179:
448:
tribes would break through during the apocalypse. The dimensions and features of the gate are described in detail, and
Alexander was said to have placed an inscription on it which reads "The Huns will come forth and subdue the countries of the Romans and Persians; they will shoot arrows with armagest and will return and enter their country. Moreover, I wrote that (at) the end of eight hundred and twenty six years, the Huns would come forth by the narrow road..." (the inscription goes on for several more pages). This prophecy whereby the Huns break through the gates is linked to the invasion of the
650:
20:
366:
658:
203:, says that Alexander passed through the Caspian Gates, which he contrasts with the Gates of the Caucasus, a vast natural feature in a mountain chain rent asunder. Here, he says gates with iron covered beams have been placed above a horribly odorous river, along with a fortress to bar the passage of the innumerable tribes. These gates divide the world into two portions.
664:
439:. This development was inspired by some elements of the historical context of the time, including dread of the northern hordes, a variety of Persian fortifications meant to seal off the movement of steppe nomads, and eschatological thinking and attitudes of the time. At its outset, the Syriac Alexander Legend (otherwise known as the
290:
states in the late-fourth century in his seventy-seventh letter that "the gates of
Alexander keep back the wild peoples behind the Caucasus". Like Ps. Hegesippus, and unlike the later traditions of the Syrian church, Jerome was concerned with the Greco-Roman discourses on civilization and barbarity
274:, and therefore represents Alexander not only as a founder of civilization but also its protector. In the second reference, it is informed that Alexander had confined the Alans among other savage nations but that, either due to a bribe or political conflict, they were able to persuade the king of
447:
that would result in the plunder of peoples and countries. Alexander commanded that the gate should be constructed out of iron and bronze, for which he recruited three thousand blacksmiths to work the latter and three thousand other men for the former. However, it was believed that the barbarian
278:
to let them burst out. Although not itself apocalyptic, the description of Ps. Hegesippus foreshadows the development of the apocalyptic narrative of Gog and Magog behind
Alexander's wall, for it is first in his text that the notion is developed that the tribe behind the wall have actually been
214:, a Jewish historian in the 1st century, gives the first extant reference to gates constructed by Alexander, designed to be a barrier against the Scythians. According to this historian, the people whom the Greeks called Scythians were known (among the Jews) as Magogites, descendants of
350:. In this war, the Persians once again bring up the gates during negotiations, mentioning that they block the pass to the Huns for the benefit of both Persians and Byzantines, and that the Persians deserve to be compensated for their service.
87:
separating the Greco-Roman world from the
Persian world. They are often imagined as an actual fortification, or as a symbolic boundary separating the civilized from the uncivilized world. The original Gates of Alexander were just south of the
462:
by the Turkic
Khazars (not to be confused with a reference to the Turks which may not occur in this type of literature until the ninth century), although this may have been an interpolation that was made into the text during the reign of
334:' History of the Wars: Book I. Here they are mentioned as the Caspian Gates and they are a source of diplomatic conflict between the Byzantines and the Sassanid Persians. When the current holder of the gates dies, he bequeaths it to
584:, which he does not mention otherwise. The Gates of Alexander may represent an attempt by Westerners to explain stories from China of a great king building a great wall. Knowledge of Chinese innovations such as the compass and
740:
in the 6th century, long after
Alexander's time, but they came to be credited to him in the passing centuries. The immense wall had a height of up to twenty meters and a thickness of about 10 feet (3 m) when it was in use.
266:, Pseudo-Hegesippus follows Josephus in mentioning the construction by Alexander of an iron gate to section off the barbarian group. In the first of two references to this gate, Ps. Hegesippus, places its location at the
400:
causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the
Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including
178:
482:
records that
Alexander "enclosed" the people of Gog and Magog to prevent their incursion from the north, coinciding with the statement that at some point in the future they will rise again and break through.
405:(therein called "Goth and Magoth"). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the
1252:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac
Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
1197:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac
Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
1095:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
107:
Various other passes in the Caucasus and Anatolia have been called the Gates of Alexander since at least the 1st century CE. Later, the Caspian Gates were also identified with the Pass of
524:("possessor of the Two Horns"), a righteous ruler and conqueror who reached the west and the east. The barrier was constructed with melted iron sheets and covered with copper.
452:
in 515 AD as Syriac texts would use the Seleucid calendrical system which began in 1 October, 312 BCE; by subtracting 311 or 312, a date of 514/5 is arrived at, representing a
595:
in the first half of the seventh century and the tenth-century Armenian History of Movsēs Dasxurancʿi connected Alexander's gates especially to events during the reign of
866:
853:
857:
627:, enclosed by mountains or fortifications and often featuring a gate. It is depicted in this way on Arabian world maps starting from the 10th century, as also on the
1418:
694:
However, neither of these were within Hyrcania, but lay to the north and west of its boundaries. Another suggestion is some mountain pass in the
470:
The description of the gates of Alexander in the Syriac Alexander Legend influenced most subsequent Syriac literature describing these events.
548:. The identities of the nations trapped behind the wall are not always consistent, however; Mandeville claims Gog and Magog are really the
104:. The name was transferred to passes through the Caucasus, on the other side of the Caspian, by the more fanciful historians of Alexander.
1407:
314:, he wrote that Alexander had built a set of gates and called them the Caspian Gates. These gates, he said, were guarded by the
1595:
338:. Anastasius, unable and unwilling to finance a garrison for the gates, loses them in an assault by the Sassanid King Cabades (
1514:
Kleiber, Katarzyna (July 2006). "Alexander's Caspian Wall – A Turning-Point in Parthian and Sasanian Military Architecture?".
1559:
1493:(1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition".
1067:
1027:
1002:
900:
1099:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 156, n. 9.
753:
or Darial has also been known as the "Gates of Alexander" and is a strong candidate for the identity of the Caspian Gates.
1256:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 161–195.
1201:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 153–161.
623:
In medieval world maps, the land of Gog and Magog is generally shown as a region in the far north, northeast, or east of
1450:
1261:
1206:
1155:
1104:
972:
458:. A second prophecy of an incursion appears for 940 SE, pinpointing to 628/9 AD and corresponds with the invasion of
1458:
671:
It is not clear which precise location Josephus meant when he described the Caspian gates. It may have been the
388:
of Pseudo-Callisthenes. This version locates the gates between two mountains called the "Breasts of the North" (
1480:
1318:
544:
680:
610:
was partially based on stories of the Gates of Alexander. The legend disappeared before the 17th century.
1615:
553:
358:
The story of Alexander's construction of walls to seal away and confine Gog and Magog is absent from the
1415:
798:
1600:
1523:
818:
396:). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to
251:
183:
242:
contains two relevant passages, one giving the ancestry of Scythians as descendants of Magog son of
813:
711:
672:
163:
132:
849:
427:
238:
198:
1610:
1062:. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 208–212.
895:. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 205–206.
793:
585:
576:
are the ones trapped behind it. He does mention Gog and Magog, however, locating them north of
140:
60:
1470:
1145:
1605:
1527:
1472:
Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age
1308:
592:
538:
1083:
1576:
762:
454:
335:
136:
8:
808:
777:
732:
fortress, which served as a strategic location protecting the empire from attacks by the
581:
359:
97:
769:, 180 km of which is still preserved today, albeit in a very poor state of repair.
945:
823:
761:
An alternative theory links the Caspian Gates to the so-called "Alexander's Wall" (the
719:
638:
634:
343:
167:
155:
139:(Red Snake) on its south-eastern shore. These fortifications were historically part of
158:, the Gates of Alexander became commonly associated with Alexander legends, as in the
1555:
1476:
1446:
1314:
1257:
1202:
1151:
1100:
1063:
1023:
998:
968:
937:
896:
729:
714:, whose thirty north-looking towers used to stretch for forty kilometers between the
688:
384:
346:, which would be a focus point for war during the reign of Justinian and site of the
319:
246:, and another that refers to the Caspian Gates being breached by Scythians allied to
159:
128:
35:
1547:
1543:
1502:
929:
695:
629:
267:
270:. This is mentioned in the context of a discussion on Alexander's founding of the
1440:
1422:
1408:
The enigma of the red snake: revealing one of the world's greatest frontier walls
773:
600:
549:
506:
194:
148:
144:
43:
649:
1403:
1304:
862:
803:
750:
521:
389:
347:
233:
220:
116:
84:
25:
1551:
443:) records Alexander constructing a wall of iron to prevent an invasion of the
1589:
941:
536:, the Gates of Alexander story was included in travel literature such as the
436:
402:
302:
was a Byzantine author of the sixth century. In a detailed discussion on the
228:(on the south edge of the Caspian), and allowing passage of the gates to the
215:
124:
31:
1506:
588:
is known to have been diffused (and confused) across Eurasian trade routes.
580:. Some scholars have taken this as an oblique and confused reference to the
431:
transformed the gates into an apocalyptic barrier built by Alexander in the
224:
states that the iron gates Alexander erected were controlled by the king of
1254:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
1199:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
1097:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
676:
449:
370:
46:
736:. The historical Caspian Gates were not built until probably the reign of
514:
766:
715:
557:
533:
89:
19:
1310:
Imagining the World: Mythical Belief Versus Reality in Global Encounters
1058:
Stoneman, Richard; Nawotka, Krzysztof; Wojciechowska, Agnieszka (2018).
891:
Stoneman, Richard; Nawotka, Krzysztof; Wojciechowska, Agnieszka (2018).
1490:
684:
569:
565:
315:
101:
1285:
949:
917:
922:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
737:
699:
596:
573:
464:
331:
49:
218:
in the Hebrew Bible. These references occur in two different works.
933:
781:
733:
726:
607:
432:
410:
406:
299:
275:
247:
232:(whom Josephus considered a Scythic tribe) resulted in the sack of
225:
211:
112:
80:
76:
1175:
365:
1528:"Alexander and Gog and Magog in Early Oriental Christian Sources"
493:
459:
339:
303:
271:
243:
108:
39:
603:
in their great war of the first decades of the seventh century.
467:
to update the narrative for a contemporary political situation.
1539:
1535:
1361:
577:
414:
311:
287:
120:
93:
653:
Caspian Gates: Darial Gorge, Derbent, Rhaegae, Wall of Gorgan.
710:
The Gates of Alexander are most commonly identified with the
502:
307:
263:
229:
1534:. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Vol. 22 (1st ed.).
1532:
Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources
1057:
890:
675:(lying due east, nearer to Persia), or it may have been the
147:, while the Great Wall of Gorgan may have been built by the
624:
561:
444:
1442:
Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog: And the Inclosed Nations
1373:
1084:
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm
397:
1036:
722:, effectively blocking the passage across the Caucasus.
182:
The Gates of Alexander are usually identified with the
1163:
1125:
1113:
591:
Other medieval literature, such as the Latin Frankish
997:. USA: Harvard historical studies. pp. 249–254.
505:. According to the Quranic narrative, Gog and Magog (
23:
30:building a wall with the help of jinn to keep away
1020:Empires of Islam in Renaissance historical thought
995:Empires of Islam in Renaissance historical thought
965:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought
1522:
1367:
1291:
1181:
1587:
1022:. USA: Harvard historical studies. p. 254.
75:, are one of several mountain passes in eastern
613:
572:speaks of Alexander's Iron Gates, but says the
556:, who will emerge from their prison during the
16:Mountain passes linked with Alexander the Great
967:. Harvard University Press. pp. 252–253.
772:The Great Wall of Gorgan was built during the
342:). After peace, Anastasius builds the city of
1581:, which includes the Gates of Alexander story
1060:The Alexander Romance: history and literature
893:The Alexander Romance: history and literature
1226:. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–179.
776:simultaneously with the construction of the
1461:. "Ancient Derbent" (Древний Дербент). in:
1445:, Medieval academy of America, p. 11,
909:
527:
1468:
1414:, No. 27, February/March 2008, pp. 12–22.
1396:
1241:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–44.
1042:
420:
599:, the Byzantine emperor who defeated the
382:The Gates occur in later versions of the
1526:; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara, eds. (2010).
1438:
1379:
1303:
1169:
1143:
1131:
1119:
915:
648:
364:
177:
18:
1513:
1391:
1281:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
1251:
1196:
1094:
1017:
992:
962:
1588:
1345:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
633:, an influential map drawn in 1154 by
353:
173:
1343:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1340:
1279:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1276:
1239:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1236:
1224:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1221:
1192:
1190:
1144:Stoneman, Richard (tr.), ed. (1991),
1230:
1053:
1051:
886:
884:
765:) on the south-eastern shore of the
491:A similar narration is mentioned in
377:
257:
135:. Tradition also connects it to the
1489:
1355:
1334:
1270:
1082:History of the Wars Books I and II
510:
154:Alongside other motifs such as the
13:
1215:
1187:
606:The medieval German legend of the
473:
279:confined or imprisoned behind it.
197:(23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), in his
189:
14:
1627:
1570:
1402:Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, E.,
1048:
956:
881:
756:
918:"Alexander at the Caspian Gates"
662:
656:
330:The Gates are also mentioned in
1495:Journal of Early Modern History
1439:Anderson, Andrew Runni (1932),
1385:
1349:
1297:
1245:
1137:
1088:
916:Anderson, Andrew Runni (1928).
780:and it was restored during the
54:
1579:Travels of Sir John Mandeville
1076:
1011:
981:
841:
683:, located between present-day
545:Travels of Sir John Mandeville
115:) on the Caspian; or with the
59:), currently preserved in the
24:
1:
1596:Alexander the Great in legend
1469:Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994).
1368:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1313:. Greenwood. pp. 45–46.
1292:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1182:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1150:, Penguin, pp. 185–187,
829:
991:Book 6.12 and 6.15 cited in
875:
702:, in the heart of Hyrcania.
614:Geographical identifications
560:and unite with their fellow
501:"), the 18th chapter of the
325:
7:
1406:& Nokandeh, J. (2008),
1147:The Greek Alexander Romance
787:
725:Derbent was built around a
618:
515:
435:to keep out the nations of
425:The late antique Christian
294:
206:
10:
1632:
1431:
1018:Meserve, Margaret (2008).
993:Meserve, Margaret (2008).
963:Meserve, Margaret (2009).
705:
291:as opposed to apocalypse.
262:In his description of the
1552:10.1163/9789047427629_003
1412:Current World Archaeology
819:Fortifications of Derbent
744:
644:
393:
282:
184:Fortifications of Derbent
834:
814:Iron Gate (Central Asia)
784:era (3rd–7th centuries)
712:Caspian Gates of Derbent
679:, lying west, bordering
528:Late Medieval literature
486:
164:Syriac Alexander Romance
1507:10.1163/157006598X00090
1341:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1277:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1237:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1222:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
850:Antiquities of the Jews
799:Alexander in the Qur'an
696:Taurus-Zagros Mountains
428:Syriac Alexander Legend
421:Syriac Alexander Legend
239:Antiquities of the Jews
100:crossed while pursuing
794:Sasanian defense lines
668:
586:south-pointing chariot
374:
310:work of his named the
272:Antioch of the Orontes
186:
64:
61:Chester Beatty Library
652:
593:Chronicle of Fredegar
539:Travels of Marco Polo
520:) were walled off by
368:
181:
22:
1294:, p. 57, fn. 3.
763:Great Wall of Gorgan
455:vaticinium ex eventu
413:in modern-day North
137:Great Wall of Gorgan
133:North Ossetia–Alania
71:, also known as the
809:Great Wall of China
778:Great Wall of China
582:Great Wall of China
478:More indirect, the
360:rabbinic literature
354:Rabbinic literature
174:Literary traditions
1616:History of Derbent
1577:Chapter 29 of the
1546:. pp. 15–49.
1463:Soviet Archaeology
1459:Artamonov, Mikhail
1421:2011-09-28 at the
824:Horns of Alexander
720:Caucasus Mountains
669:
639:Roger II of Sicily
635:Muhammad al-Idrisi
375:
336:Emperor Anastasius
187:
168:Qissat Dhulqarnayn
156:Horns of Alexander
69:Gates of Alexander
65:
1561:978-90-47-42762-9
1524:Van Donzel, E. J.
1491:Gow, Andrew Colin
1358:, pp. 68–70.
1184:, pp. 25–49.
1069:978-94-92444-71-4
1029:978-0-674-02656-8
1004:978-0-674-02656-8
987:Pliny the Elder,
902:978-94-92444-71-4
698:, somewhere near
385:Alexander Romance
378:Alexander Romance
258:Pseudo-Hegesippus
160:Alexander Romance
145:Sassanid Persians
141:the defence lines
36:Persian miniature
1623:
1601:Medieval legends
1565:
1544:Brill Publishers
1519:
1518:. 42/43: 173–95.
1516:Folia Orientalia
1510:
1486:
1455:
1426:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1382:, p. 15–20.
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
985:
979:
978:
960:
954:
953:
913:
907:
906:
888:
869:
845:
774:Parthian dynasty
673:Gates of Derbent
666:
665:
660:
659:
630:Tabula Rogeriana
518:
516:Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj
512:
395:
268:Taurus Mountains
58:
57: 1524–1576
56:
29:
28:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1483:
1453:
1434:
1429:
1423:Wayback Machine
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1380:Anderson (1932)
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1305:Dathorne, O. R.
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1170:Anderson (1932)
1168:
1164:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1056:
1049:
1043:Bietenholz 1994
1041:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1012:
1005:
989:Natural History
986:
982:
975:
961:
957:
914:
910:
903:
889:
882:
878:
873:
872:
846:
842:
837:
832:
790:
759:
747:
708:
663:
657:
654:
647:
621:
616:
601:Sasanian Empire
550:Ten Lost Tribes
530:
489:
480:Tiburtine Sibyl
476:
474:Tiburtine Sibyl
423:
380:
356:
328:
297:
285:
260:
209:
200:Natural History
195:Pliny the Elder
192:
190:Pliny the Elder
176:
53:
42:copied for the
38:from a book of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1571:External links
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1520:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1395:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1333:
1319:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1244:
1229:
1214:
1207:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1156:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1105:
1087:
1075:
1068:
1047:
1045:, p. 122.
1035:
1028:
1010:
1003:
980:
973:
955:
934:10.2307/282983
908:
901:
879:
877:
874:
871:
870:
863:The Jewish War
839:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Cilician Gates
801:
796:
789:
786:
758:
757:Wall of Gorgan
755:
751:Pass of Dariel
746:
743:
707:
704:
646:
643:
620:
617:
615:
612:
564:to attack the
529:
526:
522:Dhu al-Qarnayn
488:
485:
475:
472:
422:
419:
379:
376:
355:
352:
348:Battle of Dara
327:
324:
296:
293:
284:
281:
259:
256:
221:The Jewish War
208:
205:
191:
188:
175:
172:
117:Pass of Dariel
26:Dhu al-Qarnayn
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1628:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Gog and Magog
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1465:, No.8, 1946.
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:9780910956079
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Wilkinson, T.
1399:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1370:, p. 11.
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1263:9783110720150
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1208:9783110720150
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1172:, p. 11.
1171:
1166:
1159:
1157:9780141907116
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1134:, p. 35.
1133:
1132:Anderson 1932
1128:
1122:, p. 37.
1121:
1120:Anderson 1932
1116:
1108:
1106:9783110720150
1102:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
990:
984:
976:
974:9780674040953
970:
966:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
904:
898:
894:
887:
885:
880:
868:
865:
864:
859:
855:
852:
851:
844:
840:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
754:
752:
742:
739:
735:
731:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
703:
701:
700:Rhaegae, Iran
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
651:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
611:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
525:
523:
519:
517:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
484:
481:
471:
468:
466:
461:
457:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
437:Gog and Magog
434:
430:
429:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Gog and Magog
399:
391:
387:
386:
372:
367:
363:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
289:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
236:. Josephus's
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
204:
202:
201:
196:
185:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
143:built by the
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:Caspian Gates
70:
62:
51:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Gog and Magog
27:
21:
1606:Dhul-Qarnayn
1578:
1531:
1515:
1501:(1): 61–88.
1498:
1494:
1471:
1462:
1441:
1411:
1398:
1392:Kleiber 2006
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1198:
1177:
1165:
1146:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1059:
1038:
1019:
1013:
994:
988:
983:
964:
958:
925:
921:
911:
892:
861:
848:
843:
771:
760:
748:
724:
709:
693:
677:Darial Gorge
670:
628:
622:
605:
590:
543:
537:
531:
513:
511:يأجوج ومأجوج
498:
492:
490:
479:
477:
469:
453:
450:Sabir people
440:
426:
424:
383:
381:
371:Darial Gorge
357:
329:
298:
286:
261:
252:Armenian War
237:
219:
210:
199:
193:
153:
106:
72:
68:
66:
1326:February 5,
928:: 130–163.
767:Caspian Sea
716:Caspian Sea
534:Middle Ages
532:During the
394:Μαζοί Βορρά
373:before 1906
250:during the
111:(in modern
90:Caspian Sea
1590:Categories
1482:9004100636
1416:PDF 5.3 MB
1320:0897893646
847:Josephus,
830:References
685:Ingushetia
566:Christians
316:Laz people
166:, and the
123:forming a
102:Darius III
1475:. Brill.
942:0065-9711
876:Citations
738:Khosrow I
667:Hyrcania)
597:Heraclius
574:Comanians
558:End Times
465:Heraclius
332:Procopius
326:Procopius
318:of Roman
149:Parthians
98:Alexander
63:, Dublin.
50:Tahmasp I
1419:Archived
1356:Gow 1998
1307:(1994).
867:7.244-51
788:See also
782:Sassanid
734:Gokturks
727:Sassanid
718:and the
661:Iberia;
619:Medieval
608:Red Jews
542:and the
499:The Cave
433:Caucasus
411:Bithynia
407:Bebrykes
340:Kavadh I
300:Jordanes
295:Jordanes
276:Hyrcania
248:Tiberius
226:Hyrcania
212:Josephus
207:Josephus
127:between
113:Dagestan
96:, where
81:Caucasus
77:Anatolia
1432:Sources
1425:. p. 13
730:Persian
706:Derbent
689:Georgia
494:al-Kahf
460:Armenia
441:Neshana
320:Georgia
304:Amazons
244:Japheth
129:Georgia
109:Derbent
44:Safavid
40:Falnama
1558:
1540:Boston
1536:Leiden
1479:
1449:
1317:
1260:
1205:
1154:
1103:
1066:
1026:
1001:
971:
950:282983
948:
940:
899:
745:Darial
681:Iberia
645:Modern
578:Cathay
554:Israel
507:Arabic
415:Turkey
312:Getica
288:Jerome
283:Jerome
162:, the
94:Rhagae
85:Persia
83:, and
79:, the
946:JSTOR
858:18.97
854:1.123
835:Notes
503:Quran
487:Quran
409:, of
390:Greek
308:Latin
306:in a
264:Alans
234:Media
230:Alans
216:Magog
121:gorge
92:, at
1556:ISBN
1538:and
1477:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1328:2013
1315:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1024:ISBN
999:ISBN
969:ISBN
938:ISSN
897:ISBN
856:and
749:The
687:and
637:for
625:Asia
570:Polo
562:Jews
445:Huns
369:The
344:Dara
131:and
125:pass
119:, a
67:The
47:Shah
1548:doi
1503:doi
930:doi
552:of
417:).
398:God
170:.
1592::
1554:.
1542::
1530:.
1497:.
1410:,
1189:^
1050:^
944:.
936:.
926:59
924:.
920:.
883:^
860:;
691:.
641:.
568:.
509::
497:("
392::
322:.
254:.
151:.
55:r.
34:.
1564:.
1550::
1509:.
1505::
1499:2
1485:.
1330:.
1266:.
1211:.
1109:.
1072:.
1032:.
1007:.
977:.
952:.
932::
905:.
655:(
362:.
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
