554:, replied favourably to the latter's wish to become involved in the process as co-mediator. On 19 October 1801 the two countries signed an agreement to act jointly as the "mediating Powers". Essentially, Alexander, whose wife and mother belonged to the princely houses of Baden and Württemberg, wanted to favor his various German relatives and this concurred with France's long-standing aim to strengthen the southern states of Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Bavaria, strategically located between France and Austria, the arch-foe. Hectic discussions and dealings went on, not only with the mediating Powers and between the various princes, but within the various governments as well. Inside the Prussian cabinet, one group pushed for expansion westward into Westphalia while another favored expansion southward into Franconia, with the pro-Westphalian group finally prevailing. Between July 1801 and May 1802, preliminary compensation agreements were signed with Bavaria, Württemberg, and Prussia and others were concluded less formally with Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel and other mid-level states.
664:. Dalberg, who was confirmed as Elector and Imperial Archchancellor and gained the new title of Primate of Germany, was to prove a constant and useful ally of Napoleon during the coming years. In addition, under the dogged insistence of the Emperor, the Teutonic Order, whose Grand Master was generally an Austrian archduke, as well as the Knights of St John (Knights of Malta), were also spared and their scattered small domains were augmented with several nearby abbeys. The intent here was to provide livings for some of the 700 noble members of the cathedral chapters whose property and estates had been expropriated when the prince-bishoprics were secularized. Some prince-bishoprics were transferred whole to a new owner while others, such as Münster, Trier, Cologne, Würzburg, Augsburg, Freising, Eichstätt, Passau and Constance, were either split between two or several new owners or had some districts or exclaves allotted to different new owners. The substantial property and estates of the bishoprics' cathedral chapters were also expropriated.
781:
Württemberg targeted only ecclesiastical territories, by the time the
Congress of Rastatt opened in late 1797, there were widespread rumors about the abolition of at least some cities. Alarmed by such rumors, the imperial cities of the Swabian Circle, where about half of all the imperial cities were located, held a special conference at Ulm in early March 1798 to examine the situation, for which they felt helpless. However, given that it was expected from the start that the handful of the largest and wealthiest cities would maintain their independence, the expected mediatisation of the imperial cities did not raise much public interest. The survival of an imperial city often hung by a thread: while Regensburg and Wetzlar, seats of the Imperial Diet and the Imperial Cameral Tribunal respectively, were still on the short list of imperial cities that were to survive in the June 1802 general compensation plan, they were secularized a few months later in order to beef up the newly created
235:. In recent decades, some historians have maintained that the fragmentation of Germany was not to be found in the misfortunes, weakness or mistakes of imperial dynasties, but rather in the huge geographical extent of the Empire and the vigor of aristocratic and ecclesiastical rule in its localities. Successive imperial dynasties were compelled to accept a set of circumstances that could not be reversed until the 19th century: that the autonomous rule of the bishops, abbots, and secular princes, interspersed with independent city-states and lands of the imperial knights, constituted the German political structure, in other words, local sovereignty under the Emperor's suzerainty. Already in the 12th century, the secular and spiritual princes did not regard themselves as the Emperor's subordinates, still less his subjects, but as rulers in their own right – and they jealously defended their established sphere of predominance. At the time of Emperor
492:
Diet. Among other arguments, the defenders of the ecclesiastical states insisted that it was fundamentally illegal and unconstitutional to dissolve any imperial estates, and that the notion of compensating rulers for lost territory was contrary to all past treaties, where "each had to bear his own fate". They contended that even if circumstances now made it necessary, the amount of compensation should be limited to the amount of territory, or income, lost, and that all the
Estates of the Empire, and not just the ecclesiastical states, should bear the burden. They warned that a complete secularisation would be such a blow to the Empire that it would lead to its demise. Generally, the proponents of secularisation were less vocal and passionate, in good part because they realized that the course of events was in their favor. Even when they were in agreement with some of the anti-secularisation arguments, they contended that
760:, bishop of Mainz, pointed out that the secularization of 1803 had brought about the greatest territorial upheaval that Germany had experienced up to then, "more drastic than the Protestant Reformation and the Peace of Westphalia" and he emphasized that its implementation had taken place with brute force and reckless violation of religious feeling, at its most brutal in Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden. Monks were dispersed without pension and nuns were parked in central "Aussterbeklöstern". In the wake of secularization and the dissolution of monasteries, people were left more socially disadvantaged than before, and the education system in rural areas collapsed. Among the positive sides he pointed out the improved image of bishops and a Church freed of a power-hungry aristocracy which had seen the Church primarily as a source of wealth.
496:(the law of necessity) made secularisation unavoidable: the victorious French unequivocally demanded it and since peace was essential to the preservation of the state, sacrificing part of the state to preserve the whole was not only permissible but necessary. For its part, Austria was to be consistently hostile to secularisation, particularly in its wholesale form, since it realized it had more to lose than to gain from it as it would result in the disappearance of the ecclesiastical princes and prelates from the Imperial Diet and the loss of their traditional support for the Emperor. Likewise, the Electors of Hanover and Saxony opposed the principles of compensation and secularization, not out of sympathy for the Catholic Church, but because they feared it would lead to the aggrandizement of Prussia, Austria and Bavaria.
571:
meeting on 24 August 1802. It was stated in the preamble that the mediating Powers had been forced to come up with a compensation plan due to the "irreconcilable differences between the German
Princes" regarding the details of compensation, and the Imperial Deputation's delay in starting its work. It was said that the plan, "based on calculations of unquestionable impartiality" endeavored to effect compensation for recognized losses while “maintaining the pre-war balance of power between the key German rulers", two goals that were somewhat contradictory.The mediating Powers had decided right from the beginning of the process that income rather than population and size was to be the determining factor in estimating the losses.
753:(represented at the territorial Estates) and as such had traditionally enjoyed considerable autonomy, were secularized as well. The rich Prälatenklöster had controlled approximately 28 per cent of all peasants holdings in Bavaria. Following the simultaneous secularization of so many monasteries by Bavaria and other states and the hurried sale of their assets, including monastic buildings and lands, the market was saturated and the expected financial gain did not materialize. The process resulted in huge losses and the destruction of cultural assets All rulers did not act at once but by 1812, all but a handful of monasteries and religious houses – about 400 – had been dissolved in South Germany.
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510:) of 25 February 1803 is commonly referred to as the Imperial law that brought about the territorial restructuring of the Empire by subsuming the church states and imperial cities to larger secular imperial estates. In reality, neither the Final Recess nor the Imperial Deputation which drafted it played a significant role in the process since many decisions had already been made in Paris before the Deputation began its work. The Final Recess was nevertheless indispensable in lending a constitutional imprimatur on territorial remapping and the granting and denial of obligations and prerogatives that would otherwise have lacked legitimacy.
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701:, passed to new owners and the bishops were granted more modest lodgings as well as the use of a summer residence. The former prince-bishops, prince-abbots and imperial abbots and abbesses were entitled to an annual pension ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 gulden, 6,000 to 12,000 gulden and 3,000 to 6,000 gulden respectively, depending on their past earnings (art. 51). While secularisation stripped the prince-bishops of their political power and abolished their principality, they were still bishops and they retained normal pastoral authority over their diocese, parishes and clergy. Some, such as Bishop
603:
ignoring the
Imperial Deputation that has not yet convened, stated that both the King of Prussia and the Prince of Orange-Nassau could take possession of the territories allotted to them immediately after ratification. Two weeks later, the King issued a proclamation listing all the compensation territories awarded to Prussia but he waited until the first week of August 1802 before occupying the bishoprics of Paderborn and Hildesheim and its share of Münster, as well as the other territories that had been allotted to Prussia. The same month, Bavarian troops entered Bamberg and Würzburg a week after
1635:
612:. That strategy was not foolproof however and Bavaria, which had been in occupation of the bishopric of Eichstätt since September, was forced to evacuate it when the Franco-Austrian convention of 26 December 1802 reallocated most of Eichstätt to the Habsburg compensation package. For their parts, the lesser princes and the counts, with little manpower and resources, generally had to wait until the Final Recess was issued before they could take possession of the territories – if any – that were awarded to them as compensation, usually a secularized abbey or one of the smaller imperial cities.
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40 prelates remained, alongside 165 secular
Estates. The decline had started well before the Reformation, which only accelerated the tend for secular rulers to incorporate into their territories the material assets of Church fiefs. Many of the ecclesiastical Estates recorded in the 1521 register were already disappearing this way, including 15 prince-bishoprics. In the course of the Reformation, several of the bishoprics in the north and northeast were secularized and transformed into secular duchies, mostly to the benefit of Protestant princes. In the later sixteenth century the
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319:– under Protestant administration for decades and given up for lost – were restored as prince-bishoprics. In addition, the Peace conclusively reaffirmed the imperial immediacy, and therefore the de facto independence, of the prince-bishops and imperial abbots, free imperial cities, imperial counts, as well as the imperial knights. According to one authority, the sixty-five ecclesiastical rulers then controlled one-seventh of the total land area and approximately 12% of the Empire's population, perhaps three and a half million subjects.
562:, the counts of Sickingen and Wartenberg, among others – tried their chances with the French diplomats posted at Regensburg, who could recommend additions or amendments to the general compensation plan, generally in exchange for bribes. Nevertheless, all claims were examined and there was an effort to detect fictitious or exaggerated claims. The Imperial Deputation very seldom examined the claims and grievances, which were almost automatically transferred to the local French officials for decision or referral to Talleyrand in Paris.
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Münster although it had lost only the income of a toll station, and
Austria did well also. In addition, the two Habsburg archdukes who had been dispossessed of their Italian realms (the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena) were also compensated even though their realms were not part of the Holy Roman Empire. Likewise, the King of Prussia was able to obtain a generous territorial compensation for the dynastically related Prince of Orange-Nassau for the loss of the hereditary stadtholdership of the Netherlands.
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877:, and claimed as much power as he could retain as ruler of the Habsburg realms. To gain support from the more powerful German states, the former Holy Roman Emperor accepted, and Napoleon encouraged, the mediatisation by those that remained of their minor neighbouring states. Mediatisation transferred the sovereignty of more than 100 small secular states to their larger neighbours, most of whom became founding members of the Confederation in order to participate in the annexations.
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compensation. The treaty also provided for the holding of a congress at
Rastatt where delegates of the Imperial Diet would negotiate a general peace with France. It was widely and correctly anticipated that France would demand the formal cession of the entire west bank, that the dispossessed secular princes be compensated with ecclesiastical territories east of the Rhine, and that a specific compensation plan be discussed and adopted. Indeed, on 9 March 1798, the delegates at the
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633:. While he accepted the new ten-member College of Electors, which would for the first time have a Protestant majority, he objected to the strong Protestant majority within the new College of Princes (77 Protestant vs 53 Catholic votes, plus 4 alternating votes), where traditionally the Emperor's influence had been the most strongly felt, and he proposed religious parity instead. Discussions regarding this matter were still ongoing when the Empire was dissolved in 1806.
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588:. He swiftly negotiated revisions which confirmed both Francis II's Imperial prerogatives and his rights as ruler of Austria. The Habsburgs' compensation package was also augmented with additional secularized bishoprics. Francis II had been hostile to secularisation, but once it became clear that near complete secularisation was unavoidable, he fought as hard as any other ruler to obtain his share of former church states. He was particularly adamant that his
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738:, as well as the expectation of substantial financial gains, the German rulers decided at the last moment and on their own accord to include in the Final Recess of February 1803 a radical extension of the secularization process – Article 35 – which authorized the secularization of all the non-immediate monasteries, abbeys, convents and other religious houses throughout the empire which were legally subordinate to a territorial ruler.
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528:). The Imperial Diet resolved to entrust that task to the Emperor, as plenipotentiary of the Empire, while it intended to reserve the final decision to itself. Not wanting to bear the full onus of the changes that were bound to occur under French diktat, Francis II declined. After months of deliberations, a compromise was reached in November 1801 to delegate the compensation task to an Imperial Deputation (
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left bank of the Rhine, an indemnity, which shall be taken from the whole of the empire, according to arrangements which on these bases shall be ultimately determined upon." This time, Francis II signed the treaty not only on
Austria's behalf but also on behalf of the Empire, which officially conceded the loss of the Austrian Netherlands and the left bank of the Rhine.
842:, totaling perhaps 4,500 square miles, should have remained untouched. But by the winter of 1803, the rulers of Bavaria, Hesse-Kassel, and Württemberg began to take possession of these tiny enclaves through a combination of Surrender and Transfer Edicts (Abtretungs- und Überweisungspatenten) and military force and other smaller rulers, such as the
365:, and the bishops discussed raising an army of 40,000 to defend themselves against the Emperor who contemplated grabbing ecclesiastical land that his coronation oath committed him to protect. Although the sudden death of Charles VII put an end to this scheming, the idea of secularisation did not fade away. It was actively discussed during the
815:, was not only diminished, but nearly destroyed. The Church lost its crucial constitutional role in the Empire; most of the Catholic universities were closed, as well as hundreds of monasteries and religious foundations. It has been said that the Final Recess of 1803 did to German land ownership what the Revolution had done to France.
5641:'s tenure of the emperorship was not seriously threatened since the Habsburg would control two electoral votes (Bohemia and Salzburg) instead of one (Bohemia), and the key Protestant Electors would effectively neutralize each other: Hanover and Saxony would never contemplate electing a Prussian emperor and vice versa.
1043:, and entitled to claim compensation for their losses. But it was left to each of the annexing states to compensate mediatised dynasties, and the latter had no international right to redress if dissatisfied with the new regime's reimbursement decisions. In 1825 and 1829, those houses which had been designated the "
608:
allotted to them. Formal annexation and the establishment of a civil administration usually followed within a few weeks. Such haste was due in good part to the fear that the June plan might not be definitive and therefore it was thought safer to occupy the allotted territories and place everyone before a
776:
The 51 free imperial cities had less to offer in the way of territory (7,365 square kilometres (2,844 sq mi)) or population (815,000) than the ecclesiastical states but the secular princes had long resented the independence of the ones enclaved within their territory. With a few exceptions,
602:
The
Imperial Deputation, originally entrusted with the compensation process but now reduced to a subordinate role, tended to be seen by the mediating Powers and the key German States as mere constitutional window dressing. This was demonstrated with the Franco-Prussian agreement of 23 May 1802 which,
482:
which mostly reconfirmed the Treaty of Campo Formio and the guidelines set at
Rastatt. Article 7 of the treaty provided that "in conformity with the principles formally established at the congress of Rastatt, the empire shall be bound to give to the hereditary Princes who shall be dispossessed on the
456:
of October 1797, dictated by General Bonaparte, provided that Austria would be compensated for the loss of the Austrian Netherlands and Austrian Lombardy with Venice and Dalmatia. A secret article, not implemented at the time, added the Archbishopric of Salzburg and a portion of Bavaria as additional
432:
of April 1795 spoke of "a compensation" in case a future general peace with the Holy Roman Empire surrendered to France the German territories west of the Rhine, including the Prussian provinces. A secret Franco-Prussian convention signed in August 1796 specified that such a compensation would be the
290:
The register prepared for the 1521 Imperial Diet of Worms listed as ecclesiastical Estates 3 ecclesiastical electors, 4 archbishops, 46 bishops and 83 lesser prelates (imperial abbots and abbesses) compared to 180 secular lords. By 1792 only 3 electors, 1 archbishop, 29 bishops and prince-abbots, and
798:
In the case of the larger states, they generally received more than the territory they had lost. Baden received over seven times as much, Prussia nearly five times. Hanover gained the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, having lost nothing. The Duchy of Oldenburg received much of the Prince-Bishopric of
545:
Soon after Lunéville, the key German rulers entitled to compensation moved quickly to secure their compensation directly with France, and Paris was soon flooded with envoys bearing shopping lists of coveted territories. The French government encouraged the movement. Bonaparte left the details to his
607:
had written to their respective prince-bishops to inform them of the imminent occupation of their principalities. During the autumn, Bavaria, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Württemberg, and even Austria, proceeded to occupy the prince-bishoprics, imperial abbeys, and free Imperial cities that had been
491:
The sudden realization in the wake of Campo Formio that the Empire was on the threshold of radical changes initiated a debate on the issues of compensation and secularisation conducted in pamphlets, in the press, in the political correspondence within and amongst the territories and at the Imperial
360:
wrote a memorandum that suggested giving to the Wittelsbach Emperor the bishoprics of Passau, Augsburg and Regensburg, as well as the imperial cities of Augsburg, Regensburg and Ulm. Frederick II added the archbishopric of Salzburg to the list and Charles VII went as far as adding the bishoprics of
256:
Emperors, who appointed the bishops and abbots, used them as agents of the imperial crown – as they considered them more dependable than the dukes they appointed and who often attempted to establish independent hereditary principalities. The emperors expanded the power of the Church, and especially
5605:
Unlike those, some secularized prince-bishoprics in the north and northeast, such as Brandenburg, Havelberg, Lebus, Meissen, Merseburg, Naumburg-Zeitz, Schwerin and Camin had ceased to exercise independent rights and had effectively become subordinate to powerful neighboring rulers well before the
780:
A few imperial cities had been included in some of 18th century stillborn secularisation plans, chiefly because they were either contiguous to or enclaved within a prince-bishopric targeted for secularisation. While the secret compensation provisions of the treaties of 1796 with Prussia, Baden and
628:
On 8 October 1802, the mediating Powers transmitted to the Deputation their second general compensation plan whose many modifications reflected the considerable number of claims, memoirs, petitions and observations they had received from all quarters. A third plan was transmitted in November and a
420:
French Republic had outlawed independent, non-state-sanctioned houses of worship; thus both Catholic and Protestant Germany were hostile to the Republic. Many German rulers allowed French people to carry on counterrevolutionary activities from their lands. The French leaders resolved more or
322:
Due to the traumatic experience of the Thirty Years' War and in order to avoid a repetition of this catastrophe, the German rulers great or small were now inclined to value law and legal structures more highly than ever before in the history of the Empire. This explains in good part why medium and
449:, was to become permanent. Likewise, the peace treaties France signed with Württemberg and Baden the same month contained secret articles whereby France committed to intercede to obtain the cession of specific ecclesiastical territories as their compensation in case their losses became permanent.
339:
While no actual secularisation took place during the century and a half that followed the Peace of Westphalia, there was a long history of rumors and half-baked plans on possible secularisations. The continued existence of independent prince-bishoprics, an anomalous phenomenon unique to the Holy
853:
By autumn 1803, the majority of the knightly estates were de facto annexed by their larger neighbors but In January 1804, the seizures were declared illegal by the Emperor Francis II. Although the Emperor was unable to reverse the annexations, the threat of force put a stop to further seizures.
805:
The outcome of the compensation process confirmed by the Final Recess of February 1803 was the most extensive redistribution of property in German history before 1945. Approximately 73,000 km (28,000 sq mi) of ecclesiastical territory, with some 2.36 million inhabitants and 12.72
794:
While the original intent had been to compensate the dispossessed secular rulers only for lost territory, that criterion was to be applied only to the minor princes and the counts who sometimes only received an annuity or a territorial compensation so modest that it had to be augmented with an
570:
A "general compensation plan" combining the various formal and informal accords concluded in Paris was drafted by Talleyrand in June 1802, approved by Russia with minor changes, and submitted almost as an ultimatum to the Imperial Deputation when it finally convened at Regensburg for its first
629:
final one in mid-February 1803. It served as the basis for the Final Recess that the Deputation issued at its 46th meeting on 25 February 1803. The Imperial Diet approved it on 24 March and the Emperor ratified it on 27 April. The Emperor however made a formal reservation with respect to the
692:
to the emperor for their own person. They retained extensive authority, including judicial jurisdiction in civil and some criminal matters over their servants (art. 49). They retained the title and ranking of prince-bishop or prince-abbot for life and were entitled to a number of honors and
178:
for the entire restructuring process that took place at the time, whether the mediatised states persisted in some form or lost all individuality. The secularisation of ecclesiastical states took place concurrently with the mediatisation of free imperial cities and other secular states.
687:
The Final Recess detailed the financial and other obligations of the new rulers toward the former rulers, dignitaries, administrators and other civilian and military personnel of the abolished ecclesiastical principalities. The former prince-bishops and prince-abbots remained
534:), with France to act as 'mediator'. The Deputation consisted of the plenipotentiaries of the Electors of Mainz, Saxony, Brandenburg/Prussia, Bohemia and Bavaria, and of the Duke of Württemberg, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
659:
of Mainz had salvaged his Electorate by convincing Bonaparte that his position as Imperial Archchancellor was essential to the functioning of the Empire. As much of his Electorate, including the cathedral city of Mainz, had been annexed by France, the archbishopric
441:. In addition, Article 3 of the convention provided that the Prince of Orange-Nassau, dynastically related to the king of Prussia, who actively defended his interests, would be compensated with the Prince-Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg if his loss of the Dutch
385:. Yet, none of these projects ever came close to be implemented because, in the end, key actors appreciated that the secularisation of one single prince-bishopric would open a Pandora's box and have severe repercussions on the institutional stability of the Empire.
557:
Frantic discussions and dealings went on simultaneously in Regensburg, where the Imperial Diet and its Deputation were in session. In particular, many mid and lower ranking rulers who lacked influence in Paris – the dukes of Arenberg, Croy and Looz, the prince of
466:. The congress, which lingered on well into 1799, failed in its other goals due to disagreement among the delegates on the repartition of the secularized territories and insufficient French control over the process caused by the mounting power struggle in Paris.
206:
remained a feudal patchwork comprising "polyglot congeries of literally hundreds of nearly sovereign states and territories ranging in size from considerable to minuscule". From a high of nearly four hundred – 136 ecclesiastical and 173 secular lords plus 85
461:
formally accepted the sacrifice of the entire left bank and, on 4 April 1798, approved the secularisation of all the ecclesiastical states save the three Electorates of Mainz, Cologne and Trier, whose continued existence was an absolute red line for Emperor
1034:
was convened by the Great Powers to redraw the borders of Europe. During this time, it was decided that the mediatised principalities, free cities, and secularised states would not be reinstated. Instead, the former rulers who held a vote within the
654:
Under the terms of the Final Recess, all the ecclesiastical principalities – archbishoprics, bishoprics and abbeys – were dissolved except for the Archbishopric-Electorate of Mainz, the Teutonic Order and the Order of Malta. Archbishop
477:
In March 1799, Austria, allied with Russia, resumed the war against France. A series of military defeats and the withdrawal of Russia from the war forced Austria to seek an armistice and, on 9 February 1801 to sign the
6640:
5628:
A letter of Talleyrand to Laforest, the head of the French delegation in Regensburg, alludes to millions being paid by, among others, the three Hanseatic Cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Bremen) Frankfurt and Württemberg.
861:
The formal mediatisation of the imperial knights and counts was legalized by Article 25 of the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbundakte), which sanctioned unilateral action by territorial states.
340:
Roman Empire, was increasingly considered an anachronism especially, but not exclusively, by the Protestant princes, who also coveted these defenceless territories. Thus, secret proposals by Prussia to end the
5658:), out of more than 200 in the Middle Ages, that had survived precariously under the Emperor's distant protection. Unlike the imperial cities, they were not represented at the Imperial Diet and in the Circles.
785:
that was to constitute the territorial base of Archbishop von Dalberg, the Imperial Archchancellor. In the end, only Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Frankfurt, Augsburg, and Nuremberg survived mediatisation in 1803.
729:
and were represented at the Imperial Diet. However, due to the influence of the Enlightenment, growing anticlericalism and a desire to strengthen and modernize the state, exemplified by the policies of Count
425:, felt that some of these secular rulers should be compensated, by receiving "secularized" ecclesiastical land and property located on the right bank. This amounted to the appropriation of church lands.
257:
of the bishops, with land grants and numerous privileges of immunity and protection as well as extensive judicial rights, which eventually coalesced into a distinctive temporal principality: the
323:
small states, both ecclesiastical and secular, were able to survive and even prosper in the vicinity of powerful states with standing armies such as Brandenburg/Prussia, Bavaria and Austria.
393:
By the late 18th century, the continued existence of the Holy Roman Empire, despite its archaic constitution, was not seriously threatened from within its limits. An external factor – the
421:
less openly to annex those lands to the Republic as soon as circumstances permitted, dispossessing both secular and ecclesiastical German rulers. The French revolutionaries, and later
802:
In all, 112 imperial estates disappeared. Apart from the territory ceded to France, their land and properties were distributed among the seventy-two rulers entitled to compensation.
143:
lost their independent status and were absorbed by the remaining states. By the end of the mediatisation process, the number of German states had been reduced from almost 300 to 39.
6501:
182:
The mass mediatisation and secularisation of German states that took place at the time was not initiated by Germans. It came under relentless military and diplomatic pressure from
3813:
6330:
869:
to extend and help secure the eastern border of France. In reluctant recognition of Napoleon's dismemberment of imperial territory, on 6 August 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor
273:
in the 11th century, and in its aftermath the emperor's control over the bishops' selection and rule diminished considerably. The bishops, now elected by independent-minded
6189:
6758:
211:– on the eve of the Reformation, this number had only reduced to a little less than 300 by the late-18th century. The traditional explanation for this fragmentation (
4596:
4523:
416:, its armies invaded; by the end of 1794, they had consolidated their hold over the Austrian Netherlands and the rest of the left bank of the Rhine. The forcefully
4649:
3745:
6029:
2508:
357:
5005:
2638:
2730:
5596:
These figures do not include the hundreds of tiny territories of the Imperial Knights, who were immediate vassals of the Emperor – and therefore self-ruling.
4937:
4196:
4186:
3793:
3875:
3833:
5158:
3823:
115:) was the major redistribution and reshaping of territorial holdings that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany by means of the subsumption and
5045:
2064:
858:
in 1805, the violence done unto the knights and counts was extended to these defenseless princes, resulting in a second great mediatisation in 1806.
854:
Still, this violence was to have grave consequences for the small princes of the Empire. With the effective end of imperial governance following the
630:
3803:
202:
Although most of its neighbors coalesced into relatively centralized states before the 19th century, Germany did not follow that path. Instead, the
3994:
1049:" were formalised, at the sole discretion of the ruling states, and not all houses that ruled states that were mediatised were recognised as such.
6751:
4592:
4176:
2170:
705:
of Bamberg, adjusted to their diminished circumstances and stayed in their diocese to carry on their pastoral duties; others, such as Archbishop
377:
and during his later exchange plan to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands, which included a secret provision for the secularisation of the
4747:
6285:
Histoire générale des traités de paix et autres transactions principales entre toutes les puissances de l'Europe depuis la paix de Westphalie
5958:
Histoire générale des traités de paix et autres transactions principales entre toutes les puissances de l'Europe depuis la paix de Westphalie
3783:
725:
In principle, the secularization process only targeted the ecclesiastical principalities – including the 40-odd imperial abbeys – that were
295:
attempted to reverse some of these secularisations, and the question of the fates of secularized territories became an important one in the
4895:
4555:
4220:
2396:
2329:
6149:
4242:
4008:
6498:
Herrschaftssäkularisation und Vermögenssäkularisation, Ein Symposion in Mainz 200 Jahre nach dem Reichsdeputationshauptsschluss von 1803
361:
Eichstätt and Freising. The plan caused a sensation, and outrage among the prince-bishops, the free imperial cities and the other minor
7424:
6744:
4077:
6324:
7465:
7332:
5568:
4965:
4951:
4845:
4831:
1523:
2120:
6211:
3885:
2285:
2077:
741:
Already in January 1802 Elector Max Joseph had issued a decree that dissolved 77 Bavarian monasteries and 14 nunneries which were
408:
The Rhineland in 1789: The annexation of the left bank of the Rhine by the French Republic set in motion the mediatisation process
7445:
6869:
5563:
2475:
2024:
4807:
7450:
6183:
6245:
311:
and six bishoprics with full political powers, which were assigned to Sweden, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. On the other hand,
7460:
6700:
7392:
874:
656:
589:
124:
17:
6444:
5668:
5615:
Barras, a former prominent member of the Directorate, devoted several pages of his memoirs to the venality of his former
5587:
In the present context, secularisation means "the transfer (of property) from ecclesiastical to civil possession or use".
3362:
709:
of Salzburg, abandoned their pastoral duties to auxiliary bishops and went to live in Vienna or on their family estates.
6723:
5138:
1441:
795:
annuity paid by better provisioned princes in order that their total income would not be less than their former income.
7387:
6841:
6021:
4827:
4606:
3853:
3648:
620:
7312:
7262:
6767:
1036:
721:
Early 19th century German engraving showing a crowd lamenting the expulsion of a monk from his secularized monastery.
6692:
Folgen der Säkularisierung für die Klöster im Rheinland – Am Beispiel der Klöster Schwarzenbroich und Kornelimünster
5526:
5989:
3108:
1843:
236:
116:
5619:
Talleyrand and his underlings who allegedly collected 15 million francs in bribes during the compensation process.
5088:
4841:
4729:
4621:
4389:
4230:
3864:
3663:
3608:
1454:
582:
As Austria had been excluded from the discussions, its envoy at Paris only learned of the plan when he read it in
7337:
7302:
4495:
3304:
1994:
1464:
349:
277:
rather than chosen by the emperor or the pope, were confirmed as territorial lords equal to the secular princes.
745:(unrepresented at the territorial Estates). Soon after the proclamation of the Recess in February 1803, some 70
248:
Among those states and territories, the ecclesiastical principalities were unique to Germany. Historically, the
7327:
7322:
7317:
1023:
870:
735:
706:
604:
463:
374:
341:
4505:
4216:
4073:
1716:
1648:
1607:
1515:
1427:
1223:
662:
was translated to Regensburg and augmented with some remnants of the Electorate east of the Rhine, and Wetzlar
522:, the Empire was obliged soon after Lunéville to take on the task of drafting a definitive compensation plan (
434:
7297:
1659:
1213:
782:
661:
506:
370:
316:
5759:
Count and Bishop in Medieval Germany. A Study of Regional Power, 1100–1350, University of Pennsylvania Press
646:
7455:
7307:
5341:
4926:
4915:
4049:
3700:
3689:
2935:
2839:
1384:
1364:
1260:
171:
4322:
4272:
2432:
1131:
219:) has focused on the gradual usurpation by the princes of the powers of the Holy Roman Emperor during the
166:), while generally leaving the dispossessed ruler with his private estates and a number of privileges and
7081:
5862:, Vol. 58, Supplement: Politics and Society in the Holy Roman Empire, 1500–1806 (Dec. 1986), p. S66.
5542:
5294:
4262:
4252:
4125:
3976:
2780:
2409:
1374:
6835:
6679:
6145:
Die Entschädigung des Herzogs von Croy im Zusammenhang mit der Säkularisierung des Fürstbistums Münster
5987:
Peter H. Wilson, "Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806",
5208:
5168:
4565:
3779:
3504:
3433:
1669:
866:
777:
they suffered from an even worse reputation of decay and mismanagement than the ecclesiastical states.
702:
550:, who famously lined his pockets with bribes. Meanwhile, Bonaparte, who had been courting the new Tsar
458:
308:
5441:
5075:
2442:
5055:
4725:
4385:
3618:
3604:
3598:
1863:
1757:
1282:
1271:
855:
413:
378:
5232:
4922:
4911:
3696:
3685:
1747:
1678:
999:
5546:
5407:
5298:
5025:
5015:
4376:
4129:
3990:
2985:
2239:
731:
5200:
4468:
4458:
3926:
3025:
1404:
6776:
5351:
3980:
2802:
2661:
2498:
2485:
2419:
1853:
1734:
1693:
1638:
1340:
1163:
1039:
were to enjoy an improved aristocratic status, being deemed equal to the still-reigning monarchs
519:
382:
312:
304:
270:
5502:
5144:
4696:
3905:
3201:
2707:
1818:
6893:
5476:
5457:
After being abolished or mediatised, very few states were recreated. Those that were included:
4985:
4705:
3936:
3711:
3493:
2562:
2452:
1682:
1319:
1141:
596:
453:
6731:
6143:
5536:
4817:
4041:
4027:
3769:
3527:
2945:
1634:
1597:
479:
303:
confirmed the secularisation of a score of prince-bishoprics, including the archbishoprics of
7367:
7360:
7111:
6898:
6875:
6673:
Die Standesherren. Die politische und gesellschaftliche Stellung der Mediatisierten 1815–1918
5381:
5355:
5122:
5035:
4961:
4787:
4757:
4551:
4302:
4004:
3901:
3274:
2881:
2825:
2386:
2143:
1950:
1784:
1570:
1477:
1351:
1209:
1120:
1076:
584:
551:
261:. The German bishop became a "prince of the Empire" and direct vassal of the Emperor for his
6442:
Die Säkularisation der Klöster und Kirchenherrschaften - O Menschenverstand des Mittelalters
5819:. Vol. I, Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
5214:
3895:
1360:
694:
7194:
7129:
7099:
6974:
6957:
5915:. Vol. I, Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia. Oxford University Press. p. 6.
5688:
5684:
5222:
5218:
5204:
5178:
4875:
4777:
4574:
4356:
4342:
3970:
3585:
3410:
3131:
3118:
2697:
2684:
2308:
2298:
1703:
1292:
1127:
969:
417:
345:
296:
183:
132:
47:
6207:
Les cartes chiffrées: l'argument de la superficie à la fin de l'Ancien Régime en Allemagne
5437:
4438:
2494:
1325:
1148:
331:
8:
7377:
7355:
7257:
6863:
6802:
6429:
Prosperity and Plunder: European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of Revolution, 1650-1815
5844:
Prosperity and Plunder. European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of Revolution, 1650–1815
5676:
5506:
5262:
5188:
5148:
4855:
4797:
4767:
4018:
3956:
3571:
3386:
3224:
3191:
3035:
2226:
2203:
2166:
2097:
1828:
1814:
1574:
1557:
1546:
1487:
1481:
1394:
1329:
1250:
1181:
1174:
1152:
1040:
843:
698:
469:
438:
366:
353:
300:
292:
224:
6205:
5154:
3015:
2438:
2050:
717:
30:
7405:
7382:
6969:
5672:
5496:
5492:
5417:
5391:
5345:
5134:
5061:
4975:
4865:
4823:
4625:
4610:
4602:
4578:
4425:
4139:
4045:
4035:
4031:
3915:
3849:
3732:
3667:
3652:
3644:
2575:
2548:
2525:
2521:
2216:
2054:
1929:
1584:
1491:
1305:
1185:
1094:
1090:
1031:
1027:
938:
907:
726:
689:
241:
230:
208:
147:
5403:
3284:
2981:
2294:
2034:
2010:
683:
Deed granting the secularized abbey of Ochsenhausen to Count Georg Karl von Metternich
7277:
7087:
6994:
6887:
6858:
6852:
6696:
5558:
5512:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4663:
4582:
4448:
4202:
3678:
2791:
2462:
2372:
2193:
2133:
1832:
1196:
1109:
1105:
1045:
824:
768:
446:
394:
274:
203:
140:
35:
6736:
6533:, Manuskripte der Vorträge Herausgegeben vom Stadtarchiv Leutkirch, 2003, p. 3.
5304:
5065:
3871:
3423:
3270:
3104:
2750:
2448:
2368:
1743:
1689:
693:
privileges (art. 50). However, the prince-bishops' palatial residences, such as the
7226:
7123:
7031:
6939:
6881:
6846:
6830:
6667:
6253:
5855:
5680:
5655:
5638:
4813:
4709:
4686:
3674:
3638:
3628:
3317:
3041:
2941:
2787:
2760:
2275:
2260:
2014:
2004:
1990:
1909:
1873:
1798:
1724:
1336:
1159:
249:
63:
6714:
6652:. Dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 1950 (later published as
6052:
Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806
5244:
3575:
2776:
2740:
1414:
1380:
1256:
190:. It constituted the most extensive redistribution of property and territories in
7162:
7117:
7041:
6984:
6951:
6334:
6215:
6193:
6153:
5365:
5314:
5288:
5252:
5001:
4995:
4947:
4533:
4509:
4482:
4407:
4332:
4292:
4163:
3966:
3932:
3891:
3759:
3707:
3351:
3290:
2904:
2720:
2651:
2628:
2595:
2585:
2250:
2180:
2087:
1969:
1963:
1533:
1237:
835:
593:
362:
146:
In the strict sense of the word, mediatisation consists in the subsumption of an
120:
108:
2931:
1768:
7093:
6921:
6459:
5466:
5248:
5164:
4397:
4091:
4059:
3911:
3482:
3327:
3294:
3011:
2871:
2746:
2674:
2618:
2428:
2378:
2321:
1983:
1919:
1502:
839:
429:
253:
214:
191:
136:
3230:
3220:
3187:
2915:
2911:
2129:
1925:
1712:
1644:
1603:
1511:
1423:
1219:
537:
7439:
7411:
7241:
7216:
7135:
7026:
6915:
6822:
6683:
6613:
5516:
5084:
5051:
4905:
4837:
4719:
4617:
4312:
4226:
4206:
4115:
3860:
3659:
3336:
3313:
3094:
2362:
2153:
2044:
2020:
3594:
3171:
3098:
2965:
2716:
1808:
1566:
1473:
1400:
1205:
1116:
834:
Following the Final Recess, the scattered estates of approximately 300 free
7204:
7018:
6933:
6784:
5616:
5472:
5462:
5308:
4981:
4733:
4676:
4645:
4636:
4588:
4541:
4282:
4192:
4182:
4172:
3741:
3489:
3478:
3347:
3031:
2647:
2608:
2552:
2382:
2264:
2110:
1935:
1886:
1753:
1267:
1060:
757:
559:
452:
Signed in the wake of major French victories over the Austrian armies, the
404:
220:
3280:
3250:
3167:
3021:
2961:
2614:
1794:
1301:
1086:
7399:
6989:
6979:
6927:
4991:
4871:
4501:
4472:
4403:
4366:
4212:
4149:
4069:
3962:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3181:
3161:
2995:
2900:
2352:
1973:
1939:
1615:
1315:
847:
672:
442:
50:
after 1815, the result of German mediatisation during the Napoleonic Wars
6552:
Hauptschluß der ausserordentlichen Reichsdeputation vom 25. Februar 1803
4743:
4464:
4055:
3922:
3500:
3063:
2809:
2771:
The only ecclesiastical entities in Germany not abolished in 1803 were:
2756:
2736:
2693:
2624:
2604:
2581:
2571:
2405:
2256:
2189:
2139:
2106:
2083:
2030:
1979:
1959:
1905:
1859:
1839:
1593:
1450:
1390:
1370:
1101:
712:
574:
7199:
7141:
6963:
6641:
Hauptschluß der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation vom 25. Februar 1803
6636:
5606:
Reformation. Therefore, they had become prince-bishoprics in name only.
4901:
4715:
4519:
4101:
4081:
3946:
3839:
3446:
3254:
3141:
2975:
2925:
2535:
2162:
2000:
1824:
1309:
1052:
As a result of the Congress of Vienna, only 39 German states remained.
756:
In 2003, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Final Recess,
547:
265:, while continuing to exercise only pastoral authority over his larger
5679:
in annual pension to three as part of their compensation package: the
4971:
4885:
4881:
4111:
3952:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3799:
3789:
2991:
2670:
2544:
2517:
2317:
2212:
1882:
1849:
1278:
1137:
809:
The position of the established Roman Catholic Church in Germany, the
679:
269:. The personal appointment of bishops by the Emperors had sparked the
5833:, Studies in European History, Second Edition (2011), pp. 94–95.
5522:
5318:
5284:
5092:
4537:
4411:
3843:
3765:
3755:
3749:
3722:
3539:
3340:
3244:
3177:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3045:
2955:
2921:
2894:
2348:
2325:
2246:
1246:
806:
million guildens per annum of revenue was transferred to new rulers.
258:
128:
5717:
Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language
4933:
4515:
4097:
3496:(annexed to Regensburg 1806, restored 1813, annexed to Prussia 1866)
3442:
3147:
2971:
2890:
2798:
2726:
2471:
2358:
2271:
2073:
1804:
1431:
7221:
7189:
7105:
7036:
6945:
6788:
5278:
4234:
4135:
3942:
3718:
3562:
3471:
3376:
3264:
3240:
3056:
3052:
2951:
1915:
1655:
422:
398:
187:
6631:
5532:
5482:
5377:
5274:
5031:
5021:
5011:
4861:
4491:
4362:
4352:
4145:
4000:
3986:
3546:
3523:
3260:
3127:
6909:
6903:
6812:
6650:
The Lesser Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Napoleonic Era
5486:
5328:
5041:
4415:
4393:
4268:
4238:
3775:
3516:
3456:
3452:
3395:
3234:
3084:
3075:
2857:
2850:
2339:
1625:
266:
42:
5413:
5174:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4338:
4328:
3881:
2867:
615:
7272:
7267:
7236:
7209:
7167:
7000:
6732:
Report on compensations on which the Final Recess will be based
5772:
The Shaping of German Identity. Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414
4957:
4943:
4891:
4737:
4682:
4672:
4547:
4529:
4346:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4153:
4063:
3399:
3088:
2861:
2834:
2040:
1611:
1519:
1227:
518:
Hard pressed by Bonaparte, now firmly at the helm in France as
344:
called for increasing the insufficient territorial base of the
167:
4258:
4248:
4121:
3419:
3001:
99:
69:
6807:
5675:, subject however to the obligation to pay a total of 20,000
4851:
4653:
4105:
3214:
2235:
1896:
1769:
Disbursement of the imperial abbeys, convents and provostries
1720:
1542:
1170:
829:
667:
4087:
3467:
The only free cities in Germany not abolished in 1803 were:
3210:
486:
7231:
7181:
7057:
6780:
650:
Expulsion of the prince-bishop of Trient in popular imagery
641:
352:
through his annexation of some prince-bishoprics. In 1743,
93:
84:
78:
75:
473:
Contemporary engraving celebrating the Treaty of Lunéville
96:
3005:
6531:
1802/03 Das Ende der Reichsstädte Leutkirch,Wangen, Isny
3067:
The free men of the Leutkircher Heath (Imperial village)
1061:
Disbursement of the prince-bishoprics and archbishoprics
772:
Mediatisation of Schwäbisch Hall in contemporary imagery
631:
reallocation of seats and votes within the Imperial Diet
578:
Prussia's territorial losses and gains during the period
5890:
The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich
5858:, "The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg",
3530:(annexed to France 1811, restored 1814, abolished 1937)
239:'s death in 1250, it had already been decided that the
123:, prefiguring, precipitating, and continuing after the
6766:
2810:
Disbursement of the Free Imperial Cities and villages
713:
Article 35 and the mass secularization of monasteries
504:
The Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation (German:
90:
6246:"Der 24. Februar 1803. Reichsdeputationshauptschluß"
5873:
The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806
326:
81:
72:
5803:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire
599:by the invading French, be adequately compensated.
445:, which followed the creation of the French-backed
87:
66:
6503:Mainzer Bistumsnachrichten Nr. 5, 4 February 2004.
1030:and the final abdication of Napoleon in 1815, the
763:
388:
335:The prince-bishoprics on the eve of secularisation
6655:Les Princes du St-Empire a l'époque napoléonienne
6584:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, pp. 137, 140, 265.
541:Contemporary map showing the partition of Münster
414:declared war on Prussia and Austria in April 1792
7437:
6373:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, pp. 381, 388–389.
5735:, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 620.
499:
6431:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 286-287.
5846:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 59.
5103:
3547:Members of the Imperial Diet mediatised in 1806
624:First page of the Final Recess of February 1803
4808:Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
1274:: Austrian exclaves of Arnsdorf and Traismauer
881:Area and population losses or gains (rounded)
846:, followed suit. This came to be known as the
245:was "an aristocracy with a monarchical head".
223:period (1138–1254), to the extent that by the
139:, and other minor self-ruling entities of the
6752:
6326:Der Umbruch von 1802/04 im Fürstentum Bamberg
5892:, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 376–377.
5733:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806)
616:Approval and ratification of the Final Recess
6690:
6671:
6659:
6653:
6355:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, pp. 200, 238.
6287:, Volume 7, Paris, Amyot, 1848, pp. 148–149.
5452:
810:
565:
529:
523:
212:
161:
151:
27:1802–14 territorial restructuring in Germany
6639:has original text related to this article:
6296:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, pp. 251–252.
5969:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 5, pp. 353–357.
5960:, Volume 5, Paris, Amyot, 1848, pp. 360–361
228:
174:. For convenience, historians use the term
7425:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
6759:
6745:
5774:, Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 71.
5748:, Longman Publishing Group, 1991, p. viii)
4788:Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein
4758:Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg-Ingelfingen
4506:Count of Leiningen-Westerburg-Neuleiningen
4217:Count of Leiningen-Westerburg-Altleiningen
865:On 12 June 1806, Napoleon established the
830:Assault on the imperial knights and counts
818:
156:) state into another state, thus becoming
5993:, Vol. 28, No. 4 (December 2006), p. 715.
5875:, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 196.
5671:received compensation in the form of the
5569:List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)
4778:Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg-Langenburg
929:
487:Debate on compensation and secularisation
6562:
6560:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6064:
6062:
6060:
4828:Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
4798:Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Jagstberg
4607:Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
3854:Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
3649:Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
767:
716:
678:
666:
645:
642:End of the ecclesiastical principalities
619:
573:
536:
468:
403:
330:
285:
41:
29:
5746:Germany Under the Old Regime, 1600–1790
5564:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
5089:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
4842:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
4768:Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg-Kirchberg
4622:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
4231:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
3865:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
3664:Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
3519:(annexed to France 1811, restored 1814)
3485:(annexed to France 1811, restored 1814)
1787:and client states (previously annexed)
1079:and client states (previously annexed)
14:
7438:
6661:Publications universitaires de Louvain
6346:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, p. 231.
6314:Guillaume de Garden, Volume 7, p. 143.
5945:Germany 1789–1919. A Political History
5910:
5814:
5727:
5725:
4927:Prince of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim
4916:Prince of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach
3701:Prince of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim
3690:Prince of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach
3505:The Imperial Valley of the Harmersbach
227:(1648), the Emperor had become a mere
6740:
6557:
6120:
6057:
5046:Count and Countess of Waldeck-Limpurg
4263:Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein
4253:Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
4126:Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
3814:Count of Fugger-Kirchberg-Weissenhorn
7393:List of current constituent monarchs
6724:"The full text of the mediatisation"
125:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
6204:Lars Behrisch, Christian Fieseler,
5722:
5066:Prince of Windisch-Grätz Elder line
592:, who had been dispossessed of his
24:
7388:List of current sovereign monarchs
6842:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
6684:The Meaning of the Word Mediatized
6566:Whaley, Vol. II, p. 621.
5805:, Belknap Press, 2016, p. 131–132.
5026:Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg
5016:Prince of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee
4986:Countess of Sternberg-Manderscheid
4377:Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
4323:Count of Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim
4273:Count of Schlitz genannt von Görtz
3991:Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg
25:
7477:
7263:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
6768:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
6715:Full text, including the preamble
6708:
6676:. Stuttgart 1957 (Göttingen 1964)
6470:Derek Beales (2003), p. 286, 289.
6032:from the original on 9 April 2016
5947:, Methuen & Co., 1967, p. 43.
5913:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire
5886:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire
5817:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire
327:18th-century secularisation plans
280:
7466:Political terminology in Germany
6630:
6479:Joachim Whaley Volume II p. 624.
5990:The International History Review
5541:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5501:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5461:
5436:
5412:
5402:
5376:
5350:
5340:
5313:
5303:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5243:
5213:
5199:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5083:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4956:
4942:
4932:
4921:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4836:
4822:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4742:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4681:
4671:
4644:
4616:
4601:
4587:
4573:
4546:
4528:
4514:
4500:
4490:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4402:
4384:
4361:
4351:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4225:
4211:
4201:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4144:
4134:
4120:
4110:
4096:
4086:
4068:
4054:
4040:
4026:
3999:
3985:
3981:Count of Waldbott von Bassenheim
3975:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3859:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3798:
3788:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3740:
3717:
3706:
3695:
3684:
3673:
3658:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3570:
3533:
3522:
3510:
3499:
3488:
3477:
3451:
3441:
3418:
3394:
3370:
3346:
3335:
3312:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3062:
3051:
3040:
3030:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2899:
2889:
2866:
2856:
2844:
2833:
2797:
2786:
2775:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2692:
2669:
2662:Count of Waldbott von Bassenheim
2646:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2580:
2570:
2543:
2516:
2493:
2470:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2404:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2316:
2293:
2270:
2255:
2245:
2234:
2211:
2188:
2161:
2138:
2128:
2105:
2082:
2072:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1881:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1752:
1742:
1711:
1688:
1677:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1602:
1592:
1565:
1541:
1510:
1486:
1472:
1449:
1422:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1335:
1324:
1314:
1300:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1245:
1218:
1204:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1126:
1115:
1100:
1085:
992:
962:
931:
900:
62:
6605:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6545:
6536:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6449:
6434:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6277:
6268:
6238:
6235:Manfred Wolf, pp. 130–131.
6229:
6226:Manfred Wolf, pp. 147–153.
6220:
6198:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6136:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6071:
6044:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5950:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5904:
5895:
5878:
5865:
5849:
5836:
5831:The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806
5823:
5808:
5795:
5661:
5650:There were also five remaining
5644:
5631:
5622:
5609:
5599:
5036:Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Wurzach
4962:Prince of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
4552:Prince of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
4303:Prince of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
4164:Grand Duke of Hesse(-Darmstadt)
4074:Count of Leiningen-Altleiningen
4005:Prince of Waldburg-Zeil-Wurzach
3780:Prince of Esterházy de Galántha
2563:Count of Sternberg-Manderscheid
789:
764:End of the free imperial cities
671:Austrian soldiers and monks at
636:
513:
412:After Revolutionary France had
389:Impact of the French Revolution
7446:1800s in the Holy Roman Empire
7378:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
6575:Whaley, Vol. II, pp. 616, 621.
5786:
5777:
5764:
5751:
5738:
5710:
5590:
5581:
5527:Lordship of In- and Kniphausen
5331:(status quo of 1806 restored)
5289:Lordship of In- and Kniphausen
5179:Prince of Stolberg-Wernigerode
4876:Count of Plettenberg-Mietingen
4496:Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Hoym
4469:Count of Schönborn-Wiesentheid
4459:Count of Isenburg-Wächtersbach
4343:Prince of Stolberg-Wernigerode
3927:Count of Schönborn-Wiesentheid
3906:Prince of Öttingen-Wallerstein
2509:Count of Schaesberg-Retersbeck
2121:Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
734:, the influential minister of
342:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
7451:1803 in the Holy Roman Empire
6185:Les Allemagnes napoléoniennes
6164:Whaley, Vol. II, pp. 619–620.
5934:Whaley, Vol. II, pp. 566–568.
5860:The Journal of Modern History
5698:
5517:Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg
5219:Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg
5205:Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg
3629:Count of Leiningen-Billigheim
3363:Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
2227:Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
1558:Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
1214:County of Vest Recklinghausen
783:Principality of Aschaffenburg
736:Elector Max Joseph of Bavaria
675:at the time of secularisation
507:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
500:Final Recess of February 1803
428:Already, the Franco-Prussian
299:(1618–1648). In the end, the
197:
129:ecclesiastical principalities
7461:Political history of Germany
6521:Gagliardo, pp. 221–222.
6488:Derek Beales (2003), p. 286.
6364:Whaley, Vol. II, p. 628–629.
5703:
5507:Electorate of Hesse(-Cassel)
5104:States mediatised after 1806
4938:Count of Schaesberg-Tannheim
4886:Count of Pückler and Limpurg
4818:Count of Königsegg-Aulendorf
4650:Baron of Boyneburg-Bömelberg
4579:Prince of Colloredo-Mansfeld
3957:Count of Stadion-Thannhausen
3896:Prince of Öttingen-Spielberg
3794:Prince of Fugger-Babenhausen
3770:Count of Castell-Rüdenhausen
3746:Baron of Boyneburg-Bömelberg
3305:Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
2265:St. Gerold im Weingartischen
1465:Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
1024:first abdication of Napoleon
605:Elector Maximilian IV Joseph
401:– brought about its demise.
7:
7082:Imperial and Royal Highness
6726:(in German). 25 March 2014,
6680:Reitwiesner, William Addams
6456:Orden und Klöster in Bayern
6252:(in German). Archived from
5552:
5006:Count of Törring-Jettenbach
4976:Count of Stadion-Warthausen
4566:Archbishopric of Regensburg
4046:Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt
4032:Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt
3639:Count of Leiningen-Neudenau
2803:Archbishopric of Regensburg
2639:Count of Törring-Jettenbach
2433:Niedermünster-in-Regensburg
2420:Archbishopric of Regensburg
2309:Count of Plettenberg-Wittem
1055:
435:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
10:
7482:
6836:Imperial and Royal Majesty
6648:Arenberg, Jean Engelbert.
6623:
6391:Gagliardo, p. 331, note 32
5169:Count of Platen-Hallermund
5159:Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg
4906:Count of Rechteren-Limpurg
4449:Count of Isenburg-Meerholz
4439:Count of Isenburg-Büdingen
4207:Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
4140:Count of Wallmoden-Gimborn
3876:Count of Ortenburg-Tambach
3834:Count of Fugger-Nordendorf
3681:: bailiwick on upper Rhine
867:Confederation of the Rhine
822:
703:Christoph Franz von Buseck
443:hereditary stadtholdership
383:Provostry of Berchtesgaden
7420:
7348:
7290:
7250:
7180:
7155:
7074:
7050:
7017:
7010:
6821:
6795:
6774:
6660:
6512:Wilson, pp. 714–715.
5453:Restored sovereign states
5149:Elector of Hesse(-Cassel)
4996:Prince of Thurn and Taxis
4948:Prince of Solms-Braunfels
4710:Count of Aspremont-Lynden
4687:Count of Solms-Wildenfels
4534:Prince of Solms-Braunfels
4408:Prince of Thurn and Taxis
4333:Prince of Stolberg-Rossla
4293:Prince of Solms-Braunfels
4197:Count of Erbach-Schönberg
4187:Count of Erbach-Fürstenau
3967:Prince of Thurn and Taxis
3824:Count of Fugger-Kirchheim
3542:(annexed to Bavaria 1806)
3474:(annexed to Bavaria 1806)
3402:(sold to Austria in 1804)
2596:Prince of Thurn and Taxis
2443:Obermünster-in-Regensburg
2267:(sold to Austria in 1804)
1874:Count of Aspremont-Lynden
590:younger brother Ferdinand
566:General compensation plan
379:Archbishopric of Salzburg
373:'s maneuverings over the
6274:Whaley, Vol. II, p. 620.
6173:Whaley, Vol. II, p. 619.
6068:Whaley, Vol. II, p. 612.
5911:Whaley, Joachim (2012).
5815:Whaley, Joachim (2012).
5687:(11,000 Gulden) and the
5574:
5547:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
5056:Count of Wartenberg-Roth
3760:Count of Castell-Castell
3434:Archbishop of Regensburg
3328:Prince of Nassau-Usingen
2986:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
1670:Archbishop of Regensburg
732:Maximilian von Montgelas
707:Hieronymus von Colloredo
657:Karl Theodor von Dalberg
6542:Gagliardo, p. 221.
6133:Gagliardo, p. 193.
6117:Gagliardo, pp. 192–193.
6081:, pp. 206–209, 214–215.
6011:Gagliardo, pp. 191–192.
6002:Gagliardo, pp. 189–190.
5408:Grand Duke of Frankfurt
5299:Grand Duke of Oldenburg
4720:Prince of Dietrichstein
4060:Count of Limburg-Styrum
3937:Prince of Schwarzenberg
3712:Prince of Schwarzenberg
3507:(annexed to Baden 1806)
2154:Prince of Dietrichstein
2065:Duke of Breisgau-Modena
2025:St. Ulrich and St. Afra
819:Mediatisation from 1806
271:investiture controversy
113:deutsche Mediatisierung
7383:Great Catholic Monarch
6894:Most Excellent Majesty
6870:Most Christian Majesty
6691:
6672:
6654:
5477:Free City of Frankfurt
5442:Grand Duke of Würzburg
5309:Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
5233:Kingdom of Württemberg
5076:Grand Duke of Würzburg
4637:Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
4593:Count of Erbach-Erbach
4357:Prince of Wied-Neuwied
4313:Count of Solms-Laubach
4177:Count of Erbach-Erbach
4116:Count of Salm-Horstmar
4092:Duke of Looz-Corswarem
2486:Grand Duke of Salzburg
1735:Grand Duke of Salzburg
1503:Duke of Looz-Corswarem
1310:Lordship of Schliengen
811:
773:
722:
684:
676:
651:
625:
597:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
579:
542:
530:
524:
474:
454:Treaty of Campo Formio
409:
336:
229:
213:
162:
152:
112:
51:
39:
7368:Defender of the Faith
7361:Divine right of kings
7112:Ducal Serene Highness
6934:Most Eminent Highness
6899:Most Gracious Majesty
6876:Most Faithful Majesty
6283:Guillaume de Garden,
6022:"Treaty of Lunéville"
5956:Guillaume de Garden,
5783:Arnold, pp. 273, 352.
5673:Abbey of Ochsenhausen
4730:Prince of Fürstenberg
4677:Count of Solms-Baruth
4390:Prince of Fürstenberg
4367:Prince of Wied-Runkel
4283:Count of Solms-Baruth
4150:Prince of Wied-Runkel
3804:Count of Fugger-Glött
3609:Prince of Fürstenberg
3387:Prince of Bretzenheim
3026:Weißenburg im Nordgau
2098:Prince of Bretzenheim
1920:Odenheim and Bruchsal
771:
758:Cardinal Karl Lehmann
720:
682:
670:
649:
623:
577:
540:
472:
407:
358:Heinrich von Podewils
334:
286:Early secularisations
119:of a large number of
45:
33:
7195:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
7130:Illustrious Highness
7100:Grand Ducal Highness
6958:Illustrious Highness
6695:, 2012, Verlag BoD,
6593:Whaley, p. 623.
6305:Wilson, pp. 718–719.
6250:landeshauptarchiv.de
6108:Whaley, pp. 618–619.
5487:Free City of Hamburg
5223:Limburg-Hohenlimburg
4856:Prince of Metternich
3947:Prince of Sinzendorf
2536:Prince of Sinzendorf
2204:Prince of Metternich
1041:for marital purposes
375:Bavarian inheritance
209:free imperial cities
184:revolutionary France
133:free imperial cities
55:German mediatisation
48:German Confederation
18:German mediatization
7456:Monarchy in Germany
7356:By the Grace of God
6728:of 25 February 1803
5744:John G. Gagliardo,
5689:Count of Wartenberg
5669:Count of Metternich
5537:Free City of Lübeck
5467:Free City of Bremen
5319:Prince of Salm-Salm
4896:Count of Quadt-Isny
4697:King of Württemberg
4520:Count of Nesselrode
4102:Count of Nesselrode
3916:Count of Pappenheim
3844:Prince of Lobkowicz
3679:Knights of St. John
3619:Prince of Leiningen
3599:Prince of Auersperg
3586:Grand Duke of Baden
3225:Esslingen am Neckar
3202:Duke of Württemberg
3192:Zell am Harmersbach
3132:Biberach an der Riß
2946:Leutkirch im Allgäu
2805:(abolished in 1805)
2794:(abolished in 1806)
2792:Knights of St. John
2783:(abolished in 1810)
2708:Duke of Württemberg
2685:Count of Wartenberg
1575:Duchy of Westphalia
1482:Duchy of Westphalia
1263:: Austrian exclaves
1238:Archduke of Austria
882:
856:Treaty of Pressburg
844:Prince of Leiningen
699:Schloss Nordkirchen
480:Treaty of Lunéville
459:congress at Rastatt
439:Vest Recklinghausen
369:, and again during
301:Peace of Westphalia
293:Counter-Reformation
225:Peace of Westphalia
7406:Translatio imperii
6333:2016-03-04 at the
6214:2016-03-30 at the
6192:2016-03-29 at the
6182:Michel Kerautret,
6152:2016-03-29 at the
6099:Gagliardo, p. 215.
6090:Gagliardo, p. 214.
5925:Gagliardo, p. 209.
5901:Gagliardo, p. 196.
5801:Peter H,. Wilson,
5683:(850 Gulden), the
5681:Count of Aspremont
5497:Kingdom of Hanover
5418:Prince of Isenburg
5392:Congress of Vienna
5356:King of Westphalia
5346:Grand Duke of Berg
5189:Grand Duke of Berg
5139:Elector of Hanover
5123:King of Westphalia
4748:Count of Grävenitz
4426:Prince of Isenburg
4019:Grand Duke of Berg
3723:Count of Sickingen
3354:(Imperial village)
3343:(Imperial village)
3059:(Imperial village)
3048:(Imperial village)
2882:Elector of Bavaria
2410:St. George in Isny
1951:Elector of Bavaria
1819:St. Cornelimünster
1442:Elector of Hanover
1352:Elector of Bavaria
1095:Rauracian Republic
1032:Congress of Vienna
1028:Battle of Waterloo
880:
774:
723:
695:Würzburg Residence
685:
677:
652:
626:
580:
543:
525:Entschädigungsplan
475:
423:Napoleon Bonaparte
410:
399:Napoleon Bonaparte
397:and the ascent of
337:
275:cathedral chapters
231:primus inter pares
52:
40:
7433:
7432:
7286:
7285:
7278:Sultanic Highness
7176:
7175:
7151:
7150:
7088:Imperial Highness
7070:
7069:
7066:
7065:
6888:Britannic Majesty
6859:Catholic Monarchs
6853:Apostolic Majesty
6701:978-3-8482-1795-3
6668:Gollwitzer, Heinz
6400:Gagliardo, p. 194
6050:Peter H. Wilson,
5667:For example, the
5656:Imperial Villages
5559:Mediatized Houses
5450:
5449:
5117:Mediatized state
5101:
5100:
4866:Count of Neipperg
4483:Princes of Nassau
3557:Mediatized state
3554:Immediate prince
3465:
3464:
3119:Margrave of Baden
2936:Kempten im Allgäu
2907:(Friedrichshafen)
2820:Mediatized state
2769:
2768:
2463:Order of St. John
1897:Margrave of Baden
1833:Helvetic Republic
1779:Mediatized state
1766:
1765:
1585:Duke of Oldenburg
1534:Princes of Nassau
1293:Margrave of Baden
1110:Helvetic Republic
1071:Mediatized state
1046:Mediatized Houses
1020:
1019:
825:Mediatised houses
546:foreign minister
447:Batavian Republic
395:French Revolution
297:Thirty Years' War
242:regnum Teutonicum
204:Holy Roman Empire
141:Holy Roman Empire
36:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
7473:
7258:Amir al-Mu'minin
7248:
7247:
7156:Specific culture
7153:
7152:
7072:
7071:
7015:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6975:Most Illustrious
6940:Exalted Highness
6882:Orthodox Majesty
6864:Catholic Majesty
6847:Imperial Majesty
6777:Forms of address
6761:
6754:
6747:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6719:
6694:
6689:Fabianek, Paul.
6675:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6645:
6634:
6617:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6462:
6453:
6447:
6446:, 16. Juni 2003.
6440:Walter Ziegler,
6438:
6432:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6338:
6323:Günter Dippold,
6321:
6315:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6256:on 31 March 2016
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6202:
6196:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6156:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6118:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6079:Reich and Nation
6075:
6069:
6066:
6055:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5994:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5893:
5884:Joachim Whaley,
5882:
5876:
5871:John Gagliardo,
5869:
5863:
5856:Anton Schindling
5853:
5847:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5775:
5768:
5762:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5714:
5692:
5665:
5659:
5648:
5642:
5639:Habsburg dynasty
5635:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5440:
5416:
5406:
5380:
5354:
5344:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5287:
5279:Duke of Arenberg
5277:
5247:
5217:
5203:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5137:
5108:
5107:
5087:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5014:
5004:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4960:
4946:
4936:
4925:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4854:
4840:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4756:
4746:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4685:
4675:
4648:
4620:
4605:
4591:
4577:
4550:
4532:
4518:
4504:
4494:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4406:
4388:
4365:
4355:
4341:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4229:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4148:
4138:
4124:
4114:
4100:
4090:
4072:
4058:
4044:
4030:
4003:
3989:
3979:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3918:: Altmühl canton
3914:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3863:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3744:
3721:
3710:
3699:
3688:
3677:
3662:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3597:
3574:
3563:Duke of Arenberg
3551:
3550:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3492:
3481:
3455:
3445:
3422:
3398:
3374:
3373:
3350:
3339:
3316:
3293:
3283:
3275:Schwäbisch Gmünd
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3066:
3055:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3016:Wangen im Allgäu
3014:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2903:
2893:
2870:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2696:
2673:
2650:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2584:
2574:
2547:
2520:
2497:
2474:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2408:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2320:
2297:
2274:
2259:
2249:
2238:
2215:
2192:
2165:
2142:
2132:
2109:
2086:
2076:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1773:
1772:
1756:
1746:
1715:
1692:
1681:
1658:
1647:
1637:
1606:
1596:
1569:
1545:
1514:
1490:
1476:
1453:
1426:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1328:
1318:
1304:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1249:
1222:
1208:
1197:Duke of Arenberg
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1130:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1065:
1064:
1026:in 1814 and the
998:
996:
995:
968:
966:
965:
941:
937:
935:
934:
906:
904:
903:
883:
879:
875:Empire abolished
836:imperial knights
814:
533:
531:Reichsdeputation
527:
367:Seven Years' War
363:imperial estates
234:
218:
170:rights, such as
165:
155:
121:Imperial Estates
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
61:
21:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7416:
7344:
7282:
7246:
7172:
7147:
7118:Serene Highness
7062:
7046:
7006:
6997:(The Much Hon.)
6985:Hochwohlgeboren
6952:Serene Highness
6817:
6791:
6770:
6765:
6722:
6717:
6711:
6706:
6643:
6626:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6454:
6450:
6439:
6435:
6426:
6422:
6418:Dippold, p. 34.
6417:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:Whaley, 620–621
6381:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6335:Wayback Machine
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6257:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6216:Wayback Machine
6203:
6199:
6194:Wayback Machine
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6154:Wayback Machine
6141:
6137:
6132:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5951:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5883:
5879:
5870:
5866:
5854:
5850:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5813:
5809:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5769:
5765:
5756:
5752:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5691:(8,150 Gulden).
5666:
5662:
5649:
5645:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5555:
5455:
5446:
5422:
5386:
5382:Prince of Leyen
5360:
5329:King of Prussia
5323:
5257:
5251:: bailiwick of
5227:
5183:
5106:
5097:
5070:
4691:
4658:
4631:
4560:
4477:
4420:
4371:
4158:
4013:
3886:Count of Ostein
3733:King of Bavaria
3727:
3580:
3549:
3534:
3511:
3461:
3428:
3405:
3381:
3371:
3357:
3322:
3299:
3285:Schwäbisch Hall
3196:
3113:
3076:King of Prussia
3070:
2876:
2845:
2812:
2765:
2702:
2679:
2656:
2633:
2590:
2557:
2530:
2503:
2480:
2457:
2414:
2391:
2340:King of Prussia
2334:
2303:
2286:Count of Ostein
2280:
2221:
2198:
2181:Prince of Ligne
2175:
2148:
2115:
2092:
2059:
1945:
1942:(Salmansweiler)
1891:
1868:
1771:
1762:
1729:
1704:Princes of Salm
1698:
1664:
1626:King of Prussia
1620:
1579:
1552:
1528:
1497:
1459:
1436:
1409:
1346:
1287:
1232:
1191:
1063:
1058:
1015:
1011:120,000 people
1010:
1005:
993:
991:
986:210,000 people
985:
981:240,000 people
980:
975:
963:
961:
956:250,000 people
955:
951:850,000 people
950:
946:600,000 people
945:
932:
930:
924:460,000 people
923:
919:600,000 people
918:
914:140,000 people
913:
901:
899:
840:imperial counts
832:
827:
821:
792:
766:
747:Prälatenklöster
743:nichtständische
715:
644:
639:
618:
594:secundogeniture
568:
516:
502:
489:
430:Treaty of Basel
391:
329:
288:
283:
200:
194:prior to 1945.
65:
59:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7479:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7372:Fidei defensor
7365:
7364:
7363:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7328:United Kingdom
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7094:Royal Highness
7091:
7085:
7078:
7076:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7005:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6970:Most Excellent
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6922:Royal Highness
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6764:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6720:
6710:
6709:External links
6707:
6705:
6704:
6687:
6677:
6665:
6646:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6604:
6602:Whaley, p. 626
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6535:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6490:
6481:
6472:
6463:
6448:
6433:
6427:Derek Beales,
6420:
6411:
6409:Whaley, p. 620
6402:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6276:
6267:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6197:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6142:Manfred Wolf,
6135:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6070:
6056:
6043:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5949:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5903:
5894:
5877:
5864:
5848:
5842:Derek Beales,
5835:
5829:Peter Wilson,
5822:
5807:
5794:
5792:Arnold, p. 13.
5785:
5776:
5763:
5761:, 1992, p. 25.
5750:
5737:
5721:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5685:Count of Quadt
5660:
5643:
5630:
5621:
5608:
5598:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5301:
5291:
5281:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5249:Teutonic Order
5240:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5211:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5111:Mediatized by
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4954:
4940:
4930:
4919:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4834:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4722:
4712:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4679:
4668:
4666:
4664:King of Saxony
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4614:
4599:
4585:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4544:
4526:
4512:
4498:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4400:
4398:Trochtelfingen
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4349:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4223:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4142:
4132:
4118:
4108:
4094:
4084:
4066:
4052:
4038:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3997:
3995:Alt-Trauchburg
3983:
3973:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3857:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3786:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3704:
3693:
3682:
3671:
3656:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3520:
3508:
3497:
3486:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3424:Isny im Allgäu
3415:
3413:
3411:Count of Quadt
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2784:
2781:Teutonic Order
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2731:Heiligkreuztal
2723:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:Rot an der Rot
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2397:Count of Quadt
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2253:
2243:
2242:(Diocese 1792)
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1976:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1844:Stablo-Malmedy
1836:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1641:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1312:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1264:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1124:
1113:
1098:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1018:
1017:
1016:90,000 people
1014:1,100 km
1012:
1009:1,500 km
1007:
1006:30,000 people
1002:
988:
987:
984:1,550 km
982:
979:2,000 km
977:
976:30,000 people
972:
958:
957:
952:
949:14,000 km
947:
944:10,000 km
942:
926:
925:
922:10,000 km
920:
917:12,000 km
915:
910:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
831:
828:
820:
817:
791:
788:
765:
762:
751:landständische
714:
711:
643:
640:
638:
635:
617:
614:
567:
564:
515:
512:
501:
498:
488:
485:
390:
387:
328:
325:
287:
284:
282:
281:Secularisation
279:
215:Kleinstaaterei
199:
196:
192:German history
137:principalities
117:secularisation
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7478:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7413:
7412:Victory title
7410:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7242:Son of Heaven
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:King of Kings
7215:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:Pater Patriae
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6995:Much Honoured
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6904:Royal Majesty
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:Nəgusä Nägäst
6801:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6635: German
6633:
6629:
6628:
6616:
6615:
6614:Erbach Palace
6608:
6599:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6563:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6460:
6457:
6452:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6320:
6311:
6302:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6271:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6170:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6080:
6074:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6053:
6047:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5946:
5943:Agatha Ramm,
5940:
5931:
5922:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5888:, Volume II,
5887:
5881:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5773:
5770:Lens Scales,
5767:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5640:
5634:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:Rottenmünster
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2499:Berchtesgaden
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:Neuravensburg
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:(Kaisersheim)
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:: right bank
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:Imperial Diet
1033:
1029:
1025:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:
990:
989:
983:
978:
973:
971:
960:
959:
954:4,000 km
953:
948:
943:
940:
928:
927:
921:
916:
912:2,000 km
911:
909:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
885:
884:
878:
876:
873:declared the
872:
868:
863:
859:
857:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
826:
816:
813:
807:
803:
800:
796:
787:
784:
778:
770:
761:
759:
754:
752:
749:, which were
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
728:
719:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
681:
674:
669:
665:
663:
658:
648:
634:
632:
622:
613:
611:
610:fait accompli
606:
600:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
576:
572:
563:
561:
555:
553:
549:
539:
535:
532:
526:
521:
511:
509:
508:
497:
495:
484:
481:
471:
467:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
424:
419:
415:
406:
402:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
333:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:
238:
233:
232:
226:
222:
217:
216:
210:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
180:
177:
176:mediatisation
173:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
104:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
7404:
7371:
7019:Ancient Rome
6649:
6612:
6607:
6598:
6589:
6580:
6571:
6551:
6547:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6428:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6337:, pp. 23–24.
6325:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6284:
6279:
6270:
6258:. Retrieved
6254:the original
6249:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6206:
6200:
6184:
6178:
6169:
6160:
6144:
6138:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6051:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6026:napoleon.org
6025:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5978:Ramm, p. 43.
5974:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5872:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5838:
5830:
5825:
5816:
5810:
5802:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5732:
5731:Whaley, J.,
5716:
5712:
5663:
5652:Reichsdörfer
5651:
5646:
5633:
5624:
5611:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5456:
4734:Gundelfingen
4542:Greifenstein
4524:Reichenstein
3971:Neuburg area
3703:: right bank
3692:: right bank
3466:
2770:
2576:Schussenried
2553:Winterrieden
2549:Ochsenhausen
2522:Ochsenhausen
2217:Ochsenhausen
2055:Wettenhausen
1930:Petershausen
1685:: right bank
1549:: right bank
1415:Duke of Croÿ
1343:: right bank
1332:: right bank
1051:
1044:
1022:Between the
1021:
1004:400 km
974:450 km
864:
860:
852:
833:
812:Reichskirche
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
790:Compensation
779:
775:
755:
750:
746:
742:
740:
724:
686:
653:
637:Consequences
627:
609:
601:
583:
581:
569:
560:Salm-Kyrburg
556:
544:
520:First Consul
517:
505:
503:
493:
490:
476:
451:
427:
411:
392:
356:'s minister
354:Frederick II
338:
321:
289:
262:
247:
240:
237:Frederick II
201:
181:
175:
157:
145:
54:
53:
7400:Sacred king
7308:Netherlands
7084:(HI&RH)
7075:Middle Ages
6990:Wohlgeboren
6980:Hochgeboren
6928:Monseigneur
6838:(HI&RM)
6718:(in German)
6658:. Louvain:
6644:(in German)
6077:Gagliardo,
5253:Mergentheim
4929:: left bank
4918:: left bank
4597:Wildenstein
4473:Heusenstamm
3784:Edelstetten
3576:Croÿ-Dülmen
3162:Pfullendorf
2996:Schweinfurt
2916:Dinkelsbühl
2817:Awarded to
2453:St. Emmeram
2373:Quedlinburg
2194:Edelstetten
2134:Gandersheim
1864:Weissenburg
1776:Awarded to
1616:Cloppenburg
1188:: left bank
1177:: left bank
1166:: left bank
1155:: left bank
1144:: left bank
1123:: left bank
1068:Awarded to
1000:Württemberg
848:Rittersturm
673:Salem Abbey
585:Le Moniteur
552:Alexander I
350:Charles VII
346:Wittelsbach
172:low justice
153:unmittelbar
34:Map of the
7440:Categories
7200:Great king
7142:Excellency
7003:(Millourt)
6964:Excellency
6637:Wikisource
5699:References
4628:right bank
4613:right bank
4556:Hohensolms
4221:Ilbenstadt
4082:Westerburg
3867:: exclaves
3856:: exclaves
3714:: Klettgau
3447:Regensburg
3255:Reutlingen
3172:Überlingen
3142:Gengenbach
3109:Nordhausen
3099:Mühlhausen
2976:Ravensburg
2966:Nördlingen
2926:Kaufbeuren
2761:Zwiefalten
2476:St. Blaise
2330:Sullmingen
2276:Weingarten
2261:Einsiedeln
2144:St. Ludger
2015:Roggenburg
2005:Ottobeuren
1910:Gengenbach
1799:Burtscheid
1694:Regensburg
1639:Hildesheim
1341:Strasbourg
1164:Strasbourg
894:Net gains
871:Francis II
823:See also:
548:Talleyrand
514:Background
464:Francis II
313:Hildesheim
252:and early
198:Background
135:, secular
7291:Countries
7011:Antiquity
6054:, p. 715.
5704:Citations
5093:Bronnbach
4538:Braunfels
4510:Engelthal
4412:Strasberg
4243:Habizheim
4050:Steinfurt
4009:Ferthofen
3750:Erolzheim
3670:left bank
3655:left bank
3540:Nuremberg
3494:Frankfurt
3318:Friedberg
3245:Heilbronn
3152:Offenburg
3046:Gochsheim
3036:Windsheim
2956:Memmingen
2895:Bopfingen
2721:Ellwangen
2652:Gutenzell
2629:Neresheim
2586:Weissenau
2387:Helmstedt
2326:Mietingen
2088:Schuttern
2078:St. Peter
2035:Söflingen
1964:Elchingen
1748:Eichstätt
1660:Paderborn
1651:: Münster
1455:Osnabrück
1320:Constance
727:immediate
690:immediate
371:Joseph II
317:Paderborn
309:Magdeburg
263:Hochstift
259:Hochstift
163:mittelbar
148:immediate
60:English:
7349:See also
7338:Scotland
7313:Portugal
7222:Maharaja
7190:Baghatur
7132:(HIll.H)
7124:Serenity
7106:Highness
7037:Sebastos
7032:Augustus
6960:(HIll.H)
6946:Highness
6831:Holiness
6789:nobility
6664:, 1951).
6331:Archived
6212:Archived
6190:Archived
6150:Archived
6030:Archived
5757:Arnold,
5553:See also
5427:Bavaria
4626:Wertheim
4611:Wertheim
4235:Breuberg
4078:Schadeck
4036:Bentheim
3668:Wertheim
3653:Wertheim
3472:Augsburg
3377:Dortmund
3352:Sulzbach
3265:Rottweil
3057:Sennfeld
2905:Buchhorn
2751:Schöntal
2675:Heggbach
2619:Marchtal
2526:Tannheim
2322:Heggbach
2167:St. Gall
1984:Kaisheim
1831:(to the
1829:St. Gall
1758:Salzburg
1405:Würzburg
1385:Freising
1365:Augsburg
1272:Salzburg
1261:Freising
1108:(to the
1093:(to the
1056:Appendix
494:Notrecht
381:and the
348:Emperor
250:Ottonian
188:Napoleon
7303:Georgia
7251:Islamic
7051:Georgia
7042:Dominus
6910:Majesty
6823:Western
6813:Pharaoh
6785:royalty
6624:Sources
5617:protégé
5366:Austria
4966:Limpurg
4952:Limpurg
4846:Limpurg
4832:Limpurg
4583:Rieneck
4416:Ostrach
4394:Jungnau
4239:Heubach
4130:Homburg
3517:Hamburg
3457:Wetzlar
3235:Giengen
3182:Wimpfen
2851:Cologne
2363:Herford
2299:Buxheim
2045:Ursberg
1995:Kempten
1725:Bocholt
1717:Münster
1649:Münster
1608:Münster
1571:Cologne
1524:Wolbeck
1516:Münster
1478:Cologne
1428:Münster
1375:Bamberg
1224:Münster
1210:Cologne
1121:Cologne
939:Bavaria
908:Prussia
888:Losses
838:and 99
418:secular
267:diocese
221:Staufen
158:mediate
127:. Most
38:in 1789
7333:Canada
7323:Sweden
7318:Serbia
7298:France
7273:Sharif
7268:Hadrat
7237:Shogun
7227:Mikado
7210:Khagan
7168:Senhor
7114:(HDSH)
7102:(HGDH)
7001:Milord
6936:(HMEH)
6930:(Msgr)
6872:(HMCM)
6796:Africa
6787:, and
6699:
6554:, §24.
5719:(1989)
5677:Gulden
5263:France
4738:Neufra
4540:&
4414:&
4396:&
4347:Gedern
4241:&
4154:Runkel
4080:&
4064:Styrum
3538:
3528:Lübeck
3515:
3483:Bremen
3400:Lindau
3375:
3089:Goslar
2862:Speyer
2853:(Köln)
2849:
2840:Aachen
2838:
2826:France
2609:Buchau
2383:Werden
2240:Corvey
2111:Lindau
1887:Baindt
1785:France
1612:Vechta
1598:Lübeck
1520:Rheina
1432:Dülmen
1395:Passau
1330:Speyer
1251:Brixen
1228:Meppen
1153:Speyer
1077:France
997:
967:
936:
905:
891:Gains
305:Bremen
254:Salian
168:feudal
109:German
7182:Asian
7136:Grace
7120:(HSH)
7096:(HRH)
7090:(HIH)
6954:(HSH)
6942:(HEH)
6924:(HRH)
6916:Grace
6906:(HRM)
6890:(HBM)
6884:(HOM)
6878:(HFM)
6866:(HCM)
6855:(HAM)
6849:(HIM)
6808:Nkosi
6781:popes
6611:See:
6260:7 May
6036:7 May
5575:Notes
5430:1814
5396:1814
5370:1813
5334:1813
5267:1810
5237:1810
5209:Rheda
5193:1808
5127:1807
5114:Date
4654:Gemen
4106:Rhade
3341:Soden
3215:Aalen
2872:Worms
2353:Essen
2251:Fulda
1974:Irsee
1940:Salem
1854:Thorn
1721:Ahaus
1683:Mainz
1547:Trier
1492:Worms
1306:Basel
1283:Trent
1186:Worms
1175:Trier
1142:Mainz
1132:Liège
1091:Basel
970:Baden
7232:Shah
7205:Khan
7144:(HE)
7138:(HG)
7126:(HS)
7108:(HH)
7058:Mepe
6966:(HE)
6948:(HH)
6918:(HG)
6912:(HM)
6779:for
6697:ISBN
6262:2018
6038:2018
5637:The
4736:and
3295:Weil
2328:and
1809:Prüm
1723:and
1614:and
1522:and
1106:Chur
697:and
437:and
315:and
307:and
186:and
46:The
7163:Don
6682:. "
3006:Ulm
7442::
6783:,
6686:".
6670:.
6559:^
6500:,
6458:,
6248:.
6210:.
6188:.
6148:.
6122:^
6059:^
6028:.
6024:.
5724:^
5221::
5207::
5091::
4964::
4950::
4844::
4830::
4732::
4652::
4624::
4609::
4595::
4581::
4554::
4536::
4522::
4508::
4471::
4410::
4392::
4345::
4237:,
4233::
4219::
4152::
4128::
4104::
4076::
4062::
4048::
4034::
4007::
3993::
3969::
3782::
3748::
3666::
3651::
2551::
2524::
2324::
2263::
2169::
1719::
1610::
1573::
1518::
1480::
1430::
1308::
1226::
1212::
850:.
131:,
111::
107:;
100:ən
94:eɪ
85:aɪ
70:iː
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7370:(
6760:e
6753:t
6746:v
6703:.
6461:.
6328:.
6264:.
6040:.
5654:(
2385:-
1835:)
1112:)
1097:)
160:(
150:(
103:/
97:ʃ
91:z
88:ˈ
82:t
79:ə
76:i
73:d
67:m
64:/
57:(
20:)
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