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603:
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1230:) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations.
682:
In regards to males, the mammalian penis has a similar structure in reptiles and a small percentage of birds while the scrotum is only present in mammals. Regarding females, the vulva is unique to mammals with no homologue in birds, reptiles, amphibians, or fish. The clitoris, however, can be found
1266:
Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the differences in lifestyles and genetic makeup within this diverse kingdom of organisms. It is estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce using more than one method of propagation; for example, reproduction may occur in two well-differentiated stages
880:
while others are ovoviviparous (animals that deliver live young). Reproductive organs are found within the cloaca of reptiles. Most male reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median
641:
like human females do either. Like humans, most groups of mammals have descended testicles found within a scrotum, however, others have descended testicles that rest on the ventral body wall, and a few groups of mammals, such as elephants, have undescended testicles found deep within their body
735:
The mare's reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, and lactation, as well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior. The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as a large crest).
355:
The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm. Humans have a high level of
1279:. Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction. These structures aid reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore-containing
553:
that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The ovum will move through her
1069:. That in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the "penis" is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfer the spermatophores directly to the female.
947:
into the water and one or more males release "milt", a white fluid containing many sperm over the unfertilized eggs. Other species of fish are oviparous and have internal fertilization aided by pelvic or anal
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721:
In domestic canines, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds.
1155:, which are located in the abdomen. The genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. In most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or
459:
The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice.
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is unique in that the female has two vaginae, both of which open externally through one orifice but lead to different compartments within the uterus; males usually have a
851:
eggs in which the young fetus continues to develop after it leaves the female's body. Unlike most vertebrates, female birds typically have only one functional ovary and
382:
that contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum.
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147:
often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater
385:
The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category is sperm production and storage. Production takes place in the
1390:
835:, an opening through which eggs, sperm, and wastes pass. Intercourse is performed by pressing the lips of the cloacae together, which is sometimes known as an
2096:
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reproductive systems are similar, however, there are some notable differences between the non-human mammals and humans. For instance, most male mammals have
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are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system.
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707:), a group of egg-laying mammals, also lack a uterus, vagina, and vulva, and in that respect have a reproductive system resembling that of a reptile.
1749:
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679: in) long newborn joey instinctively crawls and wriggles the 15 cm (6 in), while clinging to fur, on the way to its mother's pouch.
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and awaits the sperm for fertilization to occur. When this does not occur, i.e. no sperm for fertilization, the lining of the uterus, called the
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1833:
1202:, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction. Plants that are not flowering plants (
336:, and the baby passing out the vagina (the female genital organ). Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of
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and exhibit external fertilization. In this process, females use their cloaca to release large quantities of their gametes, called
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This article is about the reproductive system of all types of organisms, including humans. For information specific to humans, see
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1038:. Most cephalopods have semi-internal fertilization, in which the male places his gametes inside the female's mantle cavity or
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Werdelin L, Nilsonne A (January 1999). "The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals: a phylogenetic view".
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have an extremely diverse array of reproductive systems, the only commonality may be that they all lay eggs. Also, aside from
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2015:
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have similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical
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urinary and sexual apparatus, urogenital
Apparatus. In: F.-V. Salomon and others (eds.): Anatomy for veterinary medicine
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Fish gonads are typically pairs of either ovaries or testicles. Most fish are sexually dimorphic but some species are
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1996:
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669:) attach themselves for post uterine development. Also, marsupials have a unique prepenial scrotum. The 15 mm (
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1159:. Complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female.
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The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a
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The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The
198:(testicles and ovaries). Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly
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The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the
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566:. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it will attach to the endometrium and embryonic development will begin.
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657:, which corresponds to the females' two vaginae. Marsupials typically develop their offspring in an external
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for development and storage. The second category is the ejaculatory fluid-producing glands which include the
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779:. Cetaceans have similar penises. In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the
360:. In addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ, numerous differences typically occur in
239:
to an opening to the outside of the body, typically the cloaca, but sometimes to a unique pore such as a
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1065:) is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a
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1234:(1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the
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exhibit external fertilization of eggs, typically within the water, though some amphibians such as
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National
Prevention Network, Center for Disease Control, United States Government, retrieving 2007
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mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the
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to be fertilized by the sperm and are then expelled from the body ("laid"), in most cases via an
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have internal fertilization. All have paired, internal gonads, connected by ducts to the cloaca.
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share key elements of their reproductive systems. They all have gamete-producing organs known as
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Science, Biology, and
Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1
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then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this process is known as
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of many females descend—as the testicles descend of many male mammals—and are close to the
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Major secondary sex characteristics include larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice,
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analogous to the human penis. A small portion of fish species are either viviparous or
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855:. As a group, birds, like mammals, are noted for their high level of parental care.
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exhibit a wide range of different reproductive strategies. Most fish, however, are
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398:
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1166:, which hatch into immatures that resemble adults. Scorpions, however, are either
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633:. Additionally, both males and females of most species do not remain continually
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process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the
341:
337:
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In mammals, the major organs of the reproductive system include the external
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84:
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as humans do and the females of most mammalian species don't grow permanent
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Reproduction in the Uganda defassa waterbuck, Kobus defassa ugandae
Neumann
1441:
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993:
876:, and exhibit internal fertilization through the cloaca. Some reptiles lay
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133:
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in some reptiles and birds. In place of the uterus and vagina, non-mammal
409:. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the
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3919:
3914:
3854:
2922:
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The baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution
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Grzimek's Animal Life
Encyclopedia: Volume 5 Fishes II & Amphibians
1272:
1223:
1203:
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1128:
1027:
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961:
684:
520:; during intercourse, this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the
394:
325:
321:
228:
213:
209:
132:
are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most
117:
3446:
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for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of the
4146:
3941:
3722:
3144:
2979:
2549:
2524:
2514:
2502:
1581:
Armstrong, David M.; Fitzgerald, James P.; Meaney, Carron A. (2011).
1519:
1280:
1112:
1088:
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1001:
972:
940:
919:
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638:
489:, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the
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349:
317:
309:
282:
179:
155:
129:
3680:
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2006. John W. Kimball. Kimball's
Biology Pages, and online textbook.
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1914:
1873:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 596–604.
1276:
1215:
1051:
869:
785:
772:
700:
513:
449:
402:
386:
562:, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of
97:
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4010:
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550:
390:
236:
144:
125:
1768:
Ritchison. BIO 554/754 Ornithology. Eastern
Kentucky University.
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in nuptial colors waiting for more females to come in a mass of
580:
292:. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the
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4302:
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penis-like organ, while male snakes and lizards each possess a
832:
809:
688:
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525:
498:
490:
478:
474:
345:
329:
293:
278:
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1719:." Journal of reproduction and fertility 18.3 (1969): 445-457.
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187:
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55:
1410:." Integrative and comparative biology 56.4 (2016): 644-656.
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Cobaugh, Aaron M.; Stoner, John B.; Irwin, Mark D. (2013).
1219:
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or more commonly two, is transmitted to the female during
4119:
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2336:
1840:
2002. SeaWorld/Busch
Gardens Animal Information Database.
1782:. New York: Van Nostrand Reihnhold Co. pp. 301–302.
1580:
1092:
949:
137:
116:, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical
2005:
1986:
1730:
Reproductive System of
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).
1618:
687:
groups have an unmodified oviduct leading directly to a
190:) as well as a number of internal organs, including the
1115:. The sperm is stored within the female in one or more
2305:
1462:
528:, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the
2010:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
1821:. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDER'S NET Online Magazine
1686:
1684:
2006:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
1095:. The eggs are produced by the female in a pair of
524:. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the
1750:Reproductive physiology in South American Camelids
1739:" Journal of Embryo Transfer 24.4 (2009): 293-295.
1614:
1681:
1621:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–125.
1456:
389:, which are housed in the temperature regulating
235:. In females, these gonads are then connected by
4380:
1868:
1759:." Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep (2013): 81.
1520:Renfree, Marilyn; Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (1987).
1419:
1340:, Epidemiology and End Results (Seer) Program.
1061:The "penis" in most unshelled male cephalopods (
1050:. Likewise, male cephalopods have only a single
532:. Each ovary contains hundreds of ova (singular
1859:The Living World of Molluscs. Robert Nordsieck.
1492:
269:. During this process, the male inserts their
124:. Many non-living substances such as fluids,
3569:
2736:
2321:
2090:
1987:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996).
1526:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1174:, depending on species, and bear live young.
1022:Cephalopod § Reproduction and life cycle
3583:
1587:. University Press of Colorado. p. 37.
493:, which holds the developing fetus; and the
2750:
1486:
1198:, which are the reproductive structures of
691:, which is a shared exit-hole for gametes,
3576:
3562:
2743:
2729:
2328:
2314:
2097:
2083:
1550:The Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
448:. An important sexual hormone of males is
1896:"The evolution of plant sexual diversity"
1690:
1667:. Springer Science & Business Media.
731:Equine anatomy § Reproductive system
444:, broad shoulders, and development of an
2104:
2028:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates
1660:
1054:. In the female of most cephalopods the
887:
752:
601:
579:
1893:
1777:
1338:Introduction to the Reproductive System
827:Bird anatomy § Reproductive system
14:
4381:
2024:
1887:
1648:
1642:
1546:
739:
497:, which produce the female's ova. The
27:System of organs used for reproduction
3557:
2724:
2309:
2078:
1553:. Taylor & Francis. p. 276.
1523:Reproductive physiology of marsupials
1004:, nearly all other invertebrates are
417:) within the male, these include the
2257:Males, Females & Hermaphrodites:
839:which is known as a phallus that is
771:are only slightly developed; and an
504:The vagina meets the outside at the
393:, immature sperm then travel to the
3268:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles
2424:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1980:
1664:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction
1584:Mammals of Colorado, Second Edition
1493:Don II Hunsaker (2 December 2012).
1350:
24:
1862:
747:Artiodactyl § Genitourinary system
168:Sexual reproduction § Animals
112:of an organism, also known as the
25:
4410:
2046:
989:Reproductive system of planarians
985:Reproductive system of gastropods
651:reproductive system of marsupials
2705:
2704:
2498:Evolution of sexual reproduction
978:
960:, and are collectively known as
745:This section is an excerpt from
629:, and most have a penis bone or
569:
362:secondary sexual characteristics
1964:
1951:
1843:
1824:
1805:
1794:
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1742:
1722:
1709:
1661:Lombardi, Julian (2012-12-06).
1654:
1608:
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1540:
1294:Major systems of the human body
1058:aid in development of the egg.
332:of the uterus contracting, the
320:in humans. Gestation ends with
220:in every group of vertebrates.
203:sexually transmitted infections
2606:Sexual reproduction in animals
1513:
1413:
1406:Schultz, Nicholas G., et al. "
1400:
1388:Sexual Reproduction in Humans.
1381:
1362:
1331:
1151:Arachnids may have one or two
1103:, produced by the male in one
1015:
665:to which their newborn young (
223:
13:
1:
2242:Females & Hermaphrodites:
1325:
1184:Plant reproductive morphology
1141:Arachnids § Reproduction
1046:found in the female's single
910:Amphibian § Reproduction
903:
831:Male and female birds have a
627:stored internally until erect
576:Mammalian reproductive system
2478:Sex as a biological variable
2461:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
2200:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1194:Among all living organisms,
1162:Arachnids usually lay yolky
1134:
865:Reptiles § Reproduction
481:that contribute towards the
7:
2943:semelparity and iteroparity
2227:Males & Hermaphrodites:
1299:Reproductive system disease
1286:
858:
804:at the level of the fourth
10:
4415:
2616:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2456:Sequential hermaphroditism
2195:Sequential hermaphroditism
1359:Body Guide powered by Adam
1259:
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1079:Insect reproductive system
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952:that are modified into an
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595:found within its mother's
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3759:
3731:
3604:
3595:
3343:
3303:
3258:
3223:
3180:
3047:
3034:Non-reproductive behavior
2758:
2700:
2653:
2486:
2446:Testis-determining factor
2343:
2286:
2279:
2177:
2168:
2121:
2112:
2067:Resources in your library
1869:Robert D. Barnes (1982).
1496:The Biology of Marsupials
1344:October 24, 2007, at the
1256:Fungi § Reproduction
1232:Christian Konrad Sprengel
1177:
883:pair of penis-like organs
724:
462:
300:for fertilization of the
259:human reproductive system
253:Human reproductive system
246:
90:
78:
66:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:Human reproductive system
2387:Sex-determination system
2031:. Rastogi Publications.
1894:Barrett, S.C.H. (2002).
1357:Reproductive System 2001
1249:
1123:, the eggs travel along
1034:and reproduce by laying
820:
374:Male reproductive system
328:. Labor consists of the
174:Sex organ § Animals
2752:Animal sexual behaviour
2335:
2008:Dictionary of the Fungi
1991:. John Wiley and Sons.
1903:Nature Reviews Genetics
1190:Sex organ § Plants
925:
710:
367:
218:reproductive strategies
4028:Lymphoid immune system
3597:Musculoskeletal system
2901:traumatic insemination
2370:Sexual differentiation
2156:Vegetative propagation
2025:Kotpal, R. L. (2010).
1831:Bony Fish Reproduction
1547:Trefil, James (2001).
1464:C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe
1442:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0821
1262:Sex organ § Fungi
1238:process involved both
1010:external fertilization
900:
764:
614:
599:
358:sexual differentiation
263:internal fertilization
92:Anatomical terminology
4016:Myeloid immune system
3802:Cardiovascular system
3029:Interspecies breeding
2412:Temperature-dependent
1989:Introductory Mycology
1755:30 March 2023 at the
1735:25 April 2019 at the
1309:Human sexual behavior
1260:Further information:
1188:Further information:
1111:by means of external
891:
792:and thus outside the
756:
605:
583:
324:, delivery following
172:Further information:
4368:Islets of Langerhans
4228:Genitourinary system
3964:Integumentary system
3543:Short-beaked echidna
3283:side-blotched lizard
2800:sexual ornamentation
2212:Males & Females:
2106:Reproductive systems
1871:Invertebrate Zoology
1778:Grzimek, B. (1974).
1695:. pp. 368–403.
1499:. Elsevier Science.
1472:. Csiro Publishing.
758:Genitourinary system
642:cavities near their
4389:Reproductive system
4258:Reproductive system
3977:Subcutaneous tissue
3746:Cartilaginous joint
3370:Homosexual behavior
3335:Homosexual behavior
3190:Spawning strategies
2990:Bateman's principle
2810:sexy son hypothesis
2788:hormonal motivation
2783:reproductive system
2773:Sexual reproduction
2628:Hormonal motivation
2601:Fungal reproduction
2520:Reproductive system
2058:Reproductive system
1434:1999JThBi.196...61W
788:are located in the
740:Even-toed ungulates
717:Canine reproduction
699:. Monotremes (i.e.
452:, and particularly
122:sexual reproduction
110:reproductive system
61:systemata genitalia
40:Reproductive system
4040:Respiratory system
3793:Circulatory system
3318:Breeding behaviour
3039:Fisher's principle
2864:sexual intercourse
2805:handicap principle
2633:Human reproduction
2611:Sexual intercourse
2596:Plant reproduction
1855:2007-10-20 at the
1836:2007-09-27 at the
1817:2007-11-08 at the
1691:Uwe Gille (2008).
1469:Life of Marsupials
1393:2018-02-17 at the
1374:2014-10-25 at the
1271:of a species, the
1032:sexually dimorphic
954:intromittent organ
901:
874:sexually dimorphic
847:. The female lays
837:intromittent organ
765:
615:
600:
522:Bartholin's glands
308:and implantation,
304:. Upon successful
267:sexual intercourse
4376:
4375:
3899:
3898:
3889:Glymphatic system
3787:
3786:
3551:
3550:
3365:Lordosis behavior
3245:Frog reproduction
3195:Polyandry in fish
2975:Sexual dimorphism
2896:sperm competition
2815:Fisherian runaway
2795:Courtship display
2718:
2717:
2638:Lordosis behavior
2353:Sexual dimorphism
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2275:
2274:
2164:
2163:
2053:Library resources
2038:978-81-7133-891-7
2017:978-0-85199-826-8
1801:Fish Reproduction
1728:Yong, Hwan-Yul. "
1702:978-3-8304-1075-1
1674:978-1-4615-4937-6
1628:978-0-22692-532-5
1594:978-1-60732-048-7
1560:978-1-13675-363-3
1506:978-0-323-14620-3
1479:978-0-643-06257-3
1119:. At the time of
1091:, i.e. by laying
1056:nidamental glands
1042:to fertilize the
932:Fish reproduction
781:urethral process.
769:corpora cavernosa
655:two-pronged penis
611:urogenital system
288:, which contains
261:usually involves
106:
105:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4406:
4399:Endocrine system
4335:Endocrine system
4097:Digestive system
3842:Lymphatic system
3825:Lymphatic vessel
3798:
3797:
3602:
3601:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3521:ringtailed lemur
3380:African wild dog
3353:Sexual selection
3313:Sexual selection
3233:Sexual selection
2874:pseudocopulation
2768:Sexual selection
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2668:Animal sexuality
2591:Sexual selection
2330:
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2099:
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2075:
2042:
2021:
2002:
1981:Cited literature
1975:
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1933:. Archived from
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1715:Spinage, C. A. "
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794:abdominal cavity
678:
677:
673:
635:sexually fertile
399:seminal vesicles
98:edit on Wikidata
95:
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36:
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4291:Seminal vesicle
4252:
4214:
4164:Small intestine
4091:
4034:
3993:
3958:
3895:
3836:
3783:
3761:Muscular system
3755:
3727:
3606:Skeletal system
3591:
3582:
3552:
3547:
3526:sexual swelling
3422:European badger
3339:
3299:
3254:
3219:
3176:
3043:
3012:Sexual conflict
2953:hermaphroditism
2754:
2749:
2719:
2714:
2696:
2683:Differentiation
2673:Human sexuality
2663:Plant sexuality
2649:
2545:Spermatogenesis
2489:
2482:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2304:
2295:
2271:
2182:Hermaphrodites:
2160:
2146:Parthenogenesis
2108:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2018:
1999:
1983:
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1898:
1892:
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1867:
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1857:Wayback Machine
1848:
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1838:Wayback Machine
1829:
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1819:Wayback Machine
1810:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1776:
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1767:
1763:
1757:Wayback Machine
1748:Sumar, Julio. "
1747:
1743:
1737:Wayback Machine
1727:
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1395:Wayback Machine
1386:
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1376:Wayback Machine
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:Wayback Machine
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1314:Plant sexuality
1304:Human sexuality
1289:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1149:
1147:Opiliones penis
1143:
1137:
1081:
1075:
1024:
1018:
991:
981:
934:
928:
912:
906:
872:are almost all
867:
861:
829:
823:
818:
817:
814:uterus bicornis
812:has two horns (
806:lumbar vertebra
750:
742:
733:
727:
719:
713:
675:
671:
670:
578:
572:
556:fallopian tubes
547:pituitary gland
530:fallopian tubes
471:
465:
407:vasa deferentia
376:
370:
334:cervix dilating
298:fallopian tubes
255:
249:
226:
176:
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102:
35:
28:
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15:
12:
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5:
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4260:
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4245:
4240:
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4230:
4224:
4222:
4220:Urinary system
4216:
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4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
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4166:
4156:
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4149:
4144:
4142:Laryngopharynx
4139:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Salivary gland
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
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4066:
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4036:
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4030:
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4019:
4018:
4007:
4005:
4003:immune systems
3999:Haematopoietic
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3949:Somatic system
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3932:Sensory system
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3907:
3905:Nervous system
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3884:CNS equivalent
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
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3806:
3804:
3795:
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3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:Synovial joint
3748:
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3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
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3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
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2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2822:Mating systems
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2764:
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2755:
2748:
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2716:
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2475:
2470:
2465:
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2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
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2429:Sex chromosome
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
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2382:
2377:
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2159:
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2110:
2109:
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2047:External links
2045:
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2016:
2003:
1997:
1982:
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1915:10.1038/nrg776
1909:(4): 274–284.
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1422:J. Theor. Biol
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1254:Main article:
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1246:interactions.
1182:Main article:
1179:
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1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1040:pallial cavity
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
1006:hermaphroditic
980:
977:
969:hermaphroditic
930:Main article:
927:
924:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
863:Main article:
860:
857:
845:mammals' penis
825:Main article:
822:
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751:
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729:Main article:
726:
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715:Main article:
712:
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607:Didactic model
574:Main article:
571:
568:
541:Approximately
467:Main article:
464:
461:
431:Cowper's gland
372:Main article:
369:
366:
344:in the female
342:mammary glands
251:Main article:
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142:differentiated
114:genital system
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4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3987:Mammary gland
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
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3808:
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3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Fibrous joint
3739:
3738:
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3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
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3615:
3612:
3611:
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3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:Human systems
3579:
3574:
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3560:
3559:
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3509:
3507:
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3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Spotted hyena
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
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3425:
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3406:
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3329:
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3320:
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3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3170:penis fencing
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:apophallation
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3049:Invertebrates
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:opportunistic
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:penile spines
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:Fertilisation
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Pelvic thrust
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:mate guarding
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2643:Pelvic thrust
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:Fertilization
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:Gametogenesis
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:parasexuality
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:Hermaphrodite
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:Haplodiploidy
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
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2381:
2378:
2376:
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2368:
2364:
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2359:
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2355:
2354:
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2348:
2342:
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2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Fragmentation
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1998:0-471-52229-5
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1961:., pp. 48–56.
1960:
1954:
1940:on 2013-05-27
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1880:0-03-056747-5
1876:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1813:
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1802:
1797:
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1774:
1765:
1758:
1754:
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1738:
1734:
1731:
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1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:, p. 394
1650:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1533:0-521-33792-5
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1498:
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1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1451:
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1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1358:
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1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
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1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
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1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:ovoviviparous
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:spermatophore
1154:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:fertilization
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Invertebrates
990:
986:
979:Invertebrates
976:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
958:ovoviviparous
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
933:
923:
921:
917:
911:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
879:
875:
871:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
759:
755:
748:
737:
732:
722:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
590:
587:
582:
577:
570:Other mammals
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:every 28 days
539:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
375:
365:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:parental care
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:fertilization
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
169:
159:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
134:organ systems
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
99:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Genital tract
4190:
4158:
4131:
3883:
3866:
3849:
3809:
3511:olive baboon
3459:Hippopotamus
3447:domestic cat
3395:domestic dog
3323:golden eagle
3290:Crocodilians
2938:polygynandry
2859:cloacal kiss
2782:
2562:spermatozoon
2519:
2490:reproduction
2439:Y chromosome
2434:X chromosome
2380:Virilization
2375:Feminization
2256:
2241:
2235:Andromonoecy
2226:
2211:
2181:
2151:Sporogenesis
2105:
2057:
2027:
2007:
1988:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1957:Alexopoulos
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1906:
1902:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1850:Cephalopods.
1845:
1826:
1807:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1744:
1724:
1711:
1692:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1634:November 10,
1632:. Retrieved
1617:
1610:
1600:November 10,
1598:. Retrieved
1583:
1576:
1566:November 10,
1564:. Retrieved
1549:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1458:
1428:(1): 61–72.
1425:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1352:
1333:
1265:
1193:
1161:
1150:
1117:spermathecae
1082:
1067:hectocotylus
1060:
1025:
1008:and exhibit
992:
966:
935:
913:
868:
830:
802:pelvic inlet
780:
766:
734:
720:
681:
648:
616:
609:of a mammal
564:menstruation
540:
533:
503:
483:reproductive
477:region of a
472:
458:
454:testosterone
446:Adam's apple
435:
427:vas deferens
395:epididymides
384:
377:
354:
256:
227:
207:
200:communicable
177:
120:involved in
113:
109:
107:
73:A09.0.00.000
60:
4358:Parathyroid
4058:Nasopharynx
3920:Spinal cord
3855:Bone marrow
3624:Collar bone
3250:Salamanders
3130:Echinoderms
3113:sea anemone
3096:Cephalopods
3000:cannibalism
2923:promiscuity
2842:mating plug
2832:mating call
2827:mate choice
2250:Gynomonoecy
2230:Androdioecy
2215:Gonochorism
1649:Kotpal 2010
1369:STD's Today
1267:within the
1236:pollination
1224:gymnosperms
1204:green algae
1200:angiosperms
1089:oviparously
1028:cephalopods
1016:Cephalopods
998:cephalopods
962:livebearers
894:common frog
661:containing
560:endometrium
549:releases a
411:spermatozoa
271:erect penis
229:Vertebrates
224:Vertebrates
216:as well as
214:adaptations
210:vertebrates
208:Most other
194:-producing
50:Identifiers
4383:Categories
4137:Oropharynx
3877:Lymph node
3810:peripheral
3656:Metatarsus
3651:Metacarpus
3630:Thigh bone
3626:(clavicle)
3225:Amphibians
3205:Salmon run
3135:Gastropods
3057:Arthropods
3022:intralocus
3017:interlocus
2995:bimaturism
2854:Copulation
2847:lek mating
2623:Copulation
2344:Biological
2291:Heterogamy
2267:Trimonoecy
2245:Gynodioecy
1974:., p. 633.
1944:2015-06-05
1788:B000HHFY52
1326:References
1281:propagules
1273:teleomorph
1269:life cycle
1212:liverworts
1172:viviparous
1145:See also:
1129:ovipositor
1087:reproduce
1002:arthropods
983:See also:
920:caecilians
916:amphibians
904:Amphibians
685:vertebrate
584:A newborn
405:, and the
352:the baby.
322:childbirth
283:ejaculates
166:See also:
130:pheromones
4394:Fertility
4343:Pituitary
4192:accessory
4147:Esophagus
3867:secondary
3779:Diaphragm
3723:Cartilage
3671:Phalanges
3492:Primates
3481:Pinnipeds
3469:Marsupial
3400:gray wolf
3160:earthworm
3145:love dart
3118:jellyfish
3087:butterfly
2980:anisogamy
2968:synchrony
2958:cuckoldry
2928:polyandry
2778:evolution
2678:Mechanics
2655:Sexuality
2550:Oogenesis
2525:Sex organ
2515:Germ cell
2503:Anisogamy
1216:hornworts
1135:Arachnids
1113:genitalia
1063:Coleoidea
973:unisexual
941:oviparous
841:analogous
786:testicles
639:mammaries
625:which is
442:body hair
387:testicles
318:pregnancy
310:gestation
273:into the
180:genitalia
156:offspring
4323:Placenta
4286:Testicle
4281:Prostate
4208:Pancreas
4169:Appendix
4159:lower GI
4132:upper GI
4080:Bronchus
4023:Lymphoid
3706:Vertebra
3661:Ossicles
3646:Mandible
3516:mandrill
3474:kangaroo
3417:Elephant
3328:seabirds
3260:Reptiles
3210:Seahorse
3108:Cnidaria
3072:scorpion
3005:coercion
2963:seasonal
2933:polygyny
2918:monogamy
2891:external
2886:internal
2710:Category
2688:Activity
2584:Internal
2579:External
2468:Intersex
2126:Apomixis
1923:11967552
1853:Archived
1834:Archived
1815:Archived
1753:Archived
1733:Archived
1466:(2005).
1391:Archived
1372:Archived
1342:Archived
1287:See also
1277:anamorph
1275:and the
1228:conifers
1226:such as
1125:oviducts
1052:testicle
870:Reptiles
859:Reptiles
849:amniotic
773:erection
705:echidnas
701:platypus
514:clitoris
450:androgen
403:prostate
237:oviducts
126:hormones
4363:Adrenal
4353:Thyroid
4271:Scrotum
4248:Urethra
4243:Bladder
4152:Stomach
4075:Trachea
4011:Myeloid
3850:primary
3716:Sternum
3666:Patella
3641:Humerus
3632:(femur)
3533:Raccoon
3506:gorilla
3442:cheetah
3427:Felidae
3412:Dolphin
3405:red fox
3345:Mammals
3295:Tuatara
3273:lizards
3165:epitoky
3101:octopus
2760:General
2535:Meiosis
2508:Isogamy
2262:Trioecy
2205:Synoecy
2190:Monoecy
2185:Monoicy
2136:Fission
2131:Budding
2114:Asexual
1931:7424193
1450:9892556
1430:Bibcode
1319:Meiosis
1244:abiotic
1196:flowers
1097:ovaries
1085:insects
1073:Insects
892:A male
853:oviduct
843:to the
798:ovaries
790:scrotum
674:⁄
644:kidneys
631:baculum
623:a penis
591:from a
589:suckles
551:hormone
518:urethra
499:breasts
495:ovaries
423:urethra
391:scrotum
346:breasts
330:muscles
312:of the
162:Animals
154:of the
152:fitness
149:genetic
145:species
45:Details
4348:Pineal
4308:Vagina
4303:Uterus
4298:Female
4238:Ureter
4233:Kidney
4179:Rectum
4115:Tongue
4063:Larynx
3982:Breast
3954:Tissue
3872:Spleen
3860:Thymus
3815:Artery
3774:Tendon
3769:Muscle
3733:Joints
3711:Pelvis
3686:Tarsus
3676:Radius
3636:Fibula
3619:Carpus
3589:organs
3538:Rodent
3501:bonobo
3486:walrus
3385:coyote
3278:snakes
3215:Sharks
3156:Worms
3152:Sponge
3082:insect
3077:beetle
3067:spider
2985:oogamy
2557:Gamete
2530:Mating
2488:Sexual
2363:Female
2220:Dioecy
2170:Sexual
2055:about
2035:
2014:
1995:
1929:
1921:
1877:
1786:
1699:
1671:
1625:
1591:
1557:
1530:
1503:
1476:
1448:
1240:biotic
1208:mosses
1178:Plants
1153:gonads
1109:mating
1105:testis
833:cloaca
810:uterus
808:. The
796:. The
725:Horses
695:, and
689:cloaca
619:mammal
545:, the
526:cervix
491:uterus
479:female
475:pelvic
463:Female
438:facial
429:, and
294:uterus
279:vagina
275:female
247:Humans
241:vagina
233:gonads
196:gonads
192:gamete
136:, the
128:, and
118:organs
4318:Ovary
4313:Vulva
4276:Penis
4198:Liver
4174:Colon
4125:Tooth
4105:Mouth
4070:Lower
4048:Upper
3925:Nerve
3915:Brain
3832:Heart
3691:Tibia
3681:Skull
3496:human
3454:Fossa
3437:tiger
3390:dingo
3375:Canid
3305:Birds
3238:frogs
3123:coral
2913:Modes
2346:terms
2280:Mixed
1972:et al
1970:Kirk
1959:et al
1938:(PDF)
1927:S2CID
1899:(PDF)
1250:Fungi
1220:ferns
1101:Sperm
1083:Most
1048:ovary
945:spawn
914:Most
898:spawn
821:Birds
777:penis
760:of a
697:feces
693:urine
667:joeys
663:teats
659:pouch
617:Most
597:pouch
510:labia
506:vulva
487:vulva
419:penis
415:sperm
350:nurse
326:labor
314:fetus
290:sperm
286:semen
188:vulva
184:penis
138:sexes
96:[
56:Latin
4266:Male
4184:Anus
4085:Lung
4053:Nose
4001:and
3972:Skin
3820:Vein
3696:Ulna
3614:Bone
3587:and
3432:lion
3200:Eels
3182:Fish
3062:crab
2567:ovum
2358:Male
2033:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1919:PMID
1875:ISBN
1784:ASIN
1697:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1636:2023
1623:ISBN
1602:2023
1589:ISBN
1568:2023
1555:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1446:PMID
1242:and
1222:and
1164:eggs
1093:eggs
1036:eggs
1030:are
1026:All
1000:and
987:and
950:fins
937:Fish
926:Fish
878:eggs
784:The
762:bull
711:Dogs
703:and
649:The
593:teat
586:joey
535:ovum
516:and
440:and
380:male
368:Male
302:ovum
281:and
257:The
186:and
108:The
85:3467
68:TA98
4120:Lip
3942:Eye
3937:Ear
3701:Rib
3358:rut
2337:Sex
1911:doi
1438:doi
1426:196
1170:or
1044:ova
971:or
538:).
348:to
296:or
277:'s
265:by
140:of
80:TA2
4385::
2407:ZO
2402:XO
2397:ZW
2392:XY
1925:.
1917:.
1905:.
1901:.
1683:^
1444:.
1436:.
1424:.
1283:.
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
1206:,
1131:.
1099:.
1012:.
975:.
964:.
885:.
816:).
646:.
512:,
456:.
433:.
425:,
421:,
401:,
364:.
243:.
205:.
158:.
3577:e
3570:t
3563:v
2744:e
2737:t
2730:v
2329:e
2322:t
2315:v
2098:e
2091:t
2084:v
2041:.
2020:.
2001:.
1947:.
1913::
1907:3
1883:.
1790:.
1705:.
1677:.
1638:.
1604:.
1570:.
1536:.
1509:.
1482:.
1452:.
1440::
1432::
749:.
676:8
672:5
613:.
413:(
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34:.
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