Du Fu - Knowledge

5053: 797:(Li Po) for the first time, and the two poets formed a friendship. David Young describes this as "the most significant formative element in Du Fu's artistic development" because it gave him a living example of the reclusive poet-scholar life to which he was attracted after his failure in the civil service exam. The relationship was somewhat one-sided, however. Du Fu was by some years the younger, while Li Bai was already a poetic star. We have twelve poems to or about Li Bai from the younger poet, but only one in the other direction. They met again only once, in 745. 3871: 3460: 5065: 156: 5113: 5077: 750: 938:. Du subsequently based himself in Sichuan for most of the next five years. By the autumn of that year he was in financial trouble, and sent poems begging help to various acquaintances. He was relieved by Yan Wu, a friend and former colleague who was appointed governor general at Chengdu. Despite his financial problems, this was one of the happiest and most peaceful periods of his life. Many of Du's poems from this period are peaceful depictions of his life at 1253: 3487: 50: 5101: 3579: 691:, is that Chinese poems are typically concise, omitting context that might be relevant, but which an informed contemporary could be assumed to know. For modern Western readers, "The less accurately we know the time, the place and the circumstances in the background, the more liable we are to imagine it incorrectly, and the result will be that we either misunderstand the poem or fail to understand it altogether". 3560: 816: 1398:-like" according to Watson): his earliest works are in a relatively derivative, courtly style, but he came into his own in the years of the rebellion. Owen comments on the "grim simplicity" of the Qinzhou poems, which mirrors the desert landscape; the works from his Chengdu period are "light, often finely observed"; while the poems from the late Kuizhou period have a "density and power of vision". 1833: 804:(apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals). He never again attempted the examinations, instead petitioning the emperor directly in 751, 754 and probably again in 755. He married around 752, and by 757 the couple had had five children—three sons and two daughters—but one of the sons died in infancy in 755. From 754 he began to have lung problems (probably 5089: 1850:, "There are many different ways to approach the problems involved in translating Du Fu, which is why we need as many different translations as possible" (p. xxii). The translators have had to contend with bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding laboured to a Western ear (particularly when translating regulated verse, or 1505:, Du Fu's writings are considered by many literary critics to be among the greatest of all time, and it states "his dense, compressed language makes use of all the connotative overtones of a phrase and of all the intonational potentials of the individual word, qualities that no translation can ever reveal." 3404: 1871:

and expansion and contraction of the content; his responses to the allusions are firstly to omit most of these poems from his selection, and secondly to "translate out" the references in those works which he does select. Other translators have placed much greater weight on trying to convey a sense of

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poetry, asked Gidō, "Should I learn the poetry of Du Fu and Li Bai?" Gidō dared to reply, "Yes if you do have enough capability. No if do not." Since then, there had been many seminars on Du Fu's poetry both in Zen temples and in the aristocratic society, and as a result his poetry was often cited in

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famously expressed this reasoning when he wrote that Du Fu was "preeminent ... because ... through all his vicissitudes, he never for the space of a meal forgot his sovereign". His influence was helped by his ability to reconcile apparent opposites: political conservatives were attracted by

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began in December 755, and was not completely suppressed for almost eight years. It caused enormous disruption to Chinese society: the census of 754 recorded 52.9 million people, but ten years later, the census counted just 16.9 million, the remainder having been displaced or killed. During

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and self-consciously literary. This variety is manifested even within individual works: Owen identifies the, "rapid stylistic and thematic shifts" in poems which enable the poet to represent different facets of a situation, while Chou uses the term "juxtaposition" as the major analytical tool in her

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Du Fu's compassion, for himself and for others, was part of his general broadening of the scope of poetry: he devoted many works to topics which had previously been considered unsuitable for poetic treatment. Zhang Jie wrote that for Du Fu, "everything in this world is poetry", Du wrote extensively

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in June. He was granted leave to visit his family in September, but he soon rejoined the court and on 8 December 757, he returned to Chang'an with the emperor following its recapture by government forces. However, his advice continued to be unappreciated, and in the summer of 758 he was demoted to a

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He escaped from Chang'an the following year, and was appointed Reminder when he rejoined the court in May 757. This post gave access to the emperor but was largely ceremonial. Du Fu's conscientiousness compelled him to try to make use of it: he caused trouble for himself by protesting the removal of

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displeasure. This period of unhappiness was the making of Du Fu as a poet: Eva Shan Chou has written that, "What he saw around him—the lives of his family, neighbors, and strangers– what he heard, and what he hoped for or feared from the progress of various campaigns—these became the enduring themes

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Du Fu's political comments are based on emotion rather than calculation: his prescriptions have been paraphrased as, "Let us all be less selfish, let us all do what we are supposed to do". Since his views were impossible to disagree with, his forcefully expressed truisms enabled his installation as

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or the successes and failures of the government, or the poems of advice which he wrote to the emperor. Indirectly, he wrote about the effect of the times in which he lived on himself, and on the ordinary people of China. As Watson notes, this is information "of a kind seldom found in the officially

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In 755, he received an appointment as Registrar of the Right Commandant's office of the Crown Prince's Palace. Although this was a minor post, in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career. Even before he had begun work, however, the position was swept away by events.

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In his lifetime and immediately following his death, Du Fu was not greatly appreciated. In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations, some of which are still "considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics." There are few contemporary references to him—only

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His father died around 740. Du Fu would have been allowed to enter the civil service because of his father's rank, but he is thought to have given up the privilege in favour of one of his half brothers. He spent the next four years living in the Luoyang area, fulfilling his duties in domestic

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for almost two years from late spring 766. This period was Du Fu's last great poetic flowering, and here he wrote 400 poems in his dense, late style. In autumn 766, Bo Maolin became governor of the region: he supported Du Fu financially and employed him as his unofficial secretary.

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work. Du Fu is noted for having written more on poetics and painting than any other writer of his time. He wrote eighteen poems on painting alone, more than any other Tang poet. Du Fu's seemingly negative commentary on the prized horse paintings of

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attributed to "the close links that traditional Chinese thought posits between art and morality". Since many of Du Fu's poems feature morality and history, this practice is particularly important. Another reason, identified by the Chinese historian

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his loyalty to the established order, while political radicals embraced his concern for the poor. Literary conservatives could look to his technical mastery, while literary radicals were inspired by his innovations. Since the establishment of the

958:, apparently with the intention of making their way there. They travelled slowly, held up by his ill-health (by this time he was suffering from poor eyesight, deafness and general old age in addition to his previous ailments). They stayed in 1336:, Hawkes argues that his "famous compassion in fact includes himself, viewed quite objectively and almost as an afterthought". He therefore "lends grandeur" to the wider picture by comparing it to "his own slightly comical triviality". 626:. Of his poetic writing, nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages. He has been called the "Poet-Historian" and the "Poet-Sage" by Chinese critics, while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to 986:) in November or December 770, in his 58th year. He was survived by his wife and two sons, who remained in the area for some years at least. His last known descendant is a grandson who requested a grave inscription for the poet from 1479:

use the parallelisms required by the form to add expressive content rather than as mere technical restrictions. Hawkes comments that "it is amazing that Tu Fu is able to use so immensely stylized a form in so natural a manner".

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follows the parallelisms quite strictly, persuading the western reader to adapt to the poems rather than vice versa. Similarly, he deals with the allusion of the later works by combining literal translation with extensive

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Below is an example of one of Du Fu's later works. Like many other poems in the Tang it featured the theme of a long parting between friends, which was often due to officials being frequently transferred to the provinces:

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soldier in the imperial army and a clear-sighted consciousness of suffering. These concerns are continuously articulated in poems on the lives of both soldiers and civilians produced by Du Fu throughout his life.

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style at the time was too dense and obscure, while Chou suggests his failure to cultivate connections in the capital may have been to blame. After this failure, he went back to travelling, this time around

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Hung summarises his life by concluding that, "He appeared to be a filial son, an affectionate father, a generous brother, a faithful husband, a loyal friend, a dutiful official, and a patriotic subject."

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suggests a third factor particular to Du Fu, arguing that the variety of the poet's work required consideration of his whole life, rather than the "reductive" categorisations used for more limited poets.

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was the first to note the breadth of Du Fu's achievement, writing in 813 that his predecessor "united in his work traits which previous men had displayed only singly". He mastered all the forms of

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eleven poems from six writers—and these describe him in terms of affection, but not as a paragon of poetic or moral ideals. Du Fu is also poorly represented in contemporary anthologies of poetry.

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In 746, he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career. He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year, but all the candidates were failed by the

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He moved on in the summer of 759; this has traditionally been ascribed to famine, but Hung believes that frustration is a more likely reason. He next spent around six weeks in Qinzhou (now

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However, as Hung notes, he "is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time", and his works began to increase in popularity in the ninth century. Early positive comments came from

858:), but he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang'an. In the autumn, his youngest son, Du Zongwu (Baby Bear), was born. Around this time Du Fu is thought to have contracted malaria. 842:

of his poetry". Even when he learned of the death of his youngest child, he turned to the suffering of others in his poetry instead of dwelling upon his own misfortunes. Du Fu wrote:

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was forced to flee the capital and abdicate. Du Fu, who had been away from the city, took his family to a place of safety and attempted to join the court of the new emperor (

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that Zǐměi was the very best poet in history and praised Shào Chuán's commentary for its simplicity and readability, while he criticised old commentaries during the

1564:, Du Fu's loyalty to the state and concern for the poor have been interpreted as embryonic nationalism and socialism, and he has been praised for his use of simple, " 1524:

on aesthetic grounds from attacks made against them. Both these writers showed the influence of Du Fu in their own poetic work. By the beginning of the 10th century,

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commented that Du Fu "has been called China's greatest poet, and some call him the greatest nonepic, nondramatic poet whose writings survive in any language."

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Luoyang, the region of his birthplace, was recovered by government forces in the winter of 762, and in the spring of 765 Du Fu and his family sailed down the

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Until the 13th century, the Japanese preferred Bai Juyi above all poets and there were few references to Du Fu, although his influence can be seen in some

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Du Fu's popularity grew to such an extent that it is as hard to measure his influence as that of Shakespeare in England: it was hard for any Chinese poet

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area; his earliest surviving poem, describing a poetry contest, is thought to date from the end of this period, around 735. In that year, he took the

1374:: Chou says that in every form he "either made outstanding advances or contributed outstanding examples". Furthermore, his poems use a wide range of 4245: 727:

Du Fu's mother died shortly after he was born, and he was partially raised by his aunt. He had an elder brother, who died young. He also had three

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The son of a minor scholar-official, his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant: study and memorisation of the

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to be influenced by him. While there was never another Du Fu, individual poets followed in the traditions of specific aspects of his work:

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during a long travel, a copy of Du Fu's poetry was found with him as one of a few precious items which he was able to carry around.

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About two-thirds of Du Fu's 1500 extant works are in this form, and he is generally considered to be its leading exponent. His best

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era that Du Fu's reputation reached its peak. In this period a comprehensive re-evaluation of earlier poets took place, in which

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Criticism of Du Fu's works has focused on his strong sense of history, his moral engagement, and his technical excellence.

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De l'un au multiple: traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes Translations from Chinese into European Languages

1686:; he highly praised Du Fu and made a commentary on some poems of Du Fu from the perspective of a Zen priest in Vol. 11 of 1232:

Du Fu is the first person in the historical record identified as a diabetic patient. In his later years, he suffered from

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Brooding on what I have lived through, if even I know such suffering, the common man must surely be rattled by the winds.

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composed many kanshi which were clearly stated to be "influenced by Du Fu" in their prefaces. Chūgan's student

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approximates the Chinese rhyme scheme; both use end-stopped lines and preserve some degree of parallelism. In

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published annotated translations, with facing Chinese texts, of the complete poetry of Du Fu in six volumes.

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Although Du Fu's frequent references to his own difficulties can give the impression of an all-consuming

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Although initially he was little-known to other writers, his works came to be hugely influential in both

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post as Commissioner of Education in Huazhou. The position was not to his taste: in one poem, he wrote:

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into "a vehicle for serious poetic utterance" set the stage for every subsequent writer in the genre.

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emphasised the life of the author when interpreting a work, a practice which the American scholar

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is a favourite candidate). In later life, he considered himself to belong to the capital city of

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Du Fu's work is notable above all for its range. Chinese critics traditionally used the term

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In December 759, he briefly stayed in Tonggu (modern Gansu). He departed on 24 December for

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The tenor of his work changed as he developed his style and adapted to his surroundings ("

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A variety of styles have been used in efforts to translate Du Fu's work into English. As

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Most of what is known of Du Fu's life comes from his poems. His paternal grandfather was

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Tu Fu, Chinese poet, considered by many literary critics to be the greatest of all time.

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this time, Du Fu led a largely itinerant life unsettled by wars, associated famines and

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was imported into Japan, and it gained explosive popularity in Confucian scholars and

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on subjects such as domestic life, calligraphy, paintings, animals, and other poems.

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organised roughly by date written; shows both simplified and traditional characters

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in the 9th century. The first notable Japanese appreciator of Du Fu's poetry was

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Lee, Joseph J; (1970). "Tu Fu's Art Criticism and Han Kan's Horse Painting".

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ensured that Du Fu, as its poetic exemplar, occupied the paramount position.

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Recollection without Tranquility: Du Fu, the Imperial Gardens, and the State

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Slow Poison or Magic Carpet: The Du Fu Translations by Erwin Ritter von Zach

1867:. His are free translations, which seek to conceal the parallelisms through 5076: 5057: 4813: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4386: 4316: 4310: 4280: 4001: 3722: 3595: 3588: 3374: 1920: 1795: 1755: 1675: 1548: 1493: 1407:, a type of poem with strict constraints on form and content, for example: 1325: 1272: 1257: 967: 651: 596: 486: 422: 319: 201: 29: 20: 5069: 5030: 4929: 4911: 4840: 4711: 4693: 4542: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4380: 4368: 4344: 4143: 3961: 3917: 3895: 3408:. Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme (Les Editions de la MSH, 3254:

Three Chinese Poets: Translations of Poems by Wang Wei, Li Bai, and Du Fu

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Part of Du Fu's poem "On Visiting the Temple of Laozi", as written by

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of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest.

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Although he wrote in all poetic forms, Du Fu is best known for his

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constructed the first replica of his thatched cottage in Sichuan.

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Especially when they bring more papers to pile higher on my desk.

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strands of Chinese culture. At the same time, the development of

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province), where he was hosted by local Prefect and fellow poet

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ignited a controversy that has persisted to the present day.

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Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context

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and propagated Du Fu's poetry in the mundane world; one day

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Hsieh, Daniel; (1994). "Du Fu's 'Gazing at the Mountain'".

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Owen, Stephen , Warner, Ding Xiang , Kroll, Paul (2016).

708:, a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress 1722: 918:, Gansu province), where he wrote more than sixty poems. 307: 293: 279: 3284:

Suzuki, Torao and Yoichi Kurokawa; (1966) (in Japanese)

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Stately and beautiful, we pass through the Palace gates,

595:; 712–770) was a Chinese poet and politician during the 258: 3516:

A collection of Du Fu's poetry by multiple translators.

3402:) In: Alleton, Vivianne and Michael Lackner (editors). 1790:, a notable Confucian scholar, commented in Vol. 37 of 1721:, a historical epic in the late 14th century, and some 1682:

patriarch and one of the most prominent authors of the

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In March 768, he resumed his journey and got as far as

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The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities

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An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911

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Arthur Cooper, "Li Po and Tu Fu" (Penguin Books 1973).

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Journal of the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine

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A calligraphic copy of Du Fu's poem "Zui Ge Xing" by

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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

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On my side, the willow-twigs are fragile, greening.

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Turning in different directions: you go to the West

599:. Together with his elder contemporary and friend 1970:– integration of calligraphy, poetry and painting 1710:regent of the Court and the highest authority of 1465:—"Memorial in Reply to a Friend's Advice" ( 5125: 4246:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction 2941: 2476: 1427:Our separate ways! You write so well, so kindly, 3296: 3174:The Great Age of Chinese Poetry: The High T'ang 3141:Kizer, Carolyn; (1964). "Versions from Tu Fu". 1836:A Korean translated book of Du Fu's poems, 1481 1773: 1650: 3290: 2672: 2467: 2046: 2044: 1767: 1644: 1294:the central figure of Chinese poetic history. 1275:, critics have called Du Fu the "poet saint" ( 528: 514: 3707: 3599:that include collected poems of Du Fu at the 3125:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 3096:. New York : New Directions Publishing. 2893: 2884: 2654: 2544: 2542: 2025: 2023: 1815: 1749: 1614:Du Fu's poetry has made a profound impact on 1466: 1449: 1436: 1425:You are struck by scarlet flowers over there. 1349: 1307: 1276: 1218: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 905: 887: 603:, Du is often considered one of the greatest 450: 392: 176: 2690: 2627: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2300: 1911:also translated selected poems of Du Fu and 1857:One extreme on each issue is represented by 1414:Leaving the Audience by the quiet corridors, 1316:), a counterpart to the philosophical sage, 1047:And brown rice cooked freshly a special way. 1039:They ask me where I have been on my journey; 4171:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy 2386: 2284: 2282: 2187: 2185: 2041: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1306:of Chinese critics is that of "poet sage" ( 1037:Are very kind to their father's old friend. 1033:When I went away, you were still unmarried; 866:on a petty charge. He was arrested but was 3714: 3700: 3111:Facing the Moon: Poems of Li Bai and Du Fu 3061:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 2699: 2550:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 12 2539: 2422: 2020: 1882:uses English-style rhyme schemes, whereas 1429:To caution, in vain, a garrulous old man. 1420:With the Ministers of State. I, otherwise. 1055:As I always am with your love in my heart? 1029:We little guessed it would be twenty years 154: 4267:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 3063:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2530: 2440: 2395: 2369: 2354:"Diabetes: A brief historical retrospect" 2128: 2058: 2056: 878:I am about to scream madly in the office, 4976:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 4095:Protectorate General to Pacify the South 4090:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 3539:) is being considered for deletion. See 3150:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2582: 2351: 2309: 2291: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2248: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2182: 2146: 1991: 1831: 1698:had close connection with the Court and 1618:, especially on the literature from the 1520:, who wrote a piece defending Du Fu and 1487: 1251: 1057:Tomorrow the mountains will separate us; 1053:But what ten cups could make me as drunk 1043:They bring and show me wines and dishes, 1023:But now are turning grey at the temples. 1005:It is almost as hard for friends to meet 814: 748: 4100:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 4073:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 3721: 2994:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2681: 2663: 2645: 2636: 2618: 2600: 2591: 2458: 2449: 2431: 2404: 2334:University of Virginia's 300 Tang Poems 2173: 2164: 2155: 2137: 2119: 2101: 1531:It was in the 11th century, during the 1358:, "complete symphony"), a reference to 1343: 1320:. One of the earliest surviving works, 1027:Shocks us, burns our hearts with grief. 757:In the early 730s, he travelled in the 724:, ancestral hometown of the Du family. 591: 5126: 3081:. New York Review Books, revised ed., 2985:Chinese Poems with English Translation 2609: 2573: 2413: 2110: 2074: 2065: 2053: 1923:has also published selected poems for 1025:To find that half our friends are dead 309: 236: 3695: 3340:Watson, Burton (translator); (2002). 3030:Cooper, Arthur (translator); (1986). 2032: 2011: 1602:'s translation of Du Fu's poems, the 1041:And then, when we have talked awhile, 1035:But now these boys and girls in a row 3450:), vol. 14–2, 2001. p. 189–252. 3206: 3092:Hinton, David (translator); (2019). 2947: 966:, Chongqing) at the entrance to the 3369:Young, David (translator); (2008). 3323:The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry 3056:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2992:Chinese Literature 2: Nature Poetry 2961:"Translating nine pounds of poetry" 1744:era of the Edo period (1624–1643), 1297: 1214:—"To My Retired Friend Wei" ( 1045:Spring chives cut in the night-rain 1021:Two men who were young not long ago 16:Tang dynasty Chinese poet (712–770) 13: 3388: 3236:One Hundred Poems From the Chinese 3113:. Durham, NH: Oyster River Press. 1864:One Hundred Poems From the Chinese 1240:, and died on board a ship on the 14: 5185: 5164:Tang dynasty government officials 3543:to help reach a consensus. › 3479: 3354:Yao, Dan and Li, Ziliang (2006). 3052:Ebrey, Walthall, Palais, (2006). 2847:Hisatomi, Tetsuo (Editor); 1980. 1915:, which were published under the 1760:Collective Commentary on Du Fu's 1661:is mostly synonymous with Du Fu. 1622:and on scholars and poets in the 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 3869: 3577: 3485: 3458: 3191:Owen, Stephen (editor); (1997). 3059:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 1872:the poetic forms used by Du Fu. 1684:literature of the Five Mountains 1610:Influence on Japanese literature 1290:compiled histories of the era". 1049:My host proclaims it a festival, 48: 3045:Davis, Albert Richard; (1971). 2977: 2953: 2915: 2906: 2875: 2866: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2747: 2738: 2708: 2521: 2485: 2345: 2327: 2239: 2092: 1031:Before I could visit you again. 370: 349: 335: 308: 294: 280: 259: 160:Du's name in Chinese characters 5169:Three Hundred Tang Poems poets 3225:Complete English translation. 3213:. Warsaw; Boston: De Gruyter. 3157:Du Fu's Laments from the South 2083: 1827: 1350: 1308: 1277: 1051:He urges me to drink ten cups— 699: 552: 492: 451: 428: 393: 235: 221: 207: 177: 1: 4870:Islam during the Tang dynasty 4110:Gyerim Territory Area Command 3528: 3344:. Columbia University Press. 3266:Schmidt, Jerry Dean; (2003). 3195:. W.W. Norton & Company. 2923:"The Selected Poems of Tu Fu" 2872:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 216–217. 2829:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 213–214. 2820:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 209–212. 2802:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 207–208. 2784:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 206–207. 2744:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 205–219. 1984: 1017:Tonight then is a rare event, 949: 910:), William Hung translation. 793:In the autumn of 744, he met 4196:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum 3132:Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet 2554:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 1942:Autumn Day in Kui Prefecture 1483: 1059:After tomorrow—who can say? 1019:Joining, in the candlelight, 902:Zǎoqiū kǔrè duī'àn xiāngréng 901: 7: 3992:Department of State Affairs 3742:Transition from Sui to Tang 3576:(public domain audiobooks) 3342:The Selected Poems of Du Fu 3297: 3094:The selected poems of Tu Fu 1934: 1895:The Selected Poems of Du Fu 1847:The Selected Poems of Du Fu 1774: 1651: 1630:, the very greatest of all 978:province, where he died in 10: 5190: 5159:Politicians from Zhengzhou 4068:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia 3524:Poems Found in Translation 3161:University of Hawaii Press 3152:. Vol. 90, No. 3. 449–461. 3145:. Vol. 17, No. 2. 226–230. 3017:Cambridge University Press 1562:People's Republic of China 1266: 921: 18: 5144:8th-century Chinese poets 5003: 4887: 4850: 4812: 4787: 4648: 4641: 4558: 4335: 4231: 4126: 4060: 4017: 3982: 3878: 3867: 3730: 3434:21 September 2013 at the 3327:Columbia University Press 3291: 2881:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 216. 2838:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 214. 2811:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 208. 2793:Suzuki and Kurokawa, 207. 2722:Columbia University Press 1816: 1768: 1750: 1645: 1604:Columbia University Press 1579:'s concern for the poor, 1467: 1450: 1437: 1227: 1219: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 906: 888: 624:Japanese literary culture 577: 563: 545: 540: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 503: 485: 478: 473: 469: 444: 439: 421: 414: 409: 405: 386: 381: 363: 356: 342: 325: 318: 301: 287: 273: 266: 252: 245: 228: 214: 200: 193: 188: 184: 170: 165: 153: 149: 144: 120: 100: 92: 84: 71: 59: 47: 40: 4937:Ten Computational Canons 4150:Three Hundred Tang Poems 3913:Administrative divisions 3541:templates for discussion 3238:. New Directions Press. 3136:Harvard University Press 3079:A Little Primer of Tu Fu 3011:Chou, Eva Shan; (1995). 3006:T'ang Sung tzu-liao k'ao 2352:Sakamoto, Nobuo (1990). 1953:Simians (Chinese poetry) 1948:Classical Chinese poetry 1247: 630:readers as "the Chinese 4008:Secretariat-Chancellery 3829:Niu–Li factional strife 3561:Works by or about Du Fu 3505:300 Selected Tang poems 3371:Du Fu: A Life in Poetry 3286:Poetry of Du Fu, Vol. 8 3172:Owen, Stephen; (1981). 3155:McCraw, David; (1992). 3130:Hung, William; (1952). 2717:Selected Poems of Du Fu 1502:Encyclopædia Britannica 673: 5174:Writers from Zhengzhou 4889:Science and technology 4178:Huaisu's Autobiography 4078:Four Garrisons of Anxi 3844:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts 3782:Tang–Western Turks War 3752:Tang–Eastern Turks War 3252:(translator); (1992). 3234:(translator); (1971). 3207:Owen, Stephen (2015). 3109:(translator); (2007). 3032:Li Po and Tu Fu: Poems 2983:Cai, Guoying; (1975). 1974:Du Fu Thatched Cottage 1837: 1634:poets. Even in modern 1496: 1378:, from the direct and 1322:The Song of the Wagons 1260: 1238:pulmonary tuberculosis 940:Du Fu Thatched Cottage 862:his friend and patron 848: 827: 824: 754: 4324:Green Satchel Classic 4223:Thousand-Buddha Cliff 4218:Rongxian Giant Buddha 4191:Kashyapa & Ananda 4027:Ministry of Personnel 3937:Imperial examinations 3256:. Faber & Faber. 3178:Yale University Press 2990:Chang, H. C. (1977). 2759:"知識探索：JapanKnowledge" 2754:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2339:6 August 2011 at the 1835: 1798:as too unfathomable. 1598:In its publishing of 1491: 1255: 1244:, aged 58 years old. 844: 818: 752: 4085:Beiting Protectorate 3861:Huang Chao Rebellion 3777:Tang–Tibet relations 3747:Xuanwu Gate Incident 3601:Chinese Text Project 3427:McMullen, David L. " 3049:. Twayne Publishers. 2678:Owen (1981), 183–84. 2556:. 2003. p. 21. 2473:Owen (1981), 218–19. 2371:10.2185/jjrm.38.1091 1979:Du Fu River Pavilion 1344:Technical excellence 767:Imperial examination 678:Traditional Chinese 5149:Du clan of Jingzhao 4875:Chinese Manichaeism 4213:Leshan Giant Buddha 4185:Night-Shining White 4047:Ministry of Justice 4032:Ministry of Revenue 3819:An Lushan rebellion 3455:The Poetry of Du Fu 3416:. p. 100–111. 3210:The Poetry of Du Fu 2482:Chou, chapters 3–4. 1879:Three Chinese Poets 1616:Japanese literature 1583:'s patriotism, and 1302:A second favourite 834:An Lushan Rebellion 613:An Lushan Rebellion 54:Posthumous portrait 4995:Woodblock printing 4858:Church of the East 4303:The Classic of Tea 4208:Dazu Rock Carvings 3839:Sweet Dew incident 3757:Tang–Xueyantuo War 3490:Works by or about 3356:Chinese Literature 3321:(editor); (1984). 3298:Toshi Dai-hassatsu 2929:. 25 February 2020 2765:on 7 November 2008 2756:, digital edition 2324:Ebrey (1999), 120. 1838: 1700:Ashikaga Shogunate 1497: 1261: 1216:Zēng Wèi Bā Chǔshì 825: 819:The statue in his 755: 740:Confucian classics 716:, Henan province ( 680:literary criticism 96:Poetry, politician 5039: 5038: 4883: 4882: 4766:Dongshan Liangjie 4754:Zhaozhou Congshen 4637: 4636: 4288:The Tale of Li Wa 4122: 4121: 4105:Ungjin Commandery 4052:Ministry of Works 4037:Ministry of Rites 3984:Three Departments 3942:Official headwear 3762:Goguryeo–Tang War 3474:978-1-5015-0189-0 3466:De Gruyter Mouton 3394:Motsch, Monika. " 3364:978-7-5085-0979-2 3313:978-4-00-200305-4 3280:978-0-7007-1525-1 3143:The Hudson Review 3119:978-1-882291-04-5 2696:Owen (1997), 413. 2633:Owen (1981), 217. 2563:978-0-85229-961-6 2518:Owen (1997), 433. 2509:Owen (1997), 427. 2500:Owen (1997), 425. 2050:Owen (1981), 184. 1968:Three perfections 1566:people's language 1499:According to the 1362:' description of 567: 566: 559: 558: 499: 498: 480:Standard Mandarin 435: 434: 416:Standard Mandarin 377: 376: 275:Yale Romanization 195:Standard Mandarin 140: 139: 5181: 5154:Poets from Henan 5116: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5047: 4822:Neo-Confucianism 4724:Baizhang Huaihai 4646: 4645: 4254:Empress Zhangsun 4229: 4228: 4164:A Palace Concert 3980: 3979: 3873: 3834:Changqing Treaty 3716: 3709: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3581: 3580: 3565:Internet Archive 3520:Du Fu in English 3507:, translated by 3489: 3463: 3462: 3424:, 9782735107681. 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3232:Rexroth, Kenneth 3224: 3034:. Viking Press. 2971: 2970: 2969:. 11 April 2016. 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2890:Rexroth, 136–37. 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2849:Oku no Hosomichi 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2761:. 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His student 1611: 1608: 1485: 1482: 1434: 1433: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1372:Chinese poetry 1345: 1342: 1299: 1296: 1268: 1265: 1249: 1246: 1229: 1226: 1064: 1063: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 951: 948: 944:Tibetan Empire 923: 920: 885: 884: 876: 875: 874: 873: 829: 826: 802:prime minister 701: 698: 675: 672: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 549: 543: 542: 541:Transcriptions 534: 533: 526: 520: 519: 512: 506: 505: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493:Shàolíng Yělǎo 489: 483: 482: 476: 475: 474:Transcriptions 467: 466: 448: 442: 441: 437: 436: 433: 432: 425: 419: 418: 412: 411: 410:Transcriptions 403: 402: 390: 384: 383: 379: 378: 375: 374: 367: 365:Middle Chinese 361: 360: 358:Middle Chinese 354: 353: 346: 340: 339: 332: 323: 322: 316: 315: 305: 299: 298: 291: 285: 284: 277: 271: 270: 268:Yue: Cantonese 264: 263: 256: 250: 249: 243: 242: 232: 226: 225: 218: 212: 211: 204: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189:Transcriptions 182: 181: 174: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 151: 150: 147: 146: 138: 137: 135: 134: 131: 124: 122: 118: 117: 115: 114: 111: 108: 104: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 80:, Henan, China 73: 69: 68: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5186: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4971:(fl 714–724) 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4949:Xinxiu bencao 4946: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4918:Liang Lingzan 4916: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4904:Jigu Suanjing 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897:Wang Xiaotong 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4772:Yunmen Wenyan 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586:Viśa Īrasangä 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417:Liu Changqing 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375:Zhang Jiuling 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4325: 4321: 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1909:Arthur Cooper 1906: 1901: 1900:Burton Watson 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884:Keith Holyoak 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1842:Burton Watson 1834: 1825: 1823: 1813: 1812: 1811:A Spring View 1807: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600:Burton Watson 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Northern Song 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1460: 1430: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1245: 1243: 1242:Yangtze River 1239: 1235: 1224: 1217: 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1828:Translation 1792:Gahō Bunshū 1740:During the 1638:, the term 1585:Mei Yaochen 1007:As for the 733:half sister 718:Gong county 700:Early years 644:Shakespeare 60:Native name 25:family name 5139:770 deaths 5134:712 births 5128:Categories 5118:Literature 4990:Toothbrush 4957:Sun Simiao 4932:(602–670) 4899:(580–640) 4803:Lü Dongbin 4718:Mazu Daoyi 4700:Vajrabodhi 4598:Zhang Xuan 4447:Wei Yingwu 4351:Du Shenyan 4298:(733–804) 4283:(776–826) 4241:(596–667) 4201:Autumn Dew 3908:Chancellor 3879:Government 3496:Wikisource 3444:Asia Major 3077:; (2016). 2769:1 February 2588:Hawkes, 4. 2401:Chou, xvii 2315:Hung, 282. 2297:Hung, 227. 2288:Hung, 221. 2276:Hung, 215. 2267:Hung, 208. 2236:Hung, 159. 2227:Hung, 142. 2218:Hung, 132. 2209:Hung, 130. 2200:Hung, 121. 2191:Hung, 108. 2179:Hung, 110. 2170:Hung, 101. 2152:Hung, 202. 2134:Davis, 146 1985:References 1905:annotation 1746:Shào Chuán 1688:Saihokushū 1680:Rinzai Zen 1624:Edo period 1591:from mere 1526:Wei Zhuang 1380:colloquial 1271:Since the 964:Baidicheng 950:Last years 744:philosophy 706:Du Shenyan 668:Baudelaire 656:Wordsworth 587:Wade–Giles 254:Suzhounese 216:Wade–Giles 128:Du Shenyan 93:Occupation 5094:Biography 4986:(730–805) 4965:(683–727) 4914:(592-672) 4843:(574–648) 4835:(772–841) 4829:(768–824) 4774:(862–949) 4768:(807–869) 4756:(778–897) 4750:(770–860) 4744:(746–805) 4738:(745–827) 4732:(730–790) 4726:(720–814) 4720:(709–788) 4714:(705–774) 4708:(688–763) 4702:(671–741) 4696:(638–689) 4690:(635–713) 4684:(632–682) 4672:(613–681) 4666:(562–645) 4660:(549–623) 4624:(855–915) 4618:(832–912) 4612:(730–780) 4610:Zhou Fang 4606:(723–787) 4604:Han Huang 4600:(713–755) 4594:(706–783) 4582:(699–759) 4576:(680–760) 4570:(600–673) 4568:Yan Liben 4539:(840–868) 4537:Yu Xuanji 4527:(813–858) 4521:(812–866) 4515:(803–852) 4497:(790–817) 4485:(779–831) 4483:Yuan Zhen 4479:(773–819) 4473:(772–846) 4467:(772–842) 4461:(768–824) 4455:(739–799) 4449:(737–792) 4443:(722–789) 4437:(715–770) 4431:(712–779) 4425:(712–770) 4419:(709–785) 4413:(704–765) 4407:(701–762) 4401:(699–759) 4395:(698–756) 4389:(690–751) 4383:(689–740) 4377:(673–740) 4371:(659–744) 4365:(656–702) 4359:(650–676) 4353:(645–708) 4347:(619–684) 4319:(9th c.) 4313:(850–933) 4277:(751–762) 4262:(7th c.) 4256:(601–636) 3967:Shumiyuan 3792:Karakhoja 3731:History ( 3412:), 1999, 3272:Routledge 2863:. p. 173. 2687:Chou, 66. 2669:Chou, 23. 2651:Chou, 26. 2642:Chou, 35. 2624:Chou, 33. 2606:Chou, 31. 2597:Chou, 30. 2464:Chou, 56. 2455:Chou, 42. 2437:Chou, 67. 2410:Chou, 16. 2380:1349-7421 2245:Chang, 63 2161:Chou, 62. 2143:Hung, 86. 2125:Young, 2. 2107:Hung, 33. 2089:Hsieh, 2. 2080:Hung, 24. 2071:Hung, 21. 2062:Hung, 19. 1919:imprint. 1754:) of the 1593:word play 1549:Confucian 1484:Influence 1468:奉答岑參補闕見贈) 1396:chameleon 1376:registers 1368:Yuan Zhen 1364:Confucius 1356:jídàchéng 1334:solipsism 1326:conscript 1318:Confucius 1314:shī shèng 1283:shī shèng 988:Yuan Zhen 864:Fang Guan 790:affairs. 710:Wu Zetian 371:/duo pɨo/ 121:Relatives 4959:(d. 682) 4944:Su Jing 4780:(9th c.) 4762:(8th c.) 4760:Zhisheng 4706:Jianzhen 4676:Xuanzang 4650:Buddhism 4642:Religion 4630:(9th c.) 4622:Jing Hao 4588:(7th c.) 4580:Wang Wei 4574:Wu Daozi 4560:Painters 4551:(9th c.) 4545:(9th c.) 4509:(8th c.) 4507:Zhang Xu 4503:(8th c.) 4491:(d. 784) 4471:Bai Juyi 4465:Liu Yuxi 4435:Cen Shen 4429:Zhang Ji 4399:Wang Wei 3952:Jiedushi 3947:Military 3854:Songping 3807:Conquest 3797:Karasahr 3733:Timeline 3685:Book 234 3681:Book 233 3677:Book 232 3673:Book 231 3667:Book 230 3663:Book 229 3659:Book 228 3655:Book 227 3651:Book 226 3645:Book 225 3641:Book 224 3637:Book 223 3633:Book 222 3629:Book 221 3623:Book 220 3619:Book 219 3615:Book 218 3611:Book 217 3607:Book 216 3574:LibriVox 3531:template 3432:Archived 2899:Watson, 2853:Kodansha 2615:Chou, 1. 2579:Cai, 38. 2337:Archived 2116:Chou, 9. 2038:Hung, 5. 2017:Hung, 1. 1935:See also 1727:Hyakuman 1718:Taiheiki 1636:Japanese 1577:Bai Juyi 1541:Buddhist 1537:Wang Wei 1514:Bai Juyi 1384:allusive 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