655:
686:
217:
759:
671:
306:
702:
1437:
1409:
1421:
1248:
1297:, and the act of reading. The early Lutheran church documents promoted reading and the importance of education. Early reformers emphasised the value of literacy of the masses such that they were able to read the Bible, as well as strengths in mathematics and literacy. Lutheran Church teachings on the standards for the education of students were published in 1529, emphasising the study of grammar, definitions and the
241:, endorsed by Luther, with the intent to defend the rights of princes and the religion. The league became central to the spread of Protestantism by using its political sway in Germany, helping the restoration of the Lutheran Duke of Wurttemberg in 1534, enabling the establishment of Protestantism in the region. Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire, resolved by the 1548
1479:
inhabited by
Protestant archbishops, joined only by nobles and princes. In the later centuries, separate church buildings were constructed along the Rhine region, due to controversial marriage laws that mandated Protestants and Catholics marry separately. The spreading of Protestant architecture was slower in other parts of Germany, however, such as the city of
626:. The Lutheran literature dispersed throughout Germany after the Reformation called for the elimination of clerical tax exemptions and the economic privileges granted to religious institutions. Through the 16th century, however, the Protestant movement brought with it wealthy and influential Lutheran princes who formed a new social class.
1585:
The reformation itself was grounded in a rebellion against the German
Catholic church, emphasizing the primacy of the Bible, the abolition of the Catholic ritualistic mass and a rejection of clerical celibacy. The 19th century saw movements within German Protestantism involving practical devotion and
496:
rule of the region. This opposition increased citizens' church involvement; however, the end of the German
Democratic Republic led to a demographic decline in the Protestant church as the role of political activism was lost. In terms of political affiliations throughout the German Democratic Republic
1478:
The
Protestant church has influenced German architecture. Among adherents to Protestantism in Germany were engineers, craftsmen and architects, enabling Lutheran constructions. The earliest Protestant constructions were in the 17th century, where the castles built along Germany's Middle Rhine were
232:
treated German
Protestantism as a competitor to its geo-political power, issuing a decree in 1524 banning the recitation of its Lutheran works. This prompted riots across Germany and in 1529 a formal protestation was issued by a body of Protestant leaders and Princes, claiming the need for a clear
173:
movement within
Germany was to question its existing power structures, imploring lay nobles for church reformation, critiquing the Roman mass, sacraments and seeking to reaffirm the importance of faith in good works. His subsequent excommunication from the Church ensured Germany had an ideological
1353:
to spread their ideas. The printing press enabled the dispersion of
Protestant literature throughout greater Germany. In order to curb this dispersion, the 16th-century Council of Trent compiled an Index of Prohibited Books in 1559, which included the works of Protestant theologians and those who
198:
where key
Protestant theologians agreed on theological questions relevant to Germany. The Marburg Colloquy reforms included a restructuring of the Protestant Church in the light of the early church, the dissolution of monastic communities, establishment of Protestant universities, the regular
1384:
is divided on the issue of stem cell research; however, those opposing liberalising laws have characterised it as a threat to the sanctity of human life. Within the German
Democratic Republic, the Federation of Evangelical Churches, formed in June 1969 and lasting until April 1991, was where
639:
When the
Reformation occurred, the art industry was declining in Germany; however, it provided a new inspiration for graphic arts, sculptures and paintings. Protestant churches displayed medieval images, along with uniquely Lutheran artistic traditions, such as the Wittenberg workshop of
1354:
desired reform within the Church. This act reduced the ability for Protestant material to spread throughout Germany. One of the pioneers of Protestant literature was Phillip Melanchthon, who organised and consolidated the Lutheran movement in Germany in the early 16th century. His work
1483:
where its first Protestant church was constructed in 1857. Large Protestant places of worship were commissioned across Germany, such as the Garrison Church in the city of Ulm built in 1910 which could hold 2,000 congregants. In the early 1920s, architects such as
450:, despite pressure on pastors to endorse the new form of government, the Protestant church insisted on remaining impartial. The Communist Party, however, grew hostile to the church, moving to replace the festival of Christmas with celebrations of the birthday of
203:, which took place from 1618 to 1648, stunted the theological development of Protestantism in Germany due to the severe reduction in population it triggered, with estimates suggesting as much as 90% of the German population was lost and barbary was common.
1341:(Halle, Leipzig, Jena, Greifswald, and Rostock) funded by the Communist budget. The Protestant leadership protested the insertion of a "materialist view" on school students' writing and the alteration of textbooks to include Communist ideology.
1586:
spiritual energy. The 20th century saw the creation of new Protestant organisations, such as the Evangelical Alliance, YMCA, and the German Student Christian movement, whose active participation involved church adherents from other nations.
476:. Official government orders, such as the 15 February 1956 Fechner Decree, banned religious instruction before school. In terms of political involvement, Protestant Church leaders also pushed for the introduction of the policies of
1455:
265:, that sought a rebirth of the Church in Germany but also a greater emphasis on gaining support for social welfare and relief programs among Protestants. Throughout the 19th century Protestant churches in Germany were
245:, maintained a lack of concessions to the German Protestants, and country-wide riots ensured it was not accepted. The official separation of Protestantism and the Reichstag in Germany came with the adoption of the
414:
gained power, it actively destroyed the institutional structures of the Protestant church itself. After the fall of Nazi power post-1945, the wider church conducted a de-Nazification effort. At the conclusion of
365:('foreign invasion') of the arts, fashion and finance industries, reflecting the anti-Semitism of many church leaders. There were actions taken by some church members to fight against Nazism, such as
1453:
1493:
1321:, the oldest Protestant university in the world. By the 19th century, German universities were recognised as leading the Western world, with Protestant theology globally influenced by
1454:
1544:
1925:
Ekelund, Jr., R., HĂ©bert, R., & Tollison, R. (2002). An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation. Journal Of Political Economy, 110(3), 646-671. doi: 10.1086/339721
1529:
758:
685:
2315:
1301:
language. To achieve literacy across Germany, every child was forced to memorise the church's catechism. At the Marburg Colloquy of October 1529, it was decided by
1934:
Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015). Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6-43.
654:
1559:
190:
movement, emphasised the importance of Old Testament Law. Luther called upon the assistance of German princes to further the Protestant movement, namely
2077:
Charbonnier, R. (2008). "The Contribution of the Protestant Church in Germany to the Pluralist Discourse in Bioethics: The Case of Stem Cell Research".
423:, which acknowledged the inadequacy of church opposition to Nazism and their culpability in the regime's power. With an increase in Protestant church
726:
Martin Luther's early reforms included an emphasis on the value music provides as an aid to worship. New branches of Protestantism, however, such as
648:. The Protestant movement brought a new variation of figural sculptures, portraits, artwork and illustrations to the interiors of German churches.
1398:
220:
Stained glass window within the Sternberg Protestant Parish in Mecklenburg, commemorating the introduction of Protestantism in the region in 1549.
2482:
2325:
1492:
were involved in changing Protestant architecture towards modern constructions. An example of this new form of architecture was the Protestant
382:
2687:
1514:
3618:
1426:
Protestant Cathedral erected in Berlin,1894.The altar is made of white marble, yellow onyx candleholders and gilded iron Apostles screen.
466:
against Protestantism was also employed, with several West German church periodicals banned by the government, including the official
492:(GDR). As a result of concerted state intrusions against Protestantism, the church became a place to organise opposition against the
3362:
2973:
2213:
1446:
701:
3292:
3154:
1276:
3234:
622:
The initial effect of the Protestant revolution in Germany was to facilitate the entry of entrepreneurship with the decline of
454:, along with the jailing of more than 70 Evangelical pastors and lay workers from January 1953. One popular Protestant pastor,
2447:
2037:
Boppart, T., Falkinger, J., & Grossmann, V. (2014). "Protestantism and Education: Reading (The Bible) and other skills".
333:
leaders to bolster their political movement. Protestant pastors, bishops and theologians utilised Luther's writings, such as
971:
2754:
670:
1337:. Within the GDR in the 1980s, the Church maintained Protestant theological faculties in six of the state universities in
381:. Several leading church figures, however, published substantial anti-Semitic publications, such as the Thuringian bishop
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in particular maintained objections to merging of the Protestant Church and Nazi state, resulting in some being sent to
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234:
17:
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336:
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to German Protestantism and promoted Protestant unity, ensuring the anti-Baptist sect re-joined the wider church.
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3611:
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and other prominent German Protestant reformers, that a Protestant university should be formed. This became the
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The Protestant church has influenced changes in wider culture in Germany, contributing to the debate around
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2702:
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1611:
1606:
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322:
62:
1364:. He worked extensively to reform the German education system, local schooling and national universities.
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3454:
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1005:
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3227:
2822:
2734:
2712:
2631:
2616:
2432:
2412:
2254:
1814:
Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). "For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler".
1636:
1154:
796:
489:
52:
4123:
3877:
3838:
3585:
3570:
3517:
3469:
3464:
3439:
3297:
3074:
2259:
1631:
1096:
730:, reduced the role of liturgical music and the expression of faith through the development of music.
645:
387:
3555:
1693:
Elton, G., & Pettegree, A. (1999). Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (pp. 30-84). Oxford: Blackwell.
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806:
769:
1914:
God and Caesar in East Germany. The conflicts of Church and State in East Germany since 1945, etc.
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1641:
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811:
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742:
286:
258:
238:
174:
divide between Protestant sects and other Christian denominations. Another prominent reformer,
2017:
Gawthrop, R., & Strauss, G. (1984). "Protestantism And Literacy In Early Modern Germany".
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455:
200:
1666:
8:
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1314:
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899:
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378:
366:
246:
2472:
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3846:
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3793:
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3643:
3635:
3180:
3173:
3028:
2993:
2880:
2865:
2795:
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2749:
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2611:
2541:
2452:
2371:
2340:
2249:
2226:
1626:
1000:
931:
893:
816:
801:
786:
721:
692:
294:
290:
153:
4037:
4012:
3992:
3972:
3962:
3852:
3834:
3803:
3736:
3653:
3627:
3134:
3109:
3056:
3003:
2817:
2589:
2381:
1977:
German sculpture of the later Renaissance, c. 1520-1580: art in an age of uncertainty
1621:
1334:
1330:
1101:
1086:
978:
477:
432:
374:
318:
274:
237:
and the right to autonomy. In February 1531, prominent Protestant Princes formed the
225:
162:
1485:
1289:
In the immediate post-Reformation and subsequent decades, the Lutheran principle of
4027:
3942:
3887:
3857:
3808:
3768:
3751:
3741:
3676:
3648:
3196:
3144:
3139:
3129:
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3119:
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2911:
2885:
2557:
2361:
2330:
2285:
2280:
2082:
2062:
2042:
2022:
1846:
1819:
1511:
The Protestant church published five regional papers throughout the GDR, including
1306:
906:
791:
242:
195:
191:
82:
72:
4067:
4042:
3830:
3813:
3658:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3036:
2462:
2159:
Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation
1326:
1224:
1179:
1071:
956:
951:
395:
391:
317:, over three-fifths of the population were Protestant and were divided among the
128:
112:
360:
305:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3977:
3967:
3882:
3825:
3718:
3681:
3201:
3079:
3066:
2729:
2487:
1408:
1350:
1290:
1184:
1081:
1015:
708:
502:
349:
prejudice escalating in Germany. During one 1927 Protestant Church Congress in
1850:
4173:
4113:
3912:
2442:
1519:
1489:
1420:
1355:
1302:
1219:
1214:
1169:
1010:
887:
750:
661:
505:
451:
435:
262:
158:
132:
108:
2026:
1841:
Ramet, S. (1991). "Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up".
4072:
3902:
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2502:
2497:
2467:
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2320:
1116:
529:
416:
354:
326:
270:
175:
120:
3212:
2146:
Before the Bauhaus: Architecture, Politics and the German State, 1890–1920
1878:
Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe
1349:
In the years after the Reformation, Luther and his followers utilised the
441:
4057:
3935:
3920:
3892:
3728:
2837:
2551:
2386:
2335:
2066:
1943:
Christensen, C. (1973). "The Reformation and the Decline of German Art".
1310:
1194:
1034:
995:
988:
941:
916:
911:
865:
485:
370:
346:
314:
278:
266:
183:
148:
136:
124:
2086:
3820:
3046:
2667:
2046:
1470:
1066:
1049:
1044:
831:
498:
463:
459:
411:
350:
170:
98:
2115:
The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany
1948:
3867:
2657:
2305:
1880:(2nd ed., pp. 67–101). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
1377:
1373:
1361:
1174:
1091:
1022:
727:
623:
431:
was formed as a forum to discuss the direction of the church. Former
187:
179:
161:
in 1517. The key element of this religious upheaval was a break from
3596:
2059:
Printing and Protestants: Reforming the Economics of the Reformation
1823:
4077:
3872:
2191:
1916:(1st ed., pp. 235–260). Michigan: Macmillan University of Michigan.
1386:
1061:
983:
936:
481:
467:
424:
329:
writings of Martin Luther were used by some Protestant pastors and
2097:
Tuffs, A. (2001). "Germany debates embryonic stem cell research".
2061:. The George L. Argyros School of Business & Economics, 2–76.
3947:
3758:
2936:
2356:
2300:
2222:
2117:(1st ed., pp. 32–100). Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
1480:
1381:
1247:
1076:
1056:
946:
199:
inspection of Parishes and the conversion of nuns and monks. The
1896:
Protestants in Communist East Germany: In the Storm of the World
1338:
493:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
2316:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
2295:
1461:
Church bells playing at the Mannheim Protestant Christ Church
1298:
1294:
1039:
325:
and those unaffiliated to either. In the early 20th century,
282:
166:
2148:(1st ed., pp. 12–340). New York: Cambridge University Press.
1979:(1st ed., pp. 23–78). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1704:
Popular culture and popular movements in Reformation Germany
1580:
1526:(Berlin, circulation 42,500; also in a Greifswald edition),
1414:
The Protestant Christ Church of Mannheim, completed in 1911.
1722:
497:
era, members of the Protestant Church ranged from far-left
330:
1964:
A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran Germany
1966:(2nd ed., pp. 23–79). New York: Oxford University Press.
1399:
The Reformation and its influence on church architecture
442:
Communism and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1990
2178:. New York, United States: The Continuum. p. 151.
2187:. New York, United States: Random House. p. 161.
252:
462:, charged with "agitation to boycott the republic".
273:. Protestant theologians rejected the tenets of the
309:
German Lutheran Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer in 1938.
165:'s emphasis on tradition, favouring a focus on the
1798:(pp. 3–98). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1293:prompted followers of the religion to promote the
211:
123:, was founded within Germany in the 16th-century
4171:
2173:
1947:, 6(3), 207–232. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from
1503:built in the city of Essen in 1929 by Bartning.
400:who distributed thirty-seven thousand copies of
29:Overview of the role of Protestantism in Germany
629:
3612:
3228:
2207:
2182:
1990:Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation
1769:(1st ed., pp. 4–190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
1367:
1270:
127:. It was formed as a new direction from some
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1743:(2nd ed., pp. 151–407). New York: Continuum.
1572:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1512:
560:Baptist Federation (Manfred Suit, President)
546:Methodist (RĂĽdiger Minor, Bishop of Dresden)
471:
403:Martin Luther ĂĽber die Juden: Weg mit ihnen!
401:
358:
334:
3242:
2326:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
2161:. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6–43.
2013:
2011:
357:gave a famous keynote address deriding the
3619:
3605:
3235:
3221:
2214:
2200:
2135:(2nd ed., pp. 3–158). New York: Routledge.
1992:(1st ed., pp. 4–350). New York: Routledge.
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1277:
1263:
757:
588:Old Lutheran (Johannes Zellmer, President)
408:Martin Luther on the Jews: Away with Them!
2109:
2107:
2005:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1898:(1st ed., pp. 4–95). New York: Routledge.
1855:
1828:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1782:(1st ed., pp. 32–100). London: Routledge.
1673:
1659:
1581:Influences on Christianity within Germany
2127:
2125:
2123:
2008:
1790:
1788:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
458:, was imprisoned for five years after a
304:
285:, evidenced by the notable addresses of
215:
2157:Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015).
2133:German Architecture for a Mass Audience
1958:
1956:
1901:
1883:
1380:research. The Protestant leadership in
574:Reformed (HansJĂĽrgen Sievers, Chairman)
289:'s "Address to the German Nations" and
14:
4172:
2104:
1801:
473:Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirchenzeitung
281:. This nationalism, was combined with
3626:
3600:
3216:
2195:
2120:
1785:
1746:
514:Protestants in East Germany 1949–1989
261:pioneered a Protestant movement, the
2221:
1953:
1360:began the publication of Protestant
206:
131:principles. It was led initially by
35:Religion in Germany (2022 estimate)
4134:History of the Mediterranean region
2185:Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet
2176:Illustrated History of Christianity
1949:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545672
1780:Church and state in Western society
1741:Illustrated history of Christianity
1556:(Mecklenburg, circulation 15,000),
617:
419:, leading church clergy issued the
24:
2167:
1681:"Kirchenmitglieder: 47,45 Prozent"
1435:
707:Bronze sculpture of Luther, 1868,
253:Rebirth of political Protestantism
169:. The lasting effects of Luther's
151:began with the publication of the
25:
4196:
429:German Protestant Church Assembly
4119:Bibliography of European history
3714:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
1719:(Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
1571:(Jena, circulation 35,000), and
1469:Problems playing this file? See
1451:
1419:
1407:
1246:
722:Reformation § Music and art
700:
684:
669:
653:
277:, seeing instead an increase in
186:, whose writings formulated the
4144:History of Western civilization
3747:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2418:German revolutions of 1848–1849
2387:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2151:
2138:
2091:
2071:
2051:
2031:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1767:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
1667:"Religionszugehörigkeiten 2022"
1577:(Potsdam, circulation 15,000).
1545:Mecklenburgische Kirchenzeitung
1541:(Dresden, circulation 40,000),
1392:
300:
3988:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3931:Christianity in the modern era
3702:Christianity in late antiquity
2403:Early modern period, 1500–1800
2291:List of early Germanic peoples
2131:James-Chakraborty, K. (2000).
1772:
1709:
1696:
1687:
438:has been a regular attendant.
421:Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt
212:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
4139:History of the European Union
2526:History of Germany since 1990
1653:
1617:Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany
1344:
427:after the end of Nazism, the
369:who rescued multiple Jews in
337:Von den Juden and ihren LĂĽgen
1612:Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany
1607:Roman Catholicism in Germany
733:
91: Other religions (1.7%)
7:
4098:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3709:Crisis of the Third Century
1843:Religion in Communist Lands
1589:
1122:United and uniting churches
952:Great Awakenings in America
630:Social and cultural effects
10:
4201:
4154:Military history of Europe
4149:Maritime history of Europe
2433:North German Confederation
2413:Confederation of the Rhine
1717:The Reformation in Germany
1637:Criticism of Protestantism
1494:Church of the Resurrection
1396:
1368:Wider culture and theology
719:
695:by Lucas Cranach the Elder
490:German Democratic Republic
343:On the Jews and Their Lies
142:
4124:Genetic history of Europe
4106:
3911:
3727:
3667:
3634:
3546:
3508:
3250:
3167:
3027:
2907:
2898:
2781:
2772:
2653:
2644:
2580:
2571:
2534:
2513:
2395:
2349:
2273:
2242:
2233:
2174:Littel, Franklin (2005).
1851:10.1080/09637499108431513
1632:European wars of religion
646:Lucas Cranach the Younger
178:, introduced the rite of
4185:Protestantism by country
4180:Protestantism in Germany
3244:Protestantism in Europe
2585:Administrative divisions
2003:Protestant worship music
2001:Etherington, C. (1978).
1945:Central European History
1702:Scribner, R. W. (1987).
1647:Protestantism by country
1506:
1323:Friedrich Schleiermacher
822:Relations with Catholics
715:
446:In the initial years of
224:In the early 1500s, the
4129:History of Christianity
1642:Protestantism and Islam
1447:Protestant Church bells
1253:Christianity portal
678:Lucas Cranach the Elder
642:Lucas Cranach the Elder
3953:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3293:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2846:Science and technology
2547:History of Brandenburg
2438:Unification of Germany
2428:Frankfurt Constitution
2183:Roper, Lyndal (2018).
1988:Oettinger, R. (2001).
1573:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1440:
1235:Spiritual Christianity
664:by Lucas Cranach, 1562
634:
472:
402:
359:
335:
310:
287:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
259:Johann Hinrich Wichern
239:League of Schmalkalden
221:
116:
4033:Industrial Revolution
2483:Flight and expulsions
2144:Maciuika, J. (2008).
2027:10.1093/past/104.1.31
1816:German Studies Review
1715:Dixon, C. S. (2008).
1439:
1319:University of Marburg
720:Further information:
308:
257:In the 19th century,
219:
157:by Augustinian friar
4088:European debt crisis
4083:European integration
4023:Age of Enlightenment
3863:Republic of Florence
3155:World Heritage Sites
2833:German states by GDP
2423:German Confederation
2067:10.2139/ssrn.1742523
1912:Solberg, R. (1961).
1894:Tyndale, W. (2016).
1845:, 19(3–4), 160–196.
1739:Littell, F. (2005).
922:Crypto-Protestantism
859:Bohemian Reformation
456:Siegfried Schmutzler
293:'s writings against
233:separation from the
4053:Revolutions of 1848
3983:Early modern France
3764:Anglo-Saxon England
3669:Classical antiquity
3509:States with limited
2791:Automobile industry
2377:Carolingian dynasty
2311:History of the Huns
2113:Taylor, R. (1998).
2079:Christian Bioethics
1796:Demonizing the Jews
1794:Probst, C. (2012).
1778:Eberle, E. (2016).
1765:Hughes, M. (1992).
1602:Baptists in Germany
1597:Religion in Germany
1315:Phillip Melanchthon
1160:Confessing Movement
900:Augsburg Confession
854:Proto-Protestantism
379:concentration camps
367:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
345:), to reaffirm the
247:Weimar Constitution
4159:Crusading movement
4063:Russian Revolution
3898:Hundred Years' War
3794:Maritime republics
3697:Early Christianity
3687:Hellenistic period
3644:Paleolithic Europe
2861:Telecommunications
2542:History of Prussia
2458:Revolution of 1918
2453:War guilt question
2372:Carolingian Empire
2341:Sack of Rome (410)
2250:History of Germany
2057:Rubin, J. (2011).
2047:10.1111/ecin.12058
2041:, 52(2), 874–895.
1975:Smith, J. (1994).
1876:Ramet, S. (1998).
1627:Religion in Europe
1441:
1145:Augsburg Catholics
1112:Eastern Protestant
894:Ninety-five Theses
787:Anti-Protestantism
693:Frederick the Wise
311:
295:Napoleon Bonaparte
291:Ernst Moritz Arndt
222:
154:Ninety-five Theses
4167:
4166:
4093:COVID-19 pandemic
4038:French Revolution
4013:Habsburg monarchy
3993:Cossack Hetmanate
3973:Portuguese Empire
3963:Absolute monarchy
3958:Thirty Years' War
3853:Holy Roman Empire
3778:Bulgarian Empire
3737:Early Middle Ages
3654:Bronze Age Europe
3628:History of Europe
3594:
3593:
3210:
3209:
3163:
3162:
2894:
2893:
2808:Chemical Triangle
2768:
2767:
2755:Political parties
2703:Foreign relations
2640:
2639:
2567:
2566:
2478:Allied occupation
2382:Holy Roman Empire
2087:10.1093/cb/cbn006
2081:, 14(1), 95–107.
2021:, 104(1), 31–30.
1962:Heal, B. (2018).
1622:Culture of Europe
1560:Glaube und Heimat
1456:
1389:were determined.
1335:Adolf von Harnack
1331:Julius Wellhausen
1287:
1286:
1127:Nondenominational
1087:Plymouth Brethren
979:Proto-Protestants
615:
614:
478:Mikhail Gorbachev
433:German chancellor
375:Confessing Church
323:German Christians
319:Confessing Church
275:French Revolution
226:Holy Roman Empire
207:Political effects
201:Thirty Years' War
194:who convened the
163:Roman Catholicism
83:Eastern Orthodoxy
63:Protestant Church
18:German Protestant
16:(Redirected from
4192:
4028:Great Divergence
3943:Age of Discovery
3888:Late Middle Ages
3858:High Middle Ages
3769:Byzantine Empire
3752:Christianization
3742:Migration Period
3677:Classical Greece
3649:Neolithic Europe
3621:
3614:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3547:Dependencies and
3251:Sovereign states
3237:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3140:Prussian virtues
2905:
2904:
2813:Economic history
2779:
2778:
2673:
2651:
2650:
2602:Cities and towns
2578:
2577:
2558:Baden Revolution
2362:Treaty of Verdun
2331:Marcomannic Wars
2286:Migration Period
2281:Germanic peoples
2265:Military history
2240:
2239:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2039:Economic Inquiry
2035:
2029:
2019:Past and Present
2015:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1899:
1892:
1881:
1874:
1853:
1839:
1826:
1812:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1744:
1737:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:. A&C Black.
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1576:
1574:Potsdamer Kirche
1570:
1568:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1502:
1458:
1457:
1438:
1423:
1411:
1307:Phillip of Hesse
1279:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1210:Neo-charismatics
957:Revival meetings
907:Huldrych Zwingli
761:
738:
737:
704:
688:
673:
657:
618:Economic effects
511:
510:
488:policies in the
475:
405:
399:
364:
340:
269:and politically
243:Council of Trent
196:Marburg Colloquy
192:Phillip of Hesse
107:The religion of
96:
90:
80:
70:
60:
50:
40:
21:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4102:
4068:Interwar period
4043:Napoleonic Wars
3907:
3878:Mongol invasion
3831:Crown of Aragon
3723:
3663:
3659:Iron Age Europe
3630:
3625:
3595:
3590:
3548:
3542:
3528:Northern Cyprus
3510:
3504:
3425:North Macedonia
3246:
3241:
3211:
3206:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3159:
3023:
2974:Life expectancy
2890:
2764:
2735:Law enforcement
2671:
2636:
2563:
2530:
2509:
2493:Divided Germany
2463:Weimar Republic
2391:
2357:Frankish Empire
2345:
2269:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2170:
2168:Further reading
2165:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1856:
1840:
1829:
1824:10.2307/1431915
1813:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1747:
1738:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1592:
1583:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1517:
1509:
1496:
1476:
1475:
1467:
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1463:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1370:
1347:
1327:Ernst Troeltsch
1283:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1225:Paleo-orthodoxy
1180:Emerging church
1155:Confessionalism
1140:
1132:
1131:
1072:Radical Pietism
974:
964:
963:
849:
839:
838:
782:
774:
736:
724:
718:
711:
705:
696:
689:
680:
674:
665:
658:
637:
632:
620:
523:No. of pastors
444:
385:
303:
255:
214:
209:
147:The Protestant
145:
117:Protestantismus
105:
104:
103:
102:
94:
92:
88:
86:
78:
76:
68:
66:
58:
56:
53:Catholic Church
48:
46:
38:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Russian Empire
4015:
4010:
4008:British Empire
4005:
4003:Dutch Republic
4000:
3998:Swedish Empire
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Spanish Empire
3975:
3970:
3968:Ottoman Empire
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Serbian Empire
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3719:Late antiquity
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Roman Republic
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3549:other entities
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3500:United Kingdom
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Czech Republic
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:Cultural icons
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Stock exchange
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2488:Denazification
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:Historiography
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2119:
2103:
2090:
2070:
2050:
2030:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1952:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1900:
1882:
1854:
1827:
1818:, 17(3), 579.
1800:
1784:
1771:
1745:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1686:
1672:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1508:
1505:
1486:Gottfried Böhm
1466:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:Main article:
1394:
1391:
1369:
1366:
1351:printing press
1346:
1343:
1291:sola scriptura
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Fundamentalism
1187:
1185:Evangelicalism
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:Stone-Campbell
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:Congregational
1013:
1008:
998:
993:
992:
991:
986:
975:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:Nonconformists
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
897:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
863:
862:
861:
850:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
773:
772:
766:
763:
762:
754:
753:
747:
746:
735:
732:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:Worms, Germany
706:
699:
697:
690:
683:
681:
675:
668:
666:
659:
652:
636:
633:
631:
628:
619:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
525:
524:
521:
518:
517:No. of members
515:
503:anti-communist
448:communist rule
443:
440:
302:
299:
254:
251:
213:
210:
208:
205:
144:
141:
129:Roman Catholic
93:
87:
77:
67:
57:
47:
37:
33:
32:
31:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Art of Europe
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
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3014:Social issues
3012:
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2942:Ethnic groups
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2521:Reunification
2519:
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2443:German Empire
2441:
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2110:
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2100:
2094:
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2054:
2048:
2044:
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1940:
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1897:
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1524:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1490:Otto Bartning
1487:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1448:
1422:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1385:questions of
1383:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:Loci communes
1352:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Martin Luther
1300:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Progressivism
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:New Calvinism
1218:
1216:
1215:Neo-orthodoxy
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Church Growth
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
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1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
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1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
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1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Presbyterians
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
968:
967:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
895:
891:
890:
889:
888:Martin Luther
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
843:
842:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
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803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
771:
768:
767:
765:
764:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:Protestantism
749:
748:
744:
740:
739:
731:
729:
723:
710:
703:
698:
694:
687:
682:
679:
672:
667:
663:
662:Martin Luther
656:
651:
650:
649:
647:
643:
627:
625:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
507:
506:conservatives
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:Church organ
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Joseph Stalin
449:
439:
437:
436:Angela Merkel
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
404:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
362:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
307:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Inner mission
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Imperial Diet
231:
227:
218:
204:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Martin Luther
156:
155:
150:
140:
138:
135:and later by
134:
133:Martin Luther
130:
126:
122:
119:), a form of
118:
114:
110:
109:Protestantism
100:
84:
74:
64:
54:
44:
43:Non-religious
36:
27:
19:
4073:World War II
3926:Early modern
3903:Kalmar Union
3774:Papal States
3692:Roman Empire
3538:Transnistria
3342:
3188:Bibliography
3062:Coat of arms
3042:Architecture
3019:Trade unions
2999:Prostitution
2959:Homelessness
2922:Demographics
2871:Trade unions
2838:
2828:German model
2801:Central bank
2745:Conservatism
2708:Human rights
2693:Court system
2688:Constitution
2668:
2514:Contemporary
2503:West Germany
2498:East Germany
2473:World War II
2468:Nazi Germany
2408:18th-century
2367:East Francia
2321:Cimbrian War
2184:
2175:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2114:
2098:
2093:
2078:
2073:
2058:
2053:
2038:
2033:
2018:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1895:
1877:
1842:
1815:
1795:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1740:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1584:
1510:
1477:
1468:
1393:Architecture
1371:
1356:
1348:
1288:
1150:Charismatics
1117:Pentecostals
892:
812:Ecclesiology
807:Demographics
725:
691:Portrait of
676:Portrait of
660:Portrait of
638:
621:
530:Werner Leich
520:No. parishes
480:, including
445:
417:World War II
407:
383:Martin Sasse
361:Ăśberfremdung
355:Paul Althaus
342:
327:anti-Semitic
312:
301:Nazi Germany
271:conservative
256:
223:
176:Martin Bucer
152:
146:
121:Christianity
106:
97: Other
34:
26:
4058:World War I
4048:Nationalism
3936:Reformation
3921:Renaissance
3893:Black Death
3826:Kievan Rus'
3729:Middle Ages
3576:Isle of Man
3511:recognition
3485:Switzerland
3420:Netherlands
2989:Pornography
2964:Immigration
2927:Drug policy
2839:Mittelstand
2786:Agriculture
2750:Nationalism
2723:Transgender
2607:Earthquakes
2554:, 1583-1588
2552:Cologne War
2448:World War I
2350:Middle Ages
2336:Gothic Wars
1563: [
1548: [
1533: [
1530:Der Sonntag
1518: [
1497: [
1311:John Calvin
1195:High church
1165:Convergence
1107:Keswickians
1035:Anabaptists
1006:Continental
989:Waldensians
942:John Wesley
917:Arminianism
912:John Calvin
871:Magisterial
866:Reformation
532:, Chairman)
486:perestroika
386: [
371:Operation 7
347:anti-Jewish
315:Third Reich
313:During the
279:nationalism
267:reactionary
184:John Calvin
149:Reformation
137:John Calvin
125:Reformation
4174:Categories
3821:Viking Age
3636:Prehistory
3455:San Marino
3415:Montenegro
3395:Luxembourg
3375:Kazakhstan
3278:Azerbaijan
3150:Television
3135:Philosophy
3110:Literature
2969:Irreligion
2954:Healthcare
2917:Corruption
2683:Chancellor
2672:(military)
2669:Bundeswehr
1654:References
1515:Die Kirche
1471:media help
1345:Literature
1200:Liberalism
1067:Methodists
1050:Mennonites
1045:Hutterites
1028:Continuing
932:Dissenters
832:Five Solas
827:Theologies
528:Lutheran (
499:Stalinists
464:Censorship
460:show trial
412:Nazi Party
410:). As the
351:Konigsberg
171:Protestant
99:Christians
3868:Feudalism
3839:Catalonia
3566:Gibraltar
3390:Lithuania
3105:Libraries
3085:Festivals
2932:Education
2876:Transport
2841:companies
2760:President
2698:Elections
2663:Bundesrat
2658:Bundestag
2627:Mountains
2595:Districts
2573:Geography
2306:Visigoths
2243:Overviews
2101:, 8, 323.
1378:stem cell
1374:bioethics
1362:dogmatics
1205:Mainlines
1175:Ecumenism
1139:Movements
1092:Adventist
1023:Anglicans
996:Lutherans
797:Criticism
734:Education
728:Calvinism
624:feudalism
605:6,505,150
535:6,435,000
249:in 1919.
230:Charles V
188:Calvinist
180:communion
4107:See also
4078:Cold War
3873:Crusades
3843:Valencia
3586:Svalbard
3571:Guernsey
3518:Abkhazia
3470:Slovenia
3465:Slovakia
3440:Portugal
3298:Bulgaria
3197:Category
3115:Internet
3100:Language
3090:Folklore
3009:Religion
2984:Pensions
2979:Naturism
2856:Taxation
2740:Lobbying
2713:Intersex
2646:Politics
2255:Timeline
2234:General
2227:articles
1590:See also
1387:morality
1102:Holiness
1062:Baptists
1001:Reformed
984:Hussites
972:Branches
937:Puritans
781:Concepts
743:a series
741:Part of
482:glasnost
468:Lutheran
425:pacifism
3948:Baroque
3847:Majorca
3759:Francia
3495:Ukraine
3445:Romania
3405:Moldova
3363:Ireland
3358:Iceland
3353:Hungary
3343:Germany
3338:Georgia
3328:Finland
3323:Estonia
3318:Denmark
3303:Croatia
3288:Belgium
3283:Belarus
3273:Austria
3268:Armenia
3263:Andorra
3258:Albania
3174:Outline
3080:Fashion
3067:Cuisine
3029:Culture
2994:Poverty
2937:Germans
2900:Society
2881:Welfare
2866:Tourism
2823:Exports
2796:Banking
2774:Economy
2678:Cabinet
2617:Islands
2612:Geology
2535:Regions
2301:Teutons
2274:Ancient
2236:History
2223:Germany
1481:Cologne
1382:Germany
1097:Irvings
1077:Shakers
1057:Quakers
947:Pietism
881:Counter
876:Radical
847:History
817:Liturgy
802:Culture
770:Outline
228:led by
143:History
65:(22.6%)
55:(24.8%)
45:(43.8%)
3835:Aragon
3814:Amalfi
3799:Venice
3787:Second
3581:Jersey
3523:Kosovo
3490:Turkey
3480:Sweden
3460:Serbia
3450:Russia
3435:Poland
3430:Norway
3410:Monaco
3380:Latvia
3348:Greece
3333:France
3308:Cyprus
3202:Portal
3057:Cinema
3037:Anthem
3004:Racism
2818:Energy
2632:Rivers
2590:States
2560:, 1848
2396:Modern
2225:
1339:Berlin
611:4,473
577:15,000
563:20,000
549:28,000
541:4,161
494:Soviet
373:. The
113:German
101:(1.2%)
95:
89:
85:(2.2%)
81:
79:
75:(3.7%)
71:
69:
61:
59:
51:
49:
41:
39:
3804:Genoa
3782:First
3556:Ă…land
3475:Spain
3400:Malta
3370:Italy
3181:Index
3145:Sport
3130:Names
3125:Music
3120:Media
3075:Dance
2947:Women
2912:Crime
2886:Women
2622:Lakes
2296:Goths
1567:]
1552:]
1537:]
1522:]
1507:Media
1501:]
1299:Latin
1295:Bible
1040:Amish
792:Bible
716:Music
608:8,020
602:Total
591:7,150
538:7,347
398:]
283:piety
167:Bible
73:Islam
3809:Pisa
3095:Flag
3052:Arts
2718:LGBT
1488:and
1376:and
1333:and
644:and
569:130
555:140
484:and
331:Nazi
3047:Art
2730:Law
2099:BMJ
2083:doi
2063:doi
2043:doi
2023:doi
1847:doi
1820:doi
635:Art
597:22
583:20
566:222
552:400
501:to
4176::
3845:,
3841:,
3837:,
2122:^
2106:^
2010:^
1955:^
1903:^
1885:^
1857:^
1830:^
1803:^
1787:^
1748:^
1724:^
1565:de
1550:de
1535:de
1520:de
1499:de
1329:,
1325:,
1313:,
1309:,
1305:,
745:on
594:27
580:24
508:.
396:no
394:;
392:es
390:;
388:de
353:,
321:,
297:.
139:.
115::
3849:)
3833:(
3620:e
3613:t
3606:v
3236:e
3229:t
3222:v
2215:e
2208:t
2201:v
2085::
2065::
2045::
2025::
1849::
1822::
1683:.
1669:.
1473:.
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
406:(
341:(
111:(
20:)
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