70:
40:
54:
307:
268:
2523:
748:
colony. The king had no personal ties to the colony and saw it as a drain on his kingdom's resources. By this time the
Brandenburg African Company had lost all but one of its ships at the colony due to Dutch and French plundering, and competition primarily with a growing Dutch presence in the area
708:
and ostrich feathers trade. Yet shortly after its founding, it was soon realized that the greatest profits could only be made from human cargo trade as gold had eventually run scarce in the area, so the focus of the colony was put almost exclusively on trading slaves.
696:
Prussia was the last major
European power, and first German state, to enter transatlantic trade. It was relatively isolated from major European trade hubs at the time, so the incentive existed to enter transatlantic trade and fortify the Prussian economy.
2241:
53:
635:
On 15 January 1701, the small colony was renamed
Prussian Gold Coast Settlements, in connection with the founding of the Kingdom of Prussia, which formally took place three days later, when
2293:
614:
1456:
2076:
69:
2462:
2316:
2553:
2608:
650:
From 1711 to April 1712 the Dutch occupied Fort
Dorothea. In 1717 the Prussian Gold Coast colony was physically abandoned by Prussia; from then until 1724
2548:
2011:
1449:
1021:
2006:
664:
670:
2246:
676:
724:
as a colony to which it could transport human cargo, and thus a transatlantic trade between the
Prussian Gold Coast and the Caribbean was born.
1926:
1442:
1981:
470:
2613:
1322:
1625:
954:
Sutton, Angela (2014). "Competition and the
Mercantile Culture of the Gold Coast Slave Trade in the Atlantic World Economy, 1620-1720".
39:
2603:
1976:
544:
161:
2618:
700:
The colony was founded for many reasons: for
Prussia to increase its gold reserves, to supply slaves for Prussia's entry in the
2598:
2558:
536:
2263:
1737:
1513:
938:
820:
2343:
1966:
1072:
767:
2573:
2489:
2165:
1919:
1572:
713:
1894:
2406:
619:
463:
2593:
2578:
2154:
1050:
2568:
2563:
2051:
1890:
1786:
733:
504:
185:
2401:
2258:
2253:
1961:
1267:
1098:
524:
138:
2588:
2583:
2526:
2081:
1951:
1912:
717:
2338:
2223:
1996:
1521:
1113:
654:(in Dutch: Jan Conny) occupied Groß Friedrichsburg, despite the sale of the colony to the Dutch in 1721.
456:
385:
142:
1533:
2467:
2444:
2429:
2373:
2208:
2147:
2031:
1677:
1488:
552:
83:
2484:
2479:
2396:
2321:
2218:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2056:
1827:
1823:
1693:
1665:
1146:
972:
2507:
2363:
2333:
2096:
2036:
1778:
1656:
1434:
1065:
512:
2021:
2016:
1724:
1475:
1161:
990:
Accada and
Hollandia: pg. 252. New Cambridge Modern History Atlas, H.C. Darby and Harold Fullard
2474:
2434:
2424:
2348:
1799:
1757:
1557:
1337:
749:
lowered
Prussian revenues. Prussia’s slave output was, at its peak, less than a quarter of the
636:
173:
1729:
1592:
810:
799:
Accada and
Hollandia: p.252. New Cambridge Modern History Atlas, H.C. Darby and Harold Fullard
2439:
2328:
2061:
1863:
1859:
1812:
1648:
1357:
1327:
959:
419:
919:"Ship's Surgeon Johann Peter Oettinger: A Hinterlander in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1682–96"
2160:
2091:
2086:
1832:
1742:
1706:
1537:
1501:
701:
8:
2368:
2353:
2175:
2071:
2046:
1986:
1790:
1770:
1752:
1526:
1517:
1403:
1317:
1252:
1234:
1156:
1082:
1058:
762:
640:
496:
492:
409:
297:
59:
1011:
2278:
2066:
1991:
1867:
1847:
1839:
1747:
1713:
1584:
1549:
1542:
1390:
1370:
1365:
1312:
1307:
1292:
1287:
1262:
1199:
1151:
872:
737:
556:
500:
429:
88:
306:
2303:
2101:
1935:
1882:
1641:
1636:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1398:
1347:
1229:
1224:
1191:
1176:
1141:
934:
864:
816:
568:
540:
415:
361:
351:
331:
127:
985:
2378:
2283:
2121:
2116:
2001:
1684:
1506:
1483:
1297:
1244:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1166:
1126:
926:
856:
745:
395:
371:
261:
2273:
2268:
1080:
2106:
2041:
1956:
1855:
1493:
1408:
1277:
753:'. Resources going into the colony were restricted as the colony neared its end.
644:
439:
109:
2358:
2288:
2126:
2111:
2026:
1971:
1943:
1762:
1497:
1423:
1257:
1121:
918:
750:
741:
564:
548:
381:
377:
347:
341:
337:
930:
2542:
2308:
2213:
1672:
1375:
1332:
1302:
1036:
1023:
868:
586:
435:
131:
123:
113:
593:: (April 1684 – 1687, 1698–1711, April 1712 – 1717), which in 1687–1698 the
1794:
1660:
1171:
1136:
1131:
721:
539:)), a company that administered the colony, which had been granted a royal
367:
327:
1688:
1418:
1342:
1282:
1272:
1181:
1103:
594:
560:
317:
1413:
1380:
1204:
876:
772:
705:
651:
391:
321:
1904:
1000:
844:
1464:
860:
2233:
845:"Archival Materials on the Brandenburg African Company (1682-1721)"
777:
2454:
2195:
1632:
1466:
401:
2499:
2416:
2138:
1567:
815:. Bradt Travel Guide Series. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 257.
590:
580:
425:
99:
2388:
572:
508:
443:
357:
286:
893:
Walter, Rodney (1969). "Gold and Slaves on the Gold Coast".
499:
colony existed from 1682 to 1701, after which it became a
647:(after which he became known as Frederick I of Prussia).
601:
563:
colony consisting of two Gold Coast settlements on the
62:, modern-day Ghana, marked by the black dot and flag.
1081:
Forts of the former European colonial powers on the
744:, who renamed it Hollandia, as part of their larger
657:
74:Inside Groß-Friedrichsburg. View in February 1884.
16:Prussian colony located in modern Ghana, 1683–1721
917:Koslofsky, Craig; Zaugg, Roberto (16 June 2016).
802:
736:, In 1721, after 39 years of administration, the
209:• Foundation of Brandenburg African Company
2540:
579:Groß Friedrichsburg, also called Hollandia, now
181:• 1713–1740 (Sold colony to Dutch in 1721)
895:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana
740:sold the remaining rights to the colony to the
219:• Renamed Prussian Gold Coast Settlements
1012:Grossfriedrichsburg, a German colony in Ghana?
916:
2554:States and territories disestablished in 1721
1920:
1450:
1066:
464:
2609:1682 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1982:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
518:
2549:States and territories established in 1682
1927:
1913:
1457:
1443:
1073:
1059:
716:in the Caribbean (present-day part of the
691:
641:Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
471:
457:
157:• 1640–1688 (Founded colony in 1682)
68:
52:
1977:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
687:1716–1717 – Anton Günther van der Menden
607:May 1682 – 1683 – Philip Peterson Blonck
2339:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
1934:
712:Prussia also leased part of the island
583:: (1682–1717), which became the capital
503:colony from 1701 to 1721. In 1721 King
58:Location of Groß-Friedrichsburg within
2541:
953:
892:
808:
795:
793:
630:
602:Governors during the Brandenburger era
533:Brandenburgisch-Afrikanische Compagnie
1908:
1438:
1054:
842:
2344:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
912:
910:
908:
888:
886:
768:German colonial projects before 1871
727:
25:Brandenburger Gold Coast Settlements
790:
13:
2614:1720s disestablishments in Prussia
2490:Royal Greenland Trading Department
14:
2630:
2166:Company of One Hundred Associates
994:
905:
883:
658:Governors during the Prussian era
2604:1721 disestablishments in Africa
2522:
2521:
2407:Royal Company of the Philippines
2155:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
305:
266:
38:
610:1683–1684 – Nathaniel Dillinger
2619:Frederick William I of Prussia
2294:Pernambuco and Paraíba Company
2264:Grão Pará and Maranhão Company
947:
836:
505:Frederick William I of Prussia
1:
2599:1682 establishments in Africa
2559:German colonisation in Africa
2402:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2254:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
1962:British American Land Company
1465:Territories and provinces of
783:
615:Karl Konstantin von Schnitter
527:began when the newly founded
525:German colonization of Africa
1952:African Company of Merchants
7:
2204:Brandenburg African Company
1997:Eastern Archipelago Company
1967:British East Africa Company
1005:(mostly in German language)
756:
684:1710–1716 – Nicholas Dubois
529:Brandenburg African Company
229:• Sold to Netherlands
10:
2635:
2445:Swedish West India Company
2430:Swedish East India Company
2374:Compagnie van De Moucheron
2127:Virginia Company of London
2032:London and Bristol Company
1489:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1091:Brandenburg-Prussian forts
681:1709–1710 – Frans de Lange
626:1686–1691 – Johann Niemann
589:, also called Accada, now
2574:Former colonies in Africa
2516:
2498:
2485:Danish West India Company
2480:Danish East India Company
2453:
2415:
2397:Barcelona Trading Company
2387:
2302:
2232:
2194:
2137:
2077:Royal West Indian Company
2057:Providence Island Company
2037:Massachusetts Bay Company
1942:
1879:
1810:
1730:Principality of Neuchâtel
1704:
1583:
1474:
1389:
1356:
1243:
1190:
1112:
1089:
1015:(short documentary video)
931:10.1017/9781782047032.002
282:
241:
237:
227:
217:
207:
203:
195:
191:
179:
167:
155:
151:
137:
119:
105:
95:
79:
67:
51:
35:
30:
23:
2508:Russian-American Company
2364:Dutch West India Company
2334:Dutch East India Company
2097:South Australian Company
519:Brandenburger Gold Coast
513:Dutch West India Company
485:Brandenburger Gold Coast
406:Brandenburger Gold Coast
2148:Compagnie de l'Occident
692:Ambitions of the Colony
559:), established a small
2594:History of West Africa
2579:Former German colonies
2475:Danish Asiatic Company
2463:Danish African Company
2435:Swedish Levant Company
2425:Swedish Africa Company
2349:New Netherland Company
2317:Australische Compagnie
1371:São Sebastião de Shema
1001:Grossfriedrichsburg.de
967:Cite journal requires
139:Elector of Brandenburg
2569:18th century in Ghana
2564:17th century in Ghana
2440:Swedish South Company
2329:Brabantsche Compagnie
2062:Royal African Company
1366:Santo António de Axim
984:World Statesmen.org:
511:and 12 slaves to the
420:Portuguese Gold Coast
106:Common languages
2224:West African Company
2161:Company of Habitants
2092:Somers Isles Company
2087:Sierra Leone Company
2082:South Africa Company
2052:North Borneo Company
2022:Hudson's Bay Company
1743:Grand Duchy of Posen
1381:São Francisco Xavier
1162:William (lighthouse)
843:Jones, Adam (1984).
491:, was a part of the
84:Brandenburger colony
2589:Chartered companies
2584:Brandenburg-Prussia
2369:Compagnie van Verre
2354:Noordsche Compagnie
2209:East Africa Company
2176:Mississippi Company
2072:Royal Niger Company
2047:New Zealand Company
1987:Company of Scotland
1936:Chartered companies
1813:Territorial reforms
1771:Province of Prussia
1099:Groß Friedrichsburg
1037:4.75361°N 2.06694°W
1033: /
809:Briggs, P. (2014).
763:Princes Town, Ghana
734:Frederick William I
718:U.S. Virgin Islands
704:, and to engage in
631:Prussian Gold Coast
555:(core of the later
489:Prussian Gold Coast
410:Prussian Gold Coast
186:Frederick William I
100:Groß Friedrichsburg
2279:Mozambique Company
2259:East India Company
2219:New Guinea Company
2186:West India Company
2171:East India Company
2067:Royal British Bank
1992:East India Company
1895:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1887:
1848:Posen-West Prussia
1787:Schleswig-Holstein
923:Slavery Hinterland
751:United Netherlands
738:Kingdom of Prussia
722:Kingdom of Denmark
643:, crowned himself
557:Kingdom of Prussia
507:sold it for 7,200
430:Swedish Gold Coast
386:British Gold Coast
2536:
2535:
2269:Company of Guinea
2102:South Sea Company
2012:Greenland Company
1902:
1901:
1883:Province of Posen
1733:(1814–1848)
1621:Western Pomerania
1613:Minden-Ravensberg
1514:Farther Pomerania
1432:
1431:
1376:São Jorge da Mina
1042:4.75361; -2.06694
940:978-1-78204-703-2
849:History in Africa
822:978-1-84162-478-5
728:Sale to the Dutch
702:human cargo trade
569:Cape Three Points
545:Frederick William
481:
480:
362:Danish Gold Coast
352:Kingdom of Dagbon
332:Mankessim Kingdom
292:
291:
278:
277:
274:
273:
169:• 1688–1713
162:Frederick William
128:Roman Catholicism
2626:
2525:
2524:
2471:
2379:Veerse Compagnie
2325:
2284:Zambezia Company
2250:
2122:Plymouth Company
2117:Virginia Company
2002:Eastland Company
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1888:
1872:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1803:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1734:
1717:
1716:
1707:Post-Congress of
1697:
1685:New East Prussia
1681:
1669:
1653:
1645:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1597:
1554:
1546:
1530:
1510:
1484:Duchy of Prussia
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1358:Portuguese forts
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
977:
976:
970:
965:
963:
955:
951:
945:
944:
914:
903:
902:
890:
881:
880:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
806:
800:
797:
746:Dutch Gold Coast
623:
523:In May 1682 the
473:
466:
459:
396:British Togoland
372:Dutch Gold Coast
310:
309:
294:
293:
270:
269:
262:Dutch Gold Coast
258:
257:
243:
242:
72:
56:
42:
21:
20:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2512:
2494:
2465:
2449:
2411:
2383:
2319:
2307:
2298:
2244:
2228:
2190:
2181:Senegal Company
2133:
2107:Spanish Company
2042:Muscovy Company
1957:Barbary Company
1938:
1933:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1875:
1870:
1856:Halle-Merseburg
1850:
1842:
1830:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1623:
1615:
1603:
1595:
1579:
1552:
1540:
1534:Lauenburg–Bütow
1524:
1504:
1470:
1463:
1433:
1428:
1385:
1352:
1239:
1186:
1108:
1085:
1079:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:
997:
981:
980:
968:
966:
957:
956:
952:
948:
941:
915:
906:
891:
884:
861:10.2307/3171645
841:
837:
827:
825:
823:
807:
803:
798:
791:
786:
759:
730:
694:
660:
645:King in Prussia
633:
617:
604:
521:
477:
304:
267:
230:
223:15 January 1701
220:
210:
182:
170:
158:
143:King of Prussia
89:Prussian colony
87:
75:
63:
47:
44:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2459:
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2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
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2413:
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2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Ostend Company
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:Niassa Company
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:House of India
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
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2183:
2178:
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2168:
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2158:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2112:Venice Company
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Levant Company
2024:
2019:
2017:Guinea Company
2014:
2009:
2007:French Company
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Canada Company
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1840:Greater Berlin
1837:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1763:Rhine Province
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
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1471:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Christiansborg
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
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1300:
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1290:
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1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1253:Elize Carthago
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Christiansborg
1202:
1196:
1194:
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1187:
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1093:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1070:
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1055:
1017:
1016:
1008:
996:
995:External links
993:
992:
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665:Adriaan Grobbe
659:
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632:
629:
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611:
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584:
565:Gulf of Guinea
531:(BAC, German:
520:
517:
479:
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468:
461:
453:
450:
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436:Gold Coastians
433:
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389:
375:
365:
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342:Ashanti Empire
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2309:Low Countries
2305:
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1412:
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1391:Swedish forts
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1293:San Sebastian
1291:
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1263:Saint Anthony
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1200:Frederiksborg
1198:
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1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
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1114:British forts
1111:
1105:
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1097:
1096:
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1092:
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719:
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707:
703:
698:
686:
683:
680:
678:
677:Heinrich Lamy
674:
672:
668:
666:
662:
661:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:Frederick III
625:
621:
616:
612:
609:
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592:
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587:Fort Dorothea
585:
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562:
558:
554:
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326:
323:
319:
316:
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283:Today part of
281:
265:
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236:
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184:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
160:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:Akan religion
129:
125:
124:Protestantism
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
78:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2520:
2203:
2153:
2146:
1795:Hesse-Nassau
1779:Hohenzollern
1661:West Prussia
1562:
1192:Danish forts
1090:
1018:
1010:
1004:
960:cite journal
949:
922:
898:
894:
852:
848:
838:
826:. Retrieved
811:
804:
731:
714:Saint Thomas
711:
699:
695:
675:1706–1709 –
669:1704–1706 –
663:1701–1704 –
649:
634:
613:1684–1686 –
561:West African
532:
528:
522:
488:
484:
482:
405:
249:Succeeded by
248:
18:
2466: [
2320: [
2245: [
1891:Lower Rhine
1774:(1824–1878)
1725:Brandenburg
1689:New Silesia
1649:East Frisia
1522:Halberstadt
1476:Before 1701
1469:(1525–1947)
1298:Vredenburgh
1245:Dutch forts
1225:Prinsensten
1215:Fredensborg
1210:Augustaborg
1167:Tantumquery
1127:Metal Cross
1040: /
855:: 379–389.
732:Under King
720:) from the
671:Johann Münz
618: [
571:in present
553:Brandenburg
497:Brandenburg
174:Frederick I
91:(1701–1721)
86:(1682–1701)
2543:Categories
2234:Portuguese
1815:after 1918
1758:Westphalia
1585:After 1701
1573:St. Thomas
1563:Gold Coast
1502:Ravensberg
1409:Batenstein
1343:Crèvecoeur
1338:Goede Hoop
1278:Batenstein
1220:Kongensten
1142:Cape Coast
1083:Gold Coast
784:References
773:John Canoe
706:gum arabic
652:John Konny
493:Gold Coast
416:Portuguese
322:Bono state
298:Gold Coast
60:Gold Coast
1889:From the
1864:Kurhessen
1860:Magdeburg
1738:Pomerania
1714:(1814–15)
1593:Neuchâtel
1550:Magdeburg
1424:Apollonia
1399:Carlsborg
1328:Amsterdam
1268:Hollandia
1258:Ruychaver
1230:Carlsborg
1122:Apollonia
1028:2°04′01″W
1025:4°45′13″N
925:: 25–44.
869:0361-5413
567:, around
440:Ghanaians
120:Religion
31:1682–1721
2527:Category
2304:Austrian
1885:in 1848.
1601:Guelders
1558:Colonies
1333:Patience
1273:Dorothea
1147:Victoria
1104:Dorothea
901:: 13–28.
778:Junkanoo
757:See also
597:occupied
501:Prussian
487:, later
348:Dagombas
338:Ashantis
213:May 1682
141:, later
2500:Russian
2417:Swedish
2389:Spanish
1944:British
1881:Became
1800:1866–68
1791:Hanover
1753:Silesia
1666:1772–73
1633:Silesia
1628:/ 1815)
1538:Draheim
1467:Prussia
1404:William
1318:William
1235:William
1172:Winneba
1157:William
1137:Komenda
1132:Sekondi
877:3171645
549:Elector
541:charter
402:Germans
382:British
378:English
196:History
96:Capital
2455:Danish
2196:German
2139:French
1871:(1944)
1868:Nassau
1851:(1922)
1843:(1920)
1782:(1850)
1766:(1822)
1748:Saxony
1709:Vienna
1652:(1744)
1616:(1719)
1596:(1707)
1568:Arguin
1553:(1680)
1518:Minden
1494:Cleves
1419:Witsen
1313:Nassau
1303:Elmina
1288:Orange
1283:Witsen
1182:Vernon
937:
875:
867:
828:16 May
819:
591:Akwida
581:Pokesu
509:ducats
495:. The
426:Swedes
328:Fantes
199:
147:
110:German
80:Status
2470:]
2324:]
2249:]
1824:Lower
1637:Glatz
1177:James
1152:Royal
986:Ghana
873:JSTOR
812:Ghana
742:Dutch
622:]
595:Dutch
573:Ghana
444:Ghana
368:Dutch
358:Danes
318:Bonos
287:Ghana
2242:List
1893:and
1833:1919
1694:1795
1678:1793
1657:East
1642:1742
1626:1720
1606:1713
1543:1657
1527:1648
1507:1614
1498:Mark
1323:Egya
973:help
935:ISBN
865:ISSN
830:2019
817:ISBN
483:The
392:Ewes
233:1721
114:Akan
46:Flag
2306:and
927:doi
857:doi
551:of
543:by
2545::
2468:da
2322:fr
2247:pt
1866:/
1862:/
1858:/
1826:/
1793:/
1789:/
1687:/
1659:/
1635:/
1536:/
1520:/
1516:/
1500:/
1496:/
1003:–
964::
962:}}
958:{{
933:.
921:.
907:^
899:10
897:.
885:^
871:.
863:.
853:11
851:.
847:.
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1676:(
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428:(
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418:(
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370:(
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360:(
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340:(
334:)
330:(
324:)
320:(
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