426:
944:
2962:
917:
399:
794:. Whether the combination of GNU libraries with external kernels is a GNU operating system with a kernel (e.g. GNU with Linux), because the GNU collection renders the kernel into a usable operating system as understood in modern software development, or whether the kernel is an operating system unto itself with a GNU layer on top (i.e. Linux with GNU), because the kernel can operate a machine without GNU, is a matter of ongoing debate. The FSF maintains that an operating system built using the
4639:
3556:
4629:
59:
50:
901:
773:
3568:
695:
682:, while an 'operating system' is expected to have a more extensive set of programs. The GNU project maintains two kernels itself, allowing the creation of pure GNU operating systems, but the GNU toolchain is also used with non-GNU kernels. Due to the two different definitions of the term 'operating system', there is an ongoing
510:
The goal was to bring a completely free software operating system into existence. Stallman wanted computer users to be free to study the source code of the software they use, share software with other people, modify the behavior of software, and publish their modified versions of the software. This
831:. However, this is not required; package maintainers may retain copyright to the GNU packages they maintain, though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used (such as the GNU GPL), the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the Free Software Foundation.
569:(the official kernel of GNU). With the exception of the aforementioned third-party components, most of GNU has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by companies, educational institutions, and other non-profit organizations. In October 1985, Stallman set up the
1945:, April 9, 2009: "... after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. ... Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system."
846:
program. For most of the 80s, each GNU package had its own license: the Emacs
General Public License, the GCC General Public License, etc. In 1989, FSF published a single license they could use for all their software, and which could be used by non-GNU projects: the
912:
head. Originally drawn by
Etienne Suvasa, a bolder and simpler version designed by Aurelio Heckert is now preferred. It appears in GNU software and in printed and electronic documentation for the GNU Project, and is also used in Free Software Foundation materials.
826:
The GNU Project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for GNU packages to the Free
Software Foundation, though the Free Software Foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the
881:(FDL), for documentation, followed in 2000. The GPL and LGPL were revised to version 3 in 2007, adding clauses to protect users against hardware restrictions that prevent users from running modified software on their own devices.
410:(394 packages as of June 2024), which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems. The use of the completed GNU tools led to the family of operating systems popularly known as
862:). It gives all recipients of a program the right to run, copy, modify and distribute it, while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute. This idea is often referred to as
1969:
Nearly twenty years later the HURD has still to reach maturity, and has never achieved production quality. ... Some of us are still wishing and hoping for the real deal, a GNU operating system with a GNU
507:
by
Stallman. Software development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software.
780:
2431:
Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".
854:
This license is now used by most of GNU software, as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the GNU Project; it also historically has been the most commonly used
729:
With the April 30, 2015 release of the Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 distro, GNU now provides all required components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer.
400:
2675:
576:
As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was
838:(first called Emacs General Public License), with the goal to guarantee users freedom to share and change free software. Stallman wrote this license after his experience with
4132:
500:
1706:
4211:
1362:
4430:
4052:
4269:
1077:
4201:
549:
Much of the needed software had to be written from scratch, but existing compatible third-party free software components were also used such as the
4728:
652:
As of June 2024, there are a total of 467 GNU packages (including decommissioned, 394 excluding) hosted on the official GNU development site.
3986:
1788:
2325:
670:, and one still common in hardware engineering, the operating system is a basic set of functions to control the hardware and manage things like
4221:
4107:
2235:
732:
However, the Hurd kernel is not yet considered production-ready but rather a base for further development and non-critical application usage.
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5210:
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4057:
249:
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4122:
4147:
1964:
2410:
454:
that in it
Stallman has written about "the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice".
4097:
4067:
3830:
5190:
4244:
3656:
962:
2852:
1956:
481:
by being free software and containing no Unix code. Stallman chose the name by using various plays on words, including the song
3649:
2645:
1936:
1897:
748:, a variant of Linux with all proprietary components removed. The GNU Project has endorsed Linux-libre distributions, such as
5004:
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1999:
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1439:
4632:
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4510:
4194:
3704:
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2756:
2712:
2593:
2312:
RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.
2275:
1218:
1151:
949:
2376:
4154:
4047:
503:. It was called the GNU Project, and was publicly announced on September 27, 1983, on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft
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142:
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1835:
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as system programming languages, and that GNU would be compatible with Unix. At the time, Unix was already a popular
346:
342:
1459:
4779:
4723:
4179:
4087:
889:
678:. In modern terminology used by software developers, the collection of these functions is usually referred to as a
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2018:
878:
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to allow it to be linked with proprietary software. 1991 also saw the release of version 2 of the GNU GPL. The
627:
425:
350:
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4259:
4249:
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1810:
2006:
He had mixed all of the ingredients needed for an operating system to function, but he was missing the core.
884:
Besides GNU's packages, the GNU Project's licenses can and are used by many unrelated projects, such as the
573:(FSF). In the late 1980s and 1990s, the FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU.
4764:
4749:
4708:
4606:
4460:
4254:
3974:
888:, often used with GNU software. A majority of free software such as the X Window System, is licensed under
807:
683:
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4877:
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4310:
3537:
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1877:
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323:
135:
1389:
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4661:
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4350:
4127:
3672:
3202:
1005:
972:
848:
835:
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419:
338:
649:
and macOS. GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts.
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4799:
4759:
4754:
4713:
4600:
4515:
4500:
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of GNU applications and utilities, which are now also widely used on other operating systems such as
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2243:
5023:
4910:
4774:
4595:
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4282:
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535:
95:
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1523:
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599:
177:
1499:
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5205:
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4985:
4965:
4914:
4872:
4642:
4530:
4377:
4340:
4239:
3933:
3825:
3377:
1991:
1543:
Beginning
Portable Shell Scripting: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Open Source)
1234:
1205:
The
Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
957:
546:
operating system. The design of Unix was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece.
3465:
1143:
Handbook of
Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
4940:
4906:
4808:
4744:
4505:
4300:
4292:
4231:
4164:
3948:
3677:
3572:
3525:
2043:
855:
2509:
786:
Because of the development status of Hurd, GNU is usually paired with other kernels such as
5195:
5137:
5111:
4590:
4525:
4520:
4082:
3900:
3520:
3423:
2418:
642:
615:
593:
543:
444:, the founder of the project, views GNU as a "technical means to a social end". Relatedly,
89:
71:
24:
8:
5106:
5058:
4935:
4470:
4072:
3991:
3835:
3437:
3019:
1401:
1210:
153:
Personal computers, mobile devices, embedded devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers
2558:
2210:
1363:"Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation"
5043:
4950:
4017:
3923:
3755:
3750:
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3452:
2992:
1984:
1493:
607:
2961:
534:
system was necessary. It was thus decided that the development would be started using
5152:
5101:
5033:
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4831:
4628:
4550:
4397:
4077:
3943:
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3745:
3599:
3458:
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2781:
2752:
2708:
2633:, GNU Project, vol. 1, no. 5, Free Software Foundation (FSF), June 11, 1998
2589:
2271:
2146:
2071:
1995:
1858:
1831:
1804:
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1633:
1606:
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1547:
1503:
1435:
1313:
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1214:
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1147:
1041:
646:
619:
523:
466:
307:
229:
99:
2350:
1890:
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4684:
4315:
3958:
3890:
3065:
3015:
2653:
2296:
1455:
1393:
1260:
1073:
916:
684:
debate concerning the naming of distributions of GNU packages with a non-GNU kernel
577:
496:
441:
429:
380:
333:
221:
205:
1878:
Fuzz
Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services
842:
and a program called UniPress, over a controversy around software code use in the
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5038:
5009:
4585:
3928:
3918:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
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2773:
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2702:
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2121:
1852:
1825:
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1733:
1653:
1627:
1600:
1571:
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1429:
1203:
1141:
761:
702:
623:
554:
445:
63:
4002:
2899:
2626:
2536:
2300:
2191:
1405:
530:, the computer architecture for which ITS was written, led to a decision that a
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5086:
5048:
4920:
4382:
4305:
3938:
3840:
3298:
2483:
2384:
1280:
671:
1791:. Buzzle.com. August 25, 1991. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017
1680:
1397:
1161:
924:
There was also a modified version of the official logo. It was created by the
873:(LGPL), then known as the Library General Public License, was written for the
5184:
5071:
5028:
4867:
4821:
4613:
4574:
4480:
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3405:
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3110:
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2877:
1941:
1914:
1573:
The Linux
Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook
1105:
874:
839:
828:
603:
558:
512:
437:
407:
128:
2169:
834:
For the development of needed software, Stallman wrote a license called the
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4455:
4412:
4325:
3953:
3775:
3770:
3724:
3592:
3227:
3222:
885:
799:
795:
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661:
611:
315:
173:
2397:
GNU is an operating system that offers a set of free open source programs.
5081:
5063:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4545:
4372:
4367:
3805:
3735:
3615:
3493:
3304:
2609:
1175:
929:
859:
814:, one of the biggest and oldest Linux distributions, refers to itself as
745:
675:
641:
Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems, including
415:
311:
299:
285:
1761:
Sowe, Sulayman K; Stamelos, Ioannis G; Samoladas, Ioannis M (May 2007).
19:
This article is about the free software collection. For the animal, see
3865:
3859:
3810:
3514:
3411:
3318:
3293:
3237:
3207:
3055:
1626:
Buxmann, Peter; Diefenbach, Heiner; Hess, Thomas (September 30, 2012).
909:
225:
193:
79:
20:
928:
in September 2013 in order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the
5018:
4925:
4851:
4816:
4402:
3885:
3815:
3800:
3349:
3012:
2096:
1880:– October 1995 – Computer Sciences Department,University of Wisconsin
1366:
843:
504:
474:
269:
169:
110:
4653:
448:
states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman's book
58:
49:
5147:
4440:
4320:
3895:
3875:
3855:
3780:
3730:
3507:
3359:
3325:
3212:
3167:
3152:
2955:
1282:
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays Of Richard M. Stallman
863:
776:
749:
719:
715:
566:
562:
365:
303:
237:
185:
3500:
1528:
Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
5142:
4841:
3785:
3479:
3472:
3310:
3276:
3147:
3132:
3105:
3095:
2704:
Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software
1986:
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
1891:"An Inquiry into the Stability and Reliability of UNIX Utilities"
791:
581:
531:
483:
253:
245:
241:
209:
2326:"Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation"
991:
772:
3880:
3870:
3845:
3447:
3366:
3242:
3217:
3181:
3137:
3100:
3089:
900:
811:
757:
527:
281:
277:
265:
257:
201:
3584:
2748:
Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy
1428:
Holmevik, Jan Rune; Bogost, Ian; Ulmer, Gregory (March 2012).
5091:
4407:
3740:
3417:
3384:
3371:
3281:
3193:
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2925:
1658:. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. February 2003. p. 18.
787:
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635:
411:
389:
261:
233:
181:
161:
67:
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1492:
DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Cooper, Danese (October 2005).
821:
478:
217:
213:
197:
165:
2676:"Top Open Source Licenses in 2020: Trends and predictions"
2484:"Why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors"
5127:
3390:
3127:
744:
became officially part of the GNU Project in the form of
701:, an example of an FSF approved distribution that uses a
689:
550:
495:
Development of the GNU operating system was initiated by
383:
273:
189:
33:
1335:
1019:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1760:
1625:
386:
4053:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
2586:
Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
1602:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
1079:
The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom
939:
2853:"Permissive vs. copyleft open source licenses 2021"
2802:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"
2267:
Open Source Software: Implementation and Management
1427:
1279:Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (December 2009).
1124:
810:). This view is not exclusive to the FSF. Notably,
798:and GNU tools and utilities should be considered a
4421:
1983:
1734:"The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation"
1202:
1048:, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the
722:microkernel), which was the original focus of the
4032:
1917:. Free Software Foundation, Inc. January 13, 2016
1732:Matthew, Neil; Stones, Richard (April 22, 2011).
1678:
1655:Practical UNIX and Internet Security, 3rd Edition
1565:
1563:
1491:
1068:
1066:
1064:
5182:
1764:Emerging Free and Open Source Software Practices
1605:. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. January 1999.
1487:
1485:
1431:Inter/vention: Free Play in the Age of Electracy
622:shell. GNU developers have contributed to Linux
3987:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
2880:. Free Software Foundation (FSF). July 13, 2011
2745:Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P (April 2005).
2351:"1.1. Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question"
1423:
1421:
1285:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
526:that became obsolete due to discontinuation of
2744:
1560:
1139:
1061:
904:The original GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa
473:'s Not Unix!", chosen because GNU's design is
4669:
4018:
3600:
2993:
2611:The History of the GNU General Public License
2293:"Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support"
1937:Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers
1929:
1850:
1731:
1482:
655:
4058:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
2968:Ports of GNU utilities for Microsoft Windows
2827:"COPYING · master · xorg / xserver · GitLab"
2701:Chopra, Samir; Dexter, Scott (August 2007).
2700:
1957:"GNU HURD: Altered visions and lost promise"
1854:A Practical Guide To Unix For Mac Os X Users
1418:
522:(ITS), an early operating system written in
2510:"How to choose a license for your own work"
2462:Information For Maintainers of GNU Software
2408:
1278:
4676:
4662:
4025:
4011:
3607:
3593:
3000:
2986:
2960:
2575:
2573:
2242:(12.4 ed.), Canonical, archived from
2122:"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd – Configuration"
2019:"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 Released – Phoronix"
1830:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 30.
1767:. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 262–264.
1681:"Red Hat buys software firm, shuffles CEO"
1495:Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution
714:The original kernel of GNU Project is the
598:The system's basic components include the
2066:
2064:
1954:
1948:
1857:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 4.
1595:
1593:
436:GNU is also the project within which the
2323:
2263:
1454:
1388:Stallman, Richard (September 27, 1983).
1387:
1360:
1258:
1072:
963:History of free and open-source software
915:
899:
822:Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship
771:
693:
561:microkernel that forms the basis of the
424:
2570:
2534:
2151:, Free Software Foundation, May 3, 2015
1903:from the original on December 22, 2009.
1851:Sobell, Mark G; Seebach, Peter (2005).
1679:Stephen Shankland (November 15, 1999).
1569:
1539:
1361:Marshall, Rosalie (November 17, 2008).
1200:
1044:for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced
767:
518:Richard Stallman's experience with the
5183:
2678:. WhiteSource Software. Archived from
2192:"List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions"
2061:
1981:
1823:
1590:
1140:St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian (2007).
690:With kernels maintained by GNU and FSF
501:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
4683:
4657:
4006:
3588:
2981:
2771:
2652:. Black Duck Software. Archived from
2579:
2444:"Chapter 1. Definitions and overview"
2290:
1267:(speech), GNU, Stockholm, Sweden: FSF
4581:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3705:GNAT Modified General Public License
3567:
2751:. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 133–34.
2535:Raymond, Eric S (November 9, 2002).
1955:Hillesley, Richard (June 30, 2010),
1464:Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools
1103:
950:Free and open-source software portal
414:. Most of GNU is licensed under the
5211:Microkernel-based operating systems
4048:Alternative terms for free software
2973:The daemon, the GNU and the penguin
2411:"Source Code & GPL Open Source"
1709:. Developer.amd.com. Archived from
1498:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp.
1209:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp.
858:(though recently challenged by the
13:
4388:Python Software Foundation License
2580:Kelty, Christopher M (June 2008).
1201:Raymond, Eric (February 1, 2001).
14:
5232:
4451:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4068:Free software project directories
3695:GNU Affero General Public License
3690:GNU Lesser General Public License
2947:
2730:The origins of Linux and the LGPL
2324:Proffitt, Brian (July 12, 2012).
2291:Welsh, Matt (September 8, 1994).
1789:"Linux: History and Introduction"
1576:. No Starch Press. pp. 5–6.
1570:Kerrisk, Michael (October 2010).
1146:. Information Science Reference.
890:permissive free software licenses
871:GNU Lesser General Public License
806:for such systems (leading to the
4780:Object-oriented operating system
4638:
4637:
4627:
4088:Open-source software development
3566:
3555:
3554:
2377:"GNU Operating System – CCM FAQ"
2264:Kavanagh, Paul (July 26, 2004).
2198:, Free Software Foundation (FSF)
2044:"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 released!"
1707:"GCC & GNU Toolchains – AMD"
1540:Seebach, Peter (November 2008).
1524:"Timeline of GNU/Linux and Unix"
942:
511:philosophy was published as the
406:) is an extensive collection of
379:
57:
48:
5191:Free software operating systems
4446:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4278:Free Software Movement of India
3614:
3553:indicate discontinued systems.
2918:
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2721:
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2502:
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2402:
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2011:
1975:
1907:
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1533:
1516:
1448:
1381:
1354:
1328:
1306:
1272:
1252:
1112:. Free Software Foundation, Inc
1084:Free Software Foundation Europe
520:Incompatible Timesharing System
418:'s own General Public License (
4790:Supercomputer operating system
3700:GNU Free Documentation License
1824:McCune, Mike (December 2000).
1632:. Springer. pp. 187–196.
1227:
1194:
1168:
1097:
1012:
998:
984:
879:GNU Free Documentation License
735:
1:
4436:Contributor License Agreement
4250:Open-source-software movement
4034:Free and open-source software
2707:. Routledge. pp. 46–52.
1827:Integrating Linux and Windows
1434:. MIT Press. pp. 69–71.
978:
587:
4765:Just enough operating system
4750:Distributed operating system
4607:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4461:The Free Software Definition
3975:GNU/Linux naming controversy
2582:"Writing Copyright Licenses"
1935:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "
1546:. Apress. pp. 177–178.
808:GNU/Linux naming controversy
432:, founder of the GNU project
7:
4878:User space and kernel space
4511:Mozilla software rebranding
4476:Permissive software license
3538:Windows Subsystem for Linux
2774:"Free Software and the GPL"
2650:Open Source Resource Center
2217:, O'Reilly, October 5, 1991
1963:(online ed.), p.
1738:Beginning Linux Programming
935:
709:
451:Free Software, Free Society
140:0.9 (18 December 2016)
94:Various languages (notably
10:
5237:
4785:Real-time operating system
4516:Proprietary device drivers
4466:The Open Source Definition
3673:GNU General Public License
2772:Smith, Roderick W (2012).
2646:"Open Source License Data"
2516:. Free Software Foundation
2097:"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd"
1336:"The GNU Operating system"
1259:Stallman, Richard (1986),
973:Category:Computing mascots
849:GNU General Public License
836:GNU General Public License
659:
656:GNU as an operating system
610:(coreutils), but also the
591:
490:
31:
18:
5120:
5057:
5003:
4981:Multilevel feedback queue
4976:Fixed-priority preemptive
4964:
4899:
4890:
4860:
4807:
4798:
4760:Hobbyist operating system
4755:Embedded operating system
4737:
4691:
4623:
4601:Source-available software
4559:
4501:Digital rights management
4493:
4291:
4268:
4230:
4106:
4040:
3967:
3911:
3713:
3665:
3622:
3546:
3532:Windows Services for UNIX
3487:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
3436:
3335:
3256:
3191:
3075:
3064:
3026:
2780:. John Wiley & Sons.
2588:. Duke University Press.
2270:. Elsevier. p. 129.
2240:Ubuntu Installation Guide
1982:Lessig, Lawrence (2001).
1809:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1740:. John Wiley & Sons.
1390:"new UNIX implementation"
1369:: PC & Tech Authority
1235:"1.2. What is GNU/Linux?"
968:List of computing mascots
781:FSF approved distribution
360:
332:
322:
292:
157:
149:
134:
124:
116:
106:
88:
78:
56:
47:
5024:General protection fault
4775:Network operating system
4729:User features comparison
4596:Shared Source Initiative
4393:Shared Source Initiative
4346:Free Software Foundation
4283:Free Software Foundation
4133:Configuration management
3657:History of free software
3635:Free Software Foundation
2930:Free Software Foundation
2904:Free Software Foundation
1990:. Random House. p.
1915:"Software – GNU Project"
1106:"Software – GNU Project"
1028:Free Software Foundation
1024:The GNU Operating System
926:Free Software Foundation
802:, and promotes the term
754:Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
724:Free Software Foundation
699:Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
571:Free Software Foundation
553:typesetting system, the
32:Not to be confused with
16:Free software collection
4770:Mobile operating system
4531:SCO/Linux controversies
895:
740:In 2012, a fork of the
600:GNU Compiler Collection
457:
4873:Loadable kernel module
4431:Comparison of licenses
4240:Free software movement
2926:"GNU 30th Anniversary"
958:Free software movement
921:
908:The logo for GNU is a
905:
783:
706:
433:
23:. For other uses, see
4941:Process control block
4907:Computer multitasking
4745:Disk operating system
4506:License proliferation
3526:UserLAnd Technologies
1629:The Software Industry
1460:"The {GNU} Manifesto"
1316:. The free dictionary
920:30th anniversary logo
919:
903:
856:free software license
775:
697:
428:
5201:GNU Project software
5112:Virtual tape library
4704:Forensic engineering
4591:Open-source hardware
4526:Proprietary software
4521:Proprietary firmware
4222:Formerly open-source
4217:Formerly proprietary
4083:Open-source software
3521:UNIX System Services
3020:compatibility layers
2682:on February 19, 2020
2490:. FSF. July 15, 2011
2464:. FSF. June 30, 2011
2387:on December 15, 2019
2236:"What is GNU/Linux?"
2211:"1.2 What is Linux?"
1040:The name 'GNU' is a
768:With non-GNU kernels
618:(binutils), and the
616:GNU Binary Utilities
594:List of GNU packages
440:concept originated.
25:GNU (disambiguation)
5121:Supporting concepts
5107:Virtual file system
4471:Open-source license
4073:Gratis versus libre
3992:Defective by Design
3959:Richard M. Stallman
3248:Other distributions
2172:. December 17, 2012
1104:Stallman, Richard.
1082:. Zagreb, Croatia:
1030:. September 4, 2009
779:, an example of an
718:(together with the
499:while he worked at
477:, but differs from
44:
5221:Computing acronyms
5044:Segmentation fault
4892:Process management
3924:Benjamin Mako Hill
2656:on October 8, 2012
2458:"Copyright Papers"
2301:comp.os.linux.misc
922:
906:
784:
707:
645:platforms such as
608:GNU Core Utilities
434:
42:
5178:
5177:
5034:Memory protection
5005:Memory management
4999:
4998:
4991:Shortest job next
4886:
4885:
4685:Operating systems
4651:
4650:
4551:Trusted Computing
4541:Software security
4489:
4488:
4170:Operating systems
4078:Long-term support
4000:
3999:
3944:Georg C. F. Greve
3851:GNU Privacy Guard
3678:linking exception
3582:
3581:
3432:
3431:
3016:operating systems
2932:. October 8, 2013
2900:"A Bold GNU Head"
2833:. August 25, 2014
2537:"Licensing HOWTO"
2409:Snom Technology.
2170:"GNU Linux-libre"
2001:978-0-375-50578-2
1713:on March 16, 2015
1687:. CBS Interactive
1612:978-1-56592-582-3
1456:Stallman, Richard
1441:978-0-262-01705-3
1076:(March 9, 2006).
1074:Stallman, Richard
1042:recursive acronym
647:Microsoft Windows
524:assembly language
467:recursive acronym
372:
371:
308:Monolithic kernel
168:kernel only) and
100:assembly language
5228:
5133:Computer network
4897:
4896:
4805:
4804:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4536:Software patents
4419:
4418:
4331:Creative Commons
4190:Web applications
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3570:
3569:
3558:
3557:
3073:
3072:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2956:Official website
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:978-1-11819739-4
2778:Linux Essentials
2769:
2763:
2762:
2758:978-1-55860889-4
2742:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2714:978-0-41597893-4
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:978-0-82234264-9
2577:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:on April 9, 2018
2417:. Archived from
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2383:. Archived from
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2277:978-1-55558320-0
2261:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2246:on June 21, 2015
2232:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2215:Debian open book
2207:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2048:lists.debian.org
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2023:www.phoronix.com
2015:
2009:
2008:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1398:net.unix-wizards
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1314:"GNU's Not Unix"
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1220:978-0-59600108-7
1208:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1153:978-1-59140999-1
1137:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1037:
1035:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
952:
947:
946:
945:
816:Debian GNU/Linux
668:original meaning
578:Cygnus Solutions
497:Richard Stallman
442:Richard Stallman
430:Richard Stallman
405:
404:
403:
402:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
368:
361:Official website
150:Marketing target
145:
70:and web browser
61:
52:
45:
41:
39:Operating system
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5116:
5077:Defragmentation
5062:
5053:
5039:Protection ring
5008:
4995:
4967:
4960:
4882:
4856:
4794:
4733:
4687:
4682:
4652:
4647:
4619:
4586:Open-core model
4561:
4555:
4485:
4423:
4417:
4287:
4264:
4226:
4109:
4102:
4036:
4031:
4001:
3996:
3963:
3929:Bradley M. Kuhn
3919:Alexandre Oliva
3907:
3709:
3661:
3618:
3613:
3583:
3578:
3542:
3439:
3428:
3331:
3252:
3187:
3067:
3060:
3022:
3006:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2906:. July 13, 2011
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2627:"GNU's flashes"
2625:
2624:
2620:
2614:, Free Software
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2578:
2571:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2318:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
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1849:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1568:
1561:
1554:
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1522:
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1517:
1510:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1176:"GNU Manifesto"
1174:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1062:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
989:
985:
981:
948:
943:
941:
938:
898:
824:
770:
762:GNU Guix System
738:
712:
703:rolling release
692:
686:. (See below.)
672:task scheduling
664:
658:
596:
590:
555:X Window System
515:in March 1985.
493:
460:
446:Lawrence Lessig
398:
397:
382:
378:
364:
141:
74:
64:Debian GNU/Hurd
40:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5163:User interface
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:File attribute
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5049:Virtual memory
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Context switch
4918:
4903:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
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4819:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4624:
4621:
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4618:
4617:
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4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
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4528:
4523:
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4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
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4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
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4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
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4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Bioinformatics
4120:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Federico Heinz
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3898:
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1921:January 13,
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