GNU General Public License

2307:

public under a free software license, "then lets customers pay for permission to use the same code under different terms, for instance allowing its inclusion in proprietary applications". Stallman considered selling exceptions "acceptable since the 1990s, and on occasion I've suggested it to companies. Sometimes this approach has made it possible for important programs to become free software". Although the FSF does not practice selling exceptions, a comparison with the X11 license (which is a non-copyleft free software license) is proposed for suggesting that this commercialization technique should be regarded as ethically acceptable. Releasing a given program under a non-copyleft free software license would permit embedding the code in proprietary software. Stallman comments that "either we have to conclude that it's wrong to release anything under the X11 license—a conclusion I find unacceptably extreme—or reject this implication. Using a non-copyleft license is weak, and usually an inferior choice, but it's not wrong. In other words, selling exceptions permits some embedding in proprietary software, and the X11 license permits even more embedding. If this doesn't make the X11 license unacceptable, it doesn't make selling exceptions unacceptable".

7279:

appear to forget. For instance one would think that the incompatibility of the GPLv2 with the Apache Software License 2.0 should be a thing of the past now that everything upgrades to GPLv3, but it turns out that enough people are either stuck with GPLv2 only or do not agree with the GPLv3 that some Apache Software licensed projects are required to migrate. For instance Twitter's Bootstrap is currently migrating from ASL2.0 to MIT precisely because some people still need GPLv2 compatibility. Among those projects that were affected were Drupal, WordPress, Joomla, the MoinMoin Wiki and others. And even that case shows that people don't care that much about licenses any more as Joomla 3 just bundled bootstrap even though they were not licenses in a compatible way (GPLv2 vs ASL 2.0). The other traditional case of things not being GPL compatible is the OpenSSL project which has a license that does not go well with the GPL. That license is also still incompatible with the GPLv3. The whole ordeal is particularly interesting as some not so nice parties have started doing license trolling through GPL licenses.

2466: 1236:... These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 3001:"Walter van Holst is a legal consultant at the Dutch IT consulting company mitopics... Walter instead chose to use data from a software index, namely Freecode... Walter's 2009 data set consisted of 38,674 projects... The final column in the table shows the number of projects licensed under "any version of the GPL". In addition, Walter presented pie charts that showed the proportion of projects under various common-licenses. Notable in those data sets was that, whereas in 2009 the proportion of projects licensed GPLv2-only and GPLv3 was respectively 3% and 2%, by 2013, those numbers had risen to 7% and 5%." 1194:; more important is the question about whether the software was intended to interface with client software and/or libraries. He states, "The primary indication of whether a new program is a derivative work is whether the source code of the original program was used , modified, translated or otherwise changed in any way to create the new program. If not, then I would argue that it is not a derivative work," and lists numerous other points regarding intent, bundling, and linkage mechanism. He further argues on his firm's website that such "market-based" factors are more important than the linking technique. 781:

offer to obtain the source code that the user got when they received the pre-compiled binary under the GPL. The second section of version 2 and the fifth section of version 3 also require giving "all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program". Version 3 of the license allows making the source code available in additional ways in fulfillment of the seventh section. These include downloading source code from an adjacent network server or by peer-to-peer transmission, provided that is how the compiled code was available and there are "clear directions" on where to find the source code.

792: 1256:... A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate. 265: 1598: 475:

prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms of GPLv1. Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, as this would not change the terms under which the whole could be distributed. However, software distributed under GPLv1 could not be combined with software distributed under a more restrictive license, as this would conflict with the requirement that the whole be distributable under the terms of GPLv1.

656: 2442:, attorney and computer specialist, praised in 2007 how the community using the Apache license was now able to work together with the GPL community in a compatible manner, as the problems of GPLv2 compatibility with Apache licensed software were resolved with the GPLv3. He said, "I predict that one of the biggest success stories of GPLv3 will be the realization that the entire universe of free and open-source software can thus be combined into comprehensive open source solutions for customers worldwide." 1448:, contending that the GPL is an illegal attempt to fix prices (at zero). The suit was dismissed in March 2006, on the grounds that Wallace had failed to state a valid antitrust claim; the court noted that "the GPL encourages, rather than discourages, free competition and the distribution of computer operating systems, the benefits of which directly pass to consumers". Wallace was denied the possibility of further amending his complaint, and was ordered to pay the FSF's legal expenses. 1570:, the maker of an office suite that included Ghostscript. Artifex offers two licenses for Ghostscript; one is the AGPL License and the other is a commercial license. Hancom did not acquire a commercial license from Artifex nor did it release its office suite as free software. Artifex sued Hancom in US District Court and made two claims. First, Hancom's use of Ghostscript was a violation of copyright; and second, Hancom's use of Ghostscript was a license violation. Judge 8630: 8620: 5496:

software license whatsoever. So if you write a new program, and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use, saving only that it be a free license, you cannot include GFDL'd text. The GNU FDL, as it stands today, does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There are significant problems with the license, as detailed above; and, as such, we cannot accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution.

5856:... There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2. 836:, then the custom software components need not be licensed under GPL and need not make their source code available; even if the underlying operating system used is licensed under the GPL, applications running on it are not considered derivative works. Only if GPL licensed parts are used in a program (and the program is distributed), then all other source code of the program needs to be made available under the same license terms. The 604:(FSF) announced work on version 3 of the GPL (GPLv3). On 16 January 2006, the first "discussion draft" of GPLv3 was published, and the public consultation began. The public consultation was originally planned for nine to fifteen months, but ultimately lasted eighteen months, with four drafts being published. The official GPLv3 was released by the FSF on 29 June 2007. GPLv3 was written by Richard Stallman, with legal counsel from 1585:, the creator of chess software, for violating the GPLv3 license. It was claimed that Chessbase had made only slight modifications to the Stockfish code and sold the new engines (Fat Fritz 2 and Houdini 6) to their customers. Additionally, Fat Fritz 2 was marketed as if it was an innovative engine. ChessBase had infringed on the license by not distributing these products as Free Software in accordance with the GPL. 1372:. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL licensed code with NuSphere Gemini table without complying with the license. After a preliminary hearing before Judge Patti Saris on 27 February 2002, the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled. After the hearing, FSF commented that "Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license." 2169:, and certain other software distribution platforms (on smartphones as well as PCs). The problem lies in the right "to make a copy for your neighbour", as this right is violated by digital rights management systems embedded within the platform to prevent copying of paid software. Even if the application is free in the application store in question, it might result in a violation of that application store's terms. 102: 1029: 7193:

can be used by both proprietary and free software. This goal has been successfully handled so far by LGPLv2.1, and there is a multitude of libraries using that license. Now we have LGPLv3 as the latest, and the question is how successful is LGPLv3 on this goal? In my opinion, very little. If we assume that its primary goal is to be used by free software, then it blatantly fails that.

45: 2807:... This is the previous version of the GNU GPL: a free software license, and a copyleft license. ... GPLv2 is, by itself, not compatible with GPLv3. However, most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well. When this is the case, you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination. ... 4541:"What constitutes combining two parts into one program? This is a legal question, which ultimately judges will decide. We believe that a proper criterion depends both on the mechanism of communication (exec, pipes, rpc, function calls within a shared address space, etc.) and the semantics of the communication (what kinds of information are interchanged)." on gnu.org 2719:... This is the latest version of the GNU GPL: a free software license, and a copyleft license. ... GPLv3 is not compatible with GPLv2 by itself. However, most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well. When this is the case, you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination. ... 773:

version. The licensee is allowed to charge a fee for this service or do this free of charge. This latter point distinguishes the GPL from software licenses that prohibit commercial redistribution. The FSF argues that free software should not place restrictions on commercial use, and the GPL explicitly states that GPL works may be sold at any price.

1428:... This is independent of the questions whether the licensing conditions of the GPL have been effectively agreed upon between plaintiff and defendant or not. If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties, defendant would notwithstanding lack the necessary rights to copy, distribute, and make the software 'netfilter/iptables' publicly available. 886:), except under the terms of the license. One is only required to adhere to the terms of the GPL if one wishes to exercise rights normally restricted by copyright law, such as redistribution. Conversely, if one distributes copies of the work without abiding by the terms of the GPL (for instance, by keeping the source code secret), they can be 3760:

In some ways, Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about, which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom," Torvalds told Zemlin. So, the

2306:

Richard Stallman wrote about the practice of selling license exceptions to free software licenses as an example of ethically acceptable commercialization practice. Selling exceptions here means that the copyright holder of a given software releases it (along with the corresponding source code) to the

2279:

In 2006, Richard Stallman responded in an interview that Mundie's metaphor of a "virus" is wrong as software under the GPL does not "attack" or "infect" other software. Accordingly, Stallman believes that comparing the GPL to a virus is inappropriate, and that a better metaphor for software under the

1309:

An "aggregate" consists of a number of separate programs, distributed together on the same CD-ROM or other media. The GPL permits you to create and distribute an aggregate, even when the licenses of the other software are non-free or GPL-incompatible. The only condition is that you cannot release the

893:

Copyright law has historically been used to prevent distribution of work by parties not authorized by the creator. Copyleft uses the same copyright laws to accomplish a very different goal. It grants rights to distribution to all parties insofar as they provide the same rights to subsequent ones, and

370:

To keep the license current, the GPL license includes an optional "any later version" clause, allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF. Software projects licensed with the optional "or later" clause include the GNU Project, while the Linux

7192:

LGPLv3 is the latest version of the GNU Lesser General Public License. It follows the successful LGPLv2.1 license, and was released by Free Software Foundation as a counterpart to its GNU General Public License version 3. The goal of the GNU Lesser General Public Licenses is to provide software that

5495:

It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever. This is not a mere license incompatibility. It's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license: it's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free

5138:

No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released

2341:

questioned the relevance of GPL then for the FOSS ecosystem, stating: "We don't need the GPL anymore. It's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected. Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL didn't make lots of people nervous about adopting it." Richard

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distribution, and there is little evidence that they had any legal right to do so except under the terms of the GPL. In February 2018, after federal circuit court judgement, appeal, and the case being (partially) remanded to the circuit court, the parties restated their remaining claims and provided

780:

The fourth section for version 2 of the license and the seventh section of version 3 require that programs distributed as pre-compiled binaries be accompanied by a copy of the source code, a written offer to distribute the source code via the same mechanism as the pre-compiled binary, or the written

748:

GPLv3 improved compatibility with several free software licenses such as the Apache License, version 2.0, and the GNU Affero General Public License, which GPLv2 could not be combined with. However, GPLv3 software could only be combined and share code with GPLv2 software if the GPLv2 license used had

687:

a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would

543:

and for software libraries that essentially did the job of existing proprietary ones; when version 2 of the GPL (GPLv2) was released in June 1991, therefore, a second license – the GNU Library General Public License – was introduced at the same time and numbered with version 2 to show that both were

6673:

Viral property stimulates proliferation of licenses and contributes to the "GPL-enforced nightmare" -- a situation when many other licenses are logically incompatible with the GPL and make life unnecessary difficult for developers working in the Linux environment (KDE is a good example here, Python

1932:

In August 2013, according to Black Duck Software, the website's data shows that the GPL license family is used by 54% of open-source projects, with a breakdown of the individual licenses shown in the following table. However, a later study in 2013 showed that software licensed under the GPL license

1547:

Cisco settled the case six months later by agreeing "to appoint a Free Software Director for Linksys" to ensure compliance, "to notify previous recipients of Linksys products containing FSF programs of their rights under the GPL," to make source code of FSF programs freely available on its website,

1313:

Where's the line between two separate programs, and one program with two parts? This is a legal question, which ultimately judges will decide. We believe that a proper criterion depends both on the mechanism of communication (exec, pipes, rpc, function calls within a shared address space, etc.) and

1086:

According to the FSF, "The GPL does not require you to release your modified version or any part of it. You are free to make modifications and use them privately, without ever releasing them." However, if one releases a GPL-licensed entity to the public, there is an issue regarding linking: namely,

772:

The terms and conditions of the GPL must be made available to anybody receiving a copy of a work that has a GPL applied to it ("the licensee"). Any licensee who adheres to the terms and conditions is given permission to modify the work, as well as to copy and redistribute the work or any derivative

3893:

The only one of any note that I'd like to point out directly is the clarification in the COPYING file, making it clear that it's only _that_particular version of the GPL that is valid for the kernel. This should not come as any surprise, as that's the same license that has been there since 0.12 or

3630:

The current version (Discussion Draft 2) of GPLv3 on first reading fails the necessity test of section 1 on the grounds that there's no substantial and identified problem with GPLv2 that it is trying to solve. However, a deeper reading reveals several other problems with the current FSF draft: 5.1

2424:

developer Rob Landley criticized that with the introduction of the GPLv3 the split between the open source and free software community became wider than ever. As the significantly extended GPLv3 is essentially incompatible with the GPLv2, compatibility between both is only given under the optional

1745:

It is possible to use the GPL for text documents instead of computer programs, or more generally for all kinds of media, if it is clear what constitutes the source code (defined as "the preferred form of the work for making changes in it"). For manuals and textbooks, though, the FSF recommends the

1251:

c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable Section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License

961:

Those who do not accept the GPL's terms and conditions do not have permission, under copyright law, to copy or distribute GPL-licensed software or derivative works. However, if they do not redistribute the GPL licensed program, they may still use the software within their organization however they

916:

Copyleft applies only when a person seeks to redistribute the program. Developers may make private modified versions with no obligation to divulge the modifications, as long as they do not distribute the modified software to anyone else. Copyleft applies only to the software, and not to its output

5851:

In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version 2, with the commonly-offered option to use 'any later version' thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version 3 of its GNU

5173:

Both LibreCAD and FreeCAD both want to use LibreDWG and have patches available for supporting the DWG file format library, but can't integrate them. The programs have dependencies on the popular GPLv2 license while the Free Software Foundation will only let LibreDWG be licensed for GPLv3 use, not

2287:

On the other hand, the concept of a viral nature of the GPL was taken up by others later too. For instance, a 2008 article stated: "The GPL license is 'viral,' meaning any derivative work you create containing even the smallest portion of the previously GPL licensed software must also be licensed

2220:

GPL-licensed applications are both available via the same system; the reason that the Mac App Store (and similar projects) is incompatible with GPL-licensed apps is not inherent in the concept of an app store, but is rather specifically due to Apple's terms-of-use requirement that all apps in the

1115:

The Free Software Foundation (which holds the copyright of several notable GPL-licensed software products and of the license text itself) asserts that an executable that uses a dynamically linked library is indeed a derivative work. This does not, however, apply to separate programs communicating

1014:

The text of the GPL is not itself under the GPL. The license's copyright disallows modification of the license. Copying and distributing the license is allowed since the GPL requires recipients to get "a copy of this License along with the Program". According to the GPL FAQ, anyone can make a new

1321:

By contrast, pipes, sockets, and command-line arguments are communication mechanisms normally used between two separate programs. So when they are used for communication, the modules normally are separate programs. But if the semantics of the communication are intimate enough, exchanging complex

1291:

The mere act of communicating with other programs does not, by itself, require all software to be GPL; nor does distributing GPL software with non-GPL software. However, minor conditions must be followed that ensure the rights of GPL software are not restricted. The following is a quote from the

929:

form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The consensus was that while unethical, it was not considered a violation. The issue was clarified when the license was altered with v2 to require that the "preferred" version of the source code be made

394:. These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, despite being the same license. Stallman's goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. 7278:

The License Compatibility Clusterfuck - When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle. So many things to consider and so many interactions to consider. And that GPL incompatibilities are still an issue that actively effects people is something many

474:

The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license or by combining the software with other software that had other restrictions on distribution. The union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable constrictions. To

5852:

General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to version 3 of the GPL.

2302:

The FreeBSD project has stated that "a less publicized and unintended use of the GPL is that it is very favorable to large companies that want to undercut software companies. In other words, the GPL is well suited for use as a marketing weapon, potentially reducing overall economic benefit and

1219:) must also be GPL if it could reasonably be considered its own work. This point of view suggests that reasonably separate plugins, or plugins for software designed to use plugins, could be licensed under an arbitrary license if the work is GPLv2. Of particular interest is the GPLv2 paragraph: 827:

However, software running as an application program under a GPL-licensed operating system such as Linux is not required to be licensed under GPL or to be distributed with source-code availability—the licensing depends only on the used libraries and software components and not on the underlying

1543:

by the FSF, claims by Cisco that they would correct, or were correcting, their compliance problems (not providing complete copies of all source code and their modifications), of repeated new violations being discovered and reported with more products, and lack of action by Linksys (a process

823:

In purely private (or internal) use—with no sales and no distribution—the software code may be modified and parts reused without requiring the source code to be released. For sales or distribution, the entire source code needs to be made available to end users, including any code changes and

1634:

is permitted to be linked with any other code no matter what license that code has, though the LGPL does add additional requirements for the combined work. LGPLv3 and GPLv2-only can thus commonly not be linked, as the combined Code work would add additional LGPLv3 requirements on top of the

1609:

Code licensed under several other licenses can be combined with a program under the GPL without conflict, as long as the combination of restrictions on the work as a whole does not put any additional restrictions beyond what GPL allows. In addition to the regular terms of the GPL, there are

1588:

A year later on 7 November 2022, both parties reached an agreement and ended the dispute. In the near future ChessBase will no longer sell products containing Stockfish code, while informing their customers of this fact with an appropriate notice on their web pages. However, one year later,

2243:

referred to Linux as "a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches". In response to Microsoft's attacks on the GPL, several prominent Free Software developers and advocates released a joint statement supporting the license. Microsoft has released

874:

The distribution rights granted by the GPL for modified versions of the work are not unconditional. When someone distributes a GPL licensed work plus their own modifications, the requirements for distributing the whole work cannot be any greater than the requirements that are in the GPL.

855:

of the technical protection measure "to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work". This means that users cannot be held liable for circumventing DRM implemented using GPLv3-licensed code under laws such as the U.S.

1778:(which can complicate font embedding, since the document could be considered 'linked' to the font; in other words, embedding a vector font in a document could force it to be released under the GPL, but a rasterized rendering of the font would not be subject to the GPL). The FSF provides 6964:... If the license were purely a cleaned up version of the GPLv2, there would be no incompatibility, the FSF would have no agenda involved in getting projects to update to the new license, and at the same time there would be no reason for projects to object to updating. Smooth sailing. 2453:

draws a less optimistic conclusion on the GPL compatibility in the FOSS ecosystem: "When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle", also noting that the conflict between Apache License 2.0 and GPLv2 still has impact on the ecosystem.

1423:

Defendant has infringed on the copyright of the plaintiff by offering the software 'netfilter/iptables' for download and by advertising its distribution, without adhering to the license conditions of the GPL. Said actions would only be permissible if the defendant had a license

652:, and restricted the anti-tivoization clauses to a legal definition of a "user" and a "consumer product". It also explicitly removed the section on "Geographical Limitations", the probable removal of this section having been announced at the launch of the public consultation. 1015:

license using a modified version of the GPL as long as they use a different name for the license, do not mention "GNU", and remove the preamble, though the preamble can be used in a modified license if permission to use it is obtained from the Free Software Foundation (FSF).

905:. An alternative method of satisfying the copyleft is to provide a written offer to provide the source code on a physical medium (such as a CD) upon request. In practice, many GPL licensed programs are distributed over the Internet, and the source code is made available over 631:. Other changes related to internationalization, how license violations are handled, and how additional permissions could be granted by the copyright holder. The concept of "software propagation", as a term for the copying and duplication of software, was explicitly defined. 5733:... The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the "or any later version" is legally defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case 1326:

The FSF thus draws the line between "library" and "other program" via 1) "complexity" and "intimacy" of information exchange and 2) mechanism (rather than semantics), but resigns that the question is not clear-cut and that in complex situations, case law will decide.

921:

is not required to distribute its changes to the underlying software, because the modified web portal is not being redistributed but rather hosted, and also because the web portal output is also not a derivative work of the GPL licensed content management system.

7127:

The GPL is one thing that almost everyone in the free and open-source software communities have in common. For that reason, the revision has the potential to highlight disagreements, differences in opinion, differences in business models, and differences in

364:-based systems, giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free, rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community. 5680:

Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects. According to Palamida, a provider of IP compliance software, there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPL v2 to later

1754:

developers recommended (in a resolution adopted in 2006) to license documentation for their project under the GPL, because of the incompatibility of the GFDL with the GPL (text licensed under the GFDL cannot be incorporated into GPL software). Also, the

991:

The FSF permits people to create new licenses based on the GPL, as long as the derived licenses do not use the GPL preamble without permission. This is discouraged, however, since such a license might be incompatible with the GPL and causes a perceived

1102:

of code under the GPL must themselves be under the GPL. Ambiguity arises with regard to using GPL libraries and bundling GPL software into a larger package (perhaps mixed into a binary via static linking). This is ultimately a question not of the GPL

465:

Version 1 of the GNU GPL, released on 25 February 1989, was written to protect against the two main methods by which software distributors restricted the freedoms that define free software. The first problem was that distributors might publish only

1455:

derived from GPL-licensed work. Defendants argued that since it is impossible to maintain trade secrets while being compliant with GPL and distributing the work, they are not in breach of trade secrets. This argument was considered without ground.

1126:

Richard Stallman and the FSF specifically encourage library writers to license under the GPL so that proprietary programs cannot use the libraries, in an effort to protect the free software world by giving it more tools than the proprietary world.

975:

In October 2021 SFC sued Vizio over breach of contract as an end user to request source code for Vizio's TVs, a federal judge has ruled in the interim that the GPL is an enforceable contract by end users as well as a license for copyright holders.

470:

that are executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that copying and distributing copies of any portion of the program must also make the human-readable source code available under the same licensing terms.

1863:

analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased, based on statistics from Black Duck Software. Similarly, in February 2012 Jon Buys reported that among the top 50 projects on

1669:

David A. Wheeler has advocated that free/open source software developers use only GPL-compatible licenses, because doing otherwise makes it difficult for others to participate and contribute code. As a specific example of license incompatibility,

548:

to reflect its place in the philosophy. The GPLv2 was also modified to refer to the new name of the LGPL, but its version number remained the same, resulting in the original GPLv2 not being recognised by the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX).

1432:

This exactly mirrored the predictions given previously by the FSF's Eben Moglen. This ruling was important because it was the first time that a court had confirmed that violating terms of the GPL could be a copyright violation and established

1223:

You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these

6864:

The WTFPL is a parody of the GPL, which has a similar copyright header and list of permissions to modify (i.e. none), see for instance gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html. The purpose of the WTFPL wording is to give more freedom than the GPL

678:

version 2.0 compatibility (prior versions are incompatible), clarified the role of outside contractors, and made an exception to avoid the perceived problems of a Microsoft–Novell style agreement, saying in Section 11 paragraph 6 that:

1317:

If the modules are included in the same executable file, they are definitely combined in one program. If modules are designed to run linked together in a shared address space, that almost surely means combining them into one program.

6925:

ESR addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values—those of "open source," which do not include defending software users' freedom to share and change software. Perhaps he thinks the GNU GPL is not needed to achieve those

552:

The license includes instructions to specify "version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version" to allow the flexible optional use of either version 2 or 3, but some developers change this to specify "version 2" only.

2425:"or later" clause of the GPL, which was not taken for instance by the Linux kernel. Bruce Byfield noted that before the release of the GPLv3, the GPLv2 was a unifying element between the open-source and the free software community. 1231:

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this

6240:

From the above chart it is clear that the GPL family is the highest used (I had miscalculated it as MIT before). The other major licenses are MIT, BSD, the LGPL family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (fo texlive packages),

2584:

the source code of LGPL parts has to be made available—for the developer's own self-developed software components this is not required (even when the underlying operating system used is licensed under GPL, as is the case with

5752:

Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping

776:

The GPL additionally states that a distributor may not impose "further restrictions on the rights granted by the GPL". This forbids activities such as distributing the software under a non-disclosure agreement or contract.

4866: 1614:

If a user wants to combine code licensed under different versions of GPL, then this is only allowed if the code with the earlier GPL version includes an "or any later version" statement. For instance, the GPLv3-licensed

1150:

lawyer has written that dynamic linking not being derivative "makes sense" but is not "clear-cut", and that evidence for good-intentioned dynamic linking can be seen by the existence of proprietary Linux kernel drivers.

6895:

We don't need the GPL anymore. It's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected. Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL didn't make lots of people nervous about adopting

1941:

in Canada, presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free software licenses, and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software.

1559:. Richard Stallman described this incident as a "very bad mistake", which was promptly fixed. The FSF did not sue any downstream redistributors who also unknowingly violated the GPL by distributing these binaries. 2252:

code that is part of the submitted code used open-source components licensed under the GPL and was originally statically linked to proprietary binary parts, the latter being inadmissible in GPL-licensed software.

2663:... This page presents the opinion of some debian-legal contributors on how certain licenses follow the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). ... Licenses currently found in Debian main include: 2342:

Stallman replied: "GPL is designed to ... ensure that every user of a program gets the essential freedoms—to run it, to study and change the source code, to redistribute copies, and to publish modified versions

844:(LGPL) was created to have a weaker copyleft than the GPL, in that it does not require custom-developed source code (distinct from the LGPL licensed parts) to be made available under the same license terms. 1933:

family has increased, and that even the data from Black Duck Software has shown a total increase of software projects licensed under GPL. The study used public information gathered from repositories of the

1168:'form' or permanence" and noted that "the infringing work must incorporate a portion of the copyrighted work in some form", but there have been no clear court decisions to resolve this particular conflict. 1244:

You may convey a work based on the Program or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of Section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

6725: 2272:, Microsoft Senior Vice President, described the GPL as being "viral". Mundie argues that the GPL has a "viral" effect in that it only allows the conveyance of whole programs, which means programs that 2148:

An analysis of whitesourcesoftware.com in April 2018 of the FOSS ecosystem saw the GPLv3 on third place (18%) and the GPLv2 on fourth place (11%), after MIT license (26%) and Apache 2.0 license (21%).

7132:... We would be wise to remember that the potential for the GPL to hinder our ability to work together is far more dangerous than the even the most radical change textual change the FSF might suggest. 1283:

The FSF differentiates on how the plugin is being invoked. If the plugin is invoked through dynamic linkage and it performs function calls to the GPL program then it is most likely a derivative work.

2221:

store utilize Apple DRM restrictions. Ubuntu's app store does not demand any such requirement: "These terms do not limit or restrict your rights under any applicable open source software licenses."

382:

The original GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project. It was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of

3613:

James E.J. Bottomley; Mauro Carvalho Chehab; Thomas Gleixner; Christoph Hellwig; Dave Jones; Greg Kroah-Hartman; Tony Luck; Andrew Morton; Trond Myklebust; David Woodhouse (15 September 2006).

788:

to the FSF (which seldom happens except for programs that are part of the GNU project). Only the individual copyright holders have the authority to sue when a license violation is suspected.

749:

the optional "or later" clause and the software was upgraded to GPLv3. While the "GPLv2 or any later version" clause is considered by FSF as the most common form of licensing GPLv2 software,

696:

This aimed to make such future deals ineffective. The license was also meant to cause Microsoft to extend the patent licenses it granted to Novell customers for the use of GPLv3 software to

6029:

on freecode.com "The Freecode site has been moved to a static state effective 18 June 2014 due to low traffic levels and so that folks will focus on more useful endeavors than site upkeep."

367:

In 2007, the third version of the license (GPLv3) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version (GPLv2) which were discovered during the latter's long-time usage.

2212:

all contain GPL-licensed software apps, in some cases even when the core project does not permit GPL-licensed code in the base system (for instance OpenBSD). In other cases, such as the

524:

According to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the "Liberty or Death" clause, as he calls it – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work

3706:

he only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.

1937:, and the study criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics. Daniel German, Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the 374:

The "or any later version" clause is sometimes known as a "lifeboat clause" since it allows combinations between different versions of GPL-licensed software to maintain compatibility.

5911:

At the time, the decision seemed sensible in the face of a deadlock. But now, GPLv2 is used for 42.5% of free software, and GPLv3 for less than 6.5%, according to Black Duck Software.

733:, commented to the mass media and made public statements about their objections to parts of discussion drafts 1 and 2. The kernel developers referred to GPLv3 draft clauses regarding 2145:'s packages revealed the GNU GPLv2 or later as the most popular license, and the GNU GPL family as the most popular license family (followed by the MIT, BSD, and GNU LGPL families). 1859:

In 2011, four years after the release of the GPLv3, 6.5% of all open-source license projects are GPLv3 while 42.5% are GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data. Following in 2011

5925: 1663: 4676: 1805:

7.1 found that 53% of the source code was licensed under the GPL. As of 2003, about 68% of all projects and 82.1% of the open source industry certified licensed projects listed on

4874: 714:. As there were concerns expressed about the administrative costs of checking code for this additional requirement, it was decided to keep the GPL and the AGPL license separated. 3643:... since the FSF is proposing to shift all of its projects to GPLv3 and apply pressure to every other GPL-licensed project to move, we foresee the release of GPLv3 portends the 1551:

In 2011, it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been accidentally releasing some binaries without corresponding source code for two years, in opposition to the intended spirit of the

2432:

maintainer Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos similarly argued, "If we assume that its primary goal is to be used by free software, then it blatantly fails that", after he re-licensed

2346:... addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values—those of 'open source,' which do not include defending software users' freedom to share and change software." 1820:

After the release of the GPLv3 in June 2007, adoption of this new GPL version was much discussed and some projects decided against upgrading. For instance the Linux kernel,

3673:

Second, the war between Linus Torvalds and other Kernel developers and the Free Software Foundation over GPLv3 is continuing, with Torvalds saying he's fed up with the FSF.

401:

became concerned over problems in the GPLv2 license that could let someone exploit GPL-licensed software in ways contrary to the license's intent. These problems included

8123: 645:

During the public consultation process, 962 comments were submitted for the first draft. By the end of the comment period, a total of 2,636 comments had been submitted.

5943: 3761:

GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version 2 is where the kernel is.

5963: 6084: 5663: 5197:... the unfortunate situation with support for DWG files in free CAD software via LibreDWG. We feel, by now it ought to be closed. We have the final answer from FSF. 2556:"GPLv3 broke "the" GPL into incompatible forks that can't share code....FSF expected universal compliance, but hijacked lifeboat clause when boat wasn't sinking...." 1379:

stated that they believed the GPL to have no legal validity and that they intended to pursue lawsuits over sections of code supposedly copied from SCO Unix into the

528:

if they can satisfy all of the license's obligations, despite any other legal obligations they might have. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be

215: 202: 8202: 3960:. Free Software Foundation. Can I use GPL-covered editors such as GNU Emacs to develop nonfree programs? Can I use GPL-covered tools such as GCC to compile them?. 1445: 5784: 5180: 1039: 1441: 812:. Users or companies who distribute GPL-licensed works (e.g. software), may charge a fee for copies or give them free of charge. This distinguishes the GPL from 847:

The fifth section of version 3 states that no GPL-licensed code shall be considered an effective "technical protection measure" as defined by Article 11 of the

6722: 1666:

to be remixed into the GPL-licensed materials (prominently software), not vice versa, for niche use cases like game engine (GPL) with game scripts (CC BY-SA).

1766:, any documents or images made with such fonts might also have to be distributed under the terms of the GPL. This is not the case in countries that recognize 1369: 7149: 7018: 969:

argued that the GPLv3 as a license is unnecessarily confusing for lay readers, and could be simplified while retaining the same conditions and legal force.

8421: 8043: 4418: 4040: 2505: 5693: 8260: 2319:

published an analysis and comprehensive critique of GPL's foundations and Stallman's software development model, called "Labyrinth of Software Freedom".

405:(the inclusion of GPL-licensed software in hardware that refuses to run modified versions of its software), compatibility issues similar to those of the 7035:

Version 3 is going to distance Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation from the developers that make the organization so influential to begin.

1419:

co-founder Till Jaeger. In July 2004, the German court confirmed this injunction as a final ruling against Sitecom. The court's justification was that:

7838: 3299: 6576: 2361:

prophesied in 2007 the downfall of the GPL due to the lack of focus for the developers with GPLv3 which would drive them towards permissive licenses.

1682:. Furthermore, ZFS is protected by patents, so distributing an independently developed GPL-ed implementation would still require Oracle's permission. 745:

of the "Open Source Universe". Linus Torvalds, who decided not to adopt the GPLv3 for the Linux kernel, reiterated his criticism several years later.

8192: 1801:, then the largest free software archive, showed that the GPL accounted for about half of the software licensed therein. Similarly, a 2000 survey of 648:

The third draft was released on 28 March 2007. This draft included language intended to prevent patent-related agreements such as the controversial

7367: 6847: 3983: 638:, and other free software groups. Comments were collected from the public via the gplv3.fsf.org web portal, using purpose-written software called 413:

and distributors of free and open-source software, which some viewed as an attempt to use patents as a weapon against the free software community.

5368: 2303:

contributing to monopolistic behavior" and that the GPL can "present a real problem for those wishing to commercialize and profit from software."

2248:, which contains GPL-licensed code. In July 2009, Microsoft itself released a body of around 20,000 lines of Linux driver code under the GPL. The 1139:

produces derivative works, it is not clear whether an executable that dynamically links to a GPL code should be considered a derivative work (see

917:(unless that output is itself a derivative work of the program). For example, a public web portal running a modified derivative of a GPL licensed 816:

software licenses that allow copying for personal use but prohibit commercial distribution or proprietary licenses where copying is prohibited by

8654: 7930: 7800: 2141:

repositories revealed, for the GPL license family, a usage percentage of approximately 25% among licensed projects. In June 2016, an analysis of

1759:

foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007.

7166:... the latest sign of a growing schism in the open source community between business-minded developers like Torvalds and free software purists. 2401:

Already in September 2006, in the draft process of the GPLv3, several high-profile developers of the Linux kernel, for instance Linus Torvalds,

1050: 8212: 8098: 6434: 1605:

with GPLv3 according to the FSF. Dashed line indicates that the GPLv2 is only compatible with the GPLv3 with the clause "or any later version".

6998:

Looking at the near-finished draft, I have to say it's unlikely that they ever considered simplicity a priority, if they considered it at all.

6878: 6822: 1852:

reported that the number of open-source project licensed software that had moved from GPLv2 to GPLv3 was 50%, counting the projects hosted at

8197: 8180: 5629: 5152: 5650:... GNU General Public License (GPL) (32641 projects), GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL) (4889 projects" (of 45727, 82.1%) 4178: 1693:

license to companies wishing to combine the package with proprietary code, using dynamic linking or not. Examples of such companies include

820:. The FSF argues that freedom-respecting free software should also not restrict commercial use and distribution (including redistribution): 8150: 8048: 3961: 954:. However, this distinction is not useful in the many jurisdictions where there are no differences between contracts and licenses, such as 4197: 2602:

contain parts of itself and are therefore derivatives, which would fall under the GPL if not for a special exception granted by GNU Bison.

8326: 8160: 8133: 8113: 7002:... The language choices of an open source license can support that freedom, can empower the users and the developers. The GPLv3 doesn't. 5922: 4847: 4673: 4476: 1698: 1679: 1411:

District Court after Sitecom refused to desist from distributing Netfilter's GPL licensed software in violation of the terms of the GPL.

63: 7379: 7136:... Above all, we must remember that our community and its goals are more important than any single license -- no matter how widespread. 6550: 6174: 6148: 6122: 5603: 2868: 1252:

gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.

882:

on software programs. Because a GPL work is copyrighted, a licensee has no right to redistribute it, not even in modified form (barring

8138: 6252: 17: 6506: 6343: 8088: 8058: 7644: 6908: 6705: 1494: 4882: 8235: 7470: 6665:"Comparative merits of GPL, BSD and Artistic licences (Critique of Viral Nature of GPL v.2 - or In Defense of Dual Licensing Idea)" 4396: 3028:

So while the BSDs have lost energy every time a company gets involved, the GPL'ed programs gain every time a company gets involved.

2297: 6320: 1486:, suing those who would not comply. These were claimed to be the first US uses of courts for enforcement of GPL obligations. (See 1123:, which is nearly identical to the GPL, but with additional permissions to allow linking for the purposes of "using the library". 634:

The public consultation process was coordinated by the Free Software Foundation with assistance from Software Freedom Law Center,

7357: 6664: 5801:"Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of." 2515: 5991: 2964: 7956: 7831: 7463: 6039: 5894: 2794: 2706: 1310:

aggregate under a license that prohibits users from exercising rights that each program's individual license would grant them.

1190:

general counsel) argues that the method of linking is mostly irrelevant to the question about whether a piece of software is a

6010:

tagged as GPL family (including misnamed variants) 21000+100+3000+2000+400 of 47985 projects on freecode (18 June 2014 frozen)

5521: 4597: 3441: 3389: 3330: 3239: 3011: 1532:, as well as numerous other devices including DSL and Cable modems, Network Attached Storage devices, Voice-Over-IP gateways, 8207: 8165: 8108: 6622: 5947: 5018:"ChessBase GmbH and the Stockfish team reach an agreement and end their legal dispute - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine" 4752: 2368:

article, "The Failure of the GPL", the problems with the GPL, among them incompatibility and complexity of the license text.

663: 6723:

http://www.buddlefindlay.com/article/2013/07/01/legal-update-on-information-and-communication-technology-%E2%80%93-july-2013

6586:, Microsoft Senior Vice President, The Commercial Software Model The New York University Stern School of Business 3 May 2001 5967: 5354: 5328: 3743: 8623: 8571: 8501: 8185: 7518: 6768: 6088: 5667: 4942: 4150:

Guadamuz-Gonzalez, Andres (2004). "Viral contracts or unenforceable documents? Contractual validity of copyleft licenses".

2471: 962:

like, and works (including programs) constructed by the use of the program are not required to be covered by this license.

2741: 2417:

argued in 2006 on the GPLv3 draft, noting that a united, collaborating community is more important than a single license.

1143:). Linux author Linus Torvalds agrees that dynamic linking can create derived works but disagrees over the circumstances. 8659: 8145: 8038: 6742: 6597: 5944:"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever - Data suggests a sharper rate of decline, which raises the question: why?" 3939: 3415: 3356: 2406: 2245: 730: 6109: 4130: 3580:: "We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network." 3131:"FSF releases the GNU General Public License, version 3 – Free Software Foundation – working together for free software" 2894: 1392:

and were finally settled in November 2021 by IBM paying $ 14.25 million to the TSG (previously SCO) bankruptcy trustee.

946:

jurisdictions, the legal distinction between a license and a contract is an important one: contracts are enforceable by

8526: 8378: 6480: 5788: 5184: 620: 7110: 8441: 8351: 8346: 7982: 7961: 7904: 7899: 7824: 7508: 7503: 7458: 6644: 2577: 2569: 2265:, when called 'General Public Virus' or 'GNU Public Virus' (GPV), dates back to a year after the GPLv1 was released. 1068: 1008: 1000: 837: 704: 545: 406: 326: 81: 3693: 2650: 1471:

devices they distributed. The judgment stated that the GPL is valid, legally binding, and stands in a German court.

544:

complementary. The version numbers diverged in 1999 when version 2.1 of the LGPL was released, which renamed it the

8170: 8078: 6746: 4709: 857: 4630: 4603:. IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH, CENTRAL DIVISION. 16 February 2018. Archived from 2276:

to GPL libraries must themselves be under a GPL-compatible license, else they cannot be combined and distributed.

804:

Software under the GPL may be run for all purposes, including commercial purposes and even as a tool for creating

700:

users of that GPLv3 software; this was possible only if Microsoft was legally a "conveyor" of the GPLv3 software.

8436: 8268: 8175: 7951: 7453: 7153: 7022: 6438: 5729:

Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate.

4562: 3982:. Free Software Foundation. Does the GPL require that source code of modified versions be posted to the public?. 3271: 2646: 1451:

On 8 September 2005, the Seoul Central District Court ruled that the GPL was not material to a case dealing with

1322:

internal data structures, that too could be a basis to consider the two parts as combined into a larger program.

635: 189: 397:

The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991. Over the following 15 years, members of the

8015: 7966: 7513: 5701: 3296: 1747: 1161: 1004: 240:

Software licensed under GPL compatible licenses only, with the exception of the LGPL which allows all programs.

157: 3795: 8531: 8426: 8250: 8240: 8024: 7420: 5416: 5408: 5139:

under GPL "version 2 or later," that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.

4538: 3548: 2489: 627:

compatibility, the definition of "source code", and hardware restrictions on software modifications, such as

416:

Version 3 was developed as an attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007.

349: 6687: 6397: 2937: 1635:

GPLv2-only licensed software. Code licensed under LGPLv2.x without the "any later version" statement can be

1383:. This was a problematic stand for them, as they had distributed Linux and other GPL licensed code in their 8597: 8451: 8245: 7788: 7389: 6803: 6416: 1809:

were from the GPL license family. As of August 2008, the GPL family accounted for 70.9% of the 44,927

1300:, which describes to what extent software is allowed to communicate with and be bundled with GPL programs: 709: 318: 4424: 8559: 8466: 8301: 7352: 6268: 4306: 3975: 3612: 1479: 910: 613: 330: 55: 824:

additions—in that case, copyleft is applied to ensure that end users retain the freedoms defined above.

539:

By 1990, it was becoming apparent that a less restrictive license would be strategically useful for the

8456: 8118: 7866: 7048: 6939: 6022: 5261: 3040: 2520: 1678:

cannot be included in the GPL-licensed Linux kernel, because it is licensed under the GPL-incompatible

1647:

free software licenses containing many of the most common free software licenses, such as the original

649: 7285: 5017: 4967: 4901: 4081: 1544:

described on the FSF blog as a "five-years-running game of Whack-a-Mole") the FSF took them to court.

8591: 8506: 8491: 7205: 6978: 4734: 2439: 2230: 2201: 2177: 1726: 1269: 1183: 918: 734: 6442: 6293: 5766:"HP Press Release: HP Contributes Source Code to Open Source Community to Advance Adoption of Linux" 3166: 1046: 8586: 8383: 8336: 8321: 8273: 8083: 7925: 7847: 7634: 7448: 7348: 6882: 6819: 5825:

The source code we develop at blender.org is default being licensed as GNU GPL Version 2 or later.

4946: 4258: 4136: 2790: 2702: 1771: 1662:

Starting from GPLv3, it is unilaterally compatible for materials (like text and other media) under

1589:

Chessbase's license would be reinstated. Stockfish did not seek damages or financial compensation.

1468: 955: 601: 360:(GCC). David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of 306: 199: 132: 6178: 6152: 6126: 5607: 5508: 5160: 4759: 2872: 1844:

decided against adopting GPLv3. On the other hand, in 2009, two years after the release of GPLv3,

1737:), used multi-licensing to distribute versions under the GPL and some other open-source licenses. 1043:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

784:

The FSF does not hold the copyright for a work released under the GPL unless an author explicitly

7920: 7579: 7074: 6534: 5633: 5430: 4992: 4182: 4001: 3953: 3817: 2379: 1571: 1533: 1514: 1350: 1336: 1098:

to GPL libraries. Different opinions exist on this issue. The GPL is clear in requiring that all

398: 391: 357: 6706:"Inoculating Your Purchase – Contractual Protection from Viral Licenses in M&A Transactions" 5456: 4867:"License revoked: Applying Section 4 of the GPL and the lessons of Best Buy to Google's Android" 3094: 972:

In April 2017, a US federal court ruled that an open-source license is an enforceable contract.

532:

due to conflicting obligations. This provision is intended to discourage any party from using a

325:

must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms. It is more restrictive than the

8633: 8521: 8368: 8331: 8230: 7747: 7639: 6227: 5302: 5213: 4236: 3552: 2736: 2479: 1938: 1790:

Historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the

1556: 1187: 1130: 926: 906: 348:

Historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the

212: 5483: 5121: 4307:"GPL FAQ: Does the GPL require that source code of modified versions be posted to the public?" 925:

There has been debate on whether it is a violation of the GPLv1 to release the source code in

8496: 8291: 8283: 8222: 8155: 7762: 7491: 7376: 6612: 6554: 5283: 5235: 4696: 4655: 4163: 3880: 2918: 2510: 2500: 2446: 2354: 2273: 1876: 1644: 1602: 993: 848: 791: 624: 286: 235: 5765: 4022: 674:

The fourth discussion draft, which was the last, was released on 31 May 2007. It introduced

8664: 8581: 8516: 8511: 8073: 7714: 7179: 7084: 6514: 6351: 6201: 4692: 4550: 4513: 3990: 3825: 3821: 3590: 2841: 2365: 2334: 2281: 2181: 2162: 1957:

Usage of GPL family licenses in the FOSS domain in % according to Black Duck Software

1690: 1636: 894:

they to the next, etc. In this way, the GPL and other copyleft licenses attempt to enforce

805: 785: 31: 6912: 5562: 5067: 795:

Printed GPL statements for consumer entertainment devices which incorporate GPL components

8: 8461: 8063: 7935: 7805: 7649: 5529: 5042: 4824: 4280: 3243: 3152: 2209: 2185: 1730: 1467:

Germany GmbH regarding D-Link's copyright-infringing use of parts of the Linux kernel in

1202: 1107:, but of how copyright law defines derivative works. The following points of view exist: 895: 533: 501: 442: 4393: 2615:, 195 F. Supp. 2d 328 (D. Mass. 2002), on defendant's motion for preliminary injunction. 1574:

found the GPL license was an enforceable contract and Hancom was in breach of contract.

8008: 7876: 7737: 7569: 7564: 7496: 6830: 6328: 5214:"GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)" 2495: 2414: 2402: 2390: 1833: 1779: 1722: 1460: 1198: 1156: 852: 833: 726: 7336: 6668: 3773: 297:

the freedoms to run, study, share, and modify the software. The license was the first

8669: 8619: 8541: 8388: 8068: 7757: 7664: 7559: 7413: 7393: 6986: 6947: 6807: 6660: 6640: 6633: 6618: 6457: 5988: 5584: 5551: 5386: 4575: 4159: 2968: 2819: 2316: 1775: 1578: 1384: 1305:

What is the difference between an "aggregate" and other kinds of "modified versions"?

1261: 264: 7326: 7312: 3257: 2779: 2691: 8306: 7871: 7772: 7704: 6530: 4604: 4350: 4063: 3724: 3577: 3445: 3393: 3334: 3015: 2326:(Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License) was created by Debian project leader 2213: 2184:

via some form of online software repository. Virtually all modern Unix systems and

1868:

five projects were under a GPL license, including dual licensed and AGPL projects.

1837: 1671: 1656: 1389: 1357:, but did not publicly release the changes. After an inquiry they created a public 1265: 659: 655: 352:(FOSS) domain. Prominent free software programs licensed under the GPL include the 314: 302: 112: 7150:"Linux Creator Calls GPLv3 Authors 'Hypocrites' As Open Source Debate Turns Nasty" 6806:- "BSD vs GPL and social aspects of free licensing debate" on softpanorama.org by 6790: 6577:

Speech Transcript – Craig Mundie, The New York University Stern School of Business

6481:"Reverse-engineering the GNU Public Virus — Is copyleft too much of a good thing?" 6374: 4198:"A federal court has ruled that an open-source license is an enforceable contract" 4122: 3591:"GPL FAQ: Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero GPLv3 as a separate license?" 3240:"Presentation in Brussels, Belgium—the first day of that year's FOSDEM conference" 2409:, warned on a splitting of the FOSS community: "the release of GPLv3 portends the 1597: 1087:

whether a proprietary program that uses a GPL library is in violation of the GPL.

666:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. To his right is Columbia Law Professor 8576: 7861: 7742: 7732: 7609: 7383: 7371: 6826: 6729: 6026: 5995: 5929: 5484:"Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)" 5332: 4680: 4400: 4067: 3488: 3303: 3095:"Presentation at the second international GPLv3 conference, held in Porto Alegre" 2793:(published 4 April 2017). 2014–2017. GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2. 2705:(published 4 April 2017). 2014–2017. GNU General Public License (GPL) version 3. 2484: 2338: 2180:-restricted software under proprietary licenses, and the more general concept of 1806: 1734: 1686: 1529: 1483: 1314:

the semantics of the communication (what kinds of information are interchanged).

1191: 1099: 1095: 639: 609: 322: 321:. The licenses in the GPL series are all copyleft licenses, which means that any 7993: 878:

This requirement is known as copyleft. It earns its legal power from the use of

8373: 8296: 7752: 7654: 7262: 6960:

You might think the FSF would have to be insane to unleash this licensing hell.

4576:"Judge Saris defers GNU GPL Questions for Trial in MySQL vs. Progress Software" 3876: 2731: 2641: 2450: 2382: 2350: 2142: 1950: 1702: 1482:

embarked upon a program to gain GPL compliance from distributors of BusyBox in

1136: 1091: 966: 722: 675: 342: 4802: 3931: 3717: 3523: 3419: 3360: 1487: 8648: 8604: 8565: 8471: 8128: 8053: 8001: 7794: 7574: 7443: 7239: 6485: 5509:

Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian

4851: 3644: 3180: 2410: 2284:: if one takes a piece of it and puts it somewhere else, it grows there too. 2262: 2240: 2166: 1810: 1802: 1763: 1756: 1540: 1434: 1216: 1213: 1178: 1140: 951: 817: 757:. Software projects licensed with the optional "or later" clause include the 742: 684: 6490: 5838: 4514:"GPL FAQ: Can I apply the GPL when writing a plug-in for a nonfree program?" 4324: 3615:"Kernel developers' position on GPLv3 - The Dangers and Problems with GPLv3" 3193: 1497:

for copyright violations by its Linksys division, of the FSF's GPL-licensed

1388:

a plan to move toward final judgement. The remaining claims revolved around

1131:

Point of view: static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking

579: 8446: 8403: 8316: 7816: 7767: 7589: 7584: 7538: 7406: 7320: 7114: 7052: 6582: 6401: 6007: 5303:"GPL FAQ: What does it mean to say a license is "compatible with the GPL?"" 4777: 4440: 3660: 2386: 2353:, who took part in the GPL draft committee, criticized the GPLv3 for being 2269: 1849: 1616: 1522: 1452: 1412: 1380: 1358: 947: 901:

Many distributors of GPL licensed programs bundle the source code with the

718: 529: 387: 353: 334: 1525:

software packages, which Linksys distributes in the Linux firmware of its

8536: 8363: 8358: 7886: 7619: 7549: 7429: 7377:

List of presentation transcripts about the GPL and free software licenses

7330: 7316: 6843: 6462: 5813: 4212:"SFC v. Vizio remanded back to California state courts [LWN.net]" 3854: 3130: 2785: 2697: 2635: 2327: 1946: 1853: 1652: 1648: 1563: 1354: 1210: 829: 758: 738: 667: 628: 605: 467: 402: 338: 310: 7362: 7342: 5262:"Various licenses with comments – GPL-Compatible Free Software Licenses" 5092: 4719: 4254: 3906: 3067: 1110: 249: 7679: 7673: 7624: 6510: 6430: 6382: 6205: 5898: 5284:"GPL FAQ: What does it mean to say that two licenses are "compatible"?" 5236:"GPL FAQ: How are the various GNU licenses compatible with each other?" 4735:"gpl-violations.org project prevails in court case on GPL violation by" 4041:"A Quick Guide to GPLv3 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)" 3316: 2754:... The following licenses have been approved by the OSI. ... 1945:

In 2015, according to Black Duck, GPLv2 lost its first position to the

1404: 1340: 943: 902: 127: 6507:"Re: propose: 'cypherpunks license' (Re: Wanted: Twofish source code)" 6435:"Re: Section 5.2 (IPR encumberance) in TAK rollover requirement draft" 4968:"Our lawsuit against ChessBase - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine" 4803:"Free Software Foundation Files Suit Against Cisco For GPL Violations" 4491: 4376: 3474: 3275: 2357:

with the GPLv2 and for missing clarity in the formulation. Similarly,

619:

According to Stallman, the most important changes were in relation to

536:

claim or other litigation to impair users' freedom under the license.

8393: 7699: 7629: 7614: 6280: 4129:

Moglen, Eben (22 June 2006). "Will the "Not a contract" phrase go?".

3818:"Embedded Linux Conference 2013 - Toybox: Writing a New Command Line" 2595: 2236: 1841: 1767: 1750:(GFDL) instead, which it created for this purpose. Nevertheless, the 1582: 1498: 1396: 1376: 1277: 985: 879: 813: 764:

The final version of the license text was published on 29 June 2007.

540: 410: 383: 7306: 3108: 761:, while a prominent example without the clause is the Linux kernel. 8431: 8311: 7709: 7689: 7669: 7594: 7544: 7217: 6061: 5739: 5716: 5156: 4920:"A federal court has ruled that the GPL is an enforceable contract" 4919: 4457: 4211: 4107: 3718:

Linus Torvalds says GPL v3 violates everything that GPLv2 stood for

3614: 2994: 1884: 1872: 1814: 1694: 1620: 1518: 1502: 1400: 1368:

sued Progress NuSphere for copyright and trademark infringement in

1365: 1286: 883: 869: 809: 298: 294: 290: 225: 7319:

by the FSF but is still used by many software projects, including

2576:- (LGPL-) libraries, LGPL-software-components and components with 2436:

from LGPLv3 back to LGPLv2.1 due to license compatibility issues.

2413:

of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely." Similarly

688:

receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license

7599: 7079: 7014: 6614:

Decoding liberation: the promise of free and open source software

4993:"Statement on Fat Fritz 2 - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine" 3720: 3618: 3556: 2998: 2965:"GPLv3 hits 50 percent adoption | The Open Road - CNET News" 2941: 2895:"GPL FAQ: Does using the GPL for a program make it GNU Software?" 2429: 2358: 2249: 2193: 1825: 1798: 1710: 1664:

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

1624: 1475: 1293: 939: 887: 6635:

Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software

2842:"GPL FAQ: If a library is released under the GPL (not the LGPL)" 7694: 7684: 7659: 6297: 5431:"GPL FAQ: Can I use the GPL for something other than software?" 4477:"Why They're Wrong: WordPress Plugins Shouldn't Have to be GPL" 3509: 3045: 2421: 2376: 2372: 2205: 2197: 2189: 2138: 1949:

and is now second, the GPLv3 dropped to fourth place while the

1934: 1865: 1845: 1751: 1714: 1567: 1526: 1506: 1464: 1416: 1408: 1273: 1206: 1147: 750: 7398: 7339:, a February 1988 version, a direct predecessor of the GNU GPL 6373: 851:, and that those who convey the work waive all legal power to 828:

platform. For example, if a program consists only of original

8398: 7554: 4674:

A Review of German Case Law on the GNU General Public License

4325:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses (GPL FAQ)" 3317:"GPLv3: Drafting version 3 of the GNU General Public License" 3272:"The GPLv3 process: Public consultation and private drafting" 3214: 2323: 1829: 1821: 1770:(the appearance of fonts) as being a useful article and thus 1706: 1280:

have come under fire, with both sides of the argument taken.

988:, and the copyright is held by the Free Software Foundation. 913:. For Internet distribution, this complies with the license. 361: 101: 6255:

on whitesourcesoftware.com by Sivan Michaeli (12 April 2018)

6019: 4351:"Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library" 4281:"GPL FAQ: Can I modify the GPL and make a modified license?" 4237:"GPL FAQ: Can I modify the GPL and make a modified license?" 4054:

7604: 7392:

BSD vs GPL and social aspects of free licensing debate, by

4805:(Press release). Free Software Foundation. 11 December 2008 4598:"JOINT STATUS REPORT, Case 2:03-cv-00294-DN, Document 1179" 4108:"Reasoning behind the "preferred form" language in the GPL" 3215:"SPDX License List - Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX)" 1791: 1718: 1631: 1510: 1346: 1120: 1040:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

6417:"Microsoft opened Linux-driver code after 'violating' GPL" 4686: 2420:

Following the GPLv3 release in 2007, some journalists and

1871:

GPL usage statistics from 2009 to 2013 was extracted from

741:, patents, and "additional restrictions", and warned of a 7534: 6398:"Microsoft embraces Linux cancer to sell Windows servers" 5895:"7 Reasons Why Free Software Is Losing Influence: Page 2" 2820:"Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism – Free Software Foundation" 2268:

In 2001, the term received broader public attention when

1675: 1639:

if the whole combined work is licensed to GPLv2 or GPLv3.

1552: 1297: 1260:

As a case study, some supposedly proprietary plugins and

1090:

This key dispute is whether non-GPL software can legally

5585:"Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else" 5387:"Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else" 3926: 3924: 2686: 2684: 2389:" by being "anti-collaborative" and recommended instead 1437:

as to the enforceability of the GPLv2 under German law.

7215: 5868: 5776: 3608: 3606: 3604: 2871:. Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from 1610:

additional restrictions and permissions one can apply:

1345:

The first known violation of the GPL was in 1989, when

1171: 4827:(Press release). Free Software Foundation. 20 May 2009 3869: 3647:

of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely.

2156: 999:

Other licenses created by the GNU project include the

6688:"Some rights reserved: the alternatives to copyright" 6321:"Microsoft CEO takes launch break with the Sun-Times" 6151:. Black Duck Software. 2 January 2017. Archived from 5606:. Black Duck Software. 23 August 2013. Archived from 4943:"Update on Artifex v. Hancom GNU GPL compliance case" 4394:

The GPL: Understanding the License that Governs Linux

3921: 3233: 3231: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2772: 2681: 1111:

Point of view: dynamic and static linking violate GPL

662:

at the launch of the first draft of the GNU GPLv3 at

8044:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

5839:"VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2" 5511:. Voted February–March 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2009. 5369:"ShareAlike compatibility: GPLv3 - Creative Commons" 4551:

12 Years of GPL Compliance: A Historical Perspective

4419:

Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.

4123:"Don't Let 'Intellectual Property' Twist Your Ethos" 3601: 2995:

License proliferation: a naive quantitative analysis

2506:

Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

2461: 1592: 371:

kernel, for instance, is licensed under GPLv2 only.

329:

and even further distinct from the more widely-used

3976:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" 3954:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" 3811: 3809: 3290: 1577:On 20 July 2021, the developers of the open-source 8412: 6632: 6263: 6261: 6177:. Black Duck Software. 4 June 2018. Archived from 6125:. Black Duck Software. 6 June 2016. Archived from 4631:"Last of original SCO v IBM Linux lawsuit settled" 3228: 2983: 1493:On 11 December 2008, the Free Software Foundation 8023: 7177: 6659: 6344:"GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991" 5598: 5596: 5594: 5501: 5457:"GPL FAQ: Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?" 5153:"FSF Wastes Away Another "High Priority" Project" 4149: 3578:List of free-software licences on the FSF website 3549:"GNU Affero GPL version 3 and the "ASP loophole"" 3194:"GNU Library General Public License, version 2.0" 2385:called the copyleft GPL a "Corporate Open Source 1536:devices, and a home theater/media player device. 1361:. There was no lawsuit filed for this violation. 8646: 6740: 6296:. One.ubuntu.com. 29 August 2013. Archived from 6085:"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation" 5932:on ITworld on 16 December 2011 by Brian Proffitt 5664:"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation" 5116: 5114: 3806: 3661:"A fight against evil or a fight for attention?" 1548:and to make a monetary contribution to the FSF. 1287:Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs 703:Early drafts of GPLv3 also let licensors add an 7931:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns 7801:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns 6911:. onlamp.com. 22 September 2005. Archived from 6611:Chopra, Samir; Dexter, Scott (14 August 2007). 6258: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5785:"What's up with DWG adoption in free software?" 5578: 5576: 5181:"LibreDWG drama: the end or the new beginning?" 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3331:"gplv3.fsf.org comments for discussion draft 4" 2958: 2956: 2954: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2291: 2216:, proprietary commercial software applications 58:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 6274: 6167: 6141: 6115: 6110:Top 20 Most Commonly Used Open Source Licenses 5591: 4769: 4176: 3875: 3848: 3846: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3060: 2761:GNU General Public License version 3 (GPL-3.0) 2758:GNU General Public License version 2 (GPL-2.0) 2161:The GPL is incompatible with many application 1463:project prevailed in court litigation against 1197:There is also the specific issue of whether a 1119:The Free Software Foundation also created the 707:-like requirement that would have plugged the 670:, chairman of the Software Freedom Law Center. 301:for general use and was originally written by 8009: 7832: 7414: 5758: 5201:... "We are not going to change the license." 5111: 4883:"Emacs Has Been Violating the GPL Since 2009" 4656:"Groklaw - The German GPL Order - Translated" 4195: 2946:GPL 60.5%, lGPLv2 6.9%, GPLv2 1.9% GPLv3 1.6% 2834: 2724: 2628: 832:, or is combined with source code from other 8049:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 7846: 7216:Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos (18 December 2012). 7007: 6610: 5998:on ostatic.com by Jon Buys (7 February 2012) 5923:GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever 5879: 5582: 5573: 5475: 4797: 4795: 4775: 4017: 4015: 3678: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3041:"GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice (1985)" 2951: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2852: 1444:against the Free Software Foundation in the 1018: 890:by the original author under copyright law. 7368:GNU General Public License and Commentaries 6842: 6598:"The Basement Interviews: Freeing the Code" 6253:Open Source Licensing Trends: 2017 vs. 2016 6225: 5563:"GPL FAQ: How does the GPL apply to fonts?" 4628: 3843: 3730: 2256: 1680:Common Development and Distribution License 799: 8016: 8002: 7839: 7825: 7421: 7407: 7178:Mavrogiannopoulos, Nikos (26 March 2013). 7097:Anti-pattern: Anti-collaborative licensing 5836: 5782: 5481: 5179:Prokoudine, Alexandre (27 December 2012). 5178: 5122:"GPL FAQ: Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?" 4845: 4683:, 17 December 2007, retrieved 1 March 2012 4255:"The GNU General Public License Version 3" 3306:, Free Software Magazine, 23 January 2008. 3123: 2812: 2780:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them" 2692:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them" 1883:Usage of GPL family licenses in % on 1539:After six years of repeated complaints to 933: 263: 236:Linking from code with a different licence 220:Yes (applies to GPLv3-only and GPLv2-only) 100: 30:"GPL" redirects here. For other uses, see 7147: 6876: 6653: 6441:Namedroppers mailing list. Archived from 6202:"Open source license usage on GitHub.com" 5783:Prokoudine, Alexandre (26 January 2012). 4940: 4880: 4792: 4012: 3571: 3081: 2905: 2613:Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB 2188:have application repositories, including 1875:data by Walter van Holst while analyzing 1069:Learn how and when to remove this message 313:. The license grants the recipients of a 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 7363:Frequently Asked Questions about the GPL 7283: 7260: 7072: 7046: 6848:"Should I change the name of the WTFPL?" 6766: 6734: 6630: 6294:"Ubuntu One : Terms and Conditions" 6087:. socializedsoftware.com. Archived from 5941: 5787:. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from 5666:. socializedsoftware.com. Archived from 5329:"Black Duck Open Source Resource Center" 5183:. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from 4902:"Re: Compiled files without sources????" 4899: 4864: 4435: 4433: 4120: 3894:so, but I thought I'd make that explicit 3659:Petreley, Nicholas (27 September 2006). 3658: 3458:Showing comments in file 'gplv3-draft-4' 3432:Showing comments in file 'gplv3-draft-3' 3406:Showing comments in file 'gplv3-draft-1' 3373:Showing comments in file 'gplv3-draft-1' 3237: 3092: 2364:In 2009, David Chisnall described in an 2310: 2298:Business models for open-source software 1655:(in its current 3-clause form), and the 1596: 898:access to the work and all derivatives. 790: 753:developer Rob Landley described it as a 654: 7286:"Are you sure you want to use the GPL?" 7109:Hill, Benjamin Mako (28 January 2006). 7013: 6595: 6548: 6504: 6478: 6318: 6228:"Software Licenses in Fedora Ecosystem" 5892: 5737: 5331:. blackducksoftware.com. Archived from 5150: 4287:. Free Software Foundation. 9 June 2017 4053: 3815: 3742:Kerner, Sean Michael (8 January 2008). 3546: 3153:"GNU General Public License, version 1" 3012:"Why the GPL rocketed Linux to success" 2516:Category:Software using the GPL license 1740: 1689:to distribute a GPL version and sell a 767: 14: 8655:Free and open-source software licenses 8647: 6976: 6940:"GPLv3, Linux and GPLv2 Compatibility" 6937: 6879:"ESR: "We Don't Need the GPL Anymore"" 6741:New Media Rights (12 September 2008). 6414: 6395: 6199: 6040:"GPL use in Debian on the rise: study" 5964:"On the continuing decline of the GPL" 5961: 5714: 5694:"MySQL changes license to avoid GPLv3" 4848:"Say what? GNU Emacs violates the GPL" 4128: 3986:from the original on 17 November 2023. 3964:from the original on 17 November 2023. 3741: 3635:... 5.2 Additional Restrictions Clause 3258:"GPLv3 authors comment on final draft" 3238:Stallman, Richard (25 February 2006). 3109:"Why Upgrade to GPL Version 3 --GPLv3" 2172:There is a distinction between an app 1330: 950:, whereas licenses are enforced under 7997: 7820: 7402: 7263:"Licensing in a Post Copyright World" 7237: 7152:. informationweek.com. Archived from 7075:"Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns" 7073:Cantrill, Bryan (17 September 2014). 6833:by Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole (2002) 6685: 6429: 5093:"The GNU General Public License v3.0" 4941:Robertson, Donald (11 October 2017). 4865:Naughton, Edward J. (8 August 2011). 4732: 4430: 4427:, ¶10 (9th Cir. 21 May 1992). 4152:European Intellectual Property Review 3942:from the original on 7 November 2023. 3855:"Transcript of CELF 2013 Toybox talk" 2649:(published 12 July 2017). 1997–2017. 2580:are used (thus not GPL itself), then 1782:for cases where this is not desired. 562:GNU General Public License, version 3 484:GNU General Public License, version 2 425:GNU General Public License, version 1 8572:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 7519:GNAT Modified General Public License 7108: 6877:Biancuzzi, Federico (30 June 2005). 6791:On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL 6767:Montague, Bruce (13 November 2013). 6531:"Re: Using of parse tree externally" 6528: 6376:Free Software Leaders Stand Together 6082: 5962:Aslett, Matthew (15 December 2011). 5942:Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). 5661: 5151:Larabel, Michael (24 January 2013). 4474: 4121:Stallman, Richard M. (9 June 2006). 4023:"GPL FAQ: Port program to GNU/Linux" 3691: 3442:"gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 4" 3416:"gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 3" 3390:"gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 2" 3357:"gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 1" 2962: 2472:Free and open-source software portal 1848:open-source programs office manager 1172:Point of view: linking is irrelevant 1164:defined a derivative work as having 1022: 38: 8039:Alternative terms for free software 7349:A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 6549:Griffis, L. Adrian (15 July 2000). 5893:Byfield, Bruce (22 November 2011). 4733:Welte, Harald (22 September 2006). 3991:"GPL FAQ: Unreleased modifications" 3852: 3524:"Fourth Discussion Draft Rationale" 3475:"Guide to the third draft of GPLv3" 3093:Stallman, Richard (21 April 2006). 2246:Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX 2157:Legal barrier to application stores 1415:, of Netfilter, was represented by 24: 8379:Python Software Foundation License 7047:Chisnall, David (31 August 2009). 6909:"RMS: The GNU GPL Is Here to Stay" 6820:The Scope of Open Source Licensing 6769:"GPL Advantages and Disadvantages" 6686:Geere, Duncan (16 December 2011). 6596:Poynder, Richard (21 March 2006). 6350:. Wheeler, David A. Archived from 5409:"Linux: ZFS, Licenses and Patents" 4900:Stallman, Richard (28 July 2011). 4137:3nd international GPLv3 conference 3319:. Free Software Foundation Europe. 2396: 1619:library cannot be used anymore by 1403:project was granted a preliminary 1240:The GPLv3 has a different clause: 942:, rather than a contract. In some 808:, such as when using GPL-licensed 717:Others, notably some high-profile 25: 8681: 8442:Definition of Free Cultural Works 8059:Free software project directories 7983:Comparison of Linux distributions 7905:GNU Affero General Public License 7900:GNU Lesser General Public License 7509:GNU Affero General Public License 7504:GNU Lesser General Public License 7390:The Labyrinth of Software Freedom 7300: 7019:"The Death Of A Software License" 6938:Randal, Allison (13 April 2007). 5966:. the451group.com. Archived from 5738:Landley, Rob (9 September 2006). 4711:판결문 - GNU 프로젝트 - 자유 소프트웨어 재단(FSF) 2797:from the original on 20 July 2017 2744:from the original on 20 July 2017 2709:from the original on 20 July 2017 2653:from the original on 20 July 2017 2578:permissive free software licenses 2538:Sections 3a and 3b of the license 1627:who have GPLv2-only dependencies. 1593:Compatibility and multi-licensing 1009:GNU Affero General Public License 1001:GNU Lesser General Public License 650:Microsoft-Novell patent agreement 546:GNU Lesser General Public License 8629: 8628: 8618: 8079:Open-source software development 7337:The Emacs General Public License 7261:Ronacher, Armin (23 July 2013). 7254: 7231: 7198: 7171: 7148:McDougall, Paul (10 July 2007). 7141: 7102: 7066: 7040: 6970: 6931: 6901: 6870: 6836: 6813: 6796: 6783: 6760: 6747:California Western School of Law 6679: 6589: 6569: 6505:Stewart, Bill (8 October 1998). 6479:Hackvän, Stig (September 1999). 6423: 6408: 6389: 6366: 6336: 6312: 6286: 6246: 6219: 6193: 6103: 6076: 6062:"Surveying open-source licenses" 6054: 6032: 6013: 6001: 5982: 5935: 5916: 5861: 5830: 5806: 5708: 5700:. 4 January 2007. Archived from 5686: 5655: 5622: 5544: 5514: 5449: 5423: 5401: 5379: 5361: 5347: 5321: 5276: 5254: 5228: 5206: 5144: 5085: 5060: 5035: 5010: 4985: 4846:Brockmeier, Joe (29 July 2011). 4825:"FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco" 4778:"Linux on Linksys Wi-Fi Routers" 4383:mailing list (17 December 2006). 4002:"GPL FAQ: Internal Distribution" 3547:Tiemann, Michael (7 June 2007). 2547:Sections 2b and 4 of the license 2464: 2330:in 2004 as a parody of the GPL. 1774:, but font files as copyrighted 1027: 858:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 43: 27:Series of free software licenses 8437:Debian Free Software Guidelines 8269:Free Software Movement of India 7428: 7351:(Covers GPLv2 and v3)—from the 7327:GNU General Public License v1.0 7313:GNU General Public License v2.0 6979:"GPLv3, Clarity and Simplicity" 6977:Randal, Allison (14 May 2007). 5698:Computer business review online 5630:"SourceForge.net: Software Map" 4960: 4934: 4912: 4893: 4839: 4817: 4745: 4726: 4702: 4666: 4648: 4622: 4590: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4506: 4468: 4450: 4410: 4386: 4369: 4343: 4317: 4299: 4273: 4247: 4229: 4204: 4189: 4179:"GPLv3, Clarity and Simplicity" 4170: 4143: 4114: 4100: 4074: 4047: 4033: 3968: 3946: 3899: 3788: 3766: 3711: 3652: 3583: 3540: 3502: 3481: 3467: 3382: 3349: 3323: 3309: 3297:Interview with Richard Stallman 3250: 3207: 3186: 3173: 3159: 3145: 3101: 3033: 3004: 2967:. News.cnet.com. Archived from 2647:Software in the Public Interest 2605: 2594:A counterexample is the GPL'ed 2588: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 1176:According to an article in the 1135:Some people believe that while 636:Free Software Foundation Europe 7967:League for Programming Freedom 7514:GNU Free Documentation License 6415:Clarke, Gavin (23 July 2009). 6396:Clarke, Gavin (20 July 2009). 6269:The GPL, the App Store and You 5632:. Dwheeler.com. Archived from 4776:Ewing, James (1 August 2004). 4177:Allison Randal (14 May 2007). 3816:Landley, Rob (13 March 2013). 3744:"Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2" 2887: 2315:In 2000, developer and author 2261:The description of the GPL as 1748:GNU Free Documentation License 1562:In 2017 Artifex, the maker of 1162:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1005:GNU Free Documentation License 984:The text of the GPL is itself 979: 285:) are a series of widely used 13: 1: 8427:Contributor License Agreement 8241:Open-source-software movement 8025:Free and open-source software 6804:Labyrinth of Software Freedom 6743:"Open Source Licensing Guide" 6529:Buck, Joe (10 October 2000). 6319:Newbart, Dave (1 June 2001). 6112:Shaun Connolly, 11 March 2009 5740:"Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun..." 5528:. 6 June 2007. Archived from 4563:Common Lisp, Readline and GPL 4405:Novell Cool Solutions Feature 4196:Keith Collins (11 May 2017). 3776:. Tech LawForum. 29 June 2007 2621: 2490:European Union Public Licence 2208:. These specific application 2137:A March 2015 analysis of the 1721:). Other companies, like the 350:free and open-source software 327:Lesser General Public License 8598:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 8452:The Free Software Definition 7789:GNU/Linux naming controversy 7358:A paper on enforcing the GPL 7345:by Li-Cheng Tai, 4 July 2001 6881:. onlamp.com. Archived from 6631:Williams, Sam (March 2002). 6581:Prepared Text of Remarks by 6513:mailing list. Archived from 6226:Anwesha Das (22 June 2016). 6200:Balter, Ben (9 March 2015). 4082:"Conditions for Using Bison" 4068:10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.003 3938:. Free Software Foundation. 3907:"GNU General Public License" 3167:"New General Public License" 2938:"Freecode's statistics page" 2292:Barrier to commercialization 2224: 2151: 1717:), and Riverbank Computing ( 1643:FSF maintains a list of GPL- 1446:Southern District of Indiana 1440:In May 2005, Daniel Wallace 1370:United States district court 1081: 556: 478: 419: 331:permissive software licenses 319:the Free Software Definition 7: 8502:Mozilla software rebranding 8467:Permissive software license 7353:Software Freedom Law Center 7113:. linux.com. Archived from 6810:Accessed 23 September 2010. 6793:. Free Software Foundation. 5569:. Free Software Foundation. 4629:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. 4565:, Mail on 6 November, 21:31 4313:. Free Software Foundation. 4243:. Free Software Foundation. 4043:. Free Software Foundation. 4029:. Free Software Foundation. 4008:. Free Software Foundation. 3997:. Free Software Foundation. 3802:. Free Software Foundation. 3597:. Free Software Foundation. 2963:Asay, Matt (23 July 2009). 2901:. Free Software Foundation. 2848:. Free Software Foundation. 2457: 1785: 1685:A number of businesses use 1480:Software Freedom Law Center 1407:against Sitecom Germany by 863: 614:Software Freedom Law Center 409:, and patent deals between 275:GNU General Public Licenses 10: 8686: 8660:Copyleft software licenses 8507:Proprietary device drivers 8457:The Open Source Definition 7895:GNU General Public License 7487:GNU General Public License 7307:GNU General Public License 7206:"GnuTLS 3.1.10: changelog" 6852:Programmers Stack Exchange 5989:The Top Licenses on Github 5946:. IT world. Archived from 5482:Srivastava, Manoj (2006). 5463:. Free Software Foundation 5437:. Free Software Foundation 5309:. Free Software Foundation 5290:. Free Software Foundation 5242:. Free Software Foundation 5128:. Free Software Foundation 5099:. Free Software Foundation 4881:Soulskill (29 July 2011). 4553:, by Bradley Kuhn Slide 10 4520:. Free Software Foundation 4357:. Free Software Foundation 4331:. Free Software Foundation 4088:. Free Software Foundation 3639:... 5.3 Patents Provisions 2822:. Free Software Foundation 2521:Public information licence 2295: 2228: 1772:not eligible for copyright 1334: 938:The GPL was designed as a 867: 377: 95:GNU General Public License 29: 18:GNU General Public Licence 8614: 8592:Source-available software 8550: 8492:Digital rights management 8484: 8282: 8259: 8221: 8097: 8031: 7975: 7944: 7913: 7885: 7854: 7781: 7725: 7527: 7479: 7436: 6789:Richard Stallman (2010). 6674:is a less known example). 6617:. Routledge. p. 56. 5715:corbet (1 October 2006). 2919:"Estimating Linux's Size" 2598:: the parsers it outputs 2231:Microsoft and open source 1953:kept its third position. 1727:Mozilla Application Suite 1459:On 6 September 2006, the 1019:Linking and derived works 919:content management system 574: 566: 496: 488: 437: 429: 293:licenses, that guarantee 244: 234: 224: 211: 198: 188: 156: 138: 126: 118: 108: 99: 8587:Shared Source Initiative 8384:Shared Source Initiative 8337:Free Software Foundation 8274:Free Software Foundation 8124:Configuration management 7926:FSF Free Software Awards 7848:Free Software Foundation 7471:History of free software 7449:Free Software Foundation 7382:12 November 2015 at the 7284:Ronacher, Armin (2009). 7238:Rosen, Lawrence (2007). 7049:"The Failure of the GPL" 6271:" on engadget.com (2011) 5928:4 September 2017 at the 5556:Free Software Foundation 5526:FLOSS Manuals Foundation 5373:wiki.creativecommons.org 4947:Free Software Foundation 4710: 4695:of Wallace v. FSF. From 4475:Matt (29 January 2009). 4462:Rosenlaw & Einschlag 4259:Free Software Foundation 4110:. LWN.net. 7 March 2011. 3796:"A Quick Guide to GPLv3" 3727:(accessed 11 March 2015) 3489:"Final Discussion Draft" 3302:20 November 2017 at the 3068:"The History of the GPL" 2791:Free Software Foundation 2703:Free Software Foundation 2670:Expat/MIT-style licenses 2526: 2288:under the GPL license." 1495:sued Cisco Systems, Inc. 800:Use of licensed software 602:Free Software Foundation 307:Free Software Foundation 133:Free Software Foundation 8522:SCO/Linux controversies 7921:Free Software Directory 6333:(Internet archive link) 6025:31 October 2011 at the 5814:"License - blender.org" 3932:"Selling Free Software" 1762:If the GPL is used for 1572:Jacqueline Scott Corley 1534:virtual private network 1515:GNU Compiler Collection 1337:SCO-Linux controversies 934:License versus contract 399:free software community 358:GNU Compiler Collection 8422:Comparison of licenses 8231:Free software movement 7180:"The perils of LGPLv3" 6825:9 January 2016 at the 6551:"The GNU Public Virus" 6458:"General Public Virus" 5837:Denis-Courmont, Rémi. 5068:"Settlement (English)" 4922:. LWN.net. 15 May 2017 4399:6 October 2008 at the 3179:For the reasoning see 2737:Open Source Initiative 2574:General Public License 2480:Criticism of copyright 1939:University of Victoria 1606: 1324: 1258: 1238: 1188:Open Source Initiative 1049:by rewriting it in an 853:prohibit circumvention 842:General Public License 796: 694: 671: 287:free software licenses 144:; 35 years ago 8497:License proliferation 6846:(21 September 2015). 6728:16 March 2015 at the 6671:on 22 December 2001. 5355:"Compatible Licenses" 5043:"Settlement (German)" 2636:"License information" 2511:Free-software license 2501:GPL linking exception 2311:Open-source criticism 2110:71.72% (+ <0.64%) 1877:license proliferation 1603:license compatibility 1600: 1302: 1242: 1221: 994:license proliferation 849:WIPO Copyright Treaty 794: 681: 658: 625:free software license 305:, the founder of the 190:Debian FSG compatible 142:25 February 1989 8582:Open-source hardware 8517:Proprietary software 8512:Proprietary firmware 8213:Formerly open-source 8208:Formerly proprietary 8074:Open-source software 7945:Sister organizations 7117:on 22 September 2015 7111:"Notes on the GPLv3" 6802:Bezroukov, Nikolai, 6557:on 30 September 2007 6445:on 27 September 2007 6300:on 25 September 2013 5994:4 March 2016 at the 4425:964 F.2d 965 3879:(8 September 2000). 3822:The Linux Foundation 3800:GNU Software Project 3246:on 7 September 2012. 2335:open source software 2182:digital distribution 2163:digital distribution 2107:GPL family together 1741:Text and other media 1630:Code licensed under 1488:BusyBox GPL lawsuits 1375:In August 2003, the 1353:compiler to support 1160:, the United States 806:proprietary software 768:Terms and conditions 32:GPL (disambiguation) 8462:Open-source license 8064:Gratis versus libre 7936:Defective by Design 7872:Richard M. Stallman 7806:Defective by Design 7773:Richard M. Stallman 7240:"Comments on GPLv3" 6083:Mark (8 May 2008). 5717:"Busy busy busybox" 5704:on 6 February 2007. 5662:Mark (8 May 2008). 5646:"License -> OSI: 5636:on 13 February 2017 5532:on 28 February 2008 4877:on 27 January 2016. 4722:on 18 October 2007. 4679:17 May 2013 at the 4185:on 15 October 2008. 3881:"Linux-2.4.0-test8" 3510:"GPL version 3 FAQ" 2944:on 28 August 2008. 2393:software licenses. 2186:Linux distributions 1958: 1887: 1813:projects listed on 1731:Mozilla Thunderbird 1705:, before 2011 from 1557:copyright violation 1478:developers and the 1395:In April 2004, the 1331:Legal status online 965:Software developer 834:software components 721:developers such as 712:loophole in the GPL 563: 534:patent infringement 485: 426: 96: 7877:Gerald Jay Sussman 7738:Benjamin Mako Hill 7343:History of the GPL 7218:"gnutls is moving" 7087:on 27 October 2021 7025:on 11 October 2008 6915:on 17 January 2015 6831:Harvard University 6639:. O'Reilly Media. 6467:. 15 December 1990 6281:"Copyright Policy" 6091:on 8 December 2015 5970:on 9 December 2016 5950:on 3 December 2013 5791:on 9 November 2016 5670:on 8 December 2015 5583:David A. Wheeler. 5389:. David A. Wheeler 5335:on 14 October 2012 5187:on 9 November 2016 5163:on 9 November 2016 5022:stockfishchess.org 4997:stockfishchess.org 4972:stockfishchess.org 4753:"D-Link Judgement" 4739:gpl-violations.org 4610:on 26 January 2019 4479:. Webmaster-Source 4458:"Derivative Works" 3831:on 27 October 2021 3750:. internetnews.com 2971:on 29 October 2013 2917:David A. Wheeler. 2732:"Licenses by Name" 2496:GPL font exception 2415:Benjamin Mako Hill 2403:Greg Kroah-Hartman 2165:systems, like the 1956: 1882: 1725:(products include 1723:Mozilla Foundation 1607: 1581:chess engine sued 1474:In late 2007, the 1461:gpl-violations.org 1157:Galoob v. Nintendo 1116:with one another. 1051:encyclopedic style 1038:is written like a 797: 786:assigns copyrights 727:Greg Kroah-Hartman 672: 600:In late 2005, the 561: 483: 424: 94: 62:You can assist by 8642: 8641: 8542:Trusted Computing 8532:Software security 8480: 8479: 8161:Operating systems 8069:Long-term support 7991: 7990: 7957:FSF Latin America 7814: 7813: 7758:Georg C. F. Greve 7665:GNU Privacy Guard 7492:linking exception 7394:Nikolai Bezroukov 7329:—This version is 7323:and GNU packages. 7315:—This version is 6983:radar.oreilly.com 6944:radar.oreilly.com 6808:Nikolai Bezroukov 6661:Nikolai Bezroukov 6624:978-0-415-97893-4 6325:Chicago Sun-Times 6175:"Top 20 licenses" 6149:"Top 20 licenses" 6123:"Top 20 licenses" 5604:"Top 20 licenses" 5073:. 7 November 2022 5048:. 7 November 2022 4765:on 26 April 2013. 4672:Bird & Bird, 4447:(1 January 2003). 4439:Lawrence Rosen, " 4062:(10): 1511–1532. 3692:Torvalds, Linus. 3559:on 14 August 2020 3448:on 2 October 2008 3337:on 2 October 2008 2869:"Top 20 licenses" 2322:Version 2 of the 2317:Nikolai Bezroukov 2135: 2134: 1930: 1929: 1797:A 1997 survey of 1776:computer software 1555:, resulting in a 1385:Caldera OpenLinux 1272:software such as 1079: 1078: 1071: 598: 597: 522: 521: 463: 462: 271: 270: 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 8677: 8632: 8631: 8622: 8527:Software patents 8410: 8409: 8322:Creative Commons 8181:Web applications 8018: 8011: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7400: 7399: 7294: 7293: 7290:lucumr.pocoo.org 7281: 7275: 7273: 7267:lucumr.pocoo.org 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7213: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7156:on 13 April 2008 7145: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7083:. Archived from 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7021:. Archived from 7011: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6954: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6890: 6885:on 17 April 2018 6874: 6868: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6840: 6834: 6817: 6811: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6738: 6732: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6711:. Friedfrank.com 6710: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6667:. Archived from 6657: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6628: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6593: 6587: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6553:. Archived from 6546: 6544: 6542: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6489:. Archived from 6476: 6474: 6472: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6433:(6 March 2006). 6427: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6331:on 15 June 2001. 6327:. 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Archived from 3813: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3774:"GPL 3 Overview" 3770: 3764: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3739: 3728: 3725:Portland, Oregon 3715: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3555:. Archived from 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3444:. Archived from 3438: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3418:. Archived from 3412: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3392:. Archived from 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3359:. Archived from 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3333:. Archived from 3327: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3274:. Archived from 3268: 3266: 3264: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3242:. 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Archived from 2934: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2751: 2749: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2660: 2658: 2632: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2428:For the LGPLv3, 2345: 2214:Ubuntu App Store 1959: 1955: 1888: 1881: 1838:VLC media player 1672:Sun Microsystems 1657:Artistic License 1530:wireless routers 1484:embedded systems 1427: 1390:Project Monterey 1255: 1247: 1235: 1227: 1167: 1100:derivative works 1096:dynamically link 1074: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1031: 1030: 1023: 691: 660:Richard Stallman 621:software patents 594: 591: 589: 587: 585: 583: 581: 564: 560: 518: 515: 513: 511: 509: 507: 505: 503: 486: 482: 459: 456: 454: 452: 450: 448: 446: 444: 433:25 February 1989 427: 423: 315:computer program 303:Richard Stallman 267: 262: 259: 257: 255: 253: 251: 178:GPL-1.0-or-later 172:GPL-2.0-or-later 166:GPL-3.0-or-later 152: 150: 145: 113:Richard Stallman 104: 97: 93: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 47: 46: 39: 21: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8610: 8577:Open-core model 8552: 8546: 8476: 8414: 8408: 8278: 8255: 8217: 8100: 8093: 8027: 8022: 7992: 7987: 7971: 7940: 7909: 7881: 7862:Geoffrey Knauth 7850: 7845: 7815: 7810: 7777: 7743:Bradley M. Kuhn 7733:Alexandre Oliva 7721: 7523: 7475: 7432: 7427: 7384:Wayback Machine 7372:Robert Chassell 7303: 7298: 7297: 7282: 7271: 7269: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7185: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7159: 7157: 7146: 7142: 7133: 7129: 7120: 7118: 7107: 7103: 7090: 7088: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7045: 7041: 7028: 7026: 7017:(6 June 2007). 7012: 7008: 6999: 6991: 6989: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6952: 6950: 6936: 6932: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6888: 6886: 6875: 6871: 6857: 6855: 6841: 6837: 6827:Wayback Machine 6818: 6814: 6801: 6797: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6739: 6735: 6730:Wayback Machine 6721: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6694: 6684: 6680: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6629: 6625: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6547: 6540: 6538: 6527: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6496: 6494: 6493:on 18 July 2011 6477: 6470: 6468: 6456: 6455: 6448: 6446: 6428: 6424: 6419:. The Register. 6413: 6409: 6394: 6390: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6233: 6231: 6230:. anweshadas.in 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6181:on 19 July 2016 6173: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6155:on 19 July 2016 6147: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6129:on 19 July 2016 6121: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6027:Wayback Machine 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5996:Wayback Machine 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5960: 5953: 5951: 5940: 5936: 5930:Wayback Machine 5921: 5917: 5904: 5902: 5891: 5880: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5794: 5792: 5781: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5673: 5671: 5660: 5656: 5647: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5610:on 19 July 2016 5602: 5601: 5592: 5581: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5413:Tag1 Consulting 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5145: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4879: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4780:. Linux Journal 4774: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4681:Wayback Machine 4671: 4667: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4539:MereAggregation 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4431: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401:Wayback Machine 4391: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4148: 4144: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4056:Research Policy 4052: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3886: 3884: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3814: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3753: 3751: 3740: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3679: 3666: 3664: 3663:. Linux Journal 3657: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3397: 3396:on 24 July 2008 3388: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3366: 3364: 3363:on 26 June 2008 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3304:Wayback Machine 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3278:on 24 June 2008 3270: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3236: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3181:The GNU project 3178: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3091: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2993: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2961: 2952: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2915: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2875:on 19 July 2016 2867: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2800: 2798: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2712: 2710: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2656: 2654: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2593: 2589: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2485:Multi-licensing 2470: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2399: 2397:GPLv3 criticism 2343: 2339:Eric S. Raymond 2313: 2300: 2294: 2280:GPL would be a 2259: 2233: 2227: 2159: 2154: 1807:SourceForge.net 1788: 1743: 1735:Mozilla Firefox 1687:multi-licensing 1601:Quick guide of 1595: 1425: 1343: 1333: 1289: 1253: 1245: 1233: 1225: 1192:derivative work 1174: 1165: 1133: 1113: 1092:statically link 1084: 1075: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1047:help improve it 1044: 1032: 1028: 1021: 982: 936: 872: 866: 802: 770: 755:lifeboat clause 689: 610:Richard Fontana 578: 559: 500: 481: 441: 422: 380: 323:derivative work 309:(FSF), for the 248: 184: 148: 146: 143: 88: 77: 71: 68: 61: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8683: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8626: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Bioinformatics 8111: 8105: 8103: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8021: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7914:Other projects 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7753:Federico Heinz 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7655:GNU Archimedes 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7497:font exception 7494: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7446: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7374: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7324: 7310: 7302: 7301:External links 7299: 7296: 7295: 7253: 7242:. Rosenlaw.com 7230: 7210:www.gnutls.org 7197: 7170: 7140: 7101: 7065: 7039: 7006: 6987:O'Reilly Media 6969: 6948:O'Reilly Media 6930: 6900: 6869: 6854:(User comment) 6835: 6812: 6795: 6782: 6759: 6733: 6678: 6652: 6645: 6623: 6588: 6568: 6517:on 29 May 2007 6422: 6407: 6388: 6365: 6354:on 15 May 2013 6335: 6311: 6285: 6273: 6257: 6245: 6218: 6192: 6166: 6140: 6114: 6102: 6075: 6053: 6031: 6020:About Freecode 6012: 6000: 5981: 5934: 5915: 5878: 5860: 5841:. videolan.org 5829: 5805: 5775: 5757: 5707: 5685: 5654: 5621: 5590: 5572: 5543: 5513: 5500: 5474: 5448: 5422: 5400: 5378: 5360: 5346: 5320: 5275: 5253: 5227: 5205: 5143: 5110: 5084: 5059: 5034: 5009: 4984: 4959: 4933: 4911: 4892: 4838: 4816: 4791: 4768: 4744: 4725: 4701: 4685: 4665: 4647: 4621: 4589: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4505: 4467: 4464:. 25 May 2004. 4449: 4429: 4409: 4407:(16 Jan 2004). 4385: 4368: 4342: 4316: 4298: 4272: 4261:. 29 June 2007 4246: 4228: 4203: 4188: 4169: 4158:(8): 331–339. 4142: 4113: 4099: 4073: 4046: 4032: 4011: 3967: 3945: 3920: 3909:. 29 June 2007 3898: 3877:Linus Torvalds 3868: 3853:Landley, Rob. 3842: 3805: 3787: 3765: 3729: 3710: 3677: 3651: 3600: 3582: 3570: 3539: 3501: 3480: 3466: 3422:on 3 July 2008 3381: 3348: 3322: 3308: 3289: 3249: 3227: 3206: 3185: 3172: 3158: 3144: 3122: 3100: 3080: 3059: 3032: 3018:on 16 May 2013 3003: 2982: 2950: 2924: 2904: 2886: 2851: 2833: 2811: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2723: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2642:Debian Project 2626: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2604: 2587: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2459: 2456: 2451:Armin Ronacher 2445:In July 2013, 2440:Lawrence Rosen 2398: 2395: 2383:Bryan Cantrill 2375:developer and 2351:Allison Randal 2312: 2309: 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2258: 2257:"Viral" nature 2255: 2229:Main article: 2226: 2223: 2176:, which sells 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2143:Fedora Project 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081:? (<0.64%) 2079: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1951:Apache license 1935:Debian Project 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1787: 1784: 1764:computer fonts 1742: 1739: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1594: 1591: 1430: 1429: 1332: 1329: 1288: 1285: 1217:kernel modules 1184:Lawrence Rosen 1173: 1170: 1137:static linking 1132: 1129: 1112: 1109: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1020: 1017: 981: 978: 967:Allison Randal 935: 932: 868:Main article: 865: 862: 801: 798: 769: 766: 723:Linus Torvalds 676:Apache License 596: 595: 576: 572: 571: 568: 558: 555: 520: 519: 498: 494: 493: 490: 480: 477: 461: 460: 439: 435: 434: 431: 421: 418: 392:GNU C Compiler 379: 376: 317:the rights of 269: 268: 246: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 209: 208: 205: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 163: 161: 154: 153: 140: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 120: 119:Latest version 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 90: 89: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8682: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8635: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8605:Revolution OS 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8566:GNU Manifesto 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8472:Public domain 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8261:Organisations 8258: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:Office suites 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Free software 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7835: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7795:Revolution OS 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7763:John Sullivan 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7464:Latin America 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:GNU Manifesto 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7241: 7234: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7194: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6897: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6763: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6707: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6648: 6646:0-596-00287-4 6642: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486:Linux Journal 6482: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6379: 6377: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6229: 6222: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6063: 6057: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6008:tags letter g 6004: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5741: 5734: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5356: 5350: 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