Garifuna - Knowledge

1085:) made from grated cassava root, yuca. The process of making "ereba" is arguably the most important tradition practiced by the Garifuna people. Cassava is so closely tied to the Garifuna culture that the very name Garifuna draws its origin from the Caribs who were originally called "Karifuna" of the cassava clan. They later adopted the name "Garifuna", which literally means cassava-eating people. Making "ereba" is a long and arduous process that involves a large group of Garinagu women and children for the most part. Cassava is mostly grown on the farms of the garinagu. When it is ready be harvested, it is mostly done in large quantities (usually several dozen pounds of the cassava root) and taken to the village. The root is then washed peeled and grated over small sharp stones affixed to wooden boards. The grating is difficult and time-consuming, and the women would sing songs to break the monotony of the work. The grated cassava is then placed into a large cylindrical woven bag called a "ruguma". The "ruguma" is hung from a tree and weighted at the bottom with heavy rocks in order to squeeze out and remove the poisonous liquid and starch from the grated pulp. The counterweight is sometimes provided by piercing the bottom of the "ruguma" with a tree branch and having one or two women sit on the branch. Whatever the manner in which the weight is provided, the result is the same. The cassava is then ready to be made into flour. The remaining pulp is dried overnight and later sieved through flat rounded baskets ( 795:, the Caribs successfully defended the windward side of the island against a military survey expedition in 1769, and rebuffed repeated demands that they sell their land to representatives of the British colonial government. The effective defense of the Caribs, the British ignorance of the region and London opposition to the war made this be halted. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island. The treaty delimited the area inhabited by the Caribs, and demanded repayment of the British and French plantations of runaway enslaved people who took refuge in St. Vincent. This last clause, and the prohibition of trade with neighbouring islands, so little endeared the Caribs. Three years later, the French supported American independence (1776-1783); the Caribs aligned against the British. Apparently, in 1779 the Caribs inspired such terror to the British that surrender to the French was preferable than facing the Caribs in battle. 776: 735: 652: 713:

their communities (this also occurred in islands such as Dominica). After the African rebellion against the Caribs, and their escape to the mountains, over time, according to Itarala, Africans would come down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with Amerindian women - perhaps because most Africans were men - or to search for other kinds of food. The sexual activity did not necessarily lead to marriage. On the other hand, if the Maroons abducted Arauaco-Caribbean women or married them, is another of the contradictions between the French documents and the oral history of the Garinagu.

643:. There, the Caribs enslaved them and brought them to Saint Vincent. However, according to Young, the enslaved people were too independent of "spirit", prompting the Caribs to make plans to kill all the African male children. When Africans heard about the Caribs' plan, they rebelled and killed all the Caribs they could find, then headed to the mountains, where they settled and lived with other enslaved people who had taken refuge there before them. From the mountains, the former enslaved people attacked and killed the Caribs continually, reducing them in number. 1154: 1228:

first because the production helped bring an income to the local communities, but as business declined these large companies sold the land and it has become inhabited by mestizo farmers. Since this time the Garifuna people have been forced to travel and find jobs with foreign companies. The Garifuna people mainly rely on export businesses for steady jobs; however, women are highly discriminated against and are usually unable to get these jobs. Men generally work for foreign-owned companies collecting timber and chicle to be exported, or work as fishermen.

990: 5614: 1050: 3915: 3330: 3868: 5624: 806:, which was saved from direct assault on several occasions by the timely arrival of British reinforcements. British efforts to penetrate and control the interior and windward areas of the island were repeatedly frustrated by incompetence, disease, and effective Carib defences, which were eventually supplemented by the arrival of some French troops. A major military expedition by General 822:. Meanwhile, the Black Caribs with higher Amerindian traits were allowed to remain on the island. More than 5,000 Black Caribs were deported, but when the deportees landed on Roatan on April 12, 1797, only about 2,500 had survived the trip to the islands. After settling in the Honduras, they expanded along the Caribbean coast of Central America, coming to 619:, noted in another report, addressed to the British Crown, that the island was populated by Black enslaved people from two Spanish slave ships that had sunk near the island of San Vincent in 1635 (although, according to other authors such as Idiáquez, the two slave ships wrecked between 1664 and 1670). The slave ships were destined to the 787:

the island, William Young, complained that the Black Caribs had the best land and they had no right to live there. Moreover, the friendship of the French settlers with the Black Caribs, drove them, even though they had also tried to stay with San Vicente, tried to support them in their struggle. All this caused the "War Caribbean". The

1313:

In this way, the anthropologist and Garifuna historian Belizean Sebastian R. Cayetano says African ancestors of the Garifuna are ethnically West African "specifically of the Yoruba, Ibo, and Ashanti tribes, in what is now Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, to mention only a few." To Roger Bastide, the

1239:

Although men can be away at work for large amounts of time they still believe that there is a strong connection between men and their newborn sons. Garifunas believe that a baby boy and his father have a special bond, and they are attached spiritually. It is important for a son's father to take care

1032:

numbered 16 men, 9 women, and 20 children, although others remained on the island in hiding after the deportations of 1797. The 1844 census of Saint Vincent listed 273 "Black Caribs". The 1960 census listed 1,265 "Black Caribs" in Saint Vincent. In 1984, anthropologist Michael Crawford estimated that

659:

Several modern researchers have rejected the theory espoused by Young. According to them, most of the enslaved people who arrived in Saint Vincent actually came from other Caribbean islands, and had settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape slavery, therefore Maroons came from plantations on nearby

1165:

In contemporary Belize there has been a resurgence of Garifuna music, popularized by musicians such as Andy Palacio, Mohobub Flores, and Aurelio Martinez. These musicians have taken many aspects from traditional Garifuna music forms and fused them with more modern sounds. Described as a mixture of

708:

and Ghana). The Bajans and Saint Lucians arrived on the island before 1735. Later, after 1775, most of the enslaved people who arrived from other islands were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving on the island, they were taken in by the Caribs, who offered them protection, enslaved them and,

1248:

According to one genetic study the ancestry of the Garifuna people on average, is 76% African, 20% Arawak/Carib and 4% European. The admixture levels vary greatly between island and Central American Garinagu Communities with Stann Creek, Belize Garinagu having 79.9% African, 2.7% European and 17.4%

1235:

society, but the women are forced to rely on men for a steady income in order to support their families, because the few jobs that are available, housework and selling homemade goods, do not create enough of an income to survive on. Although women have power within their homes, they rely heavily on

1227:

Gender roles within the Garifuna communities are significantly defined by the job opportunities available to everyone. The Garifuna people have relied on farming for a steady income in the past, but much of this land was taken by fruit companies in the 20th century. These companies were welcomed at

1129:(sticky sweet rice), as well as a coconut rice made with red beans. Nigerians also make "eba", "gari" and "fufu" from dried, grated cassava flour and similar accompanying dishes such as "efo-riro" (made from spinach leaves) or egusi" (made with grounded melon seeds) soup. An alcoholic drink called 786:

When in 1627 the English began to claim the St. Vincent island, they opposed the French settlements (which had started around 1610 by cultivating plots) and its partnerships with the Caribs. Over time, tensions began to arise between the Caribs and the Europeans. The governor of the English part of

590:

retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to Dominica and Saint Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at

813:

After the war was concluded and the Caribs surrendered, the British authorities decided to deport the Caribs of St. Vincent. This was done to avoid the Caribs causing more slave revolts in St. Vincent. In 1797, the Caribs with African features were chosen to be deported as they were considered the

712:

In addition to the African refugees, the Caribs captured enslaved people from neighboring islands (although they also had white people and their fellow Caribs as enslaved people), while they were fighting against the British and the French. Many of the captured enslaved people were integrated into

2070:

The fact that the Island Carib rather than the Afro-Carib were the victims of the French attack suggests that the Afro-Carib had already formed communities in the island's interior. If this was in fact the case, the Afro-Carib would in all likelihood have, by 1654, begun to refer to themselves as

747:

sent a military force to occupy it, but was repulsed by the Carib inhabitants. A British attempt in 1723 was likewise repelled. In 1748, Britain and France agreed to put aside their claims and declared Saint Vincent to be a neutral island, under no European sovereignty. Throughout this period,

725:

some Caribs mixed peacefully with the Maroons and some not, creating two factions, that of the Black Caribs and that of the Yellow Caribs, who fought on more than one occasion in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. According to Itarala, many intermarried between indigenous and

953:

by the Garifuna people. It is an Arawakan language with French, English, Dutch, African, and Spanish influences, reflecting their long interaction with various colonial peoples. Garifuna has a vocabulary featuring some terms used by women and others used primarily by men. This may derive from

2966: 1309:

and Angola), obtained in the coastal regions of West and Central Africa by Spanish and Portuguese traders of enslaved people. These enslaved people were trafficked to other Caribbean islands, from where emigrated or were captured (they or their descendants) to Saint Vincent.

1214:

is the head of all Garifuna traditional practices. The spiritual practices of the Garinagu have qualities similar to the voodoo (as the Europeans put it) rituals performed by other tribes of African descent. Mystical practices and participation such as in the

905:. There is no information regarding Garifuna from Nicaragua having migrated to either coast of the United States. The Nicaraguan Garifuna population is quite small. Community leaders are attempting to resurrect the Garifuna language and cultural traditions. 1337:

At the beginning of the 18th century, the population in Saint Vincent was already mostly black and although during this century there were extensive mixtures and black people and Carib Indians, a less admixed Carib group, which was called

742:

Britain and France both made conflicting claims on Saint Vincent from the late seventeenth century onward. French pioneers began informally cultivating plots on the island around 1710. In 1719 the governor of the French colony of

1318:-Ashanti and Kongo fugitives. These African origins are true at least in the masculine gender. For the female gender, the origins comes from the union of black enslaved people with Caribs. Based on 18th-century English documents, 748:

however, unofficial, mostly French settlement took place on the island, especially on the Leeward side. African escapees continued to reach Saint Vincent, and a mixed-race population developed through unions with the Carib.

570:, who became governor. He held this position until his death in 1658. His widow Mme. du Parquet took over control of the island from France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as 2083:

Cayetano, Sebastian (1990). "The linguistic history of the Garifuna peoples (black Caribs) and surrounding areas in Central America and the Caribbean from 1220 A.D. to the present". In Cayetano, Sebastian (ed.).

885:), and the United States. As a result of extensive emigration from Central America, the United States has the second-largest population of Garifuna outside Central America. New York City, specifically in 442:(1795), has been described in modern historiography as framing the majority of the indigenous St. Vincent population as "mere interlopers from Africa" who lacked claims to land possession in St. Vincent. 582:

agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.

1893:

Crawford, MH; Gonzalez, NL; Schanfield, MS; Dykes, DD; Skradski, K; Polesky, HF (February 1981). "The Black Caribs (Garifuna) of Livingston, Guatemala: Genetic Markers and Admixture Estimates".

893:, Guatemala and Belize. Los Angeles ranks second with Belizean Garifuna being the most populous, followed by those from Honduras and Guatemala. There are also growing Garifuna populations in 3631: 5334: 1240:

of him, which means that he must give up some of his duties in order to spend time with his child. During this time women gain more responsibility and authority within the household.

1203:

since the community's historical encounters with the Jesuits, Dominicans, and various Catholic colonial powers (namely the French and Spanish) in the West Indies and Central America.

873:, it operated it for roughly a generation on the island, creating a legacy different from on other Caribbean islands. Elsewhere, slavery had been institutionalized for much longer. 1319: 1020:

In 2011, Garifuna organisations in the United States estimated that the Garifuna population consisted of roughly 400,000 people, mostly living in Honduras and the United States.

1206:

A complex set of practices exist in their traditional religion for individuals and groups to show respect for their ancestors and Bungiu (God) or Sunti Gabafu (All Powerful). A

2304: 3903: 3318: 2451: 1102: 3723: 574:(leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The 2446: 1062: 3187: 547: 4056: 718: 3621: 3111: 4239: 2423:

David K. Fieldhouse. Los imperios coloniales desde el siglo XVIII (in Spanish: Colonial Empires since the 18th century). Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1984, page 36.

318:. The founding population of the Central American diaspora, estimated at 2,500 to 5,000 persons, were transplanted to the Central American coast from the 4253: 3896: 3311: 722: 3716: 1637: 714: 2327:

Marshall, Bernard (December 1973). "The Black Caribs — Native Resistance to British Penetration Into the Windward Side of St. Vincent 1763-1773".

881:

In the 21st century, the Garifuna population is estimated to be around 600,000 in total, taking together its people in Central America, Yurumein (

869:

Large-scale sugar production and chattel slavery were not established on Saint Vincent until the British assumed control. As the United Kingdom

767:. Through the rest of the century, the Carib-African natives mounted a series of Carib Wars, which were encouraged and supported by the French. 5709: 5659: 3180: 2752:

The anthropological genetics of the black The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs (Garifuna) of Central America and the Caribbean

2257: 3881: 3296: 3101: 5714: 5704: 3889: 3304: 2734: 3797: 2813: 5724: 4219: 3709: 3255: 802:. Despite the odds being against them, the Caribs successfully gained control of most of the island except for the immediate area around 5729: 4305: 2635: 2144:

Hulme, Peter (2003). "Black, Yellow, and White on St. Vincent: Moreau de Jonnès's Carib Ethnography". In Nussbaum, Felicity A. (ed.).

5679: 5546: 5001: 4224: 3173: 2532: 2239:

Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"

5446: 4810: 4265: 2301: 1114: 756: 515: 430:

to differentiate, with some ambiguity, two groups with a similar culture by their skin color. The British colonial use of the term

3125: 334:. Small Garifuna communities still live in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Garifuna diaspora abroad includes communities in 5674: 5573: 5531: 2768: 459:

to the Caribbean circa 1200, according to carbon dating of artifacts. They largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated the

5016: 2442: 3849: 2980:

Griffin, Wendy and Comité de Emergencia de Garifuna Honduras. San Pedro Sula: Comité de Emergencia de Garifuna Honduras, 2005.

973:. They generally speak the official languages of the countries they reside in, such as Spanish or English, most commonly as a 954:

historical Carib practices: in the colonial era, the Carib of both sexes spoke Island Carib. Men additionally used a distinct

5115: 4506: 3048: 2948: 2907: 2582: 1939: 1768: 3280: 4785: 1709:

Agudelo, Carlos (2011). "Los garifunas, identidades y reivindicaciones de un pueblo afrodescendiente de América Central".

717:

states that "...whatever the case, the Caribs never consented to give their daughters in marriage to blacks". Conversely,

5699: 5684: 5664: 5481: 4702: 4523: 2640: 2618: 1257:

Based on oral traditions, according to some authors, the Garifuna are descendants of Caribbeans with the African origins

3807: 2878:

Religious education and theological praxis in a context of colonization: Garifuna spirituality as a means of resistance.

2751: 1792: 5719: 5689: 4707: 5627: 5090: 4800: 4484: 4063: 2778: 2173:

Mendisco, F.; Pemonge, M. H.; Leblay, E.; Romon, T.; Richard, G.; Courtaud, P.; Deguilloux, M. F. (19 January 2015).

2157: 2015: 1710: 284: 250: 2888:

A Critical and Cultural Analysis of an African People in the Americas: Africanisms in the Garifuna Culture of Belize

399:

respectively. The terms may have been used by the Garifuna to refer to themselves as early as the mid-17th century.

5694: 5451: 4635: 4356: 4329: 4234: 4012: 3919: 3600: 3334: 3133: 2847:. Bibliothèque linguistique américaine, no. 3 (1635 original MS. republication ed.). Paris: Maisonneuve. 882: 119: 5669: 4002: 3931: 3837: 3732: 2007: 721:

argues that "Africans were married with women Caribs of the islands, giving birth to the Garifuna". According to

587: 3107:

Examining the impact of changing livelihood strategies upon Garifuna Cultural Identity, Cayos Cochinos, Honduras

1041:

By 1981, around 65,000 Garifuna were living in fifty-four fishing villages in Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua.

763:, fought in Europe, Asia and North America. It also took over all French territory in North America east of the 4298: 4270: 2149: 616: 435: 5192: 5155: 5055: 4986: 4972: 4716: 4650: 3911: 3827: 3326: 2099:

Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".

511: 2264:, Martinique Official site, French Government (translation by Maryanne Dassonville). Retrieved 26 April 2007 5085: 4229: 3802: 2899: 2523: 775: 1249:

Amerindian and Sandy Bay, St. Vincent Garinagu having 41.1% African, 16.7% European and 42.2% Amerindian.

5476: 5431: 5359: 5006: 4620: 3115: 2936: 1323: 814:

cause of the revolt, and originally exported to Jamaica, and then they were transported to the island of

495: 2561:

Gullick, C. J. M. R. (1984). "The changing Vincentian Carib population". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.).

1747:

Crawford, Michael H. (1984). "Problems and Hypotheses: An Introduction". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.).

1466: 487:

until 1653. He took ethnographic and linguistic notes on the native peoples of these islands, including

5506: 5410: 5370: 5045: 4645: 4630: 4413: 4101: 2967:

The 21st Century Battle fought by Honduras Indigenous to know their history and maintain their identity

1314:

Garifuna almost inaccessible fortress of Northeast Saint Vincent integrated constantly to Yoruba, Fon,

870: 734: 651: 3120: 2770:

Instrumentos musicales autóctonos de Honduras (in Spanish: Indigenous musical instruments of Honduras)

5617: 5257: 5110: 5105: 4291: 2861:

Symbolic Inaction in Rituals of Gender and Procreation among the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Honduras.

31: 2716:

Symbolic Inaction in Rituals of Gender and Procreation among the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Honduras

854:

in 1804. The French lost thousands of troops in an attempt to take back the island in 1803, many to

5160: 4884: 4595: 4334: 4123: 3690: 3265: 1029: 488: 288: 142: 17: 2528:"The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs "Garifuna" of Central America and the Caribbean" 2254: 977:. Many also speak Garifuna, mostly as a cultural language, as a part of their families' heritage. 5593: 5385: 5040: 4711: 1848: 1803: 1521: 1176:, both of which were released on the Belizean record label, Stonetree Records. Canadian musician 834:. Over time, the Black Caribs would denominate in the mainland of Central America as "Garifuna". 567: 499: 171: 2935:. The Ripley P. Bullen series. Organized by the Virgin Islands Humanities Council. Gainesville: 2731: 2042:

Foster, Byron (1987). "Celebrating autonomy: the development of Garifuna ritual on St Vincent".

607:, noting that St. Vincent was populated by Caribs and a small number of Blacks from two Spanish 5511: 5306: 5065: 4541: 4489: 4479: 4467: 4017: 3822: 3680: 3438: 3250: 2101: 1607: 1001: 863: 752: 503: 150: 2940: 2927: 1929: 1486: 5563: 5488: 5395: 5311: 5296: 5250: 5245: 5120: 4760: 4687: 4682: 4553: 4396: 4343: 3685: 3555: 1302: 798:

Later, in 1795, the Caribs again rebelled against British control of the island, causing the

315: 192: 3106: 2175:"Where are the Caribs? Ancient DNA from ceramic period human remains in the Lesser Antilles" 5521: 5301: 5100: 4850: 4176: 3746: 3626: 3388: 3275: 1531: 1476: 1232: 1069:, Nicaragua, with the participation of the government of other Central American countries. 859: 542: 196: 1526: 8: 5279: 5270: 5235: 5011: 4640: 4445: 3987: 3590: 3413: 3102:

Garífunas Confront Their Own Decline by Michael Deibert, Inter Press Service, Oct 6, 2008

2044: 1867: 760: 319: 4428: 3463: 3433: 1461: 1366: 1187:

Through traditional dance and music, musicians have come together to raise awareness of

5553: 5436: 5202: 5165: 5125: 5060: 4775: 4260: 4131: 3595: 3453: 3040: 2831:

When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro-Indigenous Politics in Honduras.

2588: 2344: 2238: 2207: 2174: 2126: 2118: 2061: 2021: 1981: 1902: 1876: 1774: 1546: 1153: 843: 560: 507: 339: 4408: 2732:

Biocultural adaptation to disease in the Caribbean: Case study of a migrant population

1821: 5654: 5516: 5456: 5316: 5182: 5050: 4941: 4697: 4672: 4214: 4195: 4161: 4007: 3832: 3701: 3585: 3580: 3448: 3054: 3044: 3023: 2954: 2944: 2913: 2903: 2848: 2774: 2578: 2468: 2212: 2194: 2153: 2130: 2086:

Garifuna, history, language, and culture of Belize, Central America and the Caribbean

2011: 1935: 1910: 1764: 1596: 1481: 1109:) often made with a fish soup called "Hudut". Other accompanying dishes may include: 927: 923: 917: 764: 388: 365: 300: 296: 292: 276: 138: 134: 4721: 3514: 2741:. Journal of Caribbean Studies. Health and Disease in the Caribbean. 12(1): 141–155. 2592: 1778: 1566: 1431: 5289: 4958: 4911: 4879: 4805: 4743: 4726: 4692: 4625: 4590: 4585: 4563: 4558: 4494: 4472: 4376: 4351: 4314: 4108: 4049: 4031: 3997: 3982: 3646: 3605: 3529: 3494: 3408: 3165: 2890:. PhD Thesis, Temple University. UMI Dissertation Services (151–152). OCLC 37128913 2803:

Roger Bastide. African Civilizations in the New World. Londres: Hurst, 1971, p. 77.

2570: 2541: 2340: 2336: 2202: 2186: 2110: 2057: 2053: 1973: 1756: 1585: 1456: 1451: 1396: 850:, which ultimately led to the enslaved people creating the independent republic of 807: 799: 705: 327: 267: 215: 5214: 2845:

Grammaire caraibe, composée par le p. Raymond Breton, suivie du Catéchisme caraibe

1361: 1065:

in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize. In 2005 the First Garifuna Summit was held in

908:

By 2014 more Garifuna were leaving Honduras and immigrating to the United States.

738:

Depiction of the 1773 treaty negotiations between the British and the Black Caribs

355: 5240: 5172: 5095: 4977: 4953: 4921: 4916: 4867: 4840: 4830: 4736: 4615: 4435: 4418: 4381: 4371: 4248: 4089: 3872: 3468: 3458: 3403: 3378: 3215: 3137: 2738: 2566: 2493: 2308: 2261: 1826: 1752: 1602: 1580: 1516: 1511: 1441: 1436: 1406: 1391: 1386: 1200: 934: 792: 788: 779: 689: 579: 538: 527: 331: 163: 146: 3519: 1712:

Afrodescendencia: Aproximaciones contemporáneas desde América Latina y el Caribe

1421: 1401: 5583: 5568: 5080: 5070: 5028: 4996: 4991: 4931: 4835: 4780: 4770: 4731: 4573: 4568: 4457: 4366: 4156: 3944: 3939: 3817: 3776: 3761: 3571: 3428: 3285: 3007: 2840: 1612: 1561: 1551: 1506: 1501: 1381: 1282: 1148: 1049: 974: 959: 847: 476: 280: 3489: 2896:

The Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and Ethnohistory of the Garifuna

2574: 2280: 2071:

Garifuna - an African modification of Karifuna, the Island Carib term for them

1760: 1077:

There is a wide variety of Garifuna dishes, including the more commonly known

5648: 5284: 5209: 5145: 5075: 4936: 4926: 4906: 4894: 4862: 4657: 4578: 4511: 4440: 4401: 4151: 4141: 3992: 3792: 3636: 3560: 3443: 3373: 3232: 2985:

Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance

2662:

Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance

2198: 1556: 1426: 1290: 1278: 1216: 1082: 862:

were killed in the revolution. Europeans throughout the Caribbean and in the

456: 76: 3152: 3091: 3058: 3027: 2958: 2917: 2546: 2527: 1807: 726:

African people, which was that which caused the origin of the Black Caribs.

5541: 5536: 5375: 5033: 5023: 4755: 4361: 3524: 3473: 3423: 3359: 3220: 3210: 2852: 2216: 2190: 2025: 1541: 1496: 1446: 1416: 1376: 1371: 1356: 1331: 1315: 1298: 1274: 1177: 1066: 970: 855: 693: 612: 600: 2114: 1914: 1719: 1166:

punta rock and paranda, this music is exemplified in Andy Palacio's album

631:). According to Young's report, after the wreck, enslaved people from the 514:, in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the 494:

In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the adventurer

418:

in the 17th century. In the 18th century, English accounts used the terms

5558: 5400: 5224: 5187: 5177: 5150: 4765: 4677: 4386: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3368: 3348: 2880:

Ph.D. Dissertation, Garrett/Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

1627: 1536: 1258: 902: 632: 620: 541:

plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636,

379:

refers to an individual person, the culture, and the language. The terms

3130: 3081: 2992:

Sexual Magic and Money: Miskitu women’s Strategies in Northern Honduras.

2348: 2122: 2065: 1906: 989: 359: 5526: 5197: 5137: 4855: 4462: 4450: 4186: 3418: 3068:

The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna

1985: 1961: 1491: 1471: 1266: 1262: 1122: 744: 608: 556: 519: 480: 3002:

Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies

2698:

Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies

2686:

Sex Roles and Social Change in Native Lower Central American Societies

2179:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2004:

The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival and the Making of the Garifuna

4795: 3923: 3499: 3338: 3225: 3196: 1089:) to form flour that is baked into pancakes on a large iron griddle ( 966: 950: 946: 886: 831: 827: 810:

was eventually successful in defeating the Carib opposition in 1796.

803: 782:, the chief of the Black Caribs in St. Vincent, in an 1801 engraving. 673: 604: 167: 109: 99: 2881: 2565:. Black Caribs A Case Study in Biocultural Adaptation. Vol. 3. 1977: 1751:. Black Caribs A Case Study in Biocultural Adaptation. Vol. 3. 615:

on its shores. Later, in 1795, the British governor of St. Vincent,

4946: 4899: 4845: 4662: 4516: 4283: 4181: 4171: 4146: 4094: 3534: 3096: 1590: 1306: 1188: 1158: 938: 890: 819: 661: 628: 534: 484: 335: 311: 188: 66: 4391: 3086: 2388:

Charles Gullick, "Ethnic interaction and carib language", page. 4.

2292:"Escala de intensidad de los africanos en el Nuevo Mundo", p. 136. 664:(most of the enslaved people of this island were from present-day 460: 200: 5588: 5578: 4072: 3854: 3844: 3659: 3504: 1411: 1327: 1172: 1136: 898: 894: 697: 685: 677: 665: 636: 624: 575: 552: 537:

resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the sugar and

369: 2443:

Garifuna: The Young Black Latino Exodus You’ve Never Heard About

4872: 4790: 4748: 4423: 3539: 3260: 1892: 1797: 1207: 1131: 1061:

proclaimed the language, dance, and music of the Garifuna as a

1058: 955: 942: 823: 815: 701: 681: 640: 523: 464: 343: 307: 89: 3147: 2361:

Charles Gullick, Myths of a minority, Assen: Van Gorcum, 1985.

586:

When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, Governor

227: 5265: 4889: 4136: 3751: 3664: 3509: 1632: 1622: 1617: 1286: 1270: 851: 669: 555:

from sub-Saharan Africa and their transportation as labor to

236: 184: 1053:

Garifuna parade on San Isidro Day, in Livingston (Guatemala)

322:

island of Saint Vincent, which was known to the Garinagu as

224: 2628: 2619:"World Cafe Next: Danny Michel And The Garifuna Collective" 1962:"Ethnicity, Modernity, and Retention in the Garifuna Punta" 1294: 1063:

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

242: 4041: 2924: 2893: 2871:

Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos

2773:. Editorial guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. p. 47. 2710: 2708: 2706: 2674:

Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos

2172: 755:, Britain gained control over Saint Vincent following its 3142: 2836:

12.2 (2007): 384–413. AnthroSource. Web. 20 January 2010.

2622: 889:, has the largest population, dominated by Garifuna from 599:

After the arrival of the English to St. Vincent in 1667,

221: 2754:. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 26: 161-192 (1983). 2441:

Garsd, Jasmine. " VIVA LA LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN DE PERSONAS

660:

islands. Although most of the enslaved people came from

603:

officer John Scott wrote a report on the island for the

2866:

19.1 (1991): 52–67. AnthroSource. Web. 13 January 2010.

2703: 791:

began in 1769. Led primarily by Black Carib chieftain

566:

In 1650, the company liquidated, selling Martinique to

3731: 1888: 1886: 1849:

Remembering How Anthony Bourdain Advocated for Latinos

3012:

Women of Belize: Gender and Change in Central America

2088:. Benque Viejo, Belize: BRC Printing. pp. 14–63. 479:

arrived in the Lesser Antilles in 1635, and lived in

251: 239: 233: 218: 3195: 3000:

Loveland, Christine A., and Frank O. Loveland, eds.

2834:

Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology

676:(where enslaved people likely came from what is now 402:

The Garifuna were historically known by the exonyms

287:

ancestry that originated in the Caribbean island of

3065: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 1883: 230: 3037:The Making of Belize: Globalization in the Margins 2926: 2766: 2605:Sletto, Jacqueline W. "ANCESTRAL TIES THAT BIND." 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1028:In 1805, the remaining Garifuna in Morne Ronde on 3022:. Belize City: Glessima Research & Services. 2983:Griffith, Marie, and Darbara Dianne Savage, eds. 2794:Garifuna History, language, and Culture, page 32. 2636:"The Forgotten: HIV and the Garifuna of Honduras" 1931:The Routledge Companion to Inter-American Studies 5646: 3034: 2563:Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics 2267: 1749:Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics 1638:Atlantic voyage of the predecessor of Mansa Musa 3070:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 3017: 2839: 2455:. June 4, 2014. Retrieved on September 7, 2015. 1865: 1851:Published June 8, 2018, retrieved June 15, 2018 1742: 1740: 1687: 1033:1,100–2,000 Garifuna resided in Saint Vincent. 306:The Garifuna are the descendants of indigenous 3020:The First Primer on the People Called Garifuna 1866:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen (22 September 2016). 1219:and chugu are also widespread among Garifuna. 551:. This authorized the capture and purchase of 467:who were resident on the islands at the time. 4299: 4057: 3897: 3717: 3312: 3181: 3157: 375:refers to the people as a whole and the term 2869:Dzizzienyo, Anani, and Suzanne Oboler, eds. 2554: 1737: 1718:(in Spanish). pp. 59–66. Archived from 933:The Garifuna language is an offshoot of the 688:(where there were many enslaved people from 526:missionaries arrived to convert them to the 2997:46.2 (2006): 143–159. Web. 13 January 2010. 2762: 2760: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 1921: 1184:, with a collective of Garifuna musicians. 414:. European explorers began to use the term 387:originated as African modifications of the 4306: 4292: 4064: 4050: 3904: 3890: 3724: 3710: 3319: 3305: 3188: 3174: 3126:ONECA (Organización Negra Centroamericana) 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 1135:is commonly made at home; it is rum-based 876: 672:), but they also came from places such as 639:, escaped and reached the small island of 3082:Garifuna Heritage Foundation – St Vincent 2545: 2533:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2295: 2281:Garifuna reach: Historia de los garífunas 2206: 1997: 1995: 1243: 594: 3131:Vacation in Hopkins a Garifuna Community 3014:. 1996. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2000. 2757: 2522: 2511: 2326: 2313: 2283:. Posted by Itarala. Retrieved 19:30 pm. 2082: 2037: 2035: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1927: 1746: 1265:(Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea), 1152: 1048: 774: 733: 650: 646: 2560: 2223: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1708: 14: 5647: 2933:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean 2041: 2001: 1992: 1959: 5710:Indigenous peoples of Central America 4287: 4045: 3885: 3705: 3300: 3169: 3156: 2463: 2461: 2255:"Institutional History of Martinique" 2245:, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007 2143: 2032: 1948: 1934:. Taylor & Francis. p. 390. 1928:Raussert, Wilfried (6 January 2017). 1173:Umalali: The Garifuna Women's Project 266: 5623: 4313: 2243:African Diaspora Archaeology Network 1854: 984: 61:Regions with significant populations 5715:Multiracial affairs in the Americas 5705:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean 3570:Descendants of Europeans (white or 2925:Gonzalez, Nancie L. Solien (1997). 2894:Gonzalez, Nancie L. Solien (1988). 2641:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting 2098: 1199:The majority of Garinagu have been 1139:, made by soaking roots and herbs. 858:epidemics. Thousands of whites and 842:This was also in the period of the 655:Black Carib family in Saint Vincent 450: 24: 5725:Slavery in the British West Indies 3733:Ancestry and ethnicity in Honduras 2494:"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" 2458: 2370:R. G. de Andrade Coelho, page. 37. 1334:"and other West African regions". 1252: 1036: 25: 5741: 5730:Central America and the Caribbean 5660:African–Native American relations 3075: 2928:"The Garifuna of Central America" 1349: 1322:suggests that came from Nigeria, 510:of France gave the island to the 5680:Ethnic groups in Central America 5622: 5613: 5612: 4495:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3913: 3866: 3328: 3197:Ancestry and ethnicity in Belize 1157:Traditional Garifuna dancers in 1023: 988: 883:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 516:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique 455:The Carib people migrated from 214: 2823: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2744: 2724: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2612: 2599: 2486: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2286: 2248: 2166: 2137: 2092: 2076: 2008:University Press of Mississippi 1194: 1182:Black Birds Are Dancing Over Me 980: 837: 830:to the north, and the south to 729: 518:. The French colonists imposed 470: 27:Ethnic group in Central America 5675:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean 2931:. In Wilson, Samuel M. (ed.). 2814:Los negros caribes de Honduras 2812:Ruy Galvão de Andrade Coelho. 2341:10.1080/00086495.1973.11829167 2302:A Brief History of St. Vincent 2150:Johns Hopkins University Press 2058:10.1080/00086495.1987.11671718 1842: 1827:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1814: 1785: 1659:Central American Island Caribs 1651: 1261:(Nigeria-Cameroon residents), 1236:the income of their husbands. 635:ethnic group from what is now 13: 1: 3148:– "We are free" Mali Cayetano 2432:Rafael Leiva Vivas, page. 139 2146:The Global Eighteenth Century 1680: 866:feared future slave revolts. 770: 512:Compagnie de Saint-Christophe 440:Account of the Black Charaibs 279:) are a people of mixed free 81: 53: 4220:British and French Caribbean 3092:Garifuna Heritage Foundation 3066:Taylor, Christopher (2012). 2900:University of Illinois Press 2876:Flores, Barbara A.T. (2001) 2006:. Caribbean Studies Series. 2002:Taylor, Christopher (2012). 1966:Black Music Research Journal 1320:Ruy Galvão de Andrade Coelho 1180:has also recorded an album, 709:eventually mixed with them. 491:, which he visited briefly. 7: 4071: 3097:Warasa Garifuna Drum School 3087:Garifuna Research Institute 2937:University Press of Florida 2767:Jesús Muñoz Tábora (2003). 1573: 1342:to differentiate them from 911: 10: 5746: 5700:Ethnic groups in Guatemala 5685:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua 5665:African diaspora in Belize 5507:African diaspora religions 4631:Indigenous Black Canadians 4225:Spanish New World colonies 2609:43.1 (1991): 20–28. Print. 1960:Greene, Oliver N. (2002). 1231:Garifuna people live in a 1222: 1146: 1044: 922:The Garifuna people speak 915: 588:Charles Houël du Petit Pré 445: 353: 170:, and minorities of other 29: 5720:People of African descent 5690:Ethnic groups in Honduras 5608: 5497: 5482:African Hebrew Israelites 5467: 5421: 5358: 5347: 5327: 5258:Afro-Asians in South Asia 5223: 5136: 4971: 4821: 4606: 4532: 4342: 4328: 4321: 4204: 4079: 4028: 3975: 3930: 3863: 3785: 3739: 3673: 3645: 3614: 3569: 3548: 3482: 3355: 3345: 3243: 3203: 3163: 3158:Links to related articles 3035:Sutherland, Anne (1998). 2886:Franzone, Dorothy (1995) 2575:10.1007/978-1-4613-2649-6 1761:10.1007/978-1-4613-2649-6 871:abolished slavery in 1833 356:Kalina people § Name 183: 178: 161: 156: 133: 128: 118: 108: 98: 88: 75: 65: 60: 52: 47: 32:Garifuna (disambiguation) 4524:Turks and Caicos Islands 3356:Guatemalan native groups 3347:Ancestral background of 3018:Palacio, Myrtle (1993). 1644: 1467:Bernard Martínez Valerio 1142: 1103:green and ripe plantains 965:Almost all Garinagu are 846:in the French colony of 522:on the inhabitants, and 496:Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc 5695:Ethnic groups in Belize 3256:Americans (Confederate) 2990:Herlihy, Laura Hobson. 2737:5 November 2012 at the 2547:10.1002/ajpa.1330260508 2473:Encyclopedia Britannica 1804:Oxford University Press 1522:Teodoro Palacios Flores 1105:) or alone with gravy ( 1072: 958:based on the unrelated 877:20th and 21st centuries 568:Jacques Dyel du Parquet 559:and other parts of the 500:Jacques Dyel du Parquet 349: 172:Christian denominations 5670:Bay Islands Department 5512:Anti-African sentiment 4271:Quilombola territories 4266:Quilombola communities 3920:Ancestry and ethnicity 3335:Ancestry and ethnicity 3116:NationalGeographic.com 2191:10.1098/rstb.2013.0388 2102:Early American Studies 1608:Lebeha Drumming Center 1346:, continued to exist. 1297:, Benin, Nigeria) and 1244:Genetics and ancestors 1162: 1054: 937:, and it is spoken in 864:Southern United States 783: 739: 656: 595:William Young's report 475:The French missionary 264:Spanish pronunciation: 5564:Civil rights movement 5452:Afro-Caribbean people 4761:Chestnut Ridge people 4683:African-American Jews 4485:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3615:Descendants of Asians 2260:25 March 2010 at the 2115:10.1353/eam.2013.0007 1869:A Grammar of Garifuna 1800:UK English Dictionary 1156: 1052: 778: 737: 719:Sebastian R. Cayetano 654: 647:Modern historiography 316:Afro-Caribbean people 193:Afro-Caribbean people 179:Related ethnic groups 5522:Atlantic slave trade 5210:United Arab Emirates 3276:Germans (mennonites) 3136:22 June 2022 at the 2750:Crawford, M.H. 1983 2730:Crawford, M.H. 1997 2524:Crawford, Michael H. 2152:. pp. 182–194. 1673:until the late 1970s 1661:; formerly known as 1532:Thomas Vincent Ramos 1477:Eugenio Dolmo Flores 1097:is eaten with fish, 860:free people of color 543:Louis XIII of France 504:French colonial rule 360:Kalinago § Name 340:in the United States 314:(Island Carib), and 197:Afro-Latin Americans 30:For other uses, see 5411:Sierra Leone Creole 5262:India and Pakistan 4507:Trinidad and Tobago 4357:Antigua and Barbuda 4211:History of slavery 3873:Honduras portal 3349:Guatemalan citizens 3041:Bergin & Garvey 2977:, November 7, 2013. 2859:Chernela, Janet M. 2721:19.1 (1991): 52–67. 2714:Chernela, Janet M. 2469:"Garífuna language" 2329:Caribbean Quarterly 2045:Caribbean Quarterly 1810:on 1 February 2020. 1487:Rakeem Nuñez-Roches 1269:(residents between 548:La Traité des Noirs 320:British West Indies 268:[ɡa'ɾifuna] 44: 5554:Black Lives Matter 5161:Ethiopian Israelis 4811:African immigrants 4786:Louisiana Redbones 4722:Chickasaw freedmen 4651:African immigrants 4419:Dominican Republic 4261:Haitian Revolution 4102:Great Dismal Swamp 3549:Guatemalan mestizo 3483:Former and extinct 3281:Hispanic and Latin 2569:. pp. 37–50. 2307:2013-04-04 at the 1877:University of Bern 1163: 1055: 1000:. You can help by 844:Haitian Revolution 784: 740: 657: 561:French West Indies 508:Cardinal Richelieu 434:, particularly in 124:1,100–2,000 (1984) 42: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5604: 5603: 5517:Anti-Black racism 5457:British Jamaicans 5447:African Americans 5432:African Americans 5386:Americo-Liberians 5371:African Americans 5343: 5342: 5166:Sudanese refugees 4967: 4966: 4737:Seminole freedmen 4717:Cherokee freedmen 4698:Black Southerners 4673:African Americans 4621:African Americans 4281: 4280: 4039: 4038: 3879: 3878: 3699: 3698: 3294: 3293: 3050:978-0-89789-579-8 2965:Griffin, Wendy. " 2950:978-0-8130-1531-6 2909:978-0-252-01453-6 2676:, page 105, 2005. 2584:978-1-4613-2649-6 1941:978-1-317-29065-0 1830:. Merriam-Webster 1770:978-1-4613-2649-6 1725:on 18 August 2016 1597:Garifuna in Peril 1527:Guillermo Ramírez 1018: 1017: 962:of the mainland. 928:Vincentian Creole 918:Garifuna language 765:Mississippi River 366:Garifuna language 301:Vincentian Creole 297:Arawakan language 206: 205: 139:Vincentian Creole 16:(Redirected from 5737: 5626: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5356: 5355: 4744:Creoles of color 4727:Choctaw freedmen 4693:Black Mennonites 4626:Black Mennonites 4473:Jamaican Maroons 4429:Samaná Americans 4340: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4315:African diaspora 4308: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4240:colonial history 4066: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4042: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3647:Afro-descendants 3333: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3261:British (Baymen) 3190: 3183: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3154: 3153: 3071: 3062: 3039:. Westport, CT: 3031: 2962: 2930: 2921: 2856: 2829:Anderson, Mark. 2817: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2764: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2701: 2700:, page 25, 1982. 2695: 2689: 2688:, page 24, 1982. 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664:, page 51, 2006. 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2632: 2626: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2520: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2465: 2456: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2324: 2311: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2265: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2039: 2030: 2029: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1957: 1946: 1945: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1806:. Archived from 1789: 1783: 1782: 1755:. pp. 1–9. 1744: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1706: 1674: 1655: 1586:British Honduras 1462:Aurelio Martínez 1457:Abe Laboriel Jr. 1452:Abraham Laboriel 1397:Victor Bernardez 1367:Carlos Bernárdez 1113:(a green banana 1013: 1010: 992: 985: 808:Ralph Abercromby 800:Second Carib War 761:Seven Years' War 757:defeat of France 451:Carib background 328:Windward Islands 270: 265: 258: 254: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 83: 55: 48:Total population 45: 41: 21: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5600: 5574:Genetic history 5499: 5493: 5469: 5463: 5443:United Kingdom 5417: 5396:Afro-Brazilians 5351: 5349: 5339: 5323: 5228: 5219: 5132: 4975: 4963: 4823: 4817: 4688:Alabama Creoles 4608: 4602: 4534: 4528: 4333: 4317: 4312: 4282: 4277: 4249:Slave rebellion 4200: 4090:Black Seminoles 4075: 4070: 4040: 4035: 4024: 3971: 3926: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3880: 3875: 3867: 3865: 3859: 3781: 3735: 3730: 3700: 3695: 3669: 3641: 3610: 3565: 3544: 3478: 3357: 3351: 3341: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3295: 3290: 3239: 3199: 3194: 3159: 3138:Wayback Machine 3078: 3051: 3008:McClaurin, Irma 2973:, reprinted by 2971:Honduras Weekly 2951: 2910: 2841:Breton, Raymond 2826: 2821: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785:Second Edition. 2781: 2765: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2739:Wayback Machine 2729: 2725: 2713: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2625:, 15 July 2013. 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2585: 2567:Springer-Verlag 2559: 2555: 2540:(S1): 161–192. 2521: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2399:Black Charaibs, 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2325: 2314: 2309:Wayback Machine 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2268: 2262:Wayback Machine 2253: 2249: 2237: 2224: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2142: 2138: 2097: 2093: 2081: 2077: 2040: 2033: 2018: 2000: 1993: 1978:10.2307/1519956 1958: 1949: 1942: 1926: 1922: 1891: 1884: 1872: 1864: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1771: 1753:Springer-Verlag 1745: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1603:Happy Land fire 1581:Black Seminoles 1576: 1571: 1517:Wilson Palacios 1512:Johnny Palacios 1442:Maynor Figueroa 1437:Wilmer Crisanto 1407:Joseph Chatoyer 1392:Rosita Baltazar 1387:Theodore Aranda 1352: 1255: 1253:African origins 1246: 1225: 1197: 1151: 1145: 1075: 1047: 1039: 1037:Central America 1026: 1014: 1008: 1005: 998:needs expansion 983: 935:Arawak language 920: 914: 879: 840: 793:Joseph Chatoyer 789:First Carib War 780:Joseph Chatoyer 773: 753:Treaty of Paris 751:In 1763 by the 732: 723:Charles Gullick 649: 597: 553:enslaved people 528:Catholic Church 502:. They imposed 498:and his nephew 473: 453: 448: 362: 352: 332:Lesser Antilles 263: 256: 252: 217: 213: 210:Garifuna people 147:Belizean Creole 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5743: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5586: 5584:Pan-Africanism 5581: 5576: 5571: 5569:Creole peoples 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5473: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5285:Black Dutchmen 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5101:United Kingdom 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4732:Creek freedmen 4729: 4724: 4719: 4705: 4703:Black Hispanic 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4669:United States 4667: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4574:Miskito people 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4382:Cayman Islands 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4205:Related topics 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4086:United States 4083: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3976:Non-Indigenous 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3786:Non-Indigenous 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3515:Lakandon Chʼol 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3244:Non-Indigenous 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3076:External links 3074: 3073: 3072: 3063: 3049: 3032: 3015: 3005: 2998: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2963: 2949: 2922: 2908: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2867: 2857: 2837: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2779: 2756: 2743: 2723: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2627: 2611: 2598: 2583: 2553: 2510: 2498:Ethnologue.com 2485: 2457: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2412:Black Charaibs 2403: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2312: 2294: 2285: 2266: 2247: 2222: 2165: 2158: 2136: 2109:(1): 117–132. 2091: 2075: 2052:(3/4): 75–83. 2031: 2016: 1991: 1972:(2): 189–216. 1947: 1940: 1920: 1882: 1853: 1841: 1813: 1784: 1769: 1736: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1657:also known as 1649: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1613:Miskito people 1610: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1567:Jorge Benguché 1564: 1562:Jerry Bengtson 1559: 1554: 1552:Henry Figueroa 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1507:Jerry Palacios 1504: 1502:Joseph Palacio 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432:Félix Crisanto 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1382:Dionisia Amaya 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1350:Notable people 1348: 1283:Ashanti Region 1254: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1224: 1221: 1196: 1193: 1149:Garifuna music 1147:Main article: 1144: 1141: 1074: 1071: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1009:September 2021 995: 993: 982: 979: 975:first language 960:Carib language 916:Main article: 913: 910: 878: 875: 848:Saint-Domingue 839: 836: 772: 769: 731: 728: 715:Andrade Coelho 648: 645: 596: 593: 477:Raymond Breton 472: 469: 452: 449: 447: 444: 351: 348: 204: 203: 181: 180: 176: 175: 164:Roman Catholic 159: 158: 154: 153: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 84:200,000 (2011) 79: 73: 72: 71:200,000 (2003) 69: 63: 62: 58: 57: 56:400,000 (2011) 50: 49: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5742: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5629: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407:Sierra Leone 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350:Afro-American 5346: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4885:French Guiana 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801:Somali Bantus 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708:Black Indians 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678:Affrilachians 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:New Brunswick 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579:Miskito Sambu 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Dougla people 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4402:Ganga-Longoba 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4335:Latin America 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4254:United States 4252: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230:United States 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080:Ethnic groups 4078: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3874: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Arab-Honduran 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Afro-Honduran 3791: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2882:OCLC 47773227 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2780:9789992633069 2776: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2379:Ibidem, p. 66 2376: 2367: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2159:9780801868658 2155: 2151: 2148:. Baltimore: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2087: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017:9781617033100 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901:(1): 87–103. 1900: 1896: 1895:Human Biology 1889: 1887: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1672: 1671:Island Caribs 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557:Romell Quioto 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547:Édgar Álvarez 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1427:Teofilo Colon 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362:Boniek García 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293:(resident in 1292: 1288: 1285:, in central 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1220: 1218: 1217:Dugu ceremony 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:cassava bread 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1030:Saint Vincent 1024:Saint Vincent 1021: 1012: 1003: 999: 996:This section 994: 991: 987: 986: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 919: 909: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 874: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 781: 777: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 746: 736: 727: 724: 720: 716: 710: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 653: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:William Young 614: 610: 606: 605:English crown 602: 592: 589: 584: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457:South America 443: 441: 437: 436:William Young 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Island Caribs 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 361: 357: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Saint Vincent 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 261: 260: 247: 211: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 123: 121: 120:Saint Vincent 117: 113: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 94:15,000 (2003) 93: 91: 87: 80: 78: 77:United States 74: 70: 68: 64: 59: 51: 46: 37: 33: 19: 5335:Saint Helena 5271:in Karnataka 5188:Saudi Arabia 4756:Brass Ankles 4546: 4499: 4397:Cape Verdean 4116: 4030: 3966: 3812: 3654: 3520:Manche Chʼol 3270: 3216:Manche Ch'ol 3143:Pen Cayetano 3121:Garifuna.org 3112:The Garifuna 3067: 3036: 3019: 3011: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2984: 2975:Latina Lista 2974: 2970: 2932: 2895: 2887: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2844: 2833: 2830: 2824:Bibliography 2808: 2799: 2790: 2769: 2746: 2726: 2718: 2715: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2639: 2630: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2562: 2556: 2537: 2531: 2501:. Retrieved 2497: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2472: 2450: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2332: 2328: 2297: 2288: 2250: 2242: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2145: 2139: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2069: 2049: 2043: 2003: 1969: 1965: 1930: 1923: 1898: 1894: 1879:. p. 6. 1868: 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1825: 1816: 1808:the original 1796: 1787: 1748: 1727:. Retrieved 1720:the original 1711: 1670: 1667:Black Caribs 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1595: 1542:Deiby Flores 1497:Andy Palacio 1482:Tomás Róchez 1447:O.T. Genasis 1422:Mirtha Colón 1417:Osman Chavez 1402:Sofía Blanco 1377:Marvin Avila 1372:Edwin Solano 1357:Alberth Elis 1344:Black Caribs 1343: 1339: 1336: 1312: 1273:- Nigeria), 1256: 1247: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1211: 1205: 1198: 1195:Spirituality 1186: 1181: 1178:Danny Michel 1171: 1167: 1164: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1067:Corn Islands 1056: 1040: 1027: 1019: 1006: 1002:adding to it 997: 981:Demographics 971:multilingual 964: 932: 921: 907: 880: 868: 856:yellow fever 841: 838:19th century 812: 797: 785: 750: 741: 730:18th century 711: 694:Sierra Leone 658: 601:English Army 598: 585: 571: 565: 546: 535:Carib people 533:Because the 532: 493: 474: 471:17th century 454: 439: 431: 427: 423: 420:Black Caribs 419: 416:Black Caribs 415: 411: 408:Black Caribs 407: 403: 401: 396: 392: 384: 380: 376: 372: 363: 323: 305: 272: 209: 207: 114:2,000 (2003) 104:5,000 (2003) 39:Ethnic group 36: 5594:Reparations 5559:Black power 5307:New Zealand 5138:Middle East 5091:Switzerland 5051:Netherlands 4766:Dominickers 4641:Nova Scotia 4559:El Salvador 4490:Saint Lucia 4480:Puerto Rico 4018:Palestinian 3960:Awas Tingni 3691:Salvadorans 3490:Acala Chʼol 3454:Sipakapense 3362:and others) 2939:. pp. 2335:(4): 4–19. 2026:j.ctt24hxr2 1628:Sambo Creek 1537:David Suazo 1210:known as a 903:New Orleans 680:, Nigeria, 621:West Indies 609:slave ships 545:proclaimed 489:St. Vincent 432:Black Carib 5649:Categories 5527:Coromantee 4942:Paramaccan 4856:Quilombola 4796:Melungeons 4554:Costa Rica 4463:Coromantee 4187:Quilombola 4162:Paramaccan 3932:Indigenous 3740:Indigenous 3449:Sakapultek 3439:Qʼanjobʼal 3204:Indigenous 2898:. Urbana: 2816:, page. 36 2647:19 October 2401:pp. 12–13. 1822:"Garifuna" 1793:"Garifuna" 1681:References 1492:Paul Nabor 1472:Paul Nabor 1340:Red Caribs 1324:Gold Coast 1263:Ibo (Igbo) 1233:matrilocal 1127:bimecacule 1123:breadfruit 771:Carib wars 745:Martinique 611:which had 580:Dominicans 572:Cabesterre 557:Martinique 520:French Law 481:Guadeloupe 428:Red Caribs 354:See also: 291:and speak 285:Amerindian 162:Primarily 5348:Secondary 5312:Sri Lanka 5290:Mardijker 5280:Indonesia 5251:Hong Kong 5246:Guangzhou 5236:Australia 5183:Palestine 5111:Liverpool 5106:Cambridge 4959:Venezuela 4831:Argentina 4586:Nicaragua 4564:Guatemala 4344:Caribbean 4322:Geography 4196:Mauritius 4113:Honduras 3924:Nicaragua 3823:Bulgarian 3798:Americans 3681:Americans 3530:Tojolabal 3500:Chinamita 3495:Alaguilac 3464:Tzʼutujil 3434:Poqomchiʼ 3409:Kaqchikel 3339:Guatemala 3226:Chinamita 2995:Ethnology 2843:(1877) . 2503:30 August 2199:0962-8436 2131:144195511 1834:22 August 1101:(pounded 967:bilingual 951:Nicaragua 947:Guatemala 887:the Bronx 832:Nicaragua 828:Guatemala 804:Kingstown 674:St. Lucia 342:, and in 326:, in the 168:Rastafari 129:Languages 110:Nicaragua 100:Guatemala 5655:Garifuna 5618:Category 5468:Asia and 5437:Haitians 5392:Nigeria 5382:Liberia 5352:diaspora 5328:Atlantic 5302:Malaysia 5203:Africans 5121:Scotland 5066:Portugal 4987:Abkhazia 4947:Saramaka 4922:Suriname 4912:Paraguay 4900:Saramaka 4868:Colombia 4846:Kalungas 4776:Garifuna 4712:Freedmen 4663:Mascogos 4596:Cimarrón 4569:Honduras 4547:Garifuna 4517:Merikins 4500:Garifuna 4414:Dominica 4372:Barbados 4352:Anguilla 4330:Americas 4182:Quilombo 4172:Kalungas 4147:Saramaka 4132:Suriname 4128:Guianas 4117:Garifuna 4095:Mascogos 3967:Garifuna 3850:Mexicans 3833:Italians 3813:Garifuna 3747:Chʼortiʼ 3686:Mexicans 3674:Americas 3655:Garifuna 3632:Lebanese 3535:Toquegua 3469:Uspantek 3459:Tektitek 3444:Qʼeqchiʼ 3404:Jakaltek 3389:Chʼortiʼ 3379:Awakatek 3271:Garifuna 3251:Africans 3233:Qʼeqchiʼ 3134:Archived 3059:38024169 3028:30746656 2959:36817335 2918:15519873 2735:Archived 2593:46373360 2526:(1983). 2349:23050239 2305:Archived 2258:Archived 2217:25487339 2185:(1660). 2123:23546705 2066:40654135 1907:41464596 1779:46373360 1591:Dangriga 1574:See also 1307:DR Congo 1201:Catholic 1189:HIV/AIDS 1161:, Belize 1159:Dangriga 1057:In 2001 939:Honduras 924:Garifuna 912:Language 891:Honduras 820:Honduras 662:Barbados 629:Antilles 578:and the 485:Dominica 397:Kalinago 393:Karifuna 389:Kalinago 385:Garínagu 381:Garífuna 377:Garífuna 373:Garínagu 336:Honduras 324:Yurumein 312:Kalinago 293:Garifuna 277:Garifuna 273:Garínagu 189:Kalinago 157:Religion 135:Garifuna 67:Honduras 43:Garinagu 18:Garinagu 5628:Commons 5589:Slavery 5579:Maroons 5498:Related 5470:Oceania 5428:France 5317:Kaffirs 5229:Oceania 5096:Ukraine 5071:Romania 5041:Ireland 5024:Germany 5007:Finland 5002:Denmark 4997:Belgium 4992:Austria 4954:Uruguay 4932:Matawai 4880:Ecuador 4851:Macombo 4836:Bolivia 4824:America 4646:Ontario 4609:America 4535:America 4533:Central 4458:Jamaica 4446:Marabou 4436:Grenada 4409:Curaçao 4377:Bermuda 4367:Bahamas 4177:Macombo 4168:Brazil 4157:Matawai 4109:Jamaica 4073:Maroons 4003:English 3988:Chinese 3983:African 3945:Nicarao 3940:Miskito 3855:Mulatto 3845:Mestizo 3828:Spanish 3808:Chinese 3777:Tolupan 3762:Miskito 3660:Mulatto 3601:Spanish 3596:Russian 3591:Italian 3572:Criollo 3556:Mestizo 3505:Kejache 3429:Poqomam 3414:Kʼicheʼ 3286:Indians 3266:Chinese 2987:. 2006. 2941:197–205 2873:. 2005. 2853:8046575 2607:America 2447:Archive 2414:, p. 4. 2410:Young, 2397:Young, 2208:4275895 1986:1519956 1915:7239494 1875:(PhD). 1729:1 March 1412:Duvalle 1328:Dahomey 1279:Ashanti 1223:Society 1170:and in 1168:Watina, 1137:bitters 1125:), and 1119:mazapan 1111:bundiga 1099:machuca 1045:Culture 899:Atlanta 895:Houston 759:in the 698:Nigeria 686:Grenada 678:Senegal 666:Nigeria 637:Nigeria 625:Bahamas 613:wrecked 591:peace. 576:Jesuits 446:History 370:endonym 364:In the 330:of the 281:African 151:English 143:Spanish 5547:Yoruba 5500:topics 5477:Israel 5422:Europe 5367:Ghana 5360:Africa 5198:Turkey 5173:Jordan 5156:Israel 5116:London 5086:Sweden 5076:Russia 5061:Poland 5056:Norway 5034:Blacks 5029:Greece 5012:France 4978:Blacks 4973:Europe 4937:Ndyuka 4927:Kwinti 4907:Guyana 4895:Ndyuka 4873:Raizal 4841:Brazil 4806:Yoruba 4791:Lumbee 4771:Fulani 4749:Gullah 4658:Mexico 4616:Canada 4591:Panama 4542:Belize 4451:Marron 4424:Cocolo 4215:Brazil 4152:Kwinti 4142:Ndyuka 4124:Panama 4032:Portal 4013:Jewish 4008:German 3637:Romani 3627:Korean 3622:Jewish 3586:German 3581:French 3561:Ladino 3540:Yalain 3374:Akatek 3057: 3047: 3026: 2957: 2947: 2916: 2906: 2851: 2777: 2591: 2581: 2478:4 July 2452:Fusion 2347: 2215: 2205: 2197: 2156: 2129: 2121: 2064: 2024: 2014: 1984: 1938: 1913: 1905: 1798:Lexico 1777: 1767: 1663:Caribs 1291:Yoruba 1281:(from 1208:shaman 1132:gifiti 1115:lasusu 1107:lasusu 1087:hibise 1059:UNESCO 956:pidgin 949:, and 943:Belize 901:, and 824:Belize 816:Roatan 702:Angola 690:Guinea 684:) and 682:Angola 641:Bequia 524:Jesuit 465:Igneri 424:Yellow 410:, and 404:Caribs 391:terms 368:, the 358:, and 344:Belize 308:Arawak 299:, and 271:; pl. 90:Belize 5542:Tikar 5537:Kongo 5489:Japan 5376:Tabom 5297:Japan 5266:Siddi 5241:China 5215:Yemen 5193:Syria 5126:Wales 5081:Spain 5046:Italy 5017:Paris 4890:Aluku 4863:Chile 4822:South 4781:Igbos 4607:North 4468:Igbos 4441:Haiti 4392:Arará 4362:Aruba 4235:Trade 4137:Aluku 3998:White 3818:White 3752:Lenca 3665:Zambo 3606:Swiss 3525:Pipil 3510:Kowoj 3474:Xinca 3424:Mopan 3221:Mopan 2864:Ethos 2719:Ethos 2589:S2CID 2345:JSTOR 2127:S2CID 2119:JSTOR 2062:JSTOR 2022:JSTOR 1982:JSTOR 1903:JSTOR 1873:(PDF) 1775:S2CID 1723:(PDF) 1716:(PDF) 1669:, or 1645:Notes 1633:Zambo 1623:Punta 1618:Obeah 1332:Congo 1316:Fanti 1303:Congo 1299:Kongo 1287:Ghana 1275:Fante 1271:Benin 1212:buyei 1143:Music 1095:Ereba 1091:Comal 1079:ereba 852:Haiti 706:Kongo 670:Ghana 539:cocoa 461:Taíno 295:, an 201:Taíno 185:Pardo 5532:Igbo 5401:Saro 5225:Asia 5178:Oman 5151:Iraq 5146:Iran 4917:Peru 4387:Cuba 3993:Roma 3955:Sumo 3950:Rama 3838:Jews 3772:Sumo 3767:Pech 3757:Maya 3399:Ixil 3394:Itza 3384:Chuj 3369:Achi 3360:Maya 3211:Maya 3055:OCLC 3045:ISBN 3024:OCLC 2955:OCLC 2945:ISBN 2914:OCLC 2904:ISBN 2849:OCLC 2775:ISBN 2649:2015 2579:ISBN 2505:2017 2480:2021 2213:PMID 2195:ISSN 2154:ISBN 2012:ISBN 1936:ISBN 1911:PMID 1836:2018 1765:ISBN 1731:2021 1295:Togo 1277:and 1267:Fons 1259:Efik 1073:Food 926:and 826:and 668:and 633:Igbo 627:and 483:and 422:and 395:and 383:and 350:Name 283:and 255:-ee- 208:The 5227:and 3922:in 3419:Mam 3337:in 3114:on 2969:," 2623:NPR 2571:doi 2542:doi 2449:). 2445:" ( 2337:doi 2203:PMC 2187:doi 2183:370 2111:doi 2054:doi 1974:doi 1757:doi 1289:), 1117:), 1093:). 1004:. 969:or 818:in 463:or 438:'s 426:or 275:in 262:or 259:-nə 257:FOO 253:GAR 225:ɑːr 5651:: 3053:. 3043:. 3010:. 2953:. 2943:. 2912:. 2902:. 2759:^ 2705:^ 2638:. 2621:. 2587:. 2577:. 2538:26 2536:. 2530:. 2513:^ 2496:. 2471:. 2460:^ 2343:. 2333:19 2331:. 2315:^ 2269:^ 2241:, 2225:^ 2211:. 2201:. 2193:. 2181:. 2177:. 2125:. 2117:. 2107:11 2105:. 2068:. 2060:. 2050:33 2048:. 2034:^ 2020:. 2010:. 1994:^ 1980:. 1970:22 1968:. 1964:. 1950:^ 1909:. 1899:53 1897:. 1885:^ 1856:^ 1824:. 1802:. 1795:. 1773:. 1763:. 1739:^ 1689:^ 1665:, 1330:, 1326:, 1305:, 1191:. 945:, 941:, 930:. 897:, 704:, 700:, 696:, 692:, 563:. 530:. 506:. 406:, 346:. 338:, 310:, 303:. 237:uː 228:iː 199:, 195:, 191:, 187:, 166:, 149:, 145:, 141:, 137:, 82:c. 54:c. 4980:) 4976:( 4710:/ 4332:/ 4307:e 4300:t 4293:v 4065:e 4058:t 4051:v 3905:e 3898:t 3891:v 3725:e 3718:t 3711:v 3574:) 3358:( 3320:e 3313:t 3306:v 3189:e 3182:t 3175:v 3061:. 3030:. 3004:. 2961:. 2920:. 2855:. 2783:. 2651:. 2595:. 2573:: 2550:. 2544:: 2507:. 2482:. 2351:. 2339:: 2219:. 2189:: 2162:. 2133:. 2113:: 2056:: 2028:. 1988:. 1976:: 1944:. 1917:. 1838:. 1781:. 1759:: 1733:. 1301:( 1121:( 1081:( 1011:) 1007:( 623:( 246:/ 243:ə 240:n 234:f 231:ˈ 222:ɡ 219:ˌ 216:/ 212:( 174:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index