430:
658:
56:
670:
the conference did confirm the steps required in order for the Powers to recognise each other's territorial claims in West Africa – steps which
Nachtigal had followed. Along with a number of claims by other Powers, German claims in West Africa were thus effectively recognised by means of the conference. In parallel with the main conference sessions, discussions were pursued which were intended to avoid possible conflict by tidying up overlapping claims and starting to define borders. Just two months after the Berlin Conference, on 22 April 1885, Germany concluded a treaty with England which established the borders around
442:
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military interest, was beneficial in terms of gaining bargaining power with other governments. His foreign policy goal was to secure an international agreement that would place a check on the extensive ‘informal empire’ that
Britain had built up. With French support, he, therefore, convened a conference in Berlin which would place Germany's acquisitions in Africa on an internationally recognised footing and would establish the rules that all powers would follow in future when making territorial claims in the continent.
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359:. In response, Woermann submitted to the Chancellor plans for the establishment of a German-West African trade colony in 1883, which Bismarck initially received with some reservations. In December 1883 however the government undertook to take action to protect German traders by sending an Imperial Commissioner for West Africa to enter into formal treaties with local rulers.
868:
A trading company which was active in
Kamerun, Togo, Nigeria and Gold Coast used the name "Deutsch-Westafrikanische Handelsgesellschaft" (German West African Trading Company), founded in 1896 and was also involved in the 1904 founding of the "Deutsch-Westafrikanische Bank" (German West African Bank).
669:
The Berlin
Conference (known as the ‘West Africa Conference’ or the ‘Congo Conference’) convened in November 1884, and remained in session until February 1885. The General Act of the conference made no mention of Togo, Kamerun or any specific territory other than the basin of the Congo. Nevertheless,
648:
to continue to West Africa before proceeding back to
Germany, and the West African squadron was finally dissolved in December 1885. After this the Imperial German Navy established the West African Station, covering the maritime area off the coast of West Africa. Warships were assigned to the ports of
540:
were used as landing craft to bring 307 soldiers ashore at
Hickorytown on 20 December. The landing party received word that rioters on the opposite bank had attacked the Jantzen & Thormählen factories and carried off their managers, and they stormed Joss town to try and recover them. The next day
831:
In
October 1884, with Bismarck's support, the syndicate for West Africa was founded, which was intended to take over the internal administration of the West African colonies. However, the companies involved refused to assume this responsibility on their own and instead demanded the establishment of
366:
as
Imperial Commissioner. His mission was to sail right down the Atlantic coast of the continent, to explore and test the existing a German claims in the region, and where possible to establish new ones. Bismarck's plan was to use Nachitigal's treaties to establish German sovereignty over key areas
681:
As these border agreements proceeded, Germany abandoned certain of its claims in order to consolidate its position in
Togoland and Kamerun. Thus on October 24, 1885, Mahinland came under British protection in return for territorial compensation to Germany. On 24 December 1885 Kapitaï and Koba were
314:
for their activities. At the same time as established German commercial interests in West Africa were seeking government and naval support, the broader social movement in favour of colonisation was gaining ground. The German
Colonial Society (“Deutscher Kolonialverein”) was founded on December 6,
840:
The German colonial enterprise in West Africa was started by Gustav Nachtigal as Imperial Commissioner for West Africa. He started formally the "Schutzgebiete" (literally: "protectorates") in Kamerun, Togo and South-West Africa. This connection is reflected in the first legal decrees which were
665:
Having staked its claims with Nachtigal and backed them up with naval force by dispatching the West Africa Squadron, Germany needed to secure international recognition of its position in the region. Bismarck believed that the acquisition of colonies, while expensive and of no real economic or
844:
Later a number of decrees were jointly issued for Kamerun and Togo. Togo was ruled as a separate colony by an Imperial Commissioner (from 1893: "Landeshauptmann") until 1898 who was supervised by a Chief Commissioner ("Oberkomissar") who was at the same time the governor of Kamerun. The first
532:, who had signed a treaty with Nachtigal, had been burned down and the German flag removed. Admiral Knorr decided on immediate intervention and sent landing parties ashore to destroy the villages of the rebels and arrest their chiefs. Two coastal steamers, the
549:, with Rear Admiral Knorr on board, remained in the area where the anti-German uprising had taken place. Calm was gradually restored; in January 1885 the violence ended and in March the murderer of the factory manager was handed over for execution.
2602:
The German author Rochus Schmidt titled a chapter "Deutsch-Westafrika" in his book Deutschlands Kolonien. Band 2, Berlin: Verlag des Vereins der Bücherfreunde Schall & Grund, 1898, S. 1–292. (Reprint durch Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1998,
746:, but this did not lead to occupation or protection. Likewise Friedrich Colin’s attempt to reach the headwaters of the Niger from Guinea came to nothing after Germany agreed to cede Kapitaï and Koba (also known as ‘Colinsland’) to France.
2625:
2544:(digital copy of the German colonial laws, Berlin 1893, at archive.org); page 177 (210 / 823 of pdf): Decree concerning the ranks of the Governor of Kamerun and the commissioners of the West African protectorates
596:
took up its position as the second gunboat on the West Africa station. After pacification of tribal feuds and unrest in the area under German protection, the West African Squadron was dissolved in July 1885.
230:
established fortifications and trading posts in the region. After 1720 there was no German presence in West Africa until the middle of the 19th century, when German trading companies including C. Woermann,
382:. However, by the time he arrived the local chiefs had already reached agreements with France, and did not want to sign any new treaties. Nachtigal therefore steamed on to the German trading posts on the
2658:
2566:
2635:
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632:, deployed under Rear Admiral Knorr in East Africa, and return to the coast of West Africa. In the event, the multiple demand on Germany's small force of gunboats meant that on reaching
798:
750:
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After Nachtigal had completed his mission of establishing German rights in West Africa, there was a need for naval support to reinforce them. On September 30, 1884, Emperor
782:. However the French and British representatives signed similar agreements with the same chiefs, so they were of no value to Germany. Other German forays towards Niger, by
3017:
717:
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were similarly unsuccessful. Ultimately all Germany was able to gain for its efforts in the Niger basin was favourable adjustments to the border between Togoland and
832:
German government administration. Bismarck's idea of indirect rule in the German "protected areas" had thus failed in West Africa. In 1886, the syndicate dissolved.
2593:, in: Entomologische Nachrichten, ed Dr. F. Karsch, 1892 Nr. 11, p. 161ff, Sonderdruck des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin o. J.; via archive.org
2517:
Mommsen, Wolfgang (1993). "Das Ringen um den nationalen Staat – Die Gründung und der innere Ausbau des deutschen Reiches unter Otto von Bismarck 1850 bis 1890".
2997:
2992:
2446:"Les rivalités franco-anglaise et franco-allemande de 1894-1898, dernière phase de la course au Niger : la mission Ganier dans le haut Dahomey, 1897-1898"
2169:
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55:
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recognised the German claim, the borders of which were never defined. However at the Berlin Conference Bismarck ceded German rights in Nokki to Portugal.
2335:
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Reichsgewalt bedeutet Seegewalt. Die Kreuzergeschwader der Kaiserlichen Marine als Instrument der deutschen Kolonial- und Weltpolitik 1885 bis 1901
841:
jointly done for the posts of the chief officials in these colonies, i.e. governor of Kamerun and the commissioners of Togo and South West Africa
712:
While the Berlin Conference was largely concerned with the Congo, there was also competition between Germany, France and Britain for rights on the
686:
674:. The following year, on May 6, 1886, another treaty extended the frontier to the east. An agreement with France on December 24, 1885, fixed the
582:
cruised up and down the coast, hoisting the German flag in a number of places. Following the arrival of the first Imperial Governor of Kamerun,
2295:
1885:
1315:
601:
783:
1628:
413:. He steamed back to Kamerun in December 1884 and the Niger Delta in January 1885. On 29 January 1885 he signed a treaty which brought
3007:
1383:
Blackshire-Belay, Carol Aisha (1992). "German Imperialism in Africa: The Distorted Images of Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania, and Togo".
1491:
Das Ringen um den nationalen Staat – Die Gründung und der innere Ausbau des deutschen Reiches unter Otto von Bismarck 1850 bis 1890.
545:
steamed upriver on the rising tide and bombarded the local villages. The landing party returned to their ships on 22 December. The
429:
2229:
772:
320:
2482:
Austen, Ralph (1972). "The Metamorphoses of Middlemen: The Duala, Europeans, and the Cameroon Hinterland, ca. 1800 - ca. 1960".
457:
issued an order establishing a West African squadron under the command of the Chief of the Staff of the Admiralty, Rear Admiral
3012:
3002:
393:) establishing a German protectorate over a stretch of coastal territory. This formed the basis of the future German colony of
310:
led to concerns among Hamburg merchants that their interests would be threatened, and they began to seek the protection of the
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206:. German West Africa was not an administrative unit. However, in trade and in the vernacular the term was sometimes in use.
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in West Africa, which would then be governed indirectly, with administration undertaken mainly by a commercial company.
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2526:
2139:
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Trierenberg, Georg: Togo, die Aufrichtung der deutschen Schutzherrschaft und die Erschließung des Landes, Berlin, 1914
852:
For the courts in charge of Europeans, there was a joint "Appellate Court for the protectorates of Kamerun and Togo" (
2608:
2031:
1861:
701:
302:, at Akwa-Town, Bell-Town and Dido-Town, which also had similar arrangements with British and other European traders.
2177:
2880:
1288:
727:’s venture in Mahinland, German traders still wanted duty-free access to the upper Niger. The Benue expedition of
2982:
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1908:
814:
307:
236:
2569:, digital copy in "Digitale Sammlung Deutscher Kolonialismus" of Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017
2767:
849:, was also the Chief Commissioner for Togo. In 1898 the position in Togo was elevated to the rank of governor.
766:
657:
2341:
235:, Wölber & Brohm and GL Gaiser became active on the West African coast. German missionaries, such as the
2782:
2697:
2693:
803:
493:. The squadron departed for West Africa on October 30. On reaching the Cape Verde Islands, it dispatched the
98:
2918:
43:
2977:
2719:] (in German) (5th ed.). Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich: Ferdinand Schöningh. p. 84.
2199:
1683:
Histoire des Togolais. Des origines aux années 1960 (Tome 3 : le Togo sous administration coloniale)
722:
2629:
1739:
Deutsche Colonialgeschichte: Erwerbung der Reichsschutzgebiete bis zur Erledigung des Carolinenstreites
2131:
232:
619:
1709:
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attempted to acquire territories for Germany in the central Niger region. Gruner and his companion
417:
under German protection. After this Nachtigal began his return journey to Germany but succumbed to
410:
227:
2337:
Deutsche Männer in Afrika - Lexicon der hervorragendsten deutschen Afrika-Forscher, Missionare etc
2445:
1988:
389:
On 5 July 1884 Nachtigal signed a treaty with Mlapa III, ruler of Togo (a village known today as
291:
2587:
2541:
1651:
1262:
223:
195:
84:
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1826:
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Friedrich Fabri und der Imperialismus in der Bismarckzeit. Revolution – Depression – Expansion
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2048:
1935:
1681:
1575:
1440:
1357:
1120:
561:
441:
2736:
2023:
1961:
Porter, Andrew (1985). "The Berlin West Africa conference of 1884–85 revisited: A report".
877:
Areas under German rule in West Africa between 1884 and 1919 were the following (excluding
626:
469:
214:
131:
8:
2132:"Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade"
1720:] (in German). Vol. 23. Munich & Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot – via
1485:
1468:
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and signed treaties placing under German protection the areas which became the colony of
108:
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1022:
379:
251:
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1408:
1400:
1309:
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820:
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260:
218:
1885 map showing German interests in West Africa (Kapitaï and Koba appear as ‘Dubrica’)
2233:
336:
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2720:
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2424:
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1941:
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travelled the Niger and concluded "treaties of protection" with chiefs of Gwandu and
691:
591:
529:
371:
344:
316:
1708:
716:, an important artery for the colonization of the interior. Despite the failure of
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asked for views on potential German intervention in West Africa from the senates of
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2019:
1970:
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trading posts and agreements with rulers of a number of coastal villages in modern
835:
2795:
2621:
954:
606:
406:
1743:. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. pp. 324ff. Archived from
1653:
The Statesman's Yearbook 2014: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
222:
German interest in West Africa dated from the 17th and 18th centuries, when the
1396:
794:
788:
755:
671:
383:
2259:
2106:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization
1974:
1744:
1525:
1472:
375:
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522:
311:
2461:
2950:
2864:
2555:
Findbuch Fonds Allemand (Fa) Verwaltung des Deutschen Schutzgebiets Kamerun
2014:
Heath, Elizabeth (2010). Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Kwame Anthony (eds.).
1328:
462:
299:
94:
2153:
1151:
865:
appeared in a few non official publications concerning the two colonies.
713:
675:
652:
198:
between 1884 and 1919. The term was normally used for the territories of
191:
2282:
Afrikanische Gesellschaft und Afrikafonds, in Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon
2945:
2823:
2075:"General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa, 26 February 1885"
1721:
1404:
1080:
612:
2503:
2836:
2176:. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Archived from
1051:
633:
454:
414:
390:
348:
298:. There were German trading posts and agreements in the land of the
2841:
2800:
2495:
2258:. Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. pp. 323ff. Archived from
1550:
Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe's Scramble for Africa
1181:
1003:
976:
934:
777:
483:
394:
331:
283:
203:
661:
Cartoon of Bismarck dividing Africa at the Berlin Conference, 1885
276:
2911:
2817:
1073:
946:
908:
749:
In 1894/95 an expedition funded by the Togo Committee and led by
498:
418:
402:
352:
272:
242:
By the early 1880s German interests in West Africa consisted of:
199:
2557:. bundesarchiv.de. Das Bundesarchiv. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
1852:
Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993).
1524:. Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. p. 151. Archived from
339:
and Kapitaï & Koba were disputed between Germany and France.
1044:
855:
Kaiserliches Obergericht der Schutzgebiete von Kamerun und Togo
836:
Administrative relations for the German colonies in West Africa
743:
502:
398:
356:
287:
247:
2420:
Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960
209:
1205:
1174:
1108:
697:
528:
Shortly before the squadron arrived, the settlement of chief
378:. He sent a party ashore to seek treaties with the rulers of
295:
2766:
437:
at the bombardment of Hickorytown (Douala), 21 December 1884
1217:
1132:
1015:
397:. On 14 July 14, 1884, Nachtigal raised the German flag in
323:
as its first president, and soon had about 15,000 members.
268:
2340:. Lübeck: Bernhard Nöhring. pp. 170ff. Archived from
590:
received orders to sail for East Africa while the gunboat
1820:
1818:
2665:(in German). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Archived from
2634:(in German). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Archived from
1824:
1329:
L. H. Gann; Peter Duignan; Victor Witter Turner (1969).
405:. He spent some weeks visiting various ports around the
326:
2484:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1851:
700:
on the Congo, but it received no official support. The
2588:
F. Karsch: Insekten von Baliburg (Deutsch-Westafrika)
2521:. Vol. 7. Berlin: Propyläen Verlag. p. 523.
2050:
Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914: A-K
1933:
1815:
653:
The West Africa Conference and territorial adjustments
2313:. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 329.
1856:. Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. p. 195.
445:
The storming of Belltown by a landing party from SMS
682:
ceded to France in return for compensation in Togo.
570:
at its permanent station in the river, allowing the
2389:
2046:
449:, December 1884 (depiction by Carl Saltzmann, 1885)
823:when the border was settled by agreement in 1897.
738:in 1885/86 sought to establish relations with the
640:was ordered back to East Africa, leaving only the
3018:1884 establishments in the German colonial empire
2687:For statistics regarding individual entities see
1573:
424:
2969:
2690:"Statistische Angaben zu den deutschen Kolonien"
2383:
1963:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1937:European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa
1382:
2626:"Deutsch-Westafrikanische Handels Gesellschaft"
2416:
1359:Zwischen Sklaverei und christlicher Ethnogenese
239:, were also present from the mid 19th century.
190:) was an informal designation for the areas in
2362:
2253:
1734:
1679:
1517:
2998:States and territories disestablished in 1919
2993:States and territories disestablished in 1885
2752:
1801:. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 25–51.
461:. The squadron was composed of the corvettes
1649:
1546:
1355:
853:
611:was commanded to re-form the squadron with
2423:. Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
2410:
2227:
1831:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 314–316.
1553:. Harvard University Press. pp. 315–.
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
421:and died off the coast of Guinea in April.
210:German interests in West Africa before 1884
2759:
2745:
2590:(insects of Baliburg (German West Africa))
2578:(Die deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung p.187)
2294:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2279:
2053:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83.
1728:
1675:
1673:
1626:
1432:
1314:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
409:before sailing south to Gabon, Angola and
69:
2938:
2356:
2152:
1790:
1788:
1494:. Berlin: Propyläen Verlag. p. 514.
826:
696:tried to establish a Germany colony near
154:879,510 km (339,580 sq mi)
2768:Former German colonies and protectorates
2390:Europa Publications (2 September 2003).
2333:
2170:"Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte"
1419:
656:
440:
428:
362:In May 1884 Bismarck decided to appoint
330:
213:
2710:
2516:
1927:
1670:
1484:
1280:
321:Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
2970:
2656:
2620:
2481:
2450:Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer
2443:
2369:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 408.
2308:
2129:
1960:
1884:. Frankfurt University. Archived from
1794:
1785:
1706:
1629:"Ein Bayer im Auftrag Seiner Majestät"
2740:
2102:
2013:
1934:Ernest Francis Penrose (2012-11-12).
1900:
707:
335:European claims in West Africa 1885:
327:Imperial Commissioner for West Africa
2899:
2167:
2024:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001
1764:
1513:
1511:
1286:
2284:. Vol. I. Leipzig. p. 21.
1825:K. Werner; R. KortuWernerm (2012).
1191:(Including the Eastern Salaga Area)
678:as the southern border of Kamerun.
600:However, in September 1885 Captain
49:Service flag of the Colonial Office
13:
2542:Die deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung
2363:Heinrich Klose (18 January 2019).
2140:London Review of International Law
1882:ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de
14:
3029:
2713:Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien
2230:"Hansa. Zeitschrift für Seewesen"
1906:
1828:Das Buch von der Deutschen Flotte
1686:. KARTHALA Editions. p. 27.
1508:
1439:. Yale University Press. p.
702:International African Association
574:to return home together with the
75:German colonies in Africa in 1913
61:Coat of arms of the German Empire
3008:1919 disestablishments in Africa
2879:
2393:A Political Chronology of Africa
1574:Woodruff D. Smith (2012-12-01).
1210:
1198:
1167:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1066:
1037:
1008:
996:
969:
939:
927:
54:
42:
2704:
2681:
2659:"Deutsch-Westafrikanische Bank"
2650:
2614:
2596:
2581:
2572:
2560:
2547:
2535:
2510:
2475:
2437:
2327:
2302:
2273:
2247:
2221:
2192:
2161:
2123:
2096:
2067:
2040:
2007:
1989:"Berlin West Africa Conference"
1981:
1954:
1870:
1845:
1758:
1700:
1643:
1620:
1594:
1580:. UNC Press Books. p. 35.
1567:
1332:Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960
552:On March 23, 1885, the gunboat
370:In June 1884 Nachtigal reached
308:Anglo-French Convention of 1882
237:North German Missionary Society
2717:History of the German colonies
2657:Schnee, Heinrich, ed. (1920).
2311:Bismarck und der Imperialismus
2280:Danckelman, Alexander (1920).
2016:Berlin Conference of 1884–1885
1711:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1540:
1478:
1457:
1376:
1362:. Waxmann Verlag. p. 19.
1349:
1322:
872:
425:West African squadron, 1884–85
1:
3013:1884 establishments in Africa
3003:German colonisation in Africa
2694:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2256:"Deutsche Colonialgeschichte"
2228:von Freeden, W., ed. (1885).
2103:Louis, William Roger (2006).
1680:GAYIBOR Nicoué (2011-06-28).
1273:
685:In 1884 an expedition led by
169:• 1912 (Including Togo)
2309:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1976).
2254:von Koschitzky, Max (1888).
2232:. p. 23. Archived from
2084:. San Diego State University
2047:Carl Cavanagh Hodge (2008).
1735:von Koschitzky, Max (1888).
1656:. Springer. pp. 1214–.
1518:Von Koschitzky, Max (1887).
1335:. CUP Archive. p. 221.
810:Julius von Zech auf Neuhofen
7:
2366:Togo unter deutscher Flagge
2200:"The West African Problems"
2109:. I.B.Tauris. p. 122.
2018:. Oxford University Press.
1854:Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe
1547:Steven Press (2017-04-10).
1521:Deutsche Colonialgeschichte
1246:
920:(Excluding "Entenschnabel")
762:Ernst von Carnap-Quernheimb
10:
3034:
2663:Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon
2631:Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon
2396:. Routledge. p. 430.
1995:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
1773:. Neue Deutsche Biographie
1577:The German Colonial Empire
1397:10.1177/002193479202300207
2988:Former colonies in Africa
2931:
2890:
2875:
2852:
2781:
2774:
2334:Weidmann, Conrad (1894).
1975:10.1080/03086538508582705
1940:. Routledge. p. 31.
1909:"The Scramble for Africa"
1627:Holzhaider, Hans (2017).
1606:deutsche-schutzgebiete.de
1467:im Februar 1885 (source:
649:the new German colonies.
177:
167:
163:
158:
150:
145:
141:
128:
118:
114:
104:
90:
80:
68:
38:
33:
21:
2417:Patrick Manning (2004).
2130:Craven, Matthew (2015).
1718:General German Biography
1465:Deutsche Kolonialzeitung
1436:Germans in the Cameroons
1385:Journal of Black Studies
1296:. Osnabrück. p. 347
1145:Central African Republic
912:(without the north-east)
879:German South West Africa
718:Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser
267:trading posts in modern
246:trading posts in modern
233:Jantzen & Thormählen
2711:Gründer, Horst (2004).
2519:Geschichte Deutschlands
2462:10.3406/outre.1962.1353
566:arrived to replace the
2983:History of West Africa
1795:Herold, Heiko (2012).
1771:deutsche-biographie.de
1263:German colonial empire
854:
827:West African Syndicate
662:
513:. On December 18, the
450:
438:
340:
219:
196:German Colonial Empire
194:that were part of the
2456:(175): 224–6, 231–2.
1650:Barry Turner (2013).
1631:. Süddeutsche Zeitung
1121:Republic of the Congo
845:governor of Kamerun,
660:
489:and the steam tender
444:
432:
334:
217:
151:1912 (Including Togo)
2700:on October 10, 2012.
1486:Mommsen, Wolfgang J.
1287:Bade, Klaus (2005).
586:on 7 July 1885, the
132:Treaty of Versailles
2444:Ganier, G. (1962).
2344:on 23 February 2015
2154:10.1093/lril/lrv002
1767:"Nachtigal, Gustav"
1707:Ratzel, F. (1886).
1433:H.R. Rudin (1938).
1253:British West Africa
742:and the Emirate of
228:Brandenburg-Prussia
120:• Established
109:Scramble for Africa
2978:German West Africa
2207:The New York Times
2180:on 2 December 2011
1907:Evans, Richard J.
1878:"Flottenstationen"
1608:. 12 November 2017
1356:Rainer Alsheimer.
1268:German East Africa
1258:French West Africa
903:Current countries
863:Deutsch-Westafrika
821:French West Africa
708:Race for the Niger
663:
451:
439:
341:
220:
188:Deutsch-Westafrika
184:German West Africa
99:Indigenous beliefs
27:Deutsch-Westafrika
23:German West Africa
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2927:
2926:
2873:
2872:
2808:South West Africa
2726:978-3-8252-1332-9
2430:978-0-521-52307-3
2403:978-1-135-35666-8
2376:978-3-96167-134-2
2320:978-3-423-04187-4
2209:. 21 January 1885
2116:978-1-84511-347-6
2060:978-0-313-33406-1
1947:978-1-136-27669-9
1915:. Gresham College
1838:978-3-86444-810-2
1808:978-3-486-71297-1
1765:Priesner, Claus.
1693:978-2-8111-3344-3
1663:978-1-349-59643-0
1587:978-1-4696-1025-2
1560:978-0-674-97185-1
1463:Auflagenhöhe der
1450:978-5-88159-981-2
1369:978-3-8309-6764-4
1342:978-0-521-08641-7
1244:
1243:
578:. Meanwhile, the
530:Manga Ndumbe Bell
411:South West Africa
345:Otto von Bismarck
317:Frankfurt am Main
224:Duchy of Courland
181:
180:
3025:
2954:
2936:
2935:
2897:
2896:
2883:
2832:Kapitaï and Koba
2826:
2779:
2778:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:. Archived from
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2622:Schnee, Heinrich
2618:
2612:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:on 26 April 2019
1515:
1506:
1505:
1482:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1284:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1023:Kapitaï and Koba
1014:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1000:
999:
975:
973:
972:
945:
943:
942:
933:
931:
930:
884:
883:
861:The designation
857:
847:Julius von Soden
818:
807:
792:
781:
770:
759:
740:Sokoto Caliphate
737:
726:
695:
610:
584:Julius von Soden
565:
459:Eduard von Knorr
380:Kapitaï and Koba
364:Gustav Nachtigal
279:dating from 1857
264:
252:Kapitaï and Koba
73:
58:
46:
19:
18:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2923:
2886:
2869:
2848:
2822:
2796:Kionga Triangle
2770:
2765:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2705:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2669:on 10 June 2012
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2619:
2615:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1888:on 13 June 2021
1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1420:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1249:
1232:879,510 km
1211:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1168:
1166:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1094:295,000 km
1083:
1067:
1065:
1038:
1036:
1009:
1007:
1006:
997:
995:
970:
968:
940:
938:
937:
928:
926:
919:
918:488,000 km
911:
899:
894:
875:
838:
829:
812:
801:
786:
775:
764:
753:
731:
729:Paul Staudinger
720:
710:
689:
655:
642:Prince Adalbert
604:
559:
427:
407:Bight of Biafra
337:Rivières du Sud
329:
258:
256:Friedrich Colin
212:
170:
134:
121:
97:
76:
64:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
47:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2907:Kiautschou Bay
2903:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2703:
2680:
2649:
2638:on 6 July 2007
2624:, ed. (1920).
2613:
2595:
2580:
2571:
2559:
2546:
2534:
2528:978-3549058176
2527:
2509:
2496:10.2307/217908
2474:
2436:
2429:
2409:
2402:
2382:
2375:
2355:
2326:
2319:
2301:
2272:
2246:
2220:
2191:
2160:
2122:
2115:
2095:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2006:
1993:Britannica.com
1980:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1899:
1869:
1862:
1844:
1837:
1814:
1807:
1784:
1757:
1727:
1699:
1692:
1669:
1662:
1642:
1619:
1593:
1586:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1507:
1501:978-3549058176
1500:
1477:
1456:
1449:
1418:
1391:(2): 235–246.
1375:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1195:
1192:
1189:87,200 km
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
993:
990:
989:12,000 km
987:
984:
980:
979:
966:
963:
960:
957:
950:
949:
924:
921:
916:
913:
905:
904:
901:
896:
891:
888:
874:
871:
837:
834:
828:
825:
795:Gaston Thierry
709:
706:
687:Eduard Schulze
672:Mount Cameroon
654:
651:
622:Prinz Adalbert
523:Cameroon River
505:coast and the
426:
423:
384:Bight of Benin
328:
325:
304:
303:
280:
265:
211:
208:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
105:Historical era
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
60:
53:
52:
48:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
31:
30:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2609:3-8289-0301-0
2606:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2262:on 2019-04-26
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:on 2015-06-09
2235:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:Schüßler, W.
2164:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2033:9780195337709
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1914:
1913:gresham.ac.uk
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1863:9783782202671
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1747:on 2019-04-26
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1160:2,800 km
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:Deutsch-Kongo
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1059:5,210 km
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1030:2,310 km
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1005:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:Entenschnabel
982:
981:
978:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:
952:
951:
948:
936:
925:
922:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
897:
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:
880:
870:
866:
864:
859:
856:
850:
848:
842:
833:
824:
822:
816:
811:
805:
800:
796:
790:
785:
779:
774:
768:
763:
757:
752:
747:
745:
741:
735:
730:
724:
719:
715:
705:
703:
699:
693:
688:
683:
679:
677:
673:
667:
659:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
624:
623:
617:
616:
608:
603:
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286:, including
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2813:West Africa
2791:East Africa
2553:Jung, Uwe.
2490:(1): 1–24.
2467:12 February
2348:12 February
2213:12 February
2184:12 February
2174:pom.bbaw.de
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873:Territories
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784:Erich Kling
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511:East Africa
376:Los islands
343:Chancellor
294:, Batanga,
277:Little Popo
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192:West Africa
2972:Categories
2946:New Swabia
2939:Antarctica
2860:New Guinea
2824:Neukamerun
2266:2019-02-12
2240:2019-02-12
2088:9 February
1999:9 February
1919:9 February
1892:6 February
1777:3 February
1751:2019-02-12
1722:Wikisource
1635:27 January
1612:27 January
1532:27 January
1300:20 January
1274:References
1081:Neukamerun
909:Altkamerun
898:Population
159:Population
2837:Mahinland
2290:cite book
1602:"Kamerun"
1413:141534668
1310:cite book
1237:5,645,000
1194:1,000,000
1186:1884–1919
1157:1899–1919
1097:2,000,000
1091:1911–1919
1052:Mahinland
1027:1884–1885
986:1894–1911
959:1887–1919
953:Ambasbay/
923:2,588,000
915:1884–1919
887:Territory
638:Gneisenau
634:Cape Town
629:Gneisenau
627:SMS
620:SMS
613:SMS
507:Gneisenau
484:SMS
477:SMS
472:Gneisenau
470:SMS
463:SMS
455:Wilhelm I
415:Mahinland
399:Bell town
391:Togoville
315:1882, in
173:5.645.000
91:Religion
34:1884–1915
2919:Tientsin
2912:Tsingtao
2842:Togoland
2801:Wituland
2775:Colonies
2673:16 March
2642:16 March
2082:sdsu.edu
1488:(1994).
1473:214536-4
1247:See also
1004:Cameroon
977:Cameroon
955:Victoria
935:Cameroon
644:and the
588:Bismarck
580:Bismarck
536:and the
517:and the
515:Bismarck
501:and the
465:Bismarck
395:Togoland
374:and the
284:Cameroon
200:Cameroon
2853:Oceania
2818:Kamerun
1405:2784532
1074:Nigeria
947:Nigeria
900:(circa)
895:(circa)
556:Habicht
499:Liberia
495:Ariadne
479:Ariadne
419:malaria
403:Kamerun
353:Hamburg
292:Malimba
273:Baguida
130:•
2783:Africa
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349:Lübeck
288:Bimbia
248:Guinea
81:Status
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2865:Samoa
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2135:(PDF)
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1294:(PDF)
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1175:Ghana
1109:Gabon
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2469:2019
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1534:2019
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1364:ISBN
1337:ISBN
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1302:2019
1218:Togo
1182:Togo
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1056:1885
1016:Chad
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625:and
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568:Olga
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