228:, and are also known as the Swan Goose or the Chinese Goose. True geese are difficult to differentiate into genus or species based on anatomical differences other than coloration, especially if the geese occur, as they often do in poetry, in the distance, flying, and perhaps even more heard than seen: but, the genus and species identification is not generally of importance in Chinese poetry, although whether the goose is wild or domestic is of importance. Geese are social animals, and tend to appear in flocks of many individuals; and, as they tend to pair up to mate, which as part of the process often includes a flying duet, with the male chasing the female through the air; and, often the flock will contain many breeding pairs. One of the distinctive features of flying flocks of geese is their typical "V" or wedge-shaped formation, and the loud vocalizations which accompany them on their flight. A lone goose is somewhat of an anomaly in nature. Geese and their eggs have been used for food, their feathers for thermal insulation and other purposes, and their arrivals and departures as seasonal indicators. Human interactions with geese have often included hunting wild geese with projectile weapons, raising and breeding domestic geese, or observing, and perhaps depicting them in paint or poetry.
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of swans (close relatives of geese) versus other birds in several Han dynastic era ballads, contrasting the role of "owls, pigeons, and sparrows", which are used to portray human foibles, with the role of swans. She discusses "An Old Ballad, Two White Swans" (53-54): "The moral of the verse fable here seems not so much related to individual human behavior as to the behaviour of the individual in so far as he is a member of a group or community." She mentions in this ballad how the pair of swans arrive at the poem's beginning "as part of a flock flying in formation". She goes on to give the moral of the poem as: "Without the flock the individual is nothing; survival depends on social cohesion." Similar poems which substitute geese for swans exist. Another common motif in poetry is the bird as a messenger, bringing news from afar. Examples of messenger birds include the goose, and the
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his prison for water to drink. Upon his surviving this ordeal, the
Xiongnu continued to hold him captive, and attempting to obtain his cooperation. The Xiongnu, rather than truly reporting the state of affairs to the Chinese, instead reported that he had died (Murck, 75); but, he was kept alive, and sent to work as a nomadic herdsperson, in which capacity he is generally supposed to have retained his official staff of office. As the years went by, Su was elevated in status, even it is said given a wife who bore him children. In the meantime, China and Xiongnu continued to conduct mutual hostilities, diplomacy was placed on the back burner, and Su Wu continued to herd the flocks of animals to which duty he was assigned, by the Xiongnu chanyu.
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404:" animals which are used as signs to represent particular periods of time. However, in poetry, the seasonal migratory flights of geese are used poetically in connection with the passage of the seasons: often poems use geese in connections which hint at what season it is by relating this to the direction which the geese are flying, north in spring for the summer and south in the autumn for the winter. When the weather warms, and the geese fly north, beyond ken of the poet, perhaps even beyond the northern borders, the poem may speak of the geese flying beyond the mountains, or beyond purple passes, or to a foreign land (Murck, 75). Geese migrating to the south, perhaps to the
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1173:(Murck, 126). In court, in what must have been quite embarrassing for his political opponents, Su Shi made a confession explaining how his poems were derogatory to his political enemies, in most explicit detail, but pointing out that he was not guilty because he had said nothing and allowed nothing that was directly demeaning of the emperor or the state itself, and that the verses in question merely and legitimately mocked officials who in fairness deserved to have their deficiencies as public servants made public. But such victories were partial and temporary. Su Shi spent time in banishment in
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and his family ended up as refugees in the
Xiaoxiang, where he eventually died, but not before writing poems which would secure his place in poetic tradition, many of his most important poems being written in his last several years, in the heart of the Xiaoxiang, where the migrating wild geese came to rest, moult, and prepare for their next journey north. Du Fu was or came to be a great admirer of the wild goose (Murck, 76). The motif of geese grew in intensity in the poetry of Du Fu, as he spent his last years, displaced from his ancestral home area to the ancient land of
127:
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264:). The elements which make up these two characters are the same, except the variation in the part representing a bird uses one or the other of 2 common choices for this: both characters can be analyzed as representing a bird (鳥 or 隹) which flies from (dwellings) on cliffs (厂) in flocks that are in the shape of the character 人 (rén, meaning "person": the actual form used is a variant for character composition). The Classical character for domestic goose is 鵝 (Hanyu Pinyin
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complications, the
Xiongnu continued their attempt to conceal the presence of Su Wu. However, according to the historical account, the new Chinese diplomatic mission tricked the chanyu by claiming that the emperor shot down a wild goose with a message from Su Wu tied to its foot (Murck, 75–76). And so, the story goes, the chanyu fell for the bluff, and rather than risk diplomatic embarrassment, Su Wu was released, returning to China in 81 BCE (Murck, 76).
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1088:. Then, about 740 his father died; which, at the time, social propriety required a 3-year temporary retirement from public affairs, to take care of various family rituals and affairs. By 755, Du had managed to get an official appointment, one which he would be unable to fulfill. It looked that his prospects had finally overcome whatever hurdles had previously obstructed them: but then, in the final days of 755 the powerful Tang general
109:. Chinese sources typically distinguish between two types of geese, the domestic goose, and the wild goose: of the two, the wild goose is the more important for poetry, whether as significant of migratory seasonal change, or as "bearing a message of love from afar", by persons separated by a great distance (generally north and south, since that is how geese generally migrate), or as the "lone goose", bereft of both mate and flock.
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1047:. In a parallel couplet, in his poem "South of the mountains sending off an official", Zhang explicitly compares and contrasts himself to an autumn goose: but when spring comes he finds himself still stuck south of the mountain ranges which separate him from the capital and the main area of Chinese civilization at the time, while the other geese get to go back north (Murck, 76; and note 17, 313).
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1169:, or treasonous statements toward the emperor himself, which he had either written himself in his poetry, or that had been written by others and was accused of allowing to be circulated without his reporting their existence to the authorities. This trial was known as the "Crow Terrace Poetry Case", and involved Su Shi together with numerous "co-conspirators", including
325:#361, 僱). The annual migratory pattern of geese makes their bi-annual appearances in spring and autumn symbolically useful, as poetic short-hand for the changing seasons. The place of geese in the cosmological order was indicated by the conceptualization that the geese fly south to avoid the effects of the rise of the cold and dark associated with the rise of the
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as a relative, student, or follower. Alfreda Murck gives Song Yu's half-line "鴈廱廱而南遊兮" in this poem as an early example of the imagery of geese flying south in
Chinese poetry (Murck, 75; and, note 10, 112, except Murck gives the variant version of "雁" for "鴈"). David Hawkes (209) translates this line
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is a religico-philosophical concept of how opposite and contrary forces are operated in the process of the natural world: how they give rise to each other through natural dualities, such as light and dark, high and low, hot and cold, fire and water, male and female, and life and death. In this system
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Geese of various species are typical to China, they may be domestic or wild. Due to their migratory nature, wild geese tend to be a seasonal presence, either as temporary, nomadic settlers in an area, or often as seasonal migrants whose flight path takes them over vast areas where they may or may not
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and folklore, though they may share features with geese. Others are birds related to geese, such as swans or ducks. A poetic substitution in the course of an allusion has not been uncommon, especially as a poet's own experience intersects with that of an earlier work. Anne
Birrell discusses the role
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region of in south and central China. A flock of geese making a landing on level sand is enough of an image to convey both that the geese are flying south and that the season is the fall. Thus, the southern migration of geese often poetically symbolizes the decline associated with the autumn season,
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rose in revolt. The same resultant turmoil which ravaged the Tang empire for more than the ensuing decade also decimated Du Fu's career: rebel forces swept across the land. The ravages of war were followed by famine and plague and death. Du Fu not only lost his job before he could start it, but he
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Upon his arrest, Su Wu refused to cooperate, and was imprisoned in a cellar. Accounts state that he was provided with neither food nor water, in an effort to elicit his cooperation. Remaining obstinate, Su Wu managed by eating the lining of his coat for food and melting the snow which drifted into
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This is an example of the implication from the orderly flight of wild geese, in which their "habit of flying in a V-shaped wedge was read as a model of order and hierarchy, a concept which applied to both family and court. Brothers were likened to geese flying in close formation, and a man in high
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natural distribution in modern times, showing northern breeding areas in orange and southern wintering ranges in blue. Other species of geese inhabiting this mapped area show similar north–south migratory patterns, sometimes with much greater extents to their ranges, and more extensive north–south
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Other translations differ, in certain points, but the general imagery of wild geese, forlornly crying during their quest for a home to rest is clear. Alfreda Murck points out the contrast between the geese here landing in the marsh, and the later
Xiaoxiang poetry convention of geese and the level
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and its tributaries such as the Xiao had been located has long been poetically noted as a place of exile, where even the most talented and loyal government ministers and officials might be slandered at court and relegated to mosquito-infested swamp areas or sent to manage villages of non-Chinese
284:, this is not particularly important for most poetry, especially since there is less than complete agreement among the scientific experts in regard to these taxonomical details. Similarly, what nuance in meaning (if any), different from "wild goose", is to be understood by the phrase 鴻雁 in the
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The symbolic connotations of geese depend somewhat on whether they appear in single, in pair, or in a flock; also whether they are wild or domestic. Geese have been thought to take one partner for life, male and female, thus the goose can symbolize marital bliss; and, due to their seasonally
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Various events occurred including a lull in actual combat, and the two sides again turned to diplomacy, in order to reconcile their differences: the Han emperor sending another ambassadorial mission toward the territory in which Su Wu was being held. Presumably in order avoid diplomatic
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anthology). His father also had a successful civil service career. Because his father's father, and his father were scholar-officials the road for Du Fu to be the same seemed reasonably smooth. Du Fu encountered a stumbling block in his career path, in 735, when he took and failed the
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ethnic peoples, in isolation from there intellectual pears and fellow poets. During the Tang dynasty, there were many prominent men of letters who ended up in the
Xiaoxiang as a result of political turbulence. One of the "geese" who found himself willy-nilly in the Xiaoxiang was
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into one piece. Sometimes, as in the
Xiaoxiang tradition during the Tang and Song dynastic eras, when the Xiaoxiang region in south-central China was a common destination to which exiled officials were consigned, some of them utilized this as an opportunity to write poetry.
937:. There is a story about Su Wu which became a common allusion in Chinese poetry. Su Wu was an historical figure, however his legend has evolved into the folk realm. There are thus many variations of his story, though much can be attested to historically. The rival
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than any other way, as he is held to be the author of these poems, but nothing else is claimed about him or his life as definitively as this, though other poems have been attributed to his name. Circumstantial evidence indicates that he had some relationship with
1007:"), wherein the goose appears carrying a written message tied to its foot (perhaps symbolically) — a letter between two people separated so far seasonally north and south that a migrating goose could indeed be conceived as a plausible mode of communication.
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involve an archer on the ground, shooting them down with arrows. Poems include "Shu Goes
Hunting", an ode to the chariot archer Shu, in which the formation of his chariot horses is compared to that of a flight of geese, ("大叔于田" - "Da Shu Yu Tian",
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was inhabited by flocks of geese: geese continue to fly in the verse of the poets, or perhaps to descend to the level, sandy shore in the glow of evening for a place to rest for the night. Sometimes the solitary goose continues its lonely flight.
961:. The Chinese delegation became embroiled in a plot against the Xiongnu leadership; and, upon the plot's failure, they were all arrested. Some of the Chinese delegates were killed, and Su Wu was put into captivity, where he remained for 19 years.
222:, traveling lengthy distances in between their summer habitats in the north and their winter habitats in the south. In China, geese have been domesticated for thousands of years: these have been primarily been bred from the wild species
321:(the modern meaning of the word) as seasonal indicators for initiating appropriate agricultural practices: the annual autumnal appearance of wild geese indicated the time to begin the harvest gathering (Wilder & Ingram,
1185:(although recalled again, he died on the way back). Although Hainan is not exactly in the Xiaoxiang region geographically, in order to get to and from southern Huizhou and Hainan and to get to and from the capital city of
1039:, Duke of Yan (燕), sometimes known as the "Mighty Brush of Yan", for his literary talents. He was also on-and-off one of the top officials under three reigning monarchs. In and out of favor Zhang Yue was exiled as far as
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geese is as an allusion for society. In the poem "Wild Geese" ("鴻雁" - "Hong Yan" ), the geese appear as an allusion to a people wandering with woeful cries, seeking for a home (Murck, 74; and, note 6, 312). Translated by
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geese fly through the verse of the poets, or perhaps resting in the darkness of night on a level, sandy shore. Sometimes, bereft of mate and flock, the lone goose also makes an appearance. Since when the ancient
105:. Various poetic concepts could be communicated by the inclusion of the imagery of geese in a poem, and the understanding of allusions to a goose or geese can help provide key insights into the poems of
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Pictorial and poetic depiction often come together with calligraphy in
Chinese tradition, with artworks often combining painting or drawing together with the brushed calligraphy of a poem's (or poems')
1361:, a genre which hinges upon the motif of exile. And if, by metaphor, the poet is a goose, stranded on a southern sandbar; then, the "descent" into exile begins with the poet/goose's arrival in the
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The Chinese language typically distinguishes between domestic and wild geese, with separate words and characters for each. The common character for "wild goose" is 鴈 (with variant form 雁, both are
1165:. Factional party politics were the order of the day, and when Su's party was out of favor, he tended to be exiled to some remote location. At one point he was even put on trial on charges of
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migratory nature, geese are symbolic of seasonal change and the passage of time, and the mutual presentation and exchange of geese may form part of marriage rituals (Eberhard, 132,
1157:(1037 – 1101), sometimes known as Dongpo, was another poet-scholar-official who followed the goose-path into exile. The song of his poetry has continued beyond the demise of the
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In poetry, geese may symbolize unjust exile (Murck, 74). Geese appear in some of the earliest collections of Chinese poetry, and have continued to reappear, on a regular basis.
953:(the "martial emperor of Han") sent his official Su Wu on a mission to Xiongnu (Murck, 75). Su lead a diplomatic mission of several official envoys to the Xiongnu ruler,
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705:. Fairly advance hunting techniques are depicted, with a variety of animals for mounts, trained birds of prey, and Mongolian-style bows suitable for mounted archery.
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is not a specific work nor collection; rather, it is its own genre, existing both poetically and pictorially. Alfreda Murck (71) gives the following list of the
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Alfreda Murck notes the striking contrast between the harmonious sounds of the wild geese in this poem with the ineffable sadness expressed elsewhere in the
377:). The lone goose is a symbol of loss: either the loss of a mate, or of the whole flock, and thus is used as an image to evoke feelings of sadness or pity.
210:: they are called "black" due to the coloring of their legs, bills, and parts of their plumage, which are black or dark grey. The family Anatidae includes
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The story of Su Wu is at least part of the origin of the use of the image of a flying goose as a messenger (Alfreda Murck calls it the "
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office was compared to a goose soaring to heaven" (Murck, 75). In the same section, the poem "女曰雞鳴" - "Nu Yue Ji Ming" (Legge) goes:
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373:"Goose"). Eberhard also here remarks on the "very old custom" of the use of a goose as an engagement present (attested to in the
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1073:(618-907) was Du Fu (712 – 770). Du Fu lived during what has been described as a golden age of poetry. His grandfather was
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forces begin to predominate, the geese fly up north to avoid the accompanying excess heat of summer (Murck, 75).
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Other birds besides geese are featured in Chinese poetry. Some are mythological, drawn from the vast realms of
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1497:. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute.
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Courtly Odes, Beginning with "Wild Geese", Ma Hezhi (1130–1170). Calligrapher: emperor Gaozong (1107–1187)
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distribution, and include the grey geese and white geese. White geese sometimes are sometimes included in
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1365:. Murck points out (71) that looking at the list holistically that it makes a form of regulated verse.
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in the north or other similar positions, prolonged travel through the Xiaoxiang was on the itinerary.
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of thought, geese are thought to be part and parcel of the natural world's physical manifestation of
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1177:(where he took on the name Dongpo) and later, after a recall to honor and office, again banished to
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1097:. Du Fu's poetic imagery of geese turned out to be portable, and was adopted by such poets, as the
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61:) are an important motif in Chinese poetry. Examples of goose imagery have an important place in
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440:(Bian Wenjin, active 1426–1435). The "3 friends" are the plum, bamboo, and pine tree shown here.
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Su Wu in foreign captivity, where he was forced to herd sheep or goats. From the Long Corridor.
849:); indeed Song Yu is more defined by the existence the poems ascribed to his authorship in the
1431:, Han dynastic era explorer-diplomat who was held in captivity 19 years to the north of China.
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1161:(960–1279). Although Su Shi Dongpo himself never made it back alive from his final exile, in
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660:("匏有苦葉" - Pao You Ku Ye , 國風 - Airs of the States, 邶風 - Odes of Bei, Legge translation):
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The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets
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The use of the goose for an engagement gift has been noted by Wolfram Eberhard (
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More about Bian the painter, at the Website of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston
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And the two outsides follow them regularly as in a flying flock of wild geese.
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A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought
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had had its glory days, the "lakes and rivers region" around and south of
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689:, such as in particular, in the "Wild Geese" poem (75; and, note 8, 312).
543:. 9 September 2009. The couple of large birds in the center are the geese.
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Geese Descending on a Sandbank. Their legs are highlighted with color. By
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Even after marriage, the wife here expects to receive a duck or goose.
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or to the sand bars and sandy shores of the lakes and rivers of the
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272:). Another character commonly used for a wild goose is 鴻 (Pinyin:
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1077:, government official and poet (one of his poems made it into the
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Geese are a major motif in Han dynasty era poetry, including the
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24:(also, Weijian Laoren or Yigong, 1684–1752). According to the
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Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent
1204:, Wild geese in the waters of San Xiang, early 15th century.
933:: in the days of old, old Su Wu, spent 19 years, captive of
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Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
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902:. The story of Han diplomat Su Wu endures in importance.
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The earliest specialized collection Chinese poems is the
1458:, translation, introduction, and notes (2011 ). Qu Yuan
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from 133 BCE to 89 CE. In 100 BCE, The Chinese emperor,
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They would have said we were proclaiming our insolence.
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Wilder, George Durand and James Henry Ingram (1974 ).
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839:, who is acclaimed as the author of the poems in the
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The other early specialized collection Chinese poems
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By the gentleman, who wishes to bring home his bride,
39:s I waved my brush before the master of the qin ;
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those officers directing the rearing of the walls; -
1840:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
1411:, series including "Geese Descending on Level Sand"
520:, in typical flight organizational pattern. (Genus
313:Anciently, the wild goose was one of the 9 Chinese
276:, Tang *hung4): this is sometimes translated as a "
231:
1552: instead of Chinese text and phonetic symbols.
1512:(Second Edition). New York: Dover Publications .
816:
1903:
736:The two insides are the finest possible animals,
184:, and sometimes described as being in the genus
835:poetry anthology is considered to be a certain
504:. Geese are used as allusions in various ways.
929:Chinese legends of geese include the story of
867:The wild geese call as they travel southwards;
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1192:
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573:Pained were we and toiled in the open fields;
291:
34:ust now wild geese came into the sky,
1417:, an article mentioning the "Goose Gate" of
896:and the folk (or folk-style) ballads of the
733:Mounted in his chariot with four bay horses.
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1059:Du Fu, according to an artistic impression.
601:Five thousand cubits of them arose at once.
44:utumn sounds meld with autumn thoughts
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1572:
981:, dated 1839, showing Su Wu as a herdsman.
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668:The wild goose, with its harmonious notes,
595:And they settle in the midst of the marsh.
570:those officers engaged on the commission.
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607:In the end we had rest in our dwellings.
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396:symbol. Originally gnomonically derived.
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1550:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1140:portrait of Su Shi, by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫.
797:: not as old of an anthology as is the
759:' Rise, Sir, and look at the night, - '
579:But alas for those wifeless and widows!
380:
308:
218:. Unless domestic, geese are generally
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1443:Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China
1331:Evening Bell from Mist-Shrouded Temple
507:
1567:
924:
722:), which begins (Legge translation):
656:"Goose"): this is attested to in the
623:And melancholy is their cry of ao-ao.
567:Su-su goes the rustle of their wings.
400:Geese are not used as one of the 12 "
1181:and then to the south sea island of
413:including the rise of the forces of
329:forces of winter, in the balance of
762:If the morning star be not shining.
756:Says the wife, ' It is cock-crow; '
709:Other vivid images of geese in the
671:At sunrise, with the earliest dawn,
200:. The black geese are in the genus
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1357:Notably, the first of the list is
768:To shoot the wild ducks and geese.
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304:swimming, male front, female rear.
240:Calligrapher and goose-enthusiast
188:, and their breeding areas are in
167:of the Anserini. The geese in the
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1928:
1523:
1266:Sail Returning from Distant Shore
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701:Goosehunt: "Hunting Wild Geese",
629:Who recognized our pain and toil;
317:(雇), or migratory types of birds
49:s I stand beside I know not who.
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1877:
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765:Bestir yourself, and move about,
620:The wild geese are flying about,
592:The wild geese are flying about;
564:The wild geese are flying about;
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339:; and when, in the balance, the
232:Vocabulary: domestic versus wild
28:, Bian's inscribed poem reads:
1701:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
1483:. London, New York: Routledge.
1344:Fishing Village in Evening Glow
964:
831:One of the contributors to the
809:in age. Geese also inhabit the
604:Though there was pain and toil,
103:poetry of the Song dynastic era
1510:Analysis of Chinese Characters
1359:Geese Descending to Level Sand
1305:Autumn Moon over Dongting lake
1279:Mountain Market, Clearing Mist
1253:Geese Descending to Level Sand
817:Song Yu's wild geese fly south
779:
424:
147:are large birds belong to the
1:
1811:Chinese poems (category list)
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1108:
1069:One of the many poets of the
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112:
1318:Night Rain on the Xiao Xiang
1244:English Translation of Title
875:
632:If they had been stupid men,
453:, "blue bird of happiness".
7:
1368:
1292:River and Sky, Evening Snow
957:, whose official title was
801:, some of the poems of the
77:poets through the poets of
10:
1933:
1221:
1193:Geese as an artistic motif
1143:
1112:
1086:civil service examinations
1062:
1014:
990:Another mission to Xiongnu
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436:and One Hundred Birds, by
292:Geese in Chinese symbolism
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1601:
1466:. London: Penguin Books.
1445:. (London: Unwin Hyman).
1150:Crow Terrace Poetry Trial
998:
677:before the ice is melted.
576:All were objects of pity,
1912:Chinese poetry allusions
1722:Three Hundred Tang Poems
1609:Classical Chinese poetry
1409:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
1236:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
1231:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
1224:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
1218:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
905:
524:, species indeterminate)
107:Classical Chinese poetry
1816:List of poems (article)
1493:Murck, Alfreda (2000).
1247:Original Chinese Title
945:empires battled in the
805:rival the poems of the
693:Shot down to the ground
406:Heng mountains of Hunan
118:land to rest at night.
1531:This article contains
1441:Birrell, Anne (1988).
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244:viewing geese (鵝), by
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1804:Individual poems list
1614:Modern Chinese poetry
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1144:Further information:
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973:Portrait of Su Wu by
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821:Further information:
730:Shu has gone hunting,
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239:
129:
19:
1760:Antithetical couplet
1643:Six Dynasties poetry
492:, also known as the
421:force. (Murck, 75).
381:Seasons of the goose
309:Seasonal indications
101:, especially in the
1825:Modern compilations
1715:Complete Tang Poems
508:Social implications
81:and later poets of
1708:Nineteen Old Poems
1415:Feast at Hong Gate
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925:Mission to Xiongnu
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899:Nineteen Old Songs
716:Airs of the States
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1687:Classic of Poetry
1546:rendering support
1477:Eberhard, Wolfram
1472:978-0-14-044375-2
1355:
1354:
1121:Song dynastic era
1071:Tang dynastic era
1023:Tang dynastic era
502:Classic of Poetry
446:Chinese mythology
300:Domestic pair of
206:and occur in the
65:ranging from the
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1857:Cantonese poetry
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208:Palearctic realm
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533:Anser cygnoides
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1638:Jian'an poetry
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1595:Chinese poetry
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1561:
1548:, you may see
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1524:External links
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1113:Main article:
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26:MFAH Website
22:Bian Shoumin
1753:Major forms
1668:Qing poetry
1663:Ming poetry
1658:Yuan poetry
1653:Song poetry
1648:Tang poetry
1202:Bian Wenjin
1115:Song poetry
1021:During the
1017:Tang poetry
644:sand (80).
554:James Legge
425:Other birds
417:versus the
248:, 1250-1300
83:Tang poetry
1906:Categories
1743:Zhuying ji
1633:Han poetry
1623:Poetry by
1602:Major eras
1436:References
1211:characters
1109:Song geese
1075:Du Shenyan
1011:Tang geese
979:Edo period
882:Han poetry
518:bean goose
500:, and the
278:bean goose
242:Wang Xizhi
163:, and the
113:Background
97:, and the
79:Han poetry
1535:text and
1479:(2003 ),
1388:Anserinae
1363:Xiaoxiang
1171:Wang Shen
1136:An early
1090:An Lushan
1043:, on the
1037:Zhang Yue
1028:Chu state
876:Han geese
410:Xiaoxiang
246:Qian Xuan
220:migratory
192:areas of
190:subarctic
178:Holarctic
161:Anserinae
157:subfamily
1736:Wen Xuan
1537:phonetic
1419:Xianyang
1375:Anatidae
1369:See also
955:Chedihou
951:Han Wudi
847:Jiǔ biàn
537:Mongolia
451:Qingniao
319:employed
153:Anatidae
91:Wang Wei
85:such as
71:and the
1870:Portals
1625:dynasty
1540:symbols
1533:Chinese
1187:Kaifeng
1179:Huizhou
1041:Qinzhou
943:Xiongnu
939:Chinese
935:Xiongnu
892:of the
856:Qu Yuan
837:Song Yu
823:Song Yu
807:Shijing
799:Shijing
711:Shijing
687:Shijing
658:Shijing
549:Shijing
535:, West
489:Shijing
482:Shijing
466:Shijing
375:Shijing
286:Shijing
268:, Tang
176:have a
159:of the
151:of the
134:travel.
122:Biology
68:Shijing
1884:Poetry
1694:Chu Ci
1516:
1501:
1487:
1470:
1460:et al.
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1183:Hainan
1163:Hainan
1155:Su Shi
1146:Su Shi
1103:Su Shi
999:Legacy
959:Chanyu
718:, 鄭 -
203:Branta
149:family
87:Li Bai
74:Chu Ci
1917:Geese
1896:China
1794:yuefu
1429:Su Wu
1424:Goose
1383:swans
1379:ducks
1351:漁村夕照
1338:煙寺晚鍾
1325:瀟湘夜雨
1312:洞庭秋月
1299:江天暮雪
1286:山市晴嵐
1273:遠浦帆歸
1260:平沙雁落
1175:Hubei
1065:Du Fu
931:Su Wu
920:Su Wu
906:Su Wu
889:yuefu
851:Chuci
833:Chuci
827:Chuci
811:Chuci
803:Chuci
795:Chuci
789:Chuci
783:geese
781:Chuci
720:Zheng
522:Anser
468:geese
282:Anser
216:swans
212:ducks
182:Anser
173:Anser
169:genus
165:tribe
145:Geese
140:Goose
95:Du Fu
58:Anser
1514:ISBN
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1468:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1381:and
1228:The
1148:and
941:and
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825:and
419:yang
394:yang
358:yang
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274:hóng
262:Tang
214:and
186:Chen
1780:shi
1101:'s
1095:Chu
654:sub
415:yin
390:Yin
371:sub
354:yin
345:Yin
332:yin
327:yin
323:sub
270:ngɑ
256:in
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1773:fu
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