627:
615:
599:
550:
66:
563:
568:
586:
33:
176:
438:
1209:
273:
287:
1049:, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in the
929:
via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender, in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide. In the promotion, Hitler noted that no German or, before that, Prussian field marshal had ever been captured alive.
1040:
following a fierce argument with Hitler over the future of the German surface fleet. Model, one of Hitler's most successful commanders, had nevertheless lost the Fuhrer's confidence by war's end and committed suicide to avoid capture and likely trial as a
938:("I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal.") A disappointed Hitler commented, "That's the last field marshal I make in this war!" Nevertheless, he appointed seven more, three on the very day following Paulus' surrender:
67:
347:) to senior rank without breaking the rule that only wartime field commanders could receive the rank of field marshal for a victory in a decisive battle or the capture of a fortification or major town. The equivalent of
1021:(€8897–17793 in 2021) per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Leeb receiving 250,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (€1,112,067 in 2021) for his 65th birthday from Hitler.
1024:
Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favour, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the
1269:
within the Holy Roman Empire in 1631. It was then used nine further times in that century and seven times in the 18th century. It was used twice in the 19th century by the
1003:
a field marshal and
Commander in chief of the German Air Force after Göring had fallen out of Hitler's favour, making Greim the last German field marshal in history.
1032:
and took no further active part in the war. Kleist, Manstein and
Sperrle were similarly retired in 1944 and Rundstedt and Weichs in March 1945. Grand Admiral
981:, one of Hitler's most loyal generals, was promoted to the rank; he was also the last German field marshal to receive a ceremonial marshal's baton.
1746:
1476:
359:
252:
1028:
of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during
1781:
1149:
1037:
322:
had several privileges, such as elevation to nobility, equal protocol rank with
Cabinet ministers, the right of reporting directly to the
1908:
235:, other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning
1801:
1319:
1078:
1089:; the head-of-state council of the GDR) during wartime or for exceptional military achievement; no one ever held the rank, however.
1314:
502:
384:, when only five German officers (excluding honorary promotions to members of royal families and foreign officers) were designated
986:
474:
100:
1433:
985:, another loyal officer, was promoted on 5 April 1945. Three weeks later, he was made Commander-in-Chief of the German Army in
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17:
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1898:
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470:
170:
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1219:
459:
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366:
248:
943:
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813:
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309:
1160:
771:
158:
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344:
43:
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1776:
1701:
409:
60:
495:
1559:
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817:
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776:
448:
1045:. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the
812:, Hitler promoted nine Army generals and three of the air force to the rank of field marshal on
1806:
1485:
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272:
1824:
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990:
947:
183:
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139:
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549:
8:
1670:
1554:
845:
720:
389:
370:
1765:
1338:
Instruction (de: Adjustierungsvorschrift) of the k.u.k. Army as to 1871; Issue from 1911
1139:
892:
825:
222:
208:
36:
567:
562:
1791:
1270:
1132:
1128:
1010:
in Nazi
Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced
906:
857:
405:
236:
218:
112:
104:
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397:
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1771:
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1175:
967:
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413:
39:
32:
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1014:
888:
753:
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421:
334:
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120:
116:
73:
1159:, who holds supreme command authority over all soldiers. In wartime, during the
936:
Ich habe nicht die
Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschießen.
217:("imperial and royal field marshal"). Both were based on prior usage during the
1571:
1053:
against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Greim and Grand
Admiral
829:
821:
286:
150:
1054:
412:, was designated Grand Admiral. Not even such well-known German commanders as
1892:
1740:
1719:
1529:
1369:
1274:
1011:
716:
688:
674:
339:
305:
133:
89:
1123:, which were created in 1956. Currently, the highest military grades in the
1565:
1503:
1389:[Book review: Serving and earning. Hitlers presents to his elite].
1298:
1198:
1114:
1074:
1050:
1042:
1033:
978:
884:
872:). The holders of this rank had the right to a “direct presentation to the
865:
861:
837:
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736:
703:
363:
145:
1683:
1508:
1454:
1265:
The rank of Field
Marshal was first used in the northern German State of
381:
977:
From 1944 to 1945, three more men would reach this rank. In early 1944,
343:) was created in order to promote William, Prince of Prussia (the later
1690:
1596:
1582:
1541:
1413:"Ethiopia gets its first Field Marshal General – New Business Ethiopia"
1290:
1144:
1119:
1018:
462: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
231:
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1865:
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1237:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
873:
437:
1851:
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on 25 March 1982. A general could be appointed to this rank by the
1759:
1631:
1832:
1641:
1625:
1612:
1535:
1434:"Ethiopia awards rank of Field Marshal to General Berhanu Jula"
187:
1858:
792:
Grand
Admirals. (Another promotion, that of Austrian General
154:
373:—became the first Prussian princes appointed to the rank of
1676:
1387:"Dienen und Verdienen. Hitlers Geschenke an seine Eliten"
1199:
Electorate (1356–1806) and
Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)
774:, Hitler distributed the rank more widely, promoting 25
1297:
promotion ceremony, that saw the rank be introduced to
1163:, that supreme command authority is transferred to the
934:
Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming,
257:
1193:
380:
The exalted nature of the rank was underscored during
164:
1285:
The rank of Field
Marshal General was first used in
1057:
were still in positions of military responsibility.
27:
Military rank throughout German and Austrian history
1148:is, in peacetime, according to Article 65a of the
1017:for generals in the range of 2,000 to 4,000
751:was promoted to the newly created higher rank of
714:with the promotion of the Reich Minister of War,
424:received marshal's batons or Grand Admiral rank.
1890:
253:List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire
1113:no longer exist in the new German (until 1990
1470:
1150:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
910:("commander-in-chief of Army Group North").
723:(20 April 1936), and the Aviation Minister,
707:
686:
672:
658:
539:
79:, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English:
1289:in 2022. On 8 January 2022, Prime Minister
1782:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
1484:
1477:
1463:
1438:Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C
956:). Later that same month, Hitler promoted
584:
355:("general admiral" or "admiral-general").
1802:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
1320:Comparative officer ranks of World War II
1253:Learn how and when to remove this message
1079:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
743:remained the highest military rank until
739:during the Second World War, the rank of
522:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:was used. The rank was the equivalent to
1374:Stalingrad, The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943
1315:Comparative officer ranks of World War I
1073:(DDR) (German Democratic Republic, i.e.
174:
31:
879:In 1942, three other men were promoted—
14:
1891:
796:, was honorary.) Four weeks after the
242:
99:) was a rank in the armies of several
1458:
989:. On 25 April, just five days before
369:—who had commanded armies during the
59:
1202:
460:adding citations to reliable sources
431:
258:Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire
1194:Other states to have used the title
966:to the rank for his service in the
351:in the German Navy was the rank of
165:Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
24:
1909:Five-star officers of Nazi Germany
727:(4 February 1938), to the rank of
202:("imperial field marshal") and in
25:
1920:
1797:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1376:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 381
1092:
1295:Ethiopian National Defense Force
1207:
987:Hitler's last will and testament
625:
613:
597:
566:
561:
548:
436:
360:Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia
285:
271:
1349:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1071:Deutsche Demokratische Republik
1060:
706:reintroduced the rank into the
447:needs additional citations for
427:
408:. Only a single naval officer,
298:Generalfeldmarschall until 1918
171:List of Austrian field marshals
1426:
1405:
1379:
1363:
1354:
1341:
1332:
13:
1:
1360:Snyder, Louis (1994) , p. 112
1188:Führungsstab der Streitkräfte
903:(30 June) for his success as
249:List of German field marshals
215:Császári és királyi tábornagy
61:[ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal]
1273:after it became part of the
944:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
209:Kaiserlicher und königlicher
7:
1697:First marshal of the empire
1308:
1280:
1233:the claims made and adding
1157:Federal Minister of Defence
10:
1925:
1180:Armed Forces Command Staff
970:and the later part of the
786:officers in total and two
246:
200:Kaiserlicher Feldmarschall
168:
109:Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall
1904:Field marshals of Germany
1899:Military ranks of Germany
1661:
1654:
1524:
1517:
1492:
1169:Inspector General of the
1006:Financially, the rank of
682:
668:
654:
646:
638:
608:
592:
583:
559:
547:
536:
345:William I, German Emperor
326:, and a constant escort.
132:
80:
44:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1846:Supreme Allied Commander
1777:Marshal of the air force
1702:General of the Air Force
1325:
410:Henning von Holtzendorff
194:The rank existed in the
1560:Domestic of the Schools
1347:Snyder, Louis (1994) .
1038:retired in January 1943
1001:Robert Ritter von Greim
818:Walther von Brauchitsch
794:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
93:; often abbreviated to
1807:Field marshal (Uganda)
1486:Highest military ranks
1303:Chief of General Staff
1187:
1077:) created the rank of
1067:National People's Army
964:Wolfram von Richthofen
757:. The equivalent of a
708:
687:
673:
659:
540:
471:"Generalfeldmarschall"
338:
191:
47:
1707:General of the Armies
1026:Generalfeldmarschalls
948:Maximilian von Weichs
905:Oberbefehlshaber der
537:General field marshal
329:In 1854, the rank of
178:
86:field marshal general
82:general field marshal
42:, awarded to Emperor
35:
18:General field marshal
1713:Generalfeldmarschall
1666:Admiral of the fleet
1152:(constitution), the
1117:) Armed Forces, the
1099:Generalfeldmarschall
1030:Operation Barbarossa
1008:Generalfeldmarschall
993:, Adolf Hitler made
972:Battle of Stalingrad
950:(all members of the
932:Generalfeldmarschall
927:Generalfeldmarschall
850:Walter von Reichenau
759:Generalfeldmarschall
741:Generalfeldmarschall
729:Generalfeldmarschall
541:Generalfeldmarschall
456:improve this article
418:Erich von Falkenhayn
402:Hermann von Eichhorn
394:August von Mackensen
386:Generalfeldmarschall
375:Generalfeldmarschall
320:Generalfeldmarschall
310:Imperial German Army
52:Generalfeldmarschall
1671:Admiral of the Navy
1555:Constable of France
917:, commander of the
897:Siege of Sevastopol
846:Erwin von Witzleben
767:("grand admiral").
721:Werner von Blomberg
390:Paul von Hindenburg
371:Franco-Prussian War
243:Germany and Prussia
1293:presided over the
1218:possibly contains
1165:Federal Chancellor
1140:Commander-in-Chief
1019:ℛ︁ℳ︁
983:Ferdinand Schörner
895:(30 June) for the
893:Erich von Manstein
887:(22 June) for the
826:Gerd von Rundstedt
192:
140:Kaiserliche Marine
48:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1792:Marshal of Poland
1650:
1649:
1393:(in German). 1999
1271:Kingdom of Saxony
1263:
1262:
1255:
1220:original research
925:, to the rank of
907:Heeresgruppe Nord
901:Georg von Küchler
858:Albert Kesselring
842:Günther von Kluge
772:Kaiser Wilhelm II
696:
695:
532:
531:
524:
506:
406:Remus von Woyrsch
367:Friedrich Wilhelm
312:and later in the
237:Habsburg-Lorraine
219:Holy Roman Empire
159:NATO naval forces
113:Habsburg monarchy
105:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
1916:
1772:Marshal of Italy
1659:
1658:
1590:Magister militum
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1235:inline citations
1211:
1210:
1203:
1176:chief of defence
1174:is the military
1161:State of Defence
968:Crimean campaign
915:Friedrich Paulus
913:Hitler promoted
834:Wilhelm von Leeb
810:Battle of France
761:in the navy was
713:
700:Second World War
692:
683:Equivalent ranks
678:
664:
655:Next higher rank
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414:Erich Ludendorff
289:
275:
184:k.u.k. Army
153:, comparable to
136:
92:
71:
70:
69:
63:
58:
21:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1889:
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1887:
1878:
1840:Reichsmarschall
1787:Marshal of Peru
1646:
1513:
1499:General officer
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1196:
1095:
1063:
1015:fringe benefits
991:his own suicide
889:siege of Tobruk
883:('Desert Fox')
754:Reichsmarschall
669:Next lower rank
661:Reichsmarschall
626:
624:
623:
614:
612:
598:
596:
579:
577:
560:
555:
538:
528:
517:
511:
508:
465:
463:
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441:
430:
422:Reinhard Scheer
349:colonel-general
331:colonel general
302:
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299:
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293:
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282:
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276:
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260:
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245:
204:Austria-Hungary
196:Austrian Empire
173:
167:
121:Austria-Hungary
117:Austrian Empire
74:Old High German
65:
64:
56:
40:marshal's baton
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1922:
1912:
1911:
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1901:
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1799:
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1754:Jenderal besar
1750:
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1574:
1572:Grand Domestic
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1562:
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1538:
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1370:Beevor, Antony
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1353:
1351:, pp. 111, 112
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1213:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1178:and heads the
1111:Generaladmiral
1094:
1093:Modern Germany
1091:
1062:
1059:
830:Fedor von Bock
822:Wilhelm Keitel
749:Hermann Göring
725:Hermann Göring
694:
693:
684:
680:
679:
670:
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610:
609:Service branch
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589:
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573:Arabesque and
572:
557:
556:
553:
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442:
435:
429:
426:
398:Karl von Bülow
353:Generaladmiral
318:, the rank of
297:
296:
292:Shoulder badge
291:
284:
283:
277:
270:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
261:
259:
256:
244:
241:
229:held the rank
166:
163:
151:five-star rank
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1907:
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1741:Grand marshal
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1729:Generalissimo
1727:
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1725:Soviet Union
1724:
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1530:Amir al-umara
1527:
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473: –
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467:Find sources:
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445:This section
443:
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134:Grand Admiral
130:
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125:Feldmarschall
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101:German states
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1566:Dux bellorum
1564:
1547:
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1528:
1504:Flag officer
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1299:Birhanu Jula
1284:
1264:
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1118:
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1102:
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1075:East Germany
1070:
1064:
1061:East Germany
1051:20 July plot
1046:
1043:war criminal
1034:Erich Raeder
1025:
1023:
1007:
1005:
994:
979:Walter Model
976:
957:
951:
935:
931:
926:
912:
904:
885:Erwin Rommel
880:
878:
869:
866:Hugo Sperrle
862:Erhard Milch
853:
838:Wilhelm List
814:19 July 1940
808:had won the
803:
797:
789:Kriegsmarine
787:
781:
775:
769:
762:
758:
752:
740:
737:Nazi Germany
732:
728:
715:
704:Adolf Hitler
697:
604:Nazi Germany
518:
509:
499:
492:
485:
478:
466:
454:Please help
449:verification
446:
428:Nazi Germany
385:
379:
374:
364:Crown Prince
357:
352:
348:
328:
319:
313:
303:
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146:Kriegsmarine
144:
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108:
95:
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85:
81:
76:
51:
50:
49:
29:
1811:Yugoslavia
1684:Dayuanshuai
1509:Air officer
1115:West German
1107:Großadmiral
1055:Karl Dönitz
940:Ernst Busch
881:Wüstenfuchs
764:Großadmiral
698:Before the
689:Großadmiral
621:German Army
578:(1942–1945)
382:World War I
157:in today's
129:Großadmiral
123:, the rank
1893:Categories
1691:Dai-gensui
1597:Megas doux
1583:Ispahsalar
1542:Autokrator
1291:Abiy Ahmed
1227:improve it
1171:Bundeswehr
1145:Bundeswehr
1125:Bundeswehr
1120:Bundeswehr
923:Stalingrad
482:newspapers
247:See also:
232:ex officio
169:See also:
131:(English:
111:); in the
77:marahscalc
1866:Yuanshuai
1608:Rigsmarsk
1603:Polemarch
1577:Imperator
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1277:in 1871.
1231:verifying
1087:Staatsrat
1047:Luftwaffe
996:Luftwaffe
959:Luftwaffe
870:Luftwaffe
805:Luftwaffe
783:Luftwaffe
745:July 1940
733:Wehrmacht
731:. In the
710:Wehrmacht
647:Abolished
639:Formation
633:Luftwaffe
575:Epaulette
554:Rank flag
512:July 2022
358:In 1870,
315:Wehrmacht
279:Epaulette
239:dynasty.
137:) in the
1852:Taewonsu
1637:Sparapet
1619:Serasker
1443:13 March
1418:13 March
1397:19 March
1372:(1998).
1309:See also
1287:Ethiopia
1281:Ethiopia
1243:May 2022
1154:civilian
1012:tax free
999:General
962:General
919:6th Army
103:and the
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37:Prussian
1873:Marshal
1825:Marshal
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