38:
1147:
346:(more than one-third of the depth of the active layer) such as irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries and involutions and areas with patterned ground. They commonly contain tongues of mineral and organic horizons, organic and mineral intrusions and oriented rock fragments. Organic matter is accumulated on top of the permafrost and ice or sand wedges are a common features. Turbels occur primarily in the zone of
104:
326:
except that they have permafrost within two meters (6 ft 7 in) below ground surface. They have 80% or more organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm (20 in) or to a glacic layer or densic, lithic, or
335:
and low arctic regions of continuous or widespread permafrost. Less than one-third of the active layer (the soil between the ground surface and a permafrost table) or an ice layer which is at least 30 cm (12 in) thick has been
248:, are very easily leached above the permafrost. The permafrost greatly restricts the engineering use of Gelisols, as large structures (e.g. buildings) subside as the frozen earth thaws when they are put in place.
356:: soils that show little or no cryoturbation (less than one-third of the depth of the active layer). Patterned ground (except for polygons) generally is lacking. Orthels occur primarily within the zone of
213:. In the WRB, the Histosols key out before the Cryosols. Organic permafrost soils are therefore Gelisols (Histels) in the soil taxonomy and Histosols (Cryic Histosols) in the WRB.
482:
421:
Soil Survey Staff: Keys to Soil
Taxonomy. 12th edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C., US, 2014.
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W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 2.3.1.
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357:
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within two meters (6 ft 7 in) of the soil surface. The word "Gelisol" comes from the
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in most areas where
Gelisols occur, chemically they are not highly fertile because
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that occurs from the alternating thawing and freezing characteristic of
Gelisols.
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accumulates in the upper layer, most
Gelisols are black or dark brown in
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contact, whichever is shallowest. These soils occur predominantly in
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232:, followed by a shallow mineral layer. Despite the influence of
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407:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition"
404:
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of very cold climates which are defined as containing
224:
and/or O horizon resting on the permafrost. Because
194:meaning "to freeze", a reference to the process of
1161:
209:. In soil taxonomy, Gelisols key out before the
412:. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
558:
189:
565:
551:
488:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
45:This article includes a list of general
572:
447:. University of Florida. Archived from
299:Gelisols are known from as far back as
203:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
14:
1162:
859:Canadian system of soil classification
483:"Permafrost Soils and Biogeochemistry"
342:: soils that show marked influence of
267:(mainly near the intersection between
546:
466:. University of Idaho. Archived from
537:profile photos (with classification)
531:profile photos (with classification)
31:
205:(WRB), most Gelisols belong to the
24:
843:Unified Soil Classification System
507:
216:Structurally, Gelisols may have a
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1196:
848:AASHTO Soil Classification System
524:
263:. Smaller areas are found in the
1146:
1145:
315:, Gelisols are subdivided into:
303:ice ages 900 million years ago.
102:
36:
405:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022).
864:Australian Soil Classification
855:(French classification system)
398:
251:Gelisols are found chiefly in
13:
1:
391:
306:
7:
884:List of vineyard soil types
428:. USDA-NRCS. Archived from
364:
322:: organic soils similar to
10:
1201:
869:Polish Soil Classification
287:and the ice-free parts of
220:and more commonly have an
1143:
893:Non-systematic soil types
892:
829:
756:
580:
154:
143:
133:
123:
113:
101:
96:
879:List of U.S. state soils
358:discontinuous permafrost
1180:Geography of the Arctic
874:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
853:Référentiel pédologique
837:FAO soil classification
66:more precise citations.
360:, and in alpine areas.
190:
451:on September 18, 2004
381:Pedology (soil study)
348:continuous permafrost
1005:Calcareous grassland
582:World Reference Base
574:Soil classification
539:IUSS World of Soils
386:Soil classification
226:soil organic matter
758:USDA soil taxonomy
584:for Soil Resources
313:USDA soil taxonomy
175:USDA soil taxonomy
118:USDA soil taxonomy
1157:
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519:978-3-540-30460-9
168:
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108:A Gelisol profile
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16:(Redirected from
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1045:Hydrophobic soil
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173:are an order in
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62:this article by
53:inline citations
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27:Permafrost soils
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1110:Subaqueous soil
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955:Parent material
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508:Further reading
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495:on 2004-03-20
491:
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470:on 2006-09-01
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432:on 2006-05-09
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344:cryoturbation
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336:cryoturbated.
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138:cryoturbation
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72:February 2021
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1060:Martian soil
785:
533:WRB homepage
497:. Retrieved
490:the original
472:. Retrieved
468:the original
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
434:. Retrieved
430:the original
400:
371:Active layer
353:
339:
319:
310:
250:
215:
206:
200:
170:
169:
78:
69:
50:
29:
1125:Terra rossa
1120:Terra preta
1100:Spodic soil
1020:Duplex soil
1000:Brown earth
980:Alkali soil
970:Rhizosphere
965:Laimosphere
839:(1974–1998)
796:Inceptisols
703:Plinthosols
668:Kastanozems
376:Pedogenesis
301:Precambrian
285:Scandinavia
283:, northern
177:. They are
134:Key process
64:introducing
1185:Permafrost
1164:Categories
1105:Stagnogley
1055:Lunar soil
1010:Dark earth
995:Brickearth
960:Pedosphere
930:Soil crust
738:Technosols
723:Solonchaks
643:Ferralsols
608:Anthrosols
499:2006-05-14
474:2006-05-14
464:"Gelisols"
455:2006-05-14
445:"Gelisols"
436:2006-05-14
426:"Gelisols"
392:References
329:paralithic
293:Antarctica
234:glaciation
230:soil color
183:permafrost
47:references
1090:Quicksand
1035:Fill dirt
975:Bulk soil
821:Vertisols
811:Spodosols
801:Mollisols
791:Histosols
776:Aridisols
748:Vertisols
743:Umbrisols
733:Stagnosol
698:Planosols
693:Phaeozems
673:Leptosols
658:Gypsisols
648:Fluvisols
628:Chernozem
623:Cambisols
618:Calcisols
613:Arenosols
333:subarctic
324:histosols
307:Suborders
289:Greenland
277:Argentina
246:potassium
238:nutrients
222:A horizon
218:B horizon
211:Histosols
159:subarctic
1170:Pedology
1075:Paleosol
990:Blue goo
945:Gypcrust
816:Ultisols
786:Gelisols
781:Entisols
771:Andisols
766:Alfisols
728:Solonetz
718:Retisols
713:Regosols
688:Nitisols
683:Luvisols
678:Lixisols
663:Histosol
653:Gleysols
638:Durisols
633:Cryosols
603:Andosols
593:Acrisols
365:See also
207:Cryosols
171:Gelisols
18:Gelisols
1025:Eluvium
985:Bay mud
950:Caliche
940:Hardpan
935:Claypan
925:Subsoil
920:Topsoil
806:Oxisols
708:Podzols
598:Alisols
586:(1998–)
354:Orthels
340:Turbels
320:Histels
273:Bolivia
253:Siberia
242:calcium
201:In the
155:Climate
150:, other
125:Profile
114:Used in
97:Gelisol
60:improve
1135:Yedoma
1070:Muskeg
517:
297:Fossil
261:Canada
257:Alaska
191:gelare
163:tundra
49:, but
1115:Takir
1050:Loess
493:(PDF)
486:(PDF)
410:(PDF)
281:Tibet
269:Chile
265:Andes
187:Latin
179:soils
1080:Peat
915:Loam
910:Clay
905:Silt
900:Sand
515:ISBN
291:and
275:and
259:and
244:and
148:peat
1065:Mud
311:In
279:),
129:OAC
1166::
295:.
271:,
255:,
161:,
566:e
559:t
552:v
502:.
477:.
458:.
439:.
350:.
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
