2412:
2424:
1950:
1940:
31:
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198:
SPDX 3.0 allows users to communicate information at a much more granular level without having to package it as “envelope” data. A key design principle in SPDX 3.0 is that all elements may be expressed and referenced independent of any other element. This independence is required to support a variety
218:
to support the expansion of use cases beyond software, without increasing overall complexity. Profiles allow users to define data for the use cases they need, while also increasing the amount of information that can be gathered directly from the SPDX data. There are eight profiles defined by SPDX
189:
The SPDX 2.x standard defines an SBOM document, which contains SPDX metadata about software. The document itself can be expressed in multiple formats, including JSON, YAML, RDF/XML, tag–value, and spreadsheet. Each SPDX document describes one or more elements, which can be a software package, a
167:
The original purpose of SPDX was to improve license compliance, and it has since been expanded to facilitate additional use cases such as supply-chain transparency and security. SPDX is authored by the community-driven SPDX Project involving key industry experts, organizations, and open-source
199:
of content exchange and analysis use cases and makes it easier to communicate single elements of interest. The relationship structure has also been updated to be both more expressive and easier to understand compared to older versions of the spec.
156:(BOMs). First designed to describe software components, SPDX can describe the components of software systems, AI models, software builds, security data, and other data packages. SPDX allows the expression of components,
175:
The SPDX specification is recognized as the international open standard for security, license compliance, and other software supply chain artifacts as ISO/IEC 5962:2021. The current version of the standard is 3.0.
547:
In 2020, the
European Commission published its Joinup Licensing Assistant, which makes possible the selection and comparison of more than 50 licenses, with access to their SPDX identifier and full text.
206:(RDF). Data may be serialized in a variety of formats for storage and transmission, including formats defined in RDF 1.1 such as JSON-LD, Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language), N-Triples, and RDF/XML.
306:
Introduced a comprehensive set of updates encompassing the model, specification, and license list, with the new addition of SPDX profiles to handle modern system use cases like security and AI.
540:
SPDX describes the exact terms under which a piece of software is licensed. It does not attempt to categorize licenses by type, for instance by describing licenses with similar terms to the
996:
975:
1443:
1024:
670:
564:
meant "exactly GPL version 2.0" or "GPL version 2.0 or any later version". Thus, since version 3.0 of the SPDX License List, the GNU family of licenses got new names.
452:
642:
1522:
479:
Each license is identified by a full name, such as "Mozilla Public
License 2.0" and a short identifier, here "MPL-2.0". Licenses can be combined by operators
929:
1741:
1363:
1580:
447:
easier, but subsequent versions of the specification added capabilities intended for other use-cases, such as being able to contain references to known
2107:
663:
1512:
1532:
1418:
459:
346:
2112:
1517:
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1170:
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specific file, or a snippet from a file. Each element is given a unique identifier, and metadata for an element can refer to other elements.
697:
1470:
1368:
2137:
1646:
1480:
1453:
1433:
1149:
585:
The SPDX license identifier can be added to the top of source code files as a short string unambiguously declaring the license used. The
2462:
1458:
1408:
1378:
525:
There is also a "+" operator which, when applied to a license, means that future versions of the license apply as well. For example,
2358:
1555:
1094:
405:
Improved interaction with the SPDX License List, and added new fields for documenting extra information about software projects.
560:) have the choice of choosing a later version of the license built in. Sometimes, it was not clear whether the SPDX expression
1224:
766:
1527:
1485:
1428:
319:
Added new fields to improve the ability to capture security related information and interoperability with other SBOM formats.
2416:
2371:
2122:
1943:
1891:
1821:
1505:
1070:
557:
376:
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1358:
1045:
2593:
1846:
1698:
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2097:
1761:
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19:
This article is about the standard for describing software bills of materials. For the communications protocol, see
1490:
1398:
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2117:
1986:
1756:
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1017:
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1335:
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launched REUSE, which provides tools to validate the comment and to efficiently extract copyright information.
203:
362:
Added 'SPDX-lite' profile for minimal software bill of materials and improved support for external references.
2376:
2074:
1851:
1746:
1570:
1560:
1344:
612:, replacing the earlier use of the Callaway system. Debian uses a slightly different license specification.
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1917:
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Added the ability to describe multiple packages and the relationships between different packages and files.
271:: subset of the SPDX specification aimed at balancing SPDX standard and actual workflows in some industries
2334:
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2102:
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419:
880:
2203:
2064:
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997:"The Linux Foundation's SPDX Workgroup Releases New Version of Software Package Data Exchange Standard"
976:"The Linux Foundation's SPDX Workgroup Releases New Version of Software Package Data Exchange Standard"
107:
2531:
2505:
2448:
2208:
1911:
1826:
1811:
1267:
1188:
448:
375:
Added support for describing 'snippets' of code and the ability to reference non-SPDX data (such as
2562:
2515:
2218:
2026:
1906:
1703:
1656:
1641:
1593:
1403:
259:: concepts related to a dataset, including preparation process, characteristics, and access methods
643:"SPDX: It's Already in Use for Global Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) and Supply Chain Security"
332:
Functionally equivalent to SPDX 2.2.1 but with spelling, grammar and other editorial improvements.
901:
2603:
2598:
2557:
2257:
2250:
2198:
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1953:
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1116:
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621:
153:
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2175:
1901:
1836:
1831:
1393:
722:
8:
1979:
1781:
1383:
605:
829:
2541:
2223:
2089:
2059:
1328:
1171:"Solving License Compliance at the Source: Adding SPDX License IDs - Linux Foundation"
805:
2495:
2031:
1939:
1861:
1708:
1388:
2471:
2180:
2170:
2011:
1626:
930:"The Linux Foundation's Open Compliance Initiative Releases New SPDX Specification"
742:
444:
169:
157:
89:
2366:
2127:
1896:
701:
600:
The SPDX license identifier is also used in a number of package managers such as
443:
The first version of the SPDX specification was intended to make compliance with
1313:
785:
2428:
2290:
2190:
2132:
2016:
1972:
1693:
1616:
601:
507:
345:
Functionally equivalent to SPDX 2.2 but with typesetting for publication as an
265:: license information necessary for compliance with typical licensing use cases
245:
1141:
2582:
2490:
2340:
2312:
2283:
2276:
2228:
2160:
1924:
1885:
1791:
1448:
1373:
1321:
149:
2402:
2269:
2213:
2036:
2003:
1766:
1723:
1636:
1049:
609:
856:
2567:
2318:
2304:
2244:
2021:
1856:
1683:
1678:
541:
515:
857:"ISO/IEC 5962:2021 Information technology — SPDX® Specification V2.2.1"
590:
2500:
2297:
2263:
2155:
1713:
464:
ISO/IEC 5962:2021 Information technology — SPDX® Specification V2.2.1
1206:
2440:
2324:
1751:
1631:
1307:
950:
161:
1207:"PEP 639 – Improving License Clarity with Better Package Metadata"
1117:"For Clarity's Sake, Please Don't Say "Licensed under GNU GPL 2"!"
2329:
954:
30:
1301:
604:, Python, and Rust cargo. SPDX license expressions are used in
1018:"The Minimum Elements For a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)"
435:
The first release of the SPDX specification; handles packages.
253:: concepts and data elements related to an AI system and model
1995:
1718:
594:
152:
capable of representing systems with digital components as
20:
1297:
1025:
671:
593:
in 2013, became part of SPDX in version 2.1. In 2017, the
2397:
238:
security-related metadata specific to a piece of software
1964:
455:'Minimum Elements For a Software Bill of Materials'.
418:
1037:
1010:
1364:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1290:
698:"Linux Foundation eases open source licensing woes"
126:
1732:
1071:"The Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX) Format"
1046:"SPDX becomes internationally recognized standard"
244:information required to describe an instance of a
1343:
691:
689:
687:
551:
2580:
822:
1139:
767:"SPDX and NTIA Minimum Elements for SBOM HOWTO"
664:"Survey of Existing SBOM Formats and Standards"
924:
922:
798:
684:
460:International Organization for Standardization
2456:
1980:
1329:
462:(ISO) in October, 2020, and was published as
1369:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1114:
943:
894:
634:
226:foundational concepts common to all profiles
160:, copyrights, security references and other
16:Open standard for software bill of materials
989:
968:
919:
873:
851:
849:
422:) and added support for free-form comments.
2463:
2449:
1987:
1973:
1336:
1322:
695:
656:
572:means "version 2.0 or any later version".
469:
29:
723:"Advancing SBOM standards: Snyk and SPDX"
720:
2417:Free and open-source software portal
1268:"Machine-readable debian/copyright file"
846:
714:
537:may apply (and future versions if any).
232:: concepts related to software artifacts
202:The SPDX 3.0 data model is based on the
1062:
1043:
640:
2581:
1225:"The Manifest Format - The Cargo Book"
1068:
759:
696:Bridgwater, Adrian (August 19, 2011).
451:. Recent versions of SPDX fulfill the
168:enthusiasts under the auspices of the
2444:
1968:
1317:
2470:
1892:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
1044:Bernard, Allen (September 9, 2021).
978:. Linux Foundation. October 22, 2013
902:"General Meeting/Minutes/2016-11-03"
786:"Understanding SPDX Profiles – SPDX"
558:GNU General Public License version 2
209:
2359:Professional related certifications
1359:Alternative terms for free software
999:. Linux Foundation. August 30, 2012
932:. Linux Foundation. October 4, 2016
783:
721:Rushgrove, Gareth (June 16, 2021).
13:
1699:Python Software Foundation License
1140:Jilayne Lovejoy (5 January 2018).
556:The GNU family of licenses (e.g.,
502:means that one can choose between
275:
14:
2615:
2486:Cloud Native Computing Foundation
2138:List of software package managers
2123:Security-focused operating system
1762:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1379:Free software project directories
1282:
881:"SPDX 2.2 Specification Released"
214:The 3.0 specification introduced
2423:
2422:
2410:
2396:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1399:Open-source software development
580:
568:means "exactly version 2.0" and
522:means that both licenses apply.
458:SPDX 2.2.1 was submitted to the
2511:Open Source Security Foundation
2113:Distributions that run from RAM
1757:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1589:Free Software Movement of India
1260:
1235:
1217:
1199:
1181:
1163:
1152:from the original on 2018-01-05
1133:
1108:
1087:
883:. Linux Foundation. May 7, 2020
586:
2537:Core Infrastructure Initiative
777:
735:
641:Stewart, Kate (May 25, 2021).
552:Deprecated license identifiers
204:Resource Description Framework
193:
184:
146:Software Package Data Exchange
1:
1747:Contributor License Agreement
1561:Open-source-software movement
1345:Free and open-source software
1243:"License: field in Spec File"
673:. October 25, 2019. p. 9
627:
2070:GNU/Linux naming controversy
1918:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1772:The Free Software Definition
1142:"License List 3.0 Released!"
1095:"Joinup Licensing Assistant"
179:
138:System Package Data Exchange
7:
2166:Linux Documentation Project
2108:Netbook-specific comparison
1822:Mozilla software rebranding
1787:Permissive software license
1069:Odence, Phil (2010-06-23).
615:
575:
420:cryptographic hash function
10:
2622:
2065:Criticism of desktop Linux
1827:Proprietary device drivers
1777:The Open Source Definition
1247:Fedora Legal Documentation
108:Software bill of materials
18:
2594:Linux Foundation projects
2550:
2532:Open Container Initiative
2524:
2478:
2390:
2357:
2237:
2189:
2148:
2088:
2075:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
2052:
2002:
1994:
1934:
1912:Source-available software
1870:
1812:Digital rights management
1804:
1602:
1579:
1541:
1417:
1351:
1189:"package.json | npm Docs"
474:
121:
113:
103:
95:
85:
68:
53:
45:
37:
28:
2516:Overture Maps Foundation
1907:Shared Source Initiative
1704:Shared Source Initiative
1657:Free Software Foundation
1594:Free Software Foundation
1444:Configuration management
951:"What's new in SPDX 2.0"
449:software vulnerabilities
1842:SCO/Linux controversies
1175:www.linuxfoundation.org
587:SPDX-License-Identifier
470:SPDX-License-identifier
281:Specification versions
2558:Open Mainframe Project
2251:Free Software Magazine
2181:Linux User Group (LUG)
1742:Comparison of licenses
1551:Free software movement
743:"SPDX Current version"
518:). On the other hand,
1817:License proliferation
622:License proliferation
589:syntax, pioneered by
164:relating to systems.
2176:Linux Mark Institute
1902:Open-source hardware
1837:Proprietary software
1832:Proprietary firmware
1533:Formerly open-source
1528:Formerly proprietary
1394:Open-source software
608:package metadata in
520:(Apache-2.0 AND MIT)
1782:Open-source license
1384:Gratis versus libre
500:(Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
282:
2589:Computer standards
2542:OpenAPI Initiative
2103:Distributions list
2098:General comparison
2060:Criticism of Linux
1115:Richard Stallman.
908:. November 3, 2016
645:. Linux Foundation
280:
154:bills of materials
2576:
2575:
2506:Presto Foundation
2496:OpenJS Foundation
2438:
2437:
1962:
1961:
1862:Trusted Computing
1852:Software security
1800:
1799:
1481:Operating systems
1389:Long-term support
1308:A SPDX case study
1229:doc.rust-lang.org
466:in August, 2021.
445:software licenses
441:
440:
210:SPDX 3.0 Profiles
135:
134:
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2472:Linux Foundation
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2401:
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2171:Linux Foundation
1989:
1982:
1975:
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1965:
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1951:
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1847:Software patents
1730:
1729:
1642:Creative Commons
1501:Web applications
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1294:
1293:
1291:Official website
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830:"Release v2.2.2"
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570:GPL-2.0-or-later
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289:Publication date
283:
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170:Linux Foundation
131:
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90:Linux Foundation
81:
79:
64:
62:
57:August 2011
33:
26:
25:
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2479:Sub-foundations
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2128:Package manager
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2027:Booting process
1998:
1993:
1963:
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1897:Open-core model
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1306:Nathan Willis:
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1211:peps.python.org
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834:github.com/spdx
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810:github.com/spdx
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702:Computer Weekly
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544:as "BSD-like".
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487:, and grouping
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276:Version history
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74:April 2024
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54:First published
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2133:Package format
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342:October 2020
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99:SPDX Project
86:Organization
38:Abbreviation
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2525:Initiatives
2319:Linux Voice
2305:Ubuntu User
2258:Full Circle
2245:DistroWatch
2118:Lightweight
2032:Kernel oops
2022:Linux-libre
2017:Linus's law
1857:Tivoization
1496:Video games
1471:Mathematics
542:BSD License
529:means that
527:Apache-1.1+
516:MIT license
432:August 2011
415:August 2012
303:April 2024
295:References
194:Version 3.0
185:Version 2.x
144:, formerly
2583:Categories
1805:Challenges
1523:Commercial
1506:E-commerce
1491:Television
1156:2021-09-02
1126:2018-05-24
1080:2012-08-31
1055:2021-12-01
1030:2021-12-01
1003:2021-12-01
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815:2022-11-22
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752:2022-11-22
728:2021-08-14
707:2021-08-13
677:2021-08-13
649:2021-08-13
628:References
591:Das U-Boot
535:Apache-2.0
531:Apache-1.1
504:Apache-2.0
329:April 2022
2501:LF Energy
2298:LinuxUser
2264:Linux.com
2156:LinuxChix
1735:standards
1733:Types and
1714:Unlicense
1709:Sleepycat
1543:Community
1075:Dr Dobb's
784:goneall.
349:standard.
263:Licensing
236:Security:
180:Structure
117:CC-BY-3.0
96:Committee
49:Published
2551:Projects
2429:Category
2348:The Code
2335:Phoronix
2325:LugRadio
2209:Embedded
2199:Adopters
2191:Adoption
1954:Category
1871:Related
1752:Copyleft
1672:GNU LGPL
1667:GNU AGPL
1632:Beerware
1627:Artistic
1604:Licenses
1571:Advocacy
1518:iOS apps
1459:Wireless
1454:Graphics
1421:packages
1419:Software
1409:Timeline
1150:Archived
1146:spdx.dev
1100:31 March
747:spdx.dev
616:See also
576:Adoption
389:May 2015
359:May 2020
230:Software
216:profiles
162:metadata
158:licenses
148:) is an
2377:Red Hat
2330:LWN.net
2204:Desktop
2012:History
1880:Forking
1662:GNU GPL
1556:History
1486:Routing
1449:Drivers
1404:Outline
1352:General
1310:LWN.net
1252:30 July
955:LWN.net
861:iso.org
562:GPL-2.0
257:Dataset
122:Website
114:License
78:2024-04
76: (
61:2011-08
59: (
2382:Ubuntu
2219:Mobile
2214:Gaming
1944:Portal
1873:topics
1694:Python
1617:Apache
1566:Events
1466:Health
1439:Codecs
1302:GitHub
475:Syntax
453:NTIA's
242:Build:
219:3.0:
104:Domain
46:Status
2563:SONiC
2238:Media
2043:more…
1996:Linux
1719:WTFPL
1429:Audio
1021:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
510:) or
339:2.2.1
326:2.2.2
292:Notes
224:Core:
1724:zlib
1647:CDDL
1622:APSL
1298:SPDX
1254:2023
1102:2020
595:FSFE
533:and
483:and
377:CVEs
300:3.0
269:Lite
142:SPDX
129:.dev
127:spdx
41:SPDX
21:SPDY
2037:Tux
1689:MPL
1684:MIT
1679:ISC
1652:EPL
1637:BSD
1612:AFL
1300:on
1121:GNU
606:RPM
602:npm
512:MIT
481:AND
429:1.0
412:1.1
399:1.2
386:2.0
369:2.1
356:2.2
347:ISO
313:2.3
172:.
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
