077: 7070: 7051: 7050: 7032: 7026: 7004: 6991: 6975: 6962: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6926: 6919: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6844: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6776: 6761: 6754: 6741: 6740: 6725: 6708: 6701: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6656: 6650: 6643: 6637: 6627: 6621: 6614: 6605: 6598: 6592: 6585: 6576: 6569: 6558: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6529: 6528:, pp. 1000–1013. 6522: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6431: 6424: 6409: 6402: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6273: 6267: 6248: 6239: 6228: 6217: 6210: 6191: 6184: 6167: 6152:Antoni Czubiński 6149: 6143: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6104:. Archived from 6098: 6062: 6037:Soviet partisans 6034: 6014: 5998: 5974: 5953:British election 5912:Oder–Neisse line 5905: 5889: 5877: 5851:Jewish partisans 5844: 5826:Lublin Committee 5822:House of Commons 5812:protests of the 5810:Yalta Conference 5807: 5790: 5773: 5737: 5721: 5709: 5696: 5683:Italian Campaign 5668: 5652: 5640: 5614: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5560: 5543: 5530: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5372:Oder–Neisse line 5357:internationalist 5182:Yalta Conference 4986: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4860:Porytowe Wzgórze 4678: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4616:Battle of Berlin 4601:Prague Offensive 4386:Polish Air Force 4382:Battle of Arnhem 4364:and liberated a 4348:, where it took 4326:Stanisław Maczek 4310:Battle of Ancona 4294:Italian Campaign 4235:Peasant Alliance 4154:Roman Zambrowski 4134:Battle of Lenino 4118:Wanda Wasilewska 4093:Polish communist 4077:Italian Campaign 4057:Władysław Anders 3930:Tadeusz Bielecki 3922:Herman Lieberman 3918:peasant movement 3906:National Council 3754:Polish civilians 3699:Ethnic cleansing 3693:ethnic cleansing 3549:Heinrich Himmler 3532:Dawid Warszawski 3472:Baltic countries 3318:Jewish community 3257:R.O.N.A. Brigade 3175:Leopold Okulicki 3052:, provoking the 3014:Soviet partisans 2698:Soviet partisans 2516:Wanda Wasilewska 2485:Wanda Wasilewska 2442:prisoners of war 2385:war with Germany 2302:Soviet republics 2282:staged elections 2200:Nuremberg trials 1918:Bezirk Bialystok 1820:ethnic cleansing 1800:racial screening 1709:, Ciechanów and 1536:Battle of France 1409:, September 1939 1390:deliberating in 1323:on 4 September, 1252:Antoni Czubiński 897:Carpatho-Ukraine 873:Munich Agreement 858:disputed Zaolzie 783:Oder–Neisse line 769:in July 1944 in 755:military actions 696:Allied coalition 692:Western betrayal 538:Ethnic cleansing 447:. Following the 417: 410: 403: 387: 386: 385: 375: 374: 373: 350: 339: 338: 318:Communist Poland 274: 273: 253:Three partitions 229: 228: 192: 191: 187:Christianization 104:Military history 60: 50: 32: 31: 21: 16482: 16481: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16442:1940s in Poland 16417: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16324: 16206: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16159: 16154: 16147: 16140: 16126: 16124: 16112: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16073: 16066: 16059: 16050: 16045:Atomic bombings 16043: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16006: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15943: 15936: 15929: 15922: 15915: 15908: 15901: 15888: 15881: 15870: 15863: 15856: 15847: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15803: 15794: 15787: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15748: 15741: 15736:Eastern Romania 15734: 15729:Warsaw Uprising 15727: 15722:Tannenberg Line 15720: 15713: 15708:Western Ukraine 15706: 15697: 15690: 15681: 15672: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15638: 15629: 15616: 15609: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15572: 15565: 15558: 15549: 15542: 15535: 15526: 15519: 15512: 15505: 15500:Battle of Kursk 15498: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15470: 15457: 15450: 15441: 15434: 15427: 15418: 15411: 15404: 15397: 15388: 15379: 15372: 15365: 15358: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15311:St Nazaire Raid 15309: 15302: 15295: 15282: 15275: 15268: 15261: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15233: 15226: 15219: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15191: 15184: 15177: 15170: 15163: 15156: 15149: 15135: 15126: 15119: 15112: 15105: 15098: 15093:Anglo-Iraqi War 15091: 15084:Battle of Crete 15082: 15075: 15068: 15061: 15054: 15041: 15032: 15025: 15018: 15013:Eastern Romania 15011: 15004: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14969: 14962: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14913: 14906: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14851: 14844: 14831: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14755: 14748: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14699: 14692: 14687: 14678: 14671: 14664: 14655: 14648: 14639: 14632: 14627: 14620: 14607: 14600: 14591: 14584: 14579: 14574:Western Ukraine 14572: 14565: 14558: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14523: 14518:Northeast China 14516: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14430: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14402: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14346: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14305: 14298: 14291: 14284: 14277: 14270: 14263: 14256: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14224:Slovak Republic 14222: 14214: 14207: 14200: 14195:Empire of Japan 14193: 14184: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14133: 14126: 14119: 14111: 14104: 14091: 14084: 14075: 14068: 14059: 14052: 14045: 14038: 14031: 14024: 14017: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13984: 13977: 13970: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13909: 13897: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13807: 13781: 13772: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13740: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13707:Sexual violence 13706: 13699: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13667: 13660: 13653: 13646: 13639: 13630: 13621: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13556: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13513: 13506: 13499: 13492: 13485: 13476: 13467: 13460: 13453: 13446: 13437: 13430: 13425:Greek Civil War 13423: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13368: 13361: 13352: 13345: 13338: 13329: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13299: 13292: 13285: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13250:South-East Asia 13248: 13241: 13234: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13142: 13135: 13128: 13121: 13114: 13109:Military awards 13107: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13003: 12996: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12934: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12903: 12898: 12868: 12863: 12859:Pacific Islands 12854:Solomon Islands 12834:Gilbert Islands 12816: 12810: 12789:Channel Islands 12561: 12424: 12378: 12300: 12197: 12192: 12162: 12157: 12144: 12137: 12124: 12079: 12031: 11997:Public holidays 11916: 11890: 11884: 11878:Venture capital 11776: 11706:Law enforcement 11627: 11613:Protected areas 11556: 11520: 11489: 11481: 11442: 11436: 11393: 11388: 11353: 11215: 11111: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11087: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11058: 11054: 11045: 11041: 11032: 11028: 11019: 11015: 11006: 11002: 10993: 10989: 10982: 10968:Snyder, Timothy 10965: 10961: 10952: 10948: 10939: 10935: 10927:Norman Davies, 10926: 10922: 10914:Norman Davies, 10913: 10909: 10901:Norman Davies, 10900: 10896: 10888:Norman Davies, 10887: 10883: 10874: 10870: 10861: 10857: 10852:Wayback Machine 10843: 10839: 10831:Norman Davies, 10830: 10826: 10818:Andrzej Leder, 10817: 10813: 10804: 10793: 10786: 10772: 10768: 10760:Andrzej Leder, 10759: 10755: 10747:Norman Davies, 10746: 10742: 10734:Norman Davies, 10733: 10726: 10718:Norman Davies, 10717: 10713: 10704: 10700: 10695:Wayback Machine 10686: 10682: 10673: 10669: 10660: 10653: 10644: 10633: 10625:Norman Davies, 10624: 10620: 10612:Norman Davies, 10611: 10607: 10598: 10583: 10574: 10561: 10552: 10545: 10536: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10485: 10476: 10465: 10456: 10443: 10434: 10425: 10416:Wayback Machine 10407: 10403: 10395:Norman Davies, 10394: 10390: 10381: 10377: 10368: 10364: 10355: 10351: 10342: 10338: 10329: 10325: 10316: 10309: 10300: 10289: 10284: 10277: 10269:Norman Davies, 10268: 10259: 10250: 10246: 10237: 10233: 10224: 10217: 10209:Norman Davies, 10208: 10204: 10195: 10191: 10171: 10167: 10158: 10145: 10132: 10125: 10116: 10112: 10103: 10099: 10090: 10083: 10074: 10067: 10058: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10029: 10025: 10016: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9945: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9919: 9912: 9903: 9899: 9887: 9883: 9875:Norman Davies, 9874: 9867: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9820:Norman Davies, 9819: 9815: 9806: 9802: 9785: 9781: 9770: 9763: 9755:Norman Davies, 9754: 9747: 9738: 9734: 9725: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9693: 9689: 9680: 9676: 9667: 9656: 9647: 9643: 9635:Norman Davies, 9634: 9621: 9612: 9605: 9588: 9584: 9571: 9567: 9550: 9546: 9534: 9527: 9507:Andrzej Leder, 9506: 9502: 9493: 9482: 9473: 9458: 9450:Norman Davies, 9449: 9445: 9437:Norman Davies, 9436: 9432: 9413:Norman Davies, 9412: 9408: 9391: 9387: 9374: 9370: 9361: 9354: 9346:Norman Davies, 9345: 9341: 9333:Norman Davies, 9332: 9328: 9320:Norman Davies, 9319: 9308: 9300:Norman Davies, 9299: 9295: 9286: 9277: 9260: 9253: 9245:Norman Davies, 9244: 9231: 9222: 9215: 9206: 9199: 9190: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9146: 9139: 9131:Norman Davies, 9130: 9126: 9117: 9108: 9100:Norman Davies, 9099: 9095: 9087:Norman Davies, 9086: 9082: 9065: 9061: 9052: 9037: 9028: 9017: 9008: 8997: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8955: 8922: 8913: 8902: 8890: 8886: 8876: 8874: 8853: 8849: 8836: 8832: 8823: 8821: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8795:Norman Davies, 8794: 8790: 8781: 8770: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8740:(in Lithuanian) 8739: 8738: 8734: 8725: 8714: 8704: 8695: 8693: 8684: 8683: 8664: 8660: 8643: 8639: 8632: 8628: 8619: 8617: 8598: 8594: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8566:. p. 456. 8554: 8550: 8543: 8525: 8518: 8503:Wayback Machine 8493: 8489: 8478: 8474: 8457: 8453: 8444: 8433: 8418: 8414: 8403:John Connelly, 8402: 8393: 8384: 8380: 8368: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8313: 8304: 8297: 8288: 8284: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8228:. p. 284. 8215: 8211: 8202: 8200: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8155: 8151: 8142: 8140: 8139:on May 27, 2005 8123: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8038: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8015: 8011: 7999: 7995: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7953:. p. 116. 7938: 7934: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7877: 7870: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7824:I Chose Justice 7819: 7815: 7808: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7759:Michael Parrish 7756: 7752: 7741: 7737: 7728: 7709: 7702: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7572:. p. 476. 7559: 7555: 7546: 7542: 7538:, Wrocław, 1997 7530: 7513: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7472: 7465: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7419: 7411:Norman Davies, 7410: 7406: 7397: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7369: 7358: 7350:Norman Davies, 7349: 7345: 7337:Norman Davies, 7336: 7329: 7321:Norman Davies, 7320: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7290:Norman Davies, 7289: 7285: 7276: 7265: 7256: 7245: 7236: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7199: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7159:Norman Davies, 7158: 7154: 7146:Norman Davies, 7145: 7138: 7130:Norman Davies, 7129: 7122: 7114:Norman Davies, 7113: 7100: 7092:Norman Davies, 7091: 7080: 7071: 7054: 7047: 7033: 7029: 7023:Wayback Machine 7005: 6994: 6987:Wayback Machine 6976: 6965: 6956: 6949: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6887: 6878: 6871: 6862: 6858: 6848:Pożytki z Jałty 6845: 6838: 6829: 6822: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6777: 6764: 6755: 6744: 6726: 6711: 6702: 6691: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6645:Norman Davies, 6644: 6640: 6628: 6624: 6615: 6608: 6600:Norman Davies, 6599: 6595: 6586: 6579: 6570: 6561: 6553:Norman Davies, 6552: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6524:Norman Davies, 6523: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6466: 6462: 6453: 6434: 6425: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6348:Norman Davies, 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6320:Halik Kochanski 6318: 6314: 6306:Norman Davies, 6305: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6274: 6270: 6249: 6242: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6194: 6185: 6170: 6150: 6146: 6127: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6081:Warsaw Uprising 6075:and the failed 6069:Zygmunt Berling 5961:unified Germany 5916:Lusatian Neisse 5777:court-martialed 5752:Eastern Galicia 5519: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5352: 5310:armed rebellion 5306:war reparations 5285:Kazimierz Pużak 5232: 5170: 5147:Second Republic 5135:agrarian reform 5095:Bolesław Bierut 5075: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5003: 4979: 4976: 4929: 4924: 4730:Lvov–Sandomierz 4679: 4673: 4671: 4641: 4636: 4560:, then led the 4550:Pomeranian Wall 4486:on 16 January. 4429:Warsaw Uprising 4398: 4247:Labour Alliance 4239:Socialist Party 4198: 4126:Zygmunt Berling 4085: 4004: 3852: 3847: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3701: 3665:Polish minority 3653: 3648: 3570: 3564: 3423: 3354: 3314: 3309: 3301:Main articles: 3299: 3279:. The city was 3212:Royal Air Force 3167:Zygmunt Berling 3136:Warsaw Uprising 3112:Kazimierz Pużak 3100:Warsaw Uprising 3092:Battalion Zośka 3085: 3073:nationalization 2962:Leopold Trepper 2959: 2914:single delegate 2810: 2805: 2799: 2791:Ordnungspolizei 2783:Jedwabne pogrom 2734:Quisling regime 2732:in France, the 2722:court-martialed 2598:occupied Poland 2582: 2576: 2540:in April 1943. 2533:Adam Mickiewicz 2524:Zygmunt Berling 2351:communist party 2336:Polish currency 2317:Lviv University 2290:Western Ukraine 2286:Supreme Soviets 2238:was transferred 2225: 2219: 2198:In the postwar 2139:Generalplan Ost 2059:Jewish councils 2004:Greater Germany 1926:Bielsk Podlaski 1641:Polish Corridor 1627:Generalplan Ost 1612: 1602: 1597: 1581:Main articles: 1552: 1509:Modlin Fortress 1496:Ignacy Mościcki 1476: 1474:End of campaign 1441:Battle of Szack 1400: 1398:Soviet invasion 1372:defense of Lwów 1349:Halik Kochanski 1347:. According to 1135:, Nazi Germany 1101: 1099:German invasion 1096: 1084:Main articles: 1082: 1058:Marian Rejewski 1019: 953:Polish Corridor 929:Klaipėda Region 905: 812:Ignacy Mościcki 800:Józef Piłsudski 796: 791: 641:Warsaw Uprising 552:(prewar Polish 525:Generalplan Ost 475:across Poland. 457:on 17 September 421: 383: 381: 371: 369: 365: 356: 355: 348: 336: 328: 327: 322:1945–1989 312:1939–1945 302:1918–1939 298:Second Republic 292:1914–1918 282:1795–1918 271: 263: 262: 257:1764–1795 247:1648–1764 237:1572–1648 226: 216: 215: 210:1385–1572 177: 167: 166: 142: 132: 131: 130: 68: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16480: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16437:1939 in Poland 16434: 16429: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16329: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205:(1989–present) 16188: 16187: 16180: 16173: 16165: 16156: 16155: 16153: 16152: 16145: 16138: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16101: 16094: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16064: 16061:South Sakhalin 16057: 16056: 16055: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16012: 16011: 15997: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15906: 15898: 15896: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15886: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15861: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15801: 15792: 15785: 15776: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15725: 15718: 15711: 15704: 15695: 15688: 15679: 15670: 15661: 15654: 15647: 15636: 15626: 15624: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15614: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15598: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15563: 15556: 15555: 15554: 15540: 15533: 15524: 15517: 15510: 15503: 15496: 15489: 15486:Battle of Attu 15482: 15475: 15467: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15448: 15439: 15432: 15425: 15416: 15409: 15402: 15395: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15377: 15363: 15356: 15349: 15342: 15335: 15328: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15300: 15292: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15266: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15238: 15235:Battle of Guam 15231: 15224: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15189: 15182: 15175: 15168: 15161: 15158:Battle of Kiev 15154: 15147: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15117: 15110: 15103: 15096: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15051: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15039: 15030: 15023: 15016: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14981: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14953: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14911: 14903: 14901: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14856: 14849: 14841: 14839: 14833: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14776: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14745: 14743: 14734: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14697: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14669: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14657:United Kingdom 14653: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14625: 14617: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14528: 14521: 14514: 14507: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14470: 14456: 14449: 14442: 14435: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14351: 14343: 14341: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14331: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14303: 14296: 14289: 14282: 14275: 14268: 14261: 14253: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14212: 14205: 14198: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14174: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14139: 14131: 14124: 14117: 14109: 14101: 14099: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14061:British Empire 14054:United Kingdom 14050: 14043: 14036: 14029: 14022: 14015: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13907: 13895: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13870:Czechoslovakia 13866: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13804: 13802: 13793: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13770: 13767:Rape of Manila 13763: 13756: 13749: 13738: 13723: 13716: 13704: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13688: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13644: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13628: 13627: 13626: 13619: 13605: 13598: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13553: 13551: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13538:United Nations 13534: 13527: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13483: 13474: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13435: 13428: 13421: 13414: 13407: 13400: 13397:Decolonization 13393: 13386: 13378: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13343: 13336: 13335: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13297: 13283: 13282: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13231: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13212: 13205: 13198: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13161: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13089: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13073: 13070:United Kingdom 13066: 13052: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13009: 13008: 12993: 12991: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12916: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12897: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12874: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12779:British Empire 12774:United Kingdom 12771: 12766: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12747:Basque Country 12739: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12623:Basque Country 12620: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12593:Czechoslovakia 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12569: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12308: 12306: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12205: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12191: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12168: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12150: 12143: 12142: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12100: 12095: 12089: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12041: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11926: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11853:Stock exchange 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11772:Visegrád Group 11769: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11755:Prime Minister 11752: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11716:Prison Service 11713: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11659:Climate change 11656: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11608:Poland A and B 11605: 11603:National parks 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11501:Interwar years 11498: 11493: 11485: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11441: articles 11435: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11399: 11392: 11391:External links 11389: 11387: 11386: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11351: 11338: 11324: 11310: 11296: 11281: 11258: 11244: 11239:Gross, Jan T. 11237: 11219: 11214:978-0813140506 11213: 11198: 11185:Douglas, R.M. 11183: 11177:Davies, Norman 11174: 11151:Davies, Norman 11148: 11141: 11120: 11088: 11083:Main article: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11052: 11050:, pp. 541–545. 11039: 11037:, pp. 537–541. 11026: 11024:, pp. 218, 226 11013: 11011:, pp. 365–367. 11000: 10998:, pp. 460–463. 10987: 10980: 10959: 10957:, pp. 434–439. 10946: 10933: 10931:, pp. 171–172. 10920: 10907: 10905:, pp. 160–161. 10894: 10892:, pp. 483–486. 10881: 10868: 10862:Jerzy Eisler, 10855: 10837: 10835:, pp. 347–348. 10824: 10811: 10791: 10784: 10766: 10753: 10740: 10724: 10711: 10709:, pp. 527–531. 10698: 10680: 10678:, pp. 569–577. 10667: 10665:, pp. 536–537. 10651: 10631: 10618: 10616:, pp. 191–192. 10605: 10581: 10559: 10557:, pp. 552–563. 10543: 10541:, pp. 532–536. 10523: 10521:, pp. 545–552. 10505: 10483: 10481:, pp. 549–553. 10463: 10461:, pp. 515–520. 10441: 10439:, pp. 426–433. 10423: 10401: 10399:, pp. 115–116. 10388: 10386:, pp. 535–548. 10375: 10373:, pp. 486–495. 10362: 10360:, pp. 480–486. 10349: 10347:, pp. 472–480. 10336: 10334:, pp. 456–460. 10323: 10321:, pp. 439–445. 10307: 10305:, pp. 445–454. 10287: 10275: 10257: 10255:, pp. 354–357. 10244: 10242:, pp. 349–354. 10231: 10229:, pp. 325–333. 10215: 10213:, pp. 182–183. 10202: 10200:, pp. 338–344. 10189: 10165: 10143: 10141:, pp. 312–322. 10123: 10121:, pp. 190–193. 10110: 10108:, pp. 182–187. 10097: 10095:, pp. 170–173. 10081: 10079:, pp. 163–170. 10065: 10049: 10047:, pp. 221–224. 10036: 10034:, pp. 231–234. 10023: 10021:, pp. 219–221. 10010: 10008:, pp. 214–219. 9997: 9995:, pp. 512–521. 9979: 9977:, pp. 212–214. 9966: 9957: 9939: 9926: 9924:, pp. 359–363. 9910: 9908:, pp. 103–107. 9897: 9881: 9879:, pp. 351–352. 9865: 9863:, pp. 313–324. 9852: 9826: 9813: 9800: 9779: 9761: 9759:, pp. 327–328. 9745: 9743:, pp. 291–294. 9732: 9730:, pp. 606–609. 9712: 9700: 9698:, pp. 306–313. 9687: 9685:, pp. 303–306. 9674: 9672:, pp. 298–303. 9654: 9652:, pp. 294–298. 9641: 9639:, pp. 358–364. 9619: 9617:, pp. 107–112. 9603: 9582: 9565: 9544: 9525: 9511:, Wydawnictwo 9500: 9498:, pp. 520–527. 9480: 9478:, pp. 499–515. 9456: 9443: 9430: 9406: 9392:Szymon Nowak, 9385: 9368: 9366:, pp. 654–662. 9352: 9339: 9326: 9324:, pp. 119–121. 9306: 9293: 9291:, pp. 402–426. 9275: 9251: 9229: 9227:, pp. 392–402. 9213: 9211:, pp. 642–650. 9197: 9171: 9169:, pp. 384–386. 9153: 9151:, pp. 630–637. 9137: 9135:, pp. 317–318. 9124: 9122:, pp. 285–290. 9106: 9093: 9080: 9059: 9035: 9033:, pp. 278–285. 9015: 8995: 8993:, pp. 627–628. 8979: 8967: 8958:Jerzy Lukowski 8920: 8900: 8884: 8866:Rzeczpospolita 8847: 8830: 8801: 8788: 8786:, pp. 521–535. 8768: 8748: 8732: 8730:, pp. 637–640. 8712: 8696:|journal= 8669:(April 2006). 8658: 8650:Timothy Snyder 8637: 8626: 8592: 8579: 8572: 8548: 8541: 8516: 8487: 8472: 8451: 8449:, pp. 275–276. 8431: 8412: 8391: 8378: 8355: 8349:Carla Tonini, 8337: 8335:, pp. 153–162. 8324: 8311: 8309:, pp. 376–383. 8295: 8282: 8280:, pp. 136–139. 8269: 8262: 8241: 8234: 8209: 8177: 8170: 8149: 8116: 8103: 8096: 8068: 8061: 8032: 8009: 7993: 7966: 7959: 7932: 7923:Jan T. Gross, 7916: 7909: 7886: 7868: 7840: 7833: 7813: 7806: 7790:"Introduction" 7780: 7773: 7750: 7735: 7733:, pp. 570–578. 7707: 7700: 7675: 7668: 7642: 7635: 7610: 7603: 7585: 7578: 7553: 7551:, pp. 569–570. 7540: 7528: 7488: 7479: 7463: 7437: 7435:, pp. 601–606. 7417: 7415:, pp. 323–324. 7404: 7402:, pp. 268–271. 7388: 7384:Chapoutot 2018 7376: 7356: 7343: 7341:, pp. 344–345. 7327: 7314: 7312:, pp. 263–268. 7296: 7283: 7281:, pp. 124–128. 7263: 7261:, pp. 112–119. 7243: 7241:, pp. 119–124. 7219: 7217:, pp. 99, 261. 7206: 7174: 7165: 7152: 7136: 7134:, pp. 376–377. 7120: 7118:, pp. 309–311. 7098: 7096:, pp. 167–168. 7078: 7076:, pp. 555–569. 7052: 7045: 7027: 6992: 6977:AFP/Expatica, 6963: 6947: 6927: 6885: 6869: 6856: 6836: 6820: 6801: 6794: 6762: 6742: 6709: 6707:, pp. 504–511. 6689: 6673: 6664: 6651: 6638: 6622: 6620:, pp. 499–504. 6606: 6593: 6577: 6559: 6557:, pp. 229–230. 6546: 6530: 6494: 6492:, pp. 495–498. 6481: 6460: 6432: 6410: 6392: 6376: 6367: 6341: 6332: 6312: 6310:, pp. 991–998. 6294: 6285: 6268: 6240: 6218: 6192: 6168: 6144: 6118: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6041:Gwardia Ludowa 5906:The communist 5775:and some were 5760:Russian Empire 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5483:History portal 5472: 5456: 5453: 5437:Soviet Ukraine 5351: 5348: 5231: 5228: 5169: 5166: 5152:The so-called 5123:PKWN Manifesto 5083:PKWN Manifesto 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5036: 5025: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4989:Specification 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4799:East Pomerania 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4580:in early May. 4397: 4394: 4340:and defending 4262:Oskar R. Lange 4197: 4194: 4114:Katyn massacre 4084: 4081: 4032:August Zaleski 4003: 4000: 3851: 3848: 3830: 3827: 3793:Soviet Ukraine 3700: 3697: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3638:(ONR) and the 3632:Stefan Rowecki 3618:Greek Catholic 3612:awards at the 3563: 3560: 3453:Final Solution 3444:Einsatzgruppen 3422: 3419: 3353: 3350: 3313: 3312:Jews in Poland 3310: 3298: 3295: 3084: 3081: 2958: 2955: 2939:Cyryl Ratajski 2897:National Party 2881:Gwardia Ludowa 2857:Stefan Rowecki 2809: 2806: 2798: 2795: 2759:Leon Kozłowski 2740:leadership in 2674:Timothy Snyder 2650:Jewish ghettos 2639:of the prewar 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2551:Following the 2548:undertakings. 2475:intelligentsia 2455:Katyn massacre 2419:Katyn massacre 2365:Greek Catholic 2361:Roman Catholic 2266:class struggle 2246:Lithuanization 2218: 2215: 2147:Eastern Europe 2132:Western Europe 2108:intelligentsia 1988: 1987: 1977: 1963: 1949: 1784:Greater Poland 1773: 1772: 1718: 1688: 1681: 1639:, such as the 1601: 1598: 1551: 1548: 1520:Battle of Kock 1475: 1472: 1459:, Romania and 1443:fought by the 1420:defense effort 1399: 1396: 1341:Walerian Czuma 1298:were coming. 1279:(known as the 1137:invaded Poland 1100: 1097: 1081: 1078: 1069:Polish-British 1054:Enigma machine 1018: 1015: 1006:non-aggression 904: 901: 869:Czechoslovakia 826:Also in 1935, 806:government of 795: 792: 790: 789:Before the war 787: 731:United Kingdom 680:Katyn massacre 593:Western Allies 581:fall of France 560:participated. 443:to the end of 423: 422: 420: 419: 412: 405: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 379: 358: 357: 352: 351: 345: 343:Third Republic 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 304: 303: 300: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 280: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 227: 222: 221: 218: 217: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 190: 189: 184: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 138: 137: 134: 133: 129: 128: 123: 121:Jewish history 118: 113: 112: 111: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 43: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16479: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16330: 16327: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16209: 16204: 16200: 16186: 16181: 16179: 16174: 16172: 16167: 16166: 16163: 16150: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16123: 16122: 16119: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16081: 16076: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16068:Kuril Islands 16065: 16062: 16058: 16053: 16049: 16048: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16035: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16009: 16005: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15984: 15981: 15977: 15974: 15970: 15967: 15963: 15960: 15956: 15953: 15949: 15946: 15942: 15939: 15935: 15932: 15928: 15925: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15907: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15895: 15891: 15884: 15880: 15875: 15874: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15859: 15855: 15850: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15835:Syrmian Front 15832: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15818: 15815: 15811: 15808: 15807: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15781:Market Garden 15777: 15774: 15770: 15767: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15747: 15744: 15740: 15737: 15733: 15730: 15726: 15723: 15719: 15716: 15712: 15709: 15705: 15702: 15701: 15696: 15693: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15662: 15659: 15655: 15652: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15640:Monte Cassino 15637: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15612: 15608: 15603: 15599: 15596: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15534: 15531: 15530: 15525: 15522: 15518: 15515: 15511: 15508: 15504: 15501: 15497: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15483: 15480: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15464: 15460: 15453: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15437: 15433: 15430: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15403: 15400: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15357: 15354: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15336: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15278: 15274: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15260: 15257: 15253: 15250: 15246: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15232: 15229: 15225: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15211: 15208: 15204: 15201: 15197: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15176: 15173: 15169: 15166: 15162: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15134: 15129: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15118: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15104: 15101: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15067: 15064: 15060: 15057: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15037: 15036: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15010: 15007: 15006:Baltic states 15003: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14982: 14979: 14975: 14972: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14947: 14944: 14940: 14937: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14919: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14746: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14707: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14690: 14686: 14681: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14650:United States 14647: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14631: 14630: 14626: 14623: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14603: 14599: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14586:Quốc dân Đảng 14583: 14582: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14554: 14550: 14547: 14543: 14540: 14536: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14508: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14480: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14450: 14447: 14443: 14440: 14436: 14433: 14429: 14426: 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14387: 14384: 14380: 14377: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14329: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14297: 14294: 14290: 14287: 14286:Liechtenstein 14283: 14280: 14276: 14273: 14269: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14250: 14246: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14210: 14206: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14187: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14107: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14087: 14083: 14078: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14070:United States 14067: 14062: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14041: 14037: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13860: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13801: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13788: 13775: 13771: 13768: 13764: 13761: 13760:Comfort women 13757: 13754: 13750: 13747: 13744: / 13743: 13739: 13736: 13733: / 13732: 13729: / 13728: 13724: 13721: 13720:Camp brothels 13717: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13670: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13638: 13633: 13629: 13624: 13620: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13609:The Holocaust 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13595:forced labour 13592: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13505: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13466: 13463: 13459: 13456: 13452: 13449: 13448:Marshall Plan 13445: 13442: 13441: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13371: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13344: 13341: 13337: 13332: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13301:Eastern Front 13298: 13295: 13294:Western Front 13291: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13206: 13203: 13199: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13188:Puppet states 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13130:Naval history 13127: 13124: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13106: 13101: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13078: 13077:United States 13074: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13011: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12895: 12890: 12888: 12883: 12881: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12813: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12670:Liechtenstein 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12405:Latin America 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12383:South America 12381: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12342:United States 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305:North America 12303: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Belgian Congo 12207: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12184: 12182: 12177: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12136: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11833:Merchant Navy 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11480:Early Modern 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11428: 11426: 11421: 11419: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11384: 11383:1-84176-408-6 11380: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11352:0-312-05570-6 11348: 11344: 11339: 11337: 11336:0-7818-0242-3 11333: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11309: 11308:0-7818-0242-3 11305: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11256:0-521-53120-9 11253: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11234:0-691-09603-1 11231: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11171:0-231-05351-7 11168: 11164: 11163:0-231-05353-3 11160: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11140: 11139:online review 11136: 11135:0-7391-0484-5 11132: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11105: 11097: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11049: 11043: 11036: 11030: 11023: 11017: 11010: 11004: 10997: 10991: 10983: 10981:9780300105865 10977: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10930: 10924: 10917: 10911: 10904: 10898: 10891: 10885: 10878: 10872: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10841: 10834: 10828: 10822:, pp. 158–159 10821: 10815: 10809:, pp. 233–236 10808: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10787: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10764:, pp. 156–157 10763: 10757: 10750: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10721: 10715: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10671: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10649:, pp. 238–240 10648: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10628: 10622: 10615: 10609: 10603:, pp. 220–222 10602: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10579:, pp. 229–233 10578: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10556: 10550: 10548: 10540: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10503:, pp. 223–226 10502: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10405: 10398: 10392: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10366: 10359: 10353: 10346: 10340: 10333: 10327: 10320: 10314: 10312: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10254: 10248: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10222: 10220: 10212: 10206: 10199: 10193: 10187:, pp. 178–185 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10169: 10163:, pp. 210–213 10162: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10063:, pp. 204–207 10062: 10056: 10054: 10046: 10040: 10033: 10027: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9976: 9970: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9930: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9862: 9856: 9845:September 21, 9840: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9817: 9810: 9804: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9697: 9691: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9610: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9589:Olga Wróbel, 9586: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9453: 9447: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9330: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9303: 9297: 9290: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9267:Cel: Warszawa 9264: 9263:Cel: Warszawa 9258: 9256: 9248: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9195:, pp. 213–218 9194: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9097: 9090: 9084: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9057:, pp. 218–220 9056: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9013:, pp. 202–204 9012: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8992: 8986: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8918:, pp. 198–201 8917: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8898: 8897:0-7818-0200-8 8894: 8888: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8761: 8760: 8756:Dieter Pohl. 8752: 8745: 8736: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8630: 8616:on 2013-09-27 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8583: 8575: 8573:83-01-09291-2 8569: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8552: 8544: 8542:0-415-27509-1 8538: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8521: 8513: 8512:0-02-864527-8 8509: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8491: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8389:, pp. 192–193 8388: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8273: 8265: 8263:83-7038-168-5 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8237: 8235:0-14-025184-7 8231: 8227: 8226:Penguin Books 8223: 8219: 8213: 8199:on 2014-05-31 8198: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8171:0-7391-0484-5 8167: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8099: 8097:1-57181-882-0 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8073: 8064: 8062:0-7864-0371-3 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8020: 8013: 8006: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7986:0-691-09603-1 7983: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7962: 7960:0-253-21418-1 7956: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7912: 7910:0-691-09603-1 7906: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7876:on 2006-02-22 7875: 7871: 7869:83-88288-31-8 7865: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7836: 7834:0-88738-756-X 7830: 7826: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7807:0-521-39241-1 7803: 7800:. p. 9. 7799: 7796:. Cambridge: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7774:0-275-95113-8 7770: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7703: 7701:83-240-0077-1 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7671: 7669:0-691-09603-1 7665: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7636:1-57181-339-X 7632: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7604:83-7096-281-5 7600: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7579:83-01-12693-0 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7529:83-7133-100-2 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7385: 7380: 7374:, pp. 97–103. 7373: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7216: 7210: 7204:, pp. 207–209 7203: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7169: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7048: 7046:9780674660434 7042: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6925:, pp. 193–198 6924: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6866: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6834:, pp. 189–191 6833: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6795:0-7864-0371-3 6791: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6668: 6662:, pp. 177–180 6661: 6655: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6575:, pp. 174–177 6574: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6458:, pp. 183–189 6457: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6430:, pp. 180–183 6429: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6408:, pp. 171–174 6407: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356:Penguin Books 6354:, pp. 38–40. 6353: 6352: 6345: 6336: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6282: 6281:83-60657-00-9 6278: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6216:, pp. 163–167 6215: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6190:, pp. 156–159 6189: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6166:, pp. 153–156 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6141:0-06-097468-0 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129:Norman Davies 6125: 6123: 6108:on 2018-06-12 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5933:Lower Silesia 5930: 5925: 5924:Joseph Stalin 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5892:Joseph Stalin 5888: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756:Joseph Stalin 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5473: 5470: 5469:Poland portal 5459: 5452: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Emil Fieldorf 5250: 5249:Niepodległość 5246: 5241: 5238: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949:Kielce pogrom 4946: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4826:Upper Silesia 4824: 4822: 4821:Lower Silesia 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Georgy Zhukov 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:Upper Silesia 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362:Wilhelmshaven 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306:Monte Cassino 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284:In 1944, the 4282: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270:US Government 4267: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040:Eastern Front 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3979:intensified. 3978: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3967:British Isles 3964: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3731:, literally: 3730: 3729:Rzeź wołyńska 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602:Warsaw Ghetto 3599: 3598:Irena Sendler 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3556:Romani people 3552: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3540:Jan Grabowski 3537: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516:the Holocaust 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3388:Jewish police 3385: 3384:Warsaw Ghetto 3381: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3362:Warsaw Ghetto 3358: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050:Warsaw Ghetto 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2974:Richard Sorge 2971: 2967: 2966:Red Orchestra 2963: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Armia Krajowa 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851:In June 1940 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670:collaboration 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:double agents 2651: 2646: 2642: 2641:Polish police 2638: 2633: 2631: 2630:Leszek Gondek 2627: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607:Volksdeutsche 2603: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:) or sent to 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2404:former Poland 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:Sovietization 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2077:village, 1942 2076: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920:(District of 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Germanisation 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Warsaw Ghetto 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:Upper Silesia 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:Upper Silesia 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1524:Major "Hubal" 1521: 1517: 1516:Battle of Hel 1513: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Richard Overy 1421: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1292:Norman Davies 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250:According to 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1125: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 994: 990: 989:Joseph Stalin 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 968:on April 28. 967: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 802:in 1935, the 801: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:United States 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Eastern Front 661: 657: 656:Joseph Stalin 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500:Romani people 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 418: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 380: 378: 368: 367: 366: 364: 360: 359: 346: 344: 341: 340: 332: 331: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 309: 306: 305: 301: 299: 296: 295: 291: 289: 286: 285: 281: 279: 276: 275: 267: 266: 256: 254: 251: 250: 246: 244: 241: 240: 236: 234: 231: 230: 225: 220: 219: 209: 207: 204: 203: 199: 197: 194: 193: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 176: 171: 170: 163: 162:Polish tribes 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 141: 136: 135: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 45: 44: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 16142:Bibliography 16125: 15938:Project Hula 15903:Vistula–Oder 15872: 15805: 15796: 15780: 15750: 15699: 15683: 15674: 15665: 15631: 15528: 15443: 15419: 15389: 15140: 15033: 14978:North Africa 14680:Soviet Union 14634:Soviet Union 14560:Soviet Union 14328:Vatican City 14238:Vichy France 14143:German Reich 14040:Soviet Union 14026:South Africa 14019:Sierra Leone 13999: 13972:Newfoundland 13791:Participants 13774:Marocchinate 13478: 13469: 13439: 13317:North Africa 13278:Indian Ocean 13137:Nazi plunder 13028:Cryptography 12901:World War II 12801:Vatican City 12720:Soviet Union 12694: 12468:West Sumatra 12337:Newfoundland 12291:South Africa 12286:Sierra Leone 12264:North Africa 12098:Coat of arms 12037:Demographics 11987:Polish names 11957:Folk beliefs 11930:Architecture 11868:Unemployment 11808:Central bank 11684:Human rights 11664:Constitution 11506:World War II 11505: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11342: 11327: 11313: 11299: 11284: 11264: 11247: 11240: 11225: 11203: 11186: 11179: 11154: 11144: 11126: 11112:|first= 11094: 11079:Bibliography 11060: 11055: 11047: 11042: 11034: 11029: 11021: 11016: 11008: 11003: 10995: 10990: 10971: 10962: 10954: 10949: 10941: 10936: 10928: 10923: 10915: 10910: 10902: 10897: 10889: 10884: 10871: 10863: 10858: 10840: 10832: 10827: 10819: 10814: 10806: 10775: 10769: 10761: 10756: 10748: 10743: 10735: 10719: 10714: 10706: 10701: 10688:Polski Gułag 10683: 10675: 10670: 10662: 10646: 10626: 10621: 10613: 10608: 10600: 10576: 10554: 10538: 10518: 10500: 10478: 10458: 10436: 10419: 10404: 10396: 10391: 10383: 10378: 10370: 10365: 10357: 10352: 10344: 10339: 10331: 10326: 10318: 10302: 10270: 10252: 10247: 10239: 10234: 10226: 10210: 10205: 10197: 10192: 10176: 10173:Jerzy Eisler 10168: 10160: 10118: 10113: 10105: 10100: 10092: 10076: 10060: 10044: 10039: 10031: 10026: 10018: 10013: 10005: 10000: 9992: 9974: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9934: 9929: 9921: 9905: 9900: 9889: 9884: 9876: 9860: 9855: 9843:. Retrieved 9839:the original 9829: 9821: 9816: 9803: 9787: 9782: 9773: 9756: 9740: 9735: 9727: 9695: 9690: 9682: 9677: 9669: 9649: 9644: 9636: 9614: 9590: 9585: 9568: 9552: 9551:Jan Karski, 9547: 9536: 9508: 9503: 9495: 9475: 9451: 9446: 9438: 9433: 9414: 9409: 9393: 9388: 9376: 9371: 9363: 9347: 9342: 9334: 9329: 9321: 9301: 9296: 9288: 9262: 9246: 9224: 9208: 9192: 9166: 9148: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9083: 9067: 9062: 9054: 9030: 9010: 8990: 8961: 8915: 8887: 8875:. Retrieved 8871:the original 8864: 8850: 8833: 8822:. Retrieved 8813: 8804: 8796: 8791: 8783: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8735: 8727: 8687:cite journal 8672: 8661: 8640: 8629: 8618:. Retrieved 8614:the original 8605: 8595: 8582: 8558: 8551: 8532: 8494: 8490: 8481: 8475: 8459: 8454: 8446: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8404: 8386: 8381: 8370: 8350: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8290: 8285: 8277: 8272: 8253: 8244: 8221: 8212: 8201:. Retrieved 8197:the original 8192:My Telegraph 8190: 8180: 8161: 8152: 8141:. Retrieved 8137:the original 8128: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8087: 8084:Bernd Wegner 8048: 8035: 8023:. Retrieved 8012: 8004: 8002:IPN Bulletin 8001: 7996: 7977: 7969: 7945: 7941:Zvi Gitelman 7935: 7924: 7919: 7899: 7889: 7878:. Retrieved 7874:the original 7858: 7843: 7823: 7816: 7793: 7783: 7763: 7753: 7744: 7738: 7730: 7691: 7678: 7658: 7626: 7594: 7588: 7565: 7556: 7548: 7543: 7535: 7519: 7482: 7474: 7450: 7432: 7412: 7407: 7399: 7379: 7371: 7351: 7346: 7338: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7291: 7286: 7278: 7258: 7238: 7214: 7209: 7201: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7131: 7115: 7093: 7073: 7036: 7030: 6978: 6958: 6941: 6922: 6883:, pp. 80–84. 6880: 6867:, pp. 94–97. 6864: 6859: 6847: 6831: 6814: 6804: 6784: 6760:, pp. 76–80. 6757: 6736: 6704: 6687:, pp. 86–90. 6684: 6667: 6659: 6654: 6646: 6641: 6630: 6625: 6617: 6601: 6596: 6591:, pp. 69–76. 6588: 6572: 6554: 6549: 6544:, pp. 59–66. 6541: 6525: 6489: 6484: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6427: 6405: 6384: 6379: 6370: 6349: 6344: 6335: 6315: 6307: 6288: 6271: 6251: 6213: 6187: 6155: 6147: 6132: 6110:. Retrieved 6106:the original 6096: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6021:Anders' Army 6011: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5981:Jakub Berman 5971: 5966: 5965: 5957:West Germany 5929:Nysa Kłodzka 5902: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5445: 5405: 5396:Piast Poland 5384:East Prussia 5374:, parts of 5361: 5353: 5341: 5322: 5303: 5273: 5248: 5242: 5233: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5179: 5162: 5151: 5112: 5103:Armia Ludowa 5088: 5050: 5040: 5030: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4970: 4962: 4947:such as the 4937: 4930: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4865: 4848: 4787:Heiligenbeil 4777:East Prussia 4760:Vistula–Oder 4713:Lublin–Brest 4696: 4674: 4628: 4605: 4582: 4547: 4512: 4457: 4441: 4410: 4298:Second Corps 4288:were making 4283: 4259: 4251: 4232: 4223: 4215: 4199: 4178: 4162: 4160:in 1943–44. 4146:Jakub Berman 4086: 4053: 4017: 4012:Anders' Army 3981: 3974: 3971: 3961: 3941:East Prussia 3938: 3903: 3891:Józef Haller 3863: 3790: 3750:voivodeships 3732: 3718: 3654: 3628: 3621:Metropolitan 3585: 3577: 3571: 3553: 3528: 3484: 3465: 3442: 3436: 3396: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3346:Nazi ghettos 3338:antisemitism 3330: 3326: 3315: 3261: 3232: 3203: 3171: 3144: 3104: 3094:soldiers in 3077:trade unions 3062: 3043: 3031: 3011: 3005:Standgericht 3003: 2978: 2960: 2910: 2885:Armia Ludowa 2868: 2850: 2841: 2825: 2811: 2776: 2772:szmalcowniks 2756: 2741: 2730:Vichy regime 2684: 2678: 2637:mobilization 2634: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2595: 2565: 2550: 2542: 2513: 2489: 2471: 2446:rules of war 2435: 2424: 2410:repression. 2408: 2403: 2401: 2373:cooperatives 2370: 2358: 2355: 2347:police state 2344: 2333: 2314: 2258: 2226: 2204: 2197: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2167: 2159: 2138: 2136: 2124: 2105: 2097: 2086: 2085:Photos from 2047: 2036: 2025: 2007: 1995: 1989: 1965: 1951: 1908: 1831: 1824: 1786:and 1500 in 1777: 1774: 1732: 1724: 1715:East Prussia 1694: 1657: 1645:West Prussia 1633: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1564:their treaty 1529: 1505: 1489: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1416: 1412: 1381: 1353: 1318: 1311: 1305:Survivor of 1285: 1268:PZL.23 Karaś 1249: 1238: 1228: 1204:fifth column 1197: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1173:Slovak state 1149: 1130: 1066: 1051: 1036: 1020: 998: 949:East Prussia 932: 906: 881: 847: 828:Adolf Hitler 825: 797: 779:East Prussia 700: 668:Anders' Army 645: 562: 523: 503: 477: 463:. After the 445:World War II 441:Soviet Union 437:Nazi Germany 426: 361: 335:Contemporary 308:World War II 307: 224:Early Modern 196:Piast period 94:Coat of arms 79:Polonization 29: 15873:Bodenplatte 15759:Gothic Line 14985:West Africa 14532:Philippines 14511:Netherlands 14376:Czech lands 14314:Switzerland 14258:Afghanistan 14209:Philippines 14077:Puerto Rico 13993:Philippines 13979:New Zealand 13965:Netherlands 13918:Free France 13669:Prosecution 13470:Osoaviakhim 13340:West Africa 13324:East Africa 12971:Conferences 12849:New Zealand 12815:Oceania and 12769:Switzerland 12730:Byelorussia 12685:Netherlands 12527:Philippines 12367:Puerto Rico 12322:El Salvador 12070:Health care 12022:Video games 11962:Folk dances 11798:Agriculture 11738:Politicians 11537:Demographic 11496:World War I 11490:(1795–1918) 11482:(1569–1795) 11470:Middle Ages 10866:, pp. 61–62 9796:wyborcza.pl 9561:wyborcza.pl 9076:wyborcza.pl 8671:"Review of 8654:wyborcza.pl 8468:wyborcza.pl 7459:wyborcza.pl 6846:Jan Czuła, 6815:Militera.ru 6479:, pp. 37–38 6049:nationalist 5985:Hilary Minc 5860:US 3rd Army 5740:Curzon Line 5671:Dieppe Raid 5429:Belarusians 5412:repatriated 5186:Curzon Line 5131:land reform 4866:Ostra Brama 4608:Polish Army 4587:was led by 4480:Częstochowa 4390:Polish Navy 4314:Gothic Line 4255:Finlandized 4210:Curzon Line 4150:Hilary Minc 4061:Middle East 4042:, help the 3986:during the 3953:Curzon Line 3934:nationalist 3774:Curzon Line 3739:in western 3737:mass murder 3685:World War I 3544:Blue Police 3380:Łódź Ghetto 3342:Anna Bikont 3322:bourgeoisie 3291:Raczkiewicz 3269:Ravensbrück 3098:during the 3069:land reform 2926:nationalist 2694:macroregion 2645:Blue Police 2561:Polish Army 2501:labor camps 2427:land reform 2211:Polish Jews 2183:ziemiaństwo 2050:Blue Police 1994:(in German 1886:Curzon Line 1874:Belarusians 1825:(see also: 1796:Łódź Ghetto 1674:Voivodeship 1560:partitioned 1558:Poland was 1321:Częstochowa 1296:Third Reich 1281:Peking Plan 877:Sudetenland 840:World War I 775:Soviet army 719:Polish army 672:Middle East 534:undesirable 530:slave labor 488:Polish Jews 347:1989– 288:World War I 175:Middle Ages 74:Polonophile 47:History of 16421:Categories 15973:West Hunan 15806:Pointblank 15142:Silver Fox 15128:Summer War 14881:Winter War 14860:Phoney War 14641:Azerbaijan 14602:Yugoslavia 14497:Luxembourg 14339:Resistance 14086:Yugoslavia 13951:Luxembourg 13753:Sook Ching 13549:War crimes 13151:Technology 13144:Opposition 13086:Lend-Lease 13063:Australian 13056:Home front 13014:Blitzkrieg 12964:Casualties 12955:Commanders 12927:Operations 12844:New Guinea 12824:Antarctica 12817:Antarctica 12806:Yugoslavia 12725:Azerbaijan 12680:Luxembourg 12463:New Guinea 12362:New Mexico 12352:California 12259:Madagascar 12244:Gold Coast 12239:The Gambia 12017:Traditions 11967:Literature 11885:(currency) 11728:Parliament 11669:Corruption 11275:0674071050 10738:, p. 1060. 9894:pp. 34–37. 9541:pp. 27–32. 8824:2018-02-04 8799:, p. 1021. 8620:2009-10-25 8203:2012-05-08 8143:2006-03-15 7880:2006-03-24 7688:"I — Lwów" 7534:, also in 6635:pp. 52–56. 6389:pp. 56–58. 6236:0007315694 6112:2018-11-21 6077:Czerniaków 6045:mainstream 5564:Bolsheviks 5425:Ukrainians 5293:Ivan Serov 5255:. General 5164:policies. 5158:Yugoslavia 4953:Żydokomuna 4905:Doppelkopf 4898:operations 4889:Schoenfeld 4842:operations 4782:Königsberg 4755:2nd Baltic 4745:Dukla Pass 4723:Studzianki 4690:operations 4578:Elbe River 4543:Pomeranian 4504:Oder River 4492:Hans Frank 4472:Sandomierz 4464:Ivan Konev 4324:, General 4109:Delegation 3839:See also: 3802:See also: 3756:killed in 3661:Ukrainians 3651:Background 3614:Yad Vashem 3437:After the 3333:Jan Karski 3277:Mauthausen 3157:commander 2983:, and the 2947:Washington 2943:Jan Karski 2706:Navahrudak 2505:Kazakhstan 2381:collective 2221:See also: 2162:Lebensborn 2160:Under the 2039:Hans Frank 2027:Lebensraum 1909:After the 1904:Hans Frank 1870:Ukrainians 1864:, and the 1780:Pomeranian 1693:District ( 1678:Pomeranian 1604:See also: 1432:Belarusian 1384:Józef Beck 1339:. General 1277:Royal Navy 1272:PZL.37 Łoś 1236:battleship 1188:Blitzkrieg 979:signs the 957:Baltic Sea 820:Józef Beck 682:of Polish 621:right-wing 613:delegation 546:Ukrainians 510:, such as 16038:Manchuria 15924:Indochina 15700:Bagration 15151:Lithuania 14796:Anschluss 14593:Viet Minh 14490:Lithuania 14432:Hong Kong 14202:Manchukuo 14157:Azad Hind 13816:Australia 13616:Aftermath 13479:Paperclip 13374:Aftermath 13174:Total war 13042:Diplomacy 13005:In Europe 12829:Australia 12794:Gibraltar 12752:Catalonia 12675:Lithuania 12537:Singapore 12485:Indochina 12475:Hong Kong 12451:Manchuria 12420:Venezuela 12390:Argentina 12327:Greenland 12281:Nyasaland 12075:Languages 12065:Education 11992:Name days 11863:Transport 11743:President 11696:Judiciary 11674:Elections 11598:Mountains 11566:Geography 11104:cite book 10918:, p. 102. 10629:, p. 408. 9952:holocaust 9824:, p. 374. 9454:, p. 320. 9441:, p. 342. 9350:, p. 316. 9337:, p. 210. 9104:, p. 417. 9091:, p. 312. 8322:, p. 581. 8293:, p. 592. 8025:12 August 7477:, p. 600. 7354:, p. 407. 7325:, p. 339. 7294:, p. 337. 7163:, p. 165. 6961:, p. 257. 6604:, p. 215. 6088:Citations 5963:in 1990. 5726:leaders. 5376:Pomerania 4957:Palestine 4951:of 1946, 4896:Wehrmacht 4750:Gumbinnen 4697:Bagration 4444:Home Army 4413:Bug River 4185:Gibraltar 4173:Red Cross 3926:socialist 3778:Home Army 3512:Treblinka 3492:Auschwitz 3399:Treblinka 3273:Auschwitz 3163:Bug River 2951:Roosevelt 2922:socialist 2865:Home Army 2836:with the 2662:Home Army 2451:Politburo 2389:Białystok 2329:Stalinism 2321:Darwinism 2274:Stalinism 2116:Aktion AB 1942:Wołkowysk 1922:Białystok 1862:Lithuania 1757:Zawiercie 1741:Sosnowiec 1691:Ciechanów 1617:Holocaust 1484:Lithuania 1453:Lithuania 1449:Bug River 1436:Ukrainian 1392:Abbeville 1260:PZL P.11c 1232:Luftwaffe 1213:Wehrmacht 1165:Pomerania 945:the Reich 933:Memelland 921:Lithuania 849:Anschluss 751:political 658:and they 609:Home Army 516:Treblinka 512:Auschwitz 494:. Jews, 492:Holocaust 157:Antiquity 147:Stone Age 126:Statehood 16215:Pre-1989 16149:Category 16098:document 16008:document 15865:Ardennes 15849:Budapest 15797:Crossbow 15675:Overlord 15514:Smolensk 14732:Timeline 14567:Slovakia 14553:Thailand 14404:Ethiopia 14369:Bulgaria 14293:Portugal 14231:Thailand 14113:Bulgaria 13891:Eswatini 13884:Ethiopia 13837:Bulgaria 13662:Unit 731 13623:Response 13440:Keelhaul 13390:Cold War 13363:Americas 13354:timeline 13347:Atlantic 13227:Theaters 12715:Slovenia 12710:Slovakia 12700:Portugal 12588:Bulgaria 12542:Thailand 12517:Mongolia 12490:Cambodia 12410:Suriname 12400:Colombia 12224:Ethiopia 12148:Category 12055:Refugees 12002:Religion 11723:Military 11637:Politics 11547:Military 11542:Economic 11532:Cultural 11525:By topic 11475:Monarchs 11457:Timeline 11153:(1982), 10970:(2003). 10848:Archived 10691:Archived 10412:Archived 9271:Polityka 8499:Archived 8252:(1995). 8220:(1996). 8160:(2004). 8043:(1988). 7943:(2001). 7897:(2003). 7852:(2002). 7761:(1996). 7686:(2001). 7656:(2003). 7564:(1998). 7019:Archived 6983:Archived 6852:Przegląd 6782:(1997). 6283:, p. 409 5793:Sanation 5675:Normandy 5617:Caucasus 5455:See also 5448:Cold War 5427:and the 5333:Sanation 5316:and the 5257:Okulicki 4919:Hannibal 4912:Solstice 4735:Radzymin 4708:Belostok 4688:Red Army 4455:armies. 4342:Hill 262 4312:and the 4245:and the 4169:Smolensk 4069:II Corps 4049:Caucasus 4044:Red Army 3920:leader, 3878:Sanation 3758:Volhynia 3713:Volhynia 3504:Majdanek 3449:genocide 3372:Judenrat 3328:Poland. 3255:and the 3199:Old Town 3134:and the 3124:Volhynia 2934:Sanation 2930:Catholic 2779:Jedwabne 2656:for the 2555:and the 2497:osadniks 2325:Leninism 2308:and the 2236:, which 2188:szlachta 2143:genocide 1894:Slovakia 1836:and the 1814:, or to 1753:Oświęcim 1749:Chrzanów 1333:Volhynia 1264:PZL P.7a 1028:Red Army 889:Slovakia 804:Sanation 765:and the 729:and the 639:and the 506:at Nazi 504:en masse 439:and the 99:Monarchs 38:a series 36:Part of 16075:Shumshu 15842:Hungary 15789:Estonia 15773:Lapland 15751:Dragoon 15684:Neptune 15666:Ichi-Go 15632:Tempest 15574:Changde 15529:Cottage 15421:Jubilee 15137:Finland 15035:Compass 14741:Prelude 14694:Finland 14580:Vietnam 14546:Romania 14418:Germany 14397:Estonia 14383:Denmark 14362:Belgium 14355:Austria 14348:Albania 14279:Ireland 14265:Andorra 14249:Neutral 14216:Romania 14150:Hungary 14135:Finland 14007:Romania 13899:Finland 13877:Denmark 13823:Belgium 13809:Algeria 13515:Romania 13501:Hungary 13257:Pacific 12981:General 12935:Leaders 12920:Battles 12913:Outline 12757:Galicia 12735:Ukraine 12705:Romania 12655:Ireland 12650:Iceland 12640:Hungary 12630:Germany 12608:Finland 12603:Estonia 12598:Denmark 12583:Belgium 12578:Austria 12573:Albania 12415:Uruguay 12347:Arizona 12274:Morocco 12269:Tunisia 12254:Liberia 12139:Outline 12120:Polonia 12085:Symbols 12012:Theatre 11945:Cuisine 11922:Culture 11912:Lawyers 11900:Society 11858:Tourism 11843:Poverty 11828:Exports 11786:Economy 11618:Regions 11588:Islands 11583:Forests 11448:History 11277:, with 11065:Masakra 10944:, p. 32 9523:, p. 57 8877:May 18, 8114:, p. 68 8086:(ed.). 8053:177–259 6073:Vistula 5937:Breslau 5922:river. 5744:Vilnius 5380:Silesia 5139:Zionist 4849:Tempest 4833:Breslau 4816:Silesia 4804:Kolberg 4792:Samland 4718:Osovets 4703:Vilnius 4593:Dresden 4508:Breslau 4433:Vistula 4392:ships. 4354:Antwerp 4346:Belgium 4227:Vistula 4200:At the 4124:led by 3976:émigrés 3762:Galicia 3657:Ukraine 3606:Markowa 3508:Sobibór 3500:Chełmno 3480:pogroms 3476:Ukraine 3403:Sobibór 3249:Mokotów 3221:Vistula 3132:Vilnius 3019:Belarus 2918:peasant 2768:Gestapo 2750:quotes 2710:Vilnius 2624:of the 2528:Kremlin 2509:Siberia 2377:peasant 2240:to the 2171:pogroms 2151:Siberia 2126:Łapanka 2043:ghettos 1984:Galicia 1982:, East 1956:Belarus 1938:Sokółka 1930:Grajewo 1890:Hungary 1866:Suwałki 1858:Vilnius 1794:or the 1788:Silesia 1461:Hungary 1364:Vistula 1169:Silesia 1024:Romania 917:Moravia 913:Bohemia 893:Hungary 865:Silesia 854:Austria 747:Potsdam 625:leftist 617:peasant 587:. The 585:Britain 565:Romania 550:Ukraine 520:Sobibór 349:present 16203:Poland 16052:Debate 16024:Taipei 16017:Borneo 15595:Tarawa 14789:Europe 14750:Africa 14539:Poland 14525:Norway 14504:Malaya 14483:Latvia 14425:Greece 14411:France 14307:Sweden 14272:Bhutan 14000:Poland 13986:Norway 13958:Mexico 13925:Greece 13911:France 13849:Canada 13830:Brazil 13800:Allies 13746:Serbia 13735:Poland 13508:Poland 13494:Baltic 13287:Europe 12989:Topics 12941:Allied 12764:Sweden 12695:Poland 12690:Norway 12665:Latvia 12635:Greece 12613:France 12566:Europe 12552:Turkey 12512:Malaya 12441:Ceylon 12395:Brazil 12357:Nevada 12332:Mexico 12312:Canada 12202:Africa 12153:Portal 12093:Anthem 11940:Cinema 11883:Złoty 11838:Mining 11823:Energy 11711:Police 11623:Rivers 11552:Postal 11439:Poland 11381: 11363:(2010) 11349: 11334: 11320: 11306: 11291: 11273: 11254: 11232: 11211: 11193: 11182:(2004) 11169: 11161: 11147:(1986) 11133: 10978: 10782: 10183: 10137: 9519: 9425: 9400: 8895: 8855:Prof. 8820:. 2016 8570: 8539: 8510: 8260: 8232: 8168: 8094: 8059: 7984: 7957: 7925:op cit 7907: 7866: 7831: 7804: 7771: 7698: 7666: 7633: 7601: 7576: 7526: 7043: 7010: 6792: 6475: 6362: 6326: 6279: 6262: 6234: 6162: 6139: 5433:Lemkos 5335:, and 5133:. The 5115:Lublin 5066:100.0 5063:1.140 5013:5.384 4882:Pęcice 4877:Warsaw 4809:Danzig 4765:Poznań 4675:Poland 4570:Danzig 4566:Gdynia 4523:Poznań 4488:Kraków 4484:Kielce 4425:panzer 4406:Warsaw 4384:. The 4296:, the 4241:, the 4237:, the 4152:, and 4018:After 3945:Danzig 3928:, and 3885:, and 3822:; and 3766:Lublin 3725:Polish 3715:, 1943 3663:and a 3590:Żegota 3518:, the 3496:Bełżec 3478:. The 3455:. The 3275:, and 3245:Ochota 3153:. The 3027:Jewish 2891:. The 2873:London 2522:, and 2493:kulaks 2463:Kolyma 2393:famine 2155:Zamość 2120:Pawiak 2014:Lublin 2000:Kraków 1946:Grodno 1944:, and 1808:Gdynia 1765:Żywiec 1761:Olkusz 1755:, and 1745:Będzin 1707:Sierpc 1703:Płońsk 1671:Poznań 1593:, and 1538:, the 1532:Sweden 1514:, the 1457:Latvia 1337:Brześć 1329:Kielce 1325:Kraków 1193:Panzer 1092:, and 991:. The 771:Lublin 763:Warsaw 745:, and 739:Tehran 703:London 652:Moscow 633:Soviet 629:Jewish 573:France 453:Poland 270:Modern 67:Topics 49:Poland 40:on the 16199:Years 15828:Leyte 15658:Narva 15644:Anzio 15602:Makin 15560:Burma 15444:Torch 15413:Rzhev 15374:Kiska 14460:Korea 14446:Japan 14439:Italy 14321:Tibet 14300:Spain 14178:Italy 13939:Italy 13932:India 13856:China 13731:Japan 13331:Italy 13243:China 13195:Women 12839:Nauru 12784:Wales 12742:Spain 12660:Italy 12547:Tibet 12522:Nepal 12507:Japan 12480:India 12446:China 12436:Burma 12249:Kenya 12219:Egypt 12060:Crime 12045:Poles 12007:Sport 11982:Names 11977:Music 11972:Media 11593:Lakes 8763:(PDF) 8409:JSTOR 8375:JSTOR 7990:p. 35 6065:Praga 6017:Kresy 6001:Kresy 5517:Notes 5408:Poles 5364:Kresy 5247:(for 5127:Chełm 5048:100.0 5022:89.3 5017:100.0 5008:6.028 4740:Memel 4476:Radom 4437:Praga 4358:Breda 4350:Ypres 4183:near 4167:near 4165:Katyn 4073:Italy 3677:Kresy 3536:camps 3459:near 3265:Reich 3023:Kresy 2906:Kresy 2834:Paris 2691:Kresy 2459:Gulag 2340:ruble 2304:(the 2261:Kresy 2075:Rożki 2018:Radom 1934:Łomża 1878:Poles 1846:Narew 1711:Mława 1699:Płock 1667:Posen 1262:, 31 1208:Kutno 1155:were 862:Czech 743:Yalta 676:Italy 654:with 554:Kresy 496:Poles 16407:2025 16403:2024 16398:2023 16393:2022 16388:2021 16383:2020 16378:2019 16373:2018 16368:2017 16363:2016 16358:2015 16353:2014 16348:2013 16343:2012 16338:2011 16333:2010 16320:2009 16315:2008 16310:2007 16305:2006 16300:2005 16295:2004 16290:2003 16285:2002 16280:2001 16275:2000 16270:1999 16265:1998 16260:1997 16255:1996 16250:1995 16245:1994 16240:1993 16235:1992 16230:1991 16225:1990 16220:1989 15894:1945 15622:1944 15463:1943 15391:Blue 15381:Attu 15288:1942 15047:1941 14899:1940 14837:1939 14766:Asia 14613:POWs 14453:Jews 14171:Iraq 14097:Axis 14047:Tuva 13863:Cuba 12948:Axis 12557:Tuva 12502:Iraq 12497:Iran 12429:Asia 12317:Cuba 12108:list 12103:Flag 11950:Wine 11760:List 11748:List 11689:LGBT 11379:ISBN 11347:ISBN 11332:ISBN 11318:ISBN 11304:ISBN 11289:ISBN 11271:ISBN 11252:ISBN 11230:ISBN 11209:ISBN 11191:ISBN 11167:ISBN 11165:and 11159:ISBN 11131:ISBN 11116:help 10976:ISBN 10780:ISBN 10181:ISBN 10135:ISBN 9847:2012 9517:ISBN 9423:ISBN 9398:ISBN 8893:ISBN 8879:2015 8707:link 8700:help 8588:p.60 8568:ISBN 8537:ISBN 8508:ISBN 8258:ISBN 8230:ISBN 8166:ISBN 8092:ISBN 8057:ISBN 8027:2014 7982:ISBN 7955:ISBN 7929:p188 7905:ISBN 7864:ISBN 7829:ISBN 7802:ISBN 7769:ISBN 7696:ISBN 7664:ISBN 7631:ISBN 7599:ISBN 7574:ISBN 7524:ISBN 7041:ISBN 7008:ISBN 6790:ISBN 6473:ISBN 6360:ISBN 6324:ISBN 6277:ISBN 6260:ISBN 6232:ISBN 6160:ISBN 6137:ISBN 6047:and 5983:and 5920:Oder 5748:Lviv 5382:and 5237:NKVD 5143:Left 5089:The 5081:The 5053:10.2 5051:89.8 5020:10.7 4872:Lwów 4606:The 4583:The 4568:and 4521:and 4519:Łódź 4482:and 4411:The 4370:POWs 4274:PKWN 4065:Iran 3932:, a 3924:, a 3916:, a 3843:and 3669:Jews 3554:The 3510:and 3461:Łódź 3401:and 3305:and 3247:and 3207:TASS 3096:Wola 3044:The 2928:and 2812:The 2708:and 2590:Vogt 2520:Lviv 2507:and 2438:NKVD 2363:and 2359:The 2327:and 2292:and 2276:and 2268:and 2114:and 1882:Jews 1880:and 1872:and 1852:and 1842:Pisa 1802:and 1763:and 1653:Łódź 1647:and 1608:and 1434:and 1327:and 1071:and 927:its 923:was 915:and 753:and 684:POWs 631:and 540:and 536:". 518:and 484:Jews 427:The 109:Wars 89:Name 84:Flag 16201:in 11935:Art 11818:EEZ 11701:Law 11125:. 8652:). 5979:by 5828:or 5673:in 5245:NIE 5041:530 5038:590 5011:644 4466:'s 4376:'s 4328:'s 4304:of 3709:UPA 3130:in 3122:in 2832:in 2738:OUN 2596:In 2568:IPN 2431:OUN 2185:or 1854:San 1850:Bug 1778:In 1546:). 1256:7TP 1243:to 1004:of 852:of 435:by 16423:: 15642:/ 11263:. 11224:, 11137:. 11108:: 11106:}} 11102:{{ 11067:. 10794:^ 10727:^ 10654:^ 10634:^ 10584:^ 10562:^ 10546:^ 10526:^ 10508:^ 10486:^ 10466:^ 10444:^ 10426:^ 10418:, 10310:^ 10290:^ 10278:^ 10260:^ 10218:^ 10175:, 10146:^ 10126:^ 10084:^ 10068:^ 10052:^ 9982:^ 9949:, 9913:^ 9892:, 9868:^ 9794:. 9764:^ 9748:^ 9715:^ 9703:^ 9657:^ 9622:^ 9606:^ 9597:. 9576:. 9559:. 9539:, 9528:^ 9483:^ 9459:^ 9355:^ 9309:^ 9278:^ 9269:. 9254:^ 9232:^ 9216:^ 9200:^ 9174:^ 9156:^ 9140:^ 9109:^ 9038:^ 9018:^ 8998:^ 8982:^ 8970:^ 8923:^ 8903:^ 8841:. 8816:. 8812:. 8771:^ 8715:^ 8691:: 8689:}} 8685:{{ 8677:. 8604:. 8531:. 8519:^ 8466:. 8434:^ 8394:^ 8358:^ 8340:^ 8298:^ 8224:. 8189:. 8131:. 8127:. 8071:^ 8055:. 8047:. 8005:11 7988:, 7976:, 7949:. 7927:, 7856:. 7792:. 7710:^ 7690:. 7645:^ 7613:^ 7491:^ 7466:^ 7457:. 7440:^ 7420:^ 7391:^ 7359:^ 7330:^ 7299:^ 7266:^ 7246:^ 7222:^ 7177:^ 7139:^ 7123:^ 7101:^ 7081:^ 7055:^ 6995:^ 6966:^ 6950:^ 6930:^ 6888:^ 6872:^ 6850:, 6839:^ 6823:^ 6813:. 6765:^ 6745:^ 6735:. 6731:. 6712:^ 6692:^ 6676:^ 6633:, 6609:^ 6580:^ 6562:^ 6533:^ 6497:^ 6435:^ 6413:^ 6395:^ 6387:, 6297:^ 6258:, 6243:^ 6221:^ 6195:^ 6171:^ 6154:, 6131:, 6121:^ 6055:z. 6027:y. 6007:x. 5991:w. 5987:. 5967:v. 5898:u. 5882:t. 5870:s. 5837:r. 5816:, 5800:q. 5783:p. 5766:o. 5762:. 5746:, 5730:n. 5714:m. 5702:l. 5689:k. 5685:. 5661:j. 5645:i. 5633:h. 5607:g. 5594:f. 5582:e. 5570:d. 5566:. 5553:c. 5536:b. 5523:a. 5378:, 5331:, 5043:60 4995:% 4510:. 4478:, 4148:, 3998:. 3959:. 3943:, 3936:. 3818:; 3814:; 3810:; 3806:; 3780:, 3727:: 3695:. 3526:. 3506:, 3502:, 3498:, 3494:, 3271:, 3243:, 3236:SS 3230:. 3155:AK 3071:, 3067:, 3060:. 2953:. 2924:, 2920:, 2746:. 2616:. 2469:. 2323:, 2256:. 2066:. 2034:. 2016:, 1940:, 1936:, 1932:, 1928:, 1896:. 1848:, 1844:, 1829:) 1751:, 1747:, 1743:, 1739:, 1705:, 1701:, 1655:. 1643:, 1631:. 1619:. 1589:, 1585:, 1463:. 1455:, 1167:, 1088:, 1049:. 741:, 698:. 627:, 623:, 619:, 514:, 498:, 451:, 16184:e 16177:t 16170:v 15145:) 15139:( 14013:) 14009:( 13945:) 13941:( 13905:) 13901:( 13843:) 13839:( 12893:e 12886:t 12879:v 12646:) 12642:( 12187:e 12180:t 12173:v 11431:e 11424:t 11417:v 11385:. 11355:. 11295:. 11236:. 11217:. 11197:. 11173:. 11118:) 11063:. 10984:. 10788:. 9849:. 9404:. 8827:. 8709:) 8702:) 8698:( 8623:. 8576:. 8545:. 8514:. 8266:. 8238:. 8206:. 8174:. 8146:. 8100:. 8065:. 8029:. 7963:. 7913:. 7883:. 7837:. 7810:. 7777:. 7704:. 7672:. 7639:. 7607:. 7582:. 7532:. 7049:. 7025:) 7014:( 6798:. 6330:. 6266:. 6238:. 6115:. 5410:" 4666:e 4659:t 4652:v 4253:" 3748:( 3723:( 3576:( 3490:( 2937:( 2867:( 2840:( 2824:( 2592:" 2491:( 2181:( 2006:( 1976:; 1962:; 1771:. 1731:( 1723:( 1717:; 1629:) 1625:( 931:( 860:( 416:e 409:t 402:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of Poland (1939–1945)

Index