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341:. The main goal was to create many other applications to be like the Unix system. GNU was able to run Unix programs but was not identical to it. GNU incorporated longer file names, file version numbers, and a crashproof file system. The GNU Manifesto was written to gain support and participation from others for the project. Programmers were encouraged to take part in any aspect of the project that interested them. People could donate funds, computer parts, or even their own time to write code and programs for the project.
162:
707:. This was an attempt to make a free software replacement for Qt. Had this project been successful, the perceived problem with the KDE would have been solved. The second project was GNOME, which tackled the same issue from a different angle. It aimed to make a replacement for KDE that had no dependencies on proprietary software. The Harmony project did not make much progress, but GNOME developed very well. Eventually, the proprietary component that KDE depended on (
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219:, a proprietary operating system. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system, and if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the
1016:...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general...
428:
sometimes differentiate between "strong" and "weak" copyleft. "Weak" copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non-free programs, while "strong" copyleft strictly forbids this practice. Most of the GNU Project's output is released under a strong copyleft, although some
573:
Within the GNU website, a list of projects is laid out and each project has specifics for what type of developer is able to perform the task needed for a certain piece of the GNU project. The skill level ranges from project to project but anyone with background knowledge in programming is encouraged
420:
is what helps maintain free use of this software among other programmers. Copyleft gives the legal right to everyone to use, edit, and redistribute programs or programs' code as long as the distribution terms do not change. As a result, any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms
362:
The GNU Manifesto was written by
Richard Stallman to gain support and participation in the GNU Project. In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman listed four freedoms essential to software users: freedom to run a program for any purpose, freedom to study the mechanics of the program and modify it, freedom to
394:
The GNU project uses software that is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute. It is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs. The way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it. The software could be provided to the programmer from
385:
Although most of the GNU Project's output is technical in nature, it was launched as a social, ethical, and political initiative. As well as producing software and licenses, the GNU Project has published a number of writings, the majority of which were authored by
Richard Stallman.
600:
The GNU Free System
Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) is a system distribution commitment that explains how an installable system distribution (such as a Linux distribution) qualifies as free (libre), and helps distribution developers make their distributions qualify.
608:
kernel (a modified Linux kernel that removes binary blobs, obfuscated code, and portions of code under proprietary licenses) and consist only of free software (eschewing proprietary software entirely). Distributions that have adopted the GNU FSDG include
478:
in 1991, and released under the GPLv2 with version 0.12 in 1992, for the first time it was possible to run an operating system composed completely of free software. Though the Linux kernel is not part of the GNU project, it was developed using
663:
redirected its funds toward the legal and political support of free software development. Software development from that point on focused on maintaining existing projects, and starting new projects only when there was an acute threat to the
636:
The Fedora
Project's distribution license guidelines were used as a basis for the FSDG. The Fedora Project's own guidelines, however, currently do not follow the FSDG, and thus the GNU Project does not consider
250:
message in
September 1983. Despite never having used Unix prior, Stallman felt that it was the most appropriate system design to use as a basis for the GNU Project, as it was portable and "fairly clean".
185:
by collaboratively developing and publishing software that gives everyone the rights to freely run the software, copy and distribute it, study it, and modify it. GNU software grants these rights in its
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The origins and development of most aspects of the GNU Project (and free software in general) are shared in a detailed narrative in the Emacs help system. (C-h g runs the Emacs editor command
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163:
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The first goal of the GNU project was to create a whole free-software operating system. Because UNIX was already widespread and ran on more powerful machines, compared to contemporary
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We would like to thank the Fedora
Project for their help in focusing these policies, and allowing us to use their own distribution license guidelines as a basis for this document.
1347:
750:
for "the ubiquity, breadth, and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software, which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development".
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It is one of the few GNU files not distributed under the GNU General Public
License or GNU Lesser General Public License; it is distributed under a license like the X11 License
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231:. Combined with the operating system utilities already developed by the GNU project, it allowed for the first operating system that was free software, commonly known as
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711:) was released as free software. GNOME has since dissociated itself from the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, and is now independently managed by the
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2609:
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738:, etc.). GNUe is designed to collect Enterprise software for the GNU system in a single location (much like the GNOME project collects Desktop software).
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redistribute copies, and freedom to improve and change modified versions for public use. To implement these freedoms, users needed full access to the
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machines of time, it was decided it would be a Unix-like operating system. Richard
Stallman later commented that he considered MS-DOS "a toy".
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and tools to be free software, so these also had to be developed. By June 1987, the project had accumulated and developed free software for an
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581:(distro). The GNU Project calls the combination of GNU and the Linux kernel "GNU/Linux", and asks others to do the same, resulting in the
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software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the
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2726:
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System
Application Program Interface (POSIX.1). The GCC compiler can generate machine-code for a large variety of computer-architectures.
2704:
1343:
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542:– this implements program scheduling, multitasking, device drivers, memory management, etc. and allows the system to run on a large
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The project's current work includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning, and sharing of new material.
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703:. To prevent people from being tempted to install KDE and Qt, the GNU Project simultaneously launched two projects. One was the
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By 1992, the GNU project had completed all of the major operating system utilities, but had not completed their proposed
201:(including all its numerous utility programs) needed to be free software. Stallman decided to call this operating system
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68:
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730:) is a meta-project started in 1996, and can be regarded as a sub-project of the GNU Project. GNUe's goal is to create
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non-GNU programs – various free software packages which are not a part of the GNU Project but are released under the
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487:. Most compilation of the Linux kernel is still done with GNU toolchains, but it is currently possible to use the
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on
September 27, 1983. Its goal is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and
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371:(GPL), which allowed software and the future generations of code derived from it to remain free for public use.
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that is suitable for production environments since the commencement of the GNU/Hurd project over 33 years ago.
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today our focus is on the cloud and on mobile, and we are quite clearly leading GNU/Linux on both fronts
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The packaging of GNU tools, together with the Linux kernel and other programs, is usually called a
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system. The GNU project calls this GNU/Linux, and the defining features are the combination of:
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Helping the GNU Project and the Free Software Movement – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation
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friends or over the Internet, or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software.
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From the mid-1990s onward, with many companies investing in free software development, the
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It may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features.
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GNU mascot, by Aurelio A. Heckert (derived from a more detailed version by Etienne Suvasa)
8:
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The copyright of most works by the GNU Project is owned by the Free Software Foundation.
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Most Linux distros combine GNU packages with a Linux kernel which contains proprietary
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A stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the
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The list mostly describes distributions that are a combination of GNU packages with a
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Proceeds from associate members, purchases, and donations support the GNU Project.
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367:. To ensure code remained free and provide it to the public, Stallman created the
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There are reasons that can make it better to use the Lesser GPL in certain cases.
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809:
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1833:
1772:"List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation"
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desktop effort was launched by the GNU Project because another desktop system,
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224:
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The name "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!"; it is pronounced
19:
Not to be confused with the software collection developed by the GNU Project,
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2009:
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672:, whose components have been adopted as the standard compiler system on many
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is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license.
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and other GNU programming tools and was released as free software under the
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The GNU packages consist of numerous operating system tools and utilities (
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Richard Stallman announced his intent to start coding the GNU Project in a
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Should the GNU/name convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?
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227:, and in December 1992 it was made available under version 2 of the
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1161:"The GNU Manifesto – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
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1801:"Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) – GNU Project"
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We thank Aurelio A. Heckert...for donating this graphic to us.
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3338:
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1113:
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; and Nick Montfort. "The GNU Manifesto".
688:
668:. One of the most notable projects of the GNU Project is the
533:
498:
As of present, the GNU project has not released a version of
488:
297:
255:
232:
152:
1368:
1254:"Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library"
337:
and the compiler were finished, GNU was able to be used for
3434:
3384:
2170:
1616:
Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU?
492:
452:
308:
270:
216:
1834:"Why the FSF Gets Copyright Assignments from Contributors"
595:
2100:
692:
446:
348:.) It is the same detailed history as at their web site.
314:
203:
146:
20:
1635:
Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?
330:). They had an initial kernel that needed more updates.
1942:
1341:
302:
651:
Free Software Foundation § High priority projects
695:, was becoming popular but required users to install
292:, an almost finished portable optimizing C compiler (
149:
2610:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1597:
Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU Linux”?
757:
1457:
1455:
867:
641:to be a fully free (libre) GNU/Linux distribution.
558:
in 1992; it is however not part of the GNU project.
2978:
1117:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2003. pp.545–550.
895:, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the
2589:
1914:"USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award ("The Flame")"
1889:"GNU Enterprise Project History – GNU Enterprise"
1086:
1027:
3480:
1452:
940:
2497:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
2367:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
1685:"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems"
1425:
1423:
432:
254:When the GNU project first started they had an
223:appeared, developed outside the GNU project by
3226:
2575:
2398:
1980:
1655:"Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux?"
1149:
2615:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
2412:
1420:
1060:
734:"enterprise-class data-aware applications" (
265:for writing editor commands, a source level
1344:"What would you like to see most in minix?"
1342:Linus Benedict Torvalds (August 26, 1991).
913:
911:
3233:
3219:
2582:
2568:
2405:
2391:
1987:
1973:
1947:
1714:"Guidelines for Free System Distributions"
1546:
966:
374:
1864:"Stallman on Qt, the GPL, KDE, and GNOME"
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3494:1983 establishments in the United States
1861:
1155:
947:Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991).
946:
908:
855:This graphic was drawn by Etienne Suvasa
436:
127:
1862:Stallman, Richard (September 5, 2000).
596:GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines
300:), and various Unix utilities (such as
3481:
1192:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
746:In 2001, the GNU Project received the
52:Please improve this article by adding
3214:
2563:
2386:
1968:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1323:from the original on October 31, 2020
1182:
1095:from the original on January 31, 2023
816:from the original on December 5, 2014
644:
3138:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
2085:GNAT Modified General Public License
768:Free and open-source software portal
25:
2605:Alternative terms for free software
1764:
1350:from the original on April 30, 2013
1211:. gnu.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
997:"The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ"
522:GNU packages (except for GNU Hurd)
13:
2945:Python Software Foundation License
1831:
1672:
1369:The Kernel Development Community.
845:from the original on July 28, 2011
567:FSF-approved Free Software License
281:. The GNU system required its own
14:
3525:
3008:Definition of Free Cultural Works
2625:Free software project directories
2549:Comparison of Linux distributions
2471:GNU Affero General Public License
2466:GNU Lesser General Public License
2075:GNU Affero General Public License
2070:GNU Lesser General Public License
1934:
1644:GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
1625:GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
1606:GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
1587:GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
994:
974:"z-archive of Linux version 0.99"
748:USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award
718:
544:variety of computer-architectures
215:"), basing its design on that of
3463:
3462:
3240:
3195:
3194:
3184:
2645:Open-source software development
1371:"Building Linux with Clang/LLVM"
760:
389:
351:
142:
30:
3003:Debian Free Software Guidelines
2835:Free Software Movement of India
1994:
1955:The GNU Free Software Directory
1920:from the original on 2007-12-28
1906:
1881:
1870:from the original on 2012-04-19
1855:
1844:from the original on 2023-05-11
1825:
1811:from the original on 2015-12-08
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1782:from the original on 2014-12-16
1753:from the original on 2018-06-22
1735:
1724:from the original on 2015-12-08
1706:
1695:from the original on 2011-04-24
1661:from the original on 2013-09-07
1647:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1560:from the original on 2013-05-26
1554:"Release Notes for Linux v0.12"
1535:from the original on 2011-02-21
1521:
1510:
1499:
1488:from the original on 2014-04-24
1474:
1441:from the original on 2015-12-25
1406:from the original on 2020-11-12
1388:
1377:from the original on 2022-09-27
1362:
1335:
1303:
1292:from the original on 2015-06-23
1278:
1264:from the original on 2007-11-26
1246:
1232:from the original on 2021-03-22
1214:
1195:
1171:from the original on 2018-07-14
1138:from the original on 2015-11-25
1120:
1107:
1080:
1069:from the original on 2011-01-22
980:. December 1992. Archived from
955:from the original on 2013-05-09
929:from the original on 2018-07-14
882:from the original on 2004-04-02
2533:League for Programming Freedom
2080:GNU Free Documentation License
1743:"Avoiding Ruinous Compromises"
1506:GNU C Library#A temporary fork
1286:"GNU's Bulletin Volume 1 No.1"
1128:"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3"
1054:
1021:
988:
860:
831:
802:
781:GNU Free Documentation License
741:
1:
3253:List of ERP software packages
2993:Contributor License Agreement
2807:Open-source-software movement
2591:Free and open-source software
1462:GNU @ Free Software Directory
796:
421:as the rest of its users do.
54:secondary or tertiary sources
3164:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
3018:The Free Software Definition
2355:GNU/Linux naming controversy
1891:. 2013-01-16. Archived from
1402:. Free Software Foundation.
1003:. Kernel.org. Archived from
736:enterprise resource planners
583:GNU/Linux naming controversy
505:
433:Operating system development
193:In order to ensure that the
7:
3068:Mozilla software rebranding
3033:Permissive software license
1529:"The Linux Kernel Archives"
1482:"POSIX – The GNU C Library"
1311:"Richard Stallman: Freedom"
753:
495:toolchain for compilation.
474:, started independently by
406:
10:
3530:
3073:Proprietary device drivers
3023:The Open Source Definition
2461:GNU General Public License
2053:GNU General Public License
1190:The Success of Open Source
1087:Stallman, Richard (2022).
648:
563:GNU General Public License
556:GNU General Public License
485:GNU General Public License
470:. With the release of the
444:
410:
398:
378:
369:GNU General Public License
355:
241:
229:GNU General Public License
18:
3458:
3352:
3284:JD Edwards Enterprise One
3261:
3248:
3180:
3158:Source-available software
3116:
3058:Digital rights management
3050:
2848:
2825:
2787:
2663:
2597:
2541:
2510:
2479:
2451:
2420:
2347:
2291:
2093:
2045:
2002:
1373:. The Linux Kernel Docs.
1063:"new Unix implementation"
1001:The Linux Kernel Archives
978:The Linux Kernel Archives
619:Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre
3509:Free Software Foundation
3153:Shared Source Initiative
2950:Shared Source Initiative
2903:Free Software Foundation
2840:Free Software Foundation
2690:Configuration management
2492:FSF Free Software Awards
2414:Free Software Foundation
2037:History of free software
2015:Free Software Foundation
1396:"GNU Hurd/ hurd/ status"
923:Free Software Foundation
876:Free Software Foundation
872:The GNU Operating System
776:Free Software Foundation
682:
661:Free Software Foundation
623:Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
574:to support the project.
426:Free Software Foundation
424:The GNU Project and the
3088:SCO/Linux controversies
2487:Free Software Directory
1089:"How I do my computing"
670:GNU Compiler Collection
666:free software community
611:Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre
464:operating system kernel
375:Philosophy and activism
3514:Free software movement
3289:Microsoft Dynamics 365
2988:Comparison of licenses
2797:Free software movement
514:, making a functional
442:
381:Free software movement
133:
41:relies excessively on
3063:License proliferation
878:. September 4, 2009.
440:
177:project announced by
131:
16:Free software project
3339:Unit4 Business World
3148:Open-source hardware
3083:Proprietary software
3078:Proprietary firmware
2779:Formerly open-source
2774:Formerly proprietary
2640:Open-source software
2511:Sister organizations
1400:GNU Operating System
1226:wiki.freedesktop.org
1031:(14 February 2014).
786:List of GNU packages
701:proprietary software
633:, and a few others.
346:describe-gnu-project
3304:Oracle Applications
3028:Open-source license
2630:Gratis versus libre
2502:Defective by Design
2438:Richard M. Stallman
2372:Defective by Design
2339:Richard M. Stallman
1033:"Losing graciously"
919:"The GNU Manifesto"
339:program development
2443:Gerald Jay Sussman
2304:Benjamin Mako Hill
1640:2013-09-07 at the
1621:2013-09-07 at the
1602:2013-09-07 at the
1583:2013-09-07 at the
1467:2015-12-05 at the
1431:"All GNU packages"
1319:. August 9, 2008.
1207:2015-12-25 at the
1188:Weber, S. (2004).
1115:The NewMediaReader
1061:Richard Stallman.
645:Strategic projects
627:Trisquel GNU/Linux
579:Linux distribution
443:
175:mass collaboration
134:
3476:
3475:
3208:
3207:
3108:Trusted Computing
3098:Software security
3046:
3045:
2727:Operating systems
2635:Long-term support
2557:
2556:
2523:FSF Latin America
2380:
2379:
2324:Georg C. F. Greve
2231:GNU Privacy Guard
2058:linking exception
1517:GCC Architectures
1346:. comp.os.minix.
1316:Radio New Zealand
1288:. February 1986.
1157:Stallman, Richard
1029:Mark Shuttleworth
995:Balsa, Andrew D.
925:. July 21, 2007.
810:"A Bold GNU Head"
699:, which was then
491:compiler and the
277:generator, and a
209:recursive acronym
183:computing devices
126:
125:
118:
100:
3521:
3466:
3465:
3299:Oracle ERP Cloud
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3093:Software patents
2976:
2975:
2888:Creative Commons
2747:Web applications
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2407:
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1989:
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1943:Official website
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1075:
1074:
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1052:
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1046:
1044:
1039:on 22 March 2014
1035:. Archived from
1025:
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441:GNU Hurd live CD
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199:operating system
179:Richard Stallman
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3176:
3143:Open-core model
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3112:
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2980:
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2821:
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2666:
2659:
2593:
2588:
2558:
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2537:
2506:
2475:
2447:
2428:Geoffrey Knauth
2416:
2411:
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2309:Bradley M. Kuhn
2299:Alexandre Oliva
2287:
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1998:
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1911:
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1866:. Linux Today.
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1642:Wayback Machine
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1585:Wayback Machine
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1209:Wayback Machine
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1167:. GNU Project.
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949:"comp.os.minix"
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721:
705:Harmony toolkit
685:
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615:GNU Guix System
598:
523:
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449:
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409:
401:
392:
383:
377:
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244:
213:GNU's not Unix!
161:
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111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
51:
47:primary sources
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3499:Copyleft media
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3395:GNU Enterprise
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2692:
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2682:
2680:Bioinformatics
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2658:
2657:
2652:
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2508:
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2489:
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2481:
2480:Other projects
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2463:
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2357:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Federico Heinz
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
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2285:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:GNU Archimedes
2218:
2213:
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2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:font exception
2060:
2049:
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2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:GNU Enterprise
1957:
1952:
1936:
1935:External links
1933:
1931:
1930:
1905:
1880:
1854:
1832:Moglen, Eben.
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1194:
1181:
1159:(March 1985).
1148:
1119:
1106:
1079:
1053:
1020:
987:
984:on 2017-01-30.
965:
939:
907:
868:"What is GNU?"
859:
830:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
771:
755:
752:
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724:GNU Enterprise
720:
719:GNU Enterprise
717:
684:
681:
646:
643:
597:
594:
571:
570:
559:
548:Linus Torvalds
537:
507:
504:
476:Linus Torvalds
445:Main article:
434:
431:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
400:
397:
391:
388:
379:Main article:
376:
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356:Main article:
353:
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345:
296:), an editor (
243:
240:
225:Linus Torvalds
124:
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38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3526:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Copyright law
3502:
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3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3451:
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3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Openbravo ERP
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3172:
3171:Revolution OS
3168:
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3156:
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3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:GNU Manifesto
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3106:
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3071:
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3059:
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3049:
3039:
3038:Public domain
3036:
3034:
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3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
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2827:Organisations
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2722:Office suites
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2706:
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2638:
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2633:
2631:
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2621:
2620:Free software
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2361:Revolution OS
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:John Sullivan
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2031:
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565:or another
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