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reconstruction, as well as providing more numerically accurate images. As a result, commercial manufacturers of x-ray tomographic scanners started building systems capable of reconstructing high resolution images that were almost photographically perfect. In 1971, they published their research in
503:
At Madras
University, Professor Ramachandran was the favourite of the famous vice-chancellor and celebrated doctor and medical scientist, Sir Arcot Laksmanaswamy Mudaliar. Wanting to tackle problems at a more fundamental level, Ramachandran decided to use this information to examine the various
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Ramachandran and A.V. Lakshminarayanan developed convolution-backprojection algorithms which greatly improved the quality and practicality of results obtainable by x-ray tomography. Compared to previously used methods, their algorithms considerably reduced computer processing time for image
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then known and also to develop a good 'yardstick' that could be used for examining and assessing any structure in general, but peptides in particular. The result which emerged from these calculations in 1962, – now commonly known as the
524:
conformation. When it was first calculated, crystal structures had barely been obtained for any protein. From the mid-1960s onward, Ramachandran studied many topics relating to the conformation of peptides including types of
397:
in 1942 in the
Electrical Engineering Department. Quickly realising his interest in physics, he switched to the Department of Physics to complete his master's and doctoral thesis under the supervision of Nobel laureate
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and its application to determination of elastic constants' under the direction of
Professor William Alfred Wooster, popularly known as W.A. Wooster, a leading crystallography expert in the world.
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Ramachandran was devastated by the death of his wife
Rajalakshmi in 1998 and his health gradually deteriorated. During the last few years of his life, he suffered a stroke and was affected by
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for his 'outstanding contributions to crystallography'. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize as well for his fundamental contributions in protein structure and function.
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629:(CSIR) awards the "G N Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology" in his memory for work in Biological Sciences & Technology.
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as professor and head of the
Department of Physics where he continued his work on crystal physics. His interest, however, shifted to the structure of biological
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Three-dimensional reconstructions from radiographs and electron micrographs: Application of convolution instead of
Fourier Transforms,
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563:, NMR and other optical studies, and physico-chemical experimentation. In 1970, he founded the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the
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with his thesis submitted from
Bangalore (he did not attend any Madras college at that time). He subsequently received his
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Ramachandran, G.N.; Ramakrishnan, C.; Sasisekharan, V. (1963). "Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations".
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713:(2005). "Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran. 8 October 1922 – 7 April 2001: Elected FRS 1977".
641:
Ramachandran: A Biography of
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran, the Famous Indian Biophysicist
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881:"The world has nearly forgotten the Indian scientist who cracked the structure of collagen"
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426:. The resulting field of crystal topography is used extensively in studies involving
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1000:"G N Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology"
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structure. He was the first to propose a triple-helical model for the structure of
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in 1949 as an assistant professor of physics. In 1952, he moved to
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422:. During his studies he created an X-ray focusing mirror for the
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500:, drawing worldwide scientific attention to the "Madras group".
1021:
G. N. Ramachandran – A Jewel in the Crown of the Indian
Science
353:. He subsequently went on to make other major contributions in
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who was known for his work that led to his creation of the
243:
943:"Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969–present)"
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 68, pp. 2236–2240, 1971
520:
in 1963 and has become an essential tool in the field of
252:
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Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
1058:
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology
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for Physics in India (1961) and the Fellowship of the
589:
Notable awards that Ramachandran received include the
582:
In 1981, Ramachandran became a founding member of the
2234:(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile
844:
440:
Ramachandran then spent two years (1947–1949) at the
385:
family. He completed his BSc honours in Physics from
716:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
749:
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1973:Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences
3875:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
3810:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
705:
337:(8 October 1922 – 7 April 2001) was an Indian
2866:
2257:
1804:
1041:
627:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
460:After completing his PhD, he returned to the
845:Balaram, P; Ramaseshan, S. (21 April 2001).
402:. In 1942, he received a master's degree in
3840:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni
3703:
878:
364:
2873:
2859:
2264:
2250:
2199:Tiruppattur Venkatachalamurti Ramakrishnan
1811:
1797:
1048:
1034:
448:, where he earned his PhD for 'studies on
805:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For the Indian squash administrator, see
3880:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom
860:(8). Indian Academy of Sciences: 908–910
787:
617:. Ramachandran died in 2001 at age 78.
414:degree in 1947. Here he mostly studied
3787:
2976:
879:Venkatraman, Vijaysree (15 May 2017).
599:International Union of Crystallography
569:Centre of Advanced Study in Biophysics
2854:
2245:
2057:Kalyanapuram Rangachari Parthasarathy
1792:
1029:
638:
369:Ramachandran was born in the town of
327:Gopalasamudram Narayanan Ramachandran
291:St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli
3767:
3107:Phase transformation crystallography
783:
781:
779:
750:D. Balasubramanian (26 April 2001).
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
549:Protein and Polypeptide Conformation
387:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
3614:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
2880:
13:
3855:Indian Institute of Science alumni
752:"The prize that missed the master"
699:
632:
488:proposed and published the triple
14:
3891:
1014:
776:
665:
455:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3361:
2164:Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
2001:Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman
790:"G. N. Ramachandran (1922–2001)"
150:
36:
25:G. Ramachandran (disambiguation)
2112:Trivandrum Ramakrishnan Ramadas
2087:Thiruvenkatachari Parthasarathy
992:
967:
543:He was awarded the prestigious
47:needs additional citations for
3870:20th-century Indian biologists
3820:20th-century Indian physicists
3556:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
1873:Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian
955:
948:Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund
935:
900:
872:
838:
743:
608:
536:, peptides containing L and D
1:
921:10.1016/S0022-2836(63)80023-6
658:
591:Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award
567:which was later known as the
555:the then disparate fields of
3805:Fellows of the Royal Society
2097:Ramachandran Balasubramanian
1838:Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan
909:Journal of Molecular Biology
545:Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship
518:Journal of Molecular Biology
16:Indian physicist (1922–2001)
7:
3830:University of Madras alumni
3604:Crystal Growth & Design
2896:Timeline of crystallography
682:"(IUCr) G. N. Ramachandran"
565:Indian Institute of Science
462:Indian Institute of Science
391:Indian Institute of Science
299:Indian Institute of Science
10:
3896:
3415:Nuclear magnetic resonance
2148:Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
2107:Vaikalathur Shankar Sunder
1919:Dorairajan Balasubramanian
639:Sarma, Raghupathy (1999).
18:
3835:People from British India
3750:
3670:
3642:
3619:Journal of Crystal Growth
3594:
3546:
3493:
3440:
3371:
3359:
3154:
3145:
3068:
2921:
2888:
2280:
2232:
2156:
2135:
2082:Rajagopalan Parthasarathy
2044:
1993:
1972:
1934:Narayanasami Sathyamurthy
1929:Srinivasan Chandrasekaran
1901:
1830:
1745:
1620:
1507:
1388:
1263:
1162:
1085:
1068:
620:
320:
308:
286:
276:
269:
259:
227:
219:
193:
164:
149:
136:
3865:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
3485:Single particle analysis
3343:Hermann–Mauguin notation
2272:Founding members of the
2224:Vijay Balakrishna Shenoy
2143:Subramanian Kalyanaraman
2072:Srinivasacharya Raghavan
1888:Narayanaswamy Srinivasan
1688:Mandar Madhukar Deshmukh
1664:Vijay Balakrishna Shenoy
1420:Vikram Kumar (physicist)
788:Vijayan, M. (May 2001).
597:of London. In 1999, the
547:in 1968 for research on
484:Ramachandran along with
450:X-ray diffuse scattering
365:Early life and education
23:. For other people, see
3609:Crystallography Reviews
3453:Isomorphous replacement
3247:Lomer–Cottrell junction
2333:André Frédéric Cournand
2179:Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan
1959:Narayanaswamy Jayaraman
1939:Thirumalachari Ramasami
1878:Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam
1868:Govindarajan Padmanaban
1820:Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
1676:Sadiqali Abbas Rangwala
1575:Sanjay Puri (physicist)
1533:Avinash Anant Deshpande
1230:Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan
516:– was published in the
496:in 1954 in the journal
389:in 1939. He joined the
249:University of Cambridge
3850:Scientists from Kerala
3122:Spinodal decomposition
2274:World Cultural Council
2062:E. M. V. Krishnamurthy
2016:Ramarathnam Narasimhan
2006:Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman
1980:Kunchithapadam Gopalan
1949:Narayanan Chandrakumar
1893:Rajan Sankaranarayanan
1883:Jayaraman Gowrishankar
1694:S. Anantha Ramakrishna
1551:Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya
1325:Ranganathan Shashidhar
979:World Cultural Council
729:10.1098/rsbm.2005.0024
601:honoured him with the
584:World Cultural Council
3845:Scientists from Kochi
3662:Gregori Aminoff Prize
3458:Molecular replacement
2589:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2584:William A. Nierenberg
2544:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2353:Jean-François Denisse
2285:Christian B. Anfinsen
2077:Ramaiyengar Sridharan
2045:Mathematical Sciences
1924:Paramasivam Natarajan
1858:M. K. Chandrashekaran
557:X-ray crystallography
21:Narayana Ramachandran
3815:Indian biophysicists
2968:Structure prediction
2684:William G. Schneider
2679:Menahem Max Schiffer
2663:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
2637:Chintamani N. R. Rao
2375:Jacques-Émile Dubois
2219:E. V. Sampathkumaran
2204:Muthusamy Lakshmanan
2194:Ramanujan Srinivasan
2102:Annamalai Ramanathan
2067:Sundararaman Ramanan
1994:Engineering Sciences
1914:Kuppuswamy Nagarajan
1863:Ramamirtha Jayaraman
1700:Sudhir Kumar Vempati
1593:Raghunathan Srianand
1498:E. V. Sampathkumaran
1295:Girish Saran Agarwal
1289:Ramanujan Srinivasan
553:molecular biophysics
442:Cavendish Laboratory
303:Cavendish Laboratory
232:University of Madras
71:"G. N. Ramachandran"
56:improve this article
3232:Cottrell atmosphere
3212:Partial dislocation
2956:Restriction theorem
2617:Comlan A. A. Quenum
2579:Bernhard H. Neumann
2476:Vassos Karageorghis
2413:José Rafael Estrada
2341:Eduardo de Robertis
2122:Sundaram Thangavelu
2031:G. K. Ananthasuresh
2021:Viswanathan Kumaran
1944:Mariappan Periasamy
1831:Biological Sciences
1670:Pratap Raychaudhuri
1652:Krishnendu Sengupta
1313:Ramamurti Rajaraman
847:"G.N. Ramachandran"
615:Parkinson's disease
3652:Carl Hermann Medal
3463:Molecular dynamics
3310:Defects in diamond
3305:Stone–Wales defect
2951:Reciprocal lattice
2913:Biocrystallography
2810:Eugene van Tamelen
2799:Jean L. F. Tricart
2789:Jan Peter Toennies
2775:Peter C. Thonemann
2737:Heikki Suomalainen
2675:Stuart J. Saunders
2653:Stanley K. Runcorn
2649:Abraham J. A. Roux
2627:G. N. Ramachandran
2564:Jayant V. Narlikar
2559:Ilie G. Murgulescu
2549:Robert S. Mulliken
2508:William D. McElroy
2350:Guy Blaudin de Thé
2308:Christiaan Barnard
2209:Ganapathy Baskaran
2189:N. S. Satya Murthy
2174:Sivaraj Ramaseshan
2169:G. N. Ramachandran
1964:Govindasamy Mugesh
1909:T. R. Govindachari
1682:Bedangadas Mohanty
1444:A. K. Raychaudhuri
1349:Vijay Kumar Kapahi
1301:T. V. Ramakrishnan
1277:N. S. Satya Murthy
1123:B. Ramachandra Rao
1099:G. N. Ramachandran
534:coupling constants
345:for understanding
143:G.N. Ramachandran
3782:
3781:
3746:
3745:
3353:Thermal ellipsoid
3318:
3317:
3227:Frank–Read source
3187:
3186:
3053:Aperiodic crystal
3019:
3018:
2901:Crystallographers
2848:
2847:
2825:William J. Whelan
2784:Alexander R. Todd
2779:Phillip V. Tobias
2733:Frederick Stewart
2703:Leonard T. Skeggs
2529:Desmond J. Morris
2496:Georges B. Koelle
2463:Adrian Kantrowitz
2458:Reginald V. Jones
2440:Alfred D. Hershey
2410:Kenneth O. Emergy
2356:Venancio Deulofeu
2346:Cornelis de Jager
2239:
2238:
2157:Physical Sciences
1985:Rengaswamy Ramesh
1902:Chemical Sciences
1853:T. C. Anand Kumar
1848:C. V. Subramanian
1843:M. S. Swaminathan
1786:
1785:
1545:G. Ravindra Kumar
1468:B. K. Chakrabarti
1462:Thanu Padmanabhan
1379:N. V. Madhusudana
1129:Suresh Chand Jain
1062:Physical Sciences
561:peptide synthesis
540:and many others.
514:Ramachandran plot
490:helical structure
482:X-ray diffraction
474:Madras University
408:Madras University
375:Kingdom of Cochin
343:Ramachandran plot
331:G.N. Ramachandran
324:
323:
295:Madras University
271:Scientific career
264:Ramachandran plot
183:Kingdom of Cochin
159:G.N. Ramachandran
132:
131:
124:
106:
3887:
3825:Tamil scientists
3770:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3701:
3700:
3624:Kristallografija
3478:Gerchberg–Saxton
3373:Characterisation
3365:
3348:Structure factor
3152:
3151:
3137:Ostwald ripening
2974:
2973:
2919:
2918:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2835:Rosalyn S. Yalow
2830:Karel F. Wiesner
2815:Ulf S. von Euler
2794:Andrzej Trautman
2719:Leonard Sosnowky
2689:Glenn T. Seaborg
2658:Donald H. Sadler
2613:Jens J. Pindborg
2599:Arthur B. Pardee
2594:George E. Palade
2569:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
2534:Giuseppe Moruzzi
2519:Jerrold Meinwald
2499:Walther Manshard
2468:Nathan O. Kaplan
2445:Gerhard Herzberg
2436:Carl G. Gahmberg
2402:Mohammed El Fasi
2337:William J. Darby
2328:Harold G. Callan
2266:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2184:E. S. Raja Gopal
2136:Medical Sciences
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1777:Basudeb Dasgupta
1759:Rajesh Ganapathy
1605:Rajesh Gopakumar
1515:Sriram Ramaswamy
1486:A. M. Jayannavar
1367:O. N. Srivastava
1242:E. S. Raja Gopal
1182:S. Chandrasekhar
1153:Asoke Nath Mitra
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1007:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
971:
965:
959:
953:
952:
939:
933:
932:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
851:
842:
836:
835:
809:
807:10.1038/35079236
785:
774:
773:
771:
769:
760:. Archived from
747:
741:
740:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
678:
654:
424:X-ray microscope
310:Doctoral advisor
200:
174:
172:
154:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3742:
3699:
3666:
3638:
3590:
3542:
3513:CrystalExplorer
3489:
3473:Phase retrieval
3436:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3314:
3293:Schottky defect
3192:Perfect crystal
3183:
3179:Abnormal growth
3141:
3127:Supersaturation
3090:Miscibility gap
3071:
3064:
3015:
2972:
2936:Bravais lattice
2917:
2884:
2882:Crystallography
2879:
2849:
2844:
2806:Constantin Vago
2771:Harold Thompson
2746:Charles Tanford
2723:Roger W. Sperry
2715:George D. Snell
2711:George J. Smets
2699:Frederick Seitz
2694:Ernest R. Sears
2609:Jacques Piccard
2489:Seymour S. Kety
2484:Donald W. Kerst
2427:David J. Finney
2417:Hans J. Eysenck
2406:Ernest L. Eliel
2384:Francisco J. Dy
2370:Audouin Dollfus
2365:Richard S. Doll
2313:Colin Blakemore
2276:
2270:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2152:
2131:
2127:Vikraman Balaji
2040:
1989:
1968:
1897:
1826:
1817:
1787:
1782:
1741:
1640:Shiraz Minwalla
1628:Kalobaran Maiti
1616:
1599:Srikanth Sastry
1587:Pinaki Majumdar
1569:Atish Dabholkar
1503:
1474:A. Raychaudhuri
1456:Mustansir Barma
1384:
1319:Ramanath Cowsik
1259:
1236:Jayant Narlikar
1158:
1105:Vikram Sarabhai
1081:
1064:
1054:
1017:
1012:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
973:
972:
968:
960:
956:
941:
940:
936:
905:
901:
891:
889:
877:
873:
863:
861:
854:Current Science
849:
843:
839:
786:
777:
767:
765:
748:
744:
704:
700:
690:
688:
680:
679:
666:
661:
651:
635:
633:Further reading
625:Each year, the
623:
611:
486:Gopinath Kartha
458:
416:crystal physics
400:Sir C. V. Raman
367:
301:
297:
293:
247:
228:Alma mater
215:
202:
198:
189:
176:
170:
168:
160:
145:
144:
141:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3764:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Direct methods
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Ewald's sphere
3330:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:Frenkel defect
3273:
3271:Bjerrum defect
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Peierls stress
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Burgers vector
3199:
3197:Stacking fault
3194:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:Grain boundary
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:Liquid crystal
3097:
3092:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Periodic table
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:John M. Tedder
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2667:Nobufusa Saito
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Gunnar Randers
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2604:David Phillips
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Walter H. Munk
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Nevill F. Mott
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Harry Melville
2521:
2516:
2515:John McMichael
2513:
2512:Henry McIlwain
2510:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:Prem N. Kirpal
2491:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2450:David H. Hubel
2447:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Don W. Fawcett
2419:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:John C. Eccles
2385:
2382:
2380:Gerald Durrell
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Frank J. Dixon
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Norman Borlaug
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:M. Balasegaram
2297:
2295:James Baddiley
2292:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Raman Parimala
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:C. S. Seshadri
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Paul Ratnasamy
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1724:Ambarish Ghosh
1721:
1715:
1709:
1706:Nissim Kanekar
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1634:Umesh Waghmare
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1581:Yashwant Gupta
1578:
1572:
1566:
1563:Sandip Trivedi
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:Mohit Randeria
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1331:Narendra Kumar
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1224:C. K. Majumdar
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1194:Virendra Singh
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1093:M. G. K. Menon
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1076:K. S. Krishnan
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1056:Recipients of
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:External links
1013:
1010:
1009:
991:
966:
954:
934:
899:
871:
837:
775:
742:
711:Johnson, L. N.
698:
663:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
649:
643:. Adenine Pr.
634:
631:
622:
619:
610:
607:
478:macromolecules
457:
456:Research works
454:
428:crystal growth
420:crystal optics
366:
363:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
306:
305:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
267:
266:
261:
260:Known for
257:
256:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
203:
201:(aged 78)
195:
191:
190:
177:
175:8 October 1922
166:
162:
161:
155:
147:
146:
142:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Patterson map
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Friedel's law
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:Wigner effect
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:Interstitials
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Precipitation
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:Phase diagram
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2840:John Z. Young
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Edward Teller
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Lyman Spitzer
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Stefan Ĺšlopek
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Yuval Ne'eman
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Georges Mathé
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:Peter E. Kent
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:Leo A. Kaprio
2471:
2469:
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2454:Osmo H. Järvi
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2398:Manfred Eigen
2396:
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2117:Subhashis Nag
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2036:Shanthi Pavan
2034:
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2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1753:Surajit Dhara
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1736:Shankar Ghosh
1734:
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1644:
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1611:Abhishek Dhar
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1432:Gopal Krishna
1430:
1427:
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1414:Deepak Mathur
1412:
1409:
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1176:P. K. Iyengar
1174:
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1148:
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1135:S. Ramaseshan
1133:
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922:
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833:
829:
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800:(6837): 544.
799:
795:
791:
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782:
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764:on 6 May 2003
763:
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650:0-940030-78-0
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595:Royal Society
592:
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541:
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523:
519:
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509:conformations
507:
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388:
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383:Tamil Brahmin
380:
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372:
362:
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196:
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187:British India
184:
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126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3860:TWAS fellows
3771:
3759:
3704:Associations
3672:Organisation
3164:Disclination
3095:Polymorphism
3058:Quasicrystal
3001:Orthorhombic
2941:Miller index
2889:Key concepts
2766:Howard Temin
2642:Rex Richards
2626:
2622:Hermann Rahn
2432:Val L. Fitch
2393:Paul Ehrlich
2318:Aage N. Bohr
2290:Werner Arber
2214:Rajiah Simon
2168:
1730:Aninda Sinha
1527:Rahul Pandit
1438:Rajiah Simon
1426:S. R. Shenoy
1361:Deepak Kumar
1307:S. S. Kapoor
1212:K. L. Chopra
1141:Devendra Lal
1111:Raja Ramanna
1098:
1003:
994:
982:. Retrieved
969:
957:
946:
937:
912:
908:
902:
890:. Retrieved
884:
874:
862:. Retrieved
857:
853:
840:
797:
793:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
755:
745:
720:
714:
701:
689:. Retrieved
686:www.iucr.org
685:
640:
624:
612:
588:
581:
573:
568:
548:
542:
502:
459:
439:
368:
330:
326:
325:
287:Institutions
270:
199:(2001-04-07)
197:7 April 2001
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3800:2001 deaths
3795:1922 births
3657:Ewald Prize
3425:Diffraction
3403:Diffraction
3386:Diffraction
3328:Bragg plane
3323:Bragg's law
3202:Dislocation
3117:Segregation
3029:Crystallite
2946:Point group
2751:Henry Taube
2671:Abdus Salam
2026:B. S. Murty
1771:Anindya Das
1712:Vinay Gupta
1521:Varun Sahni
1492:Sunil Mukhi
1408:Deepak Dhar
1396:G. Baskaran
1248:Ajoy Ghatak
1206:M. S. Sodha
1200:K. P. Sinha
1188:S. K. Joshi
1170:Vainu Bappu
1147:A. P. Mitra
1117:A. R. Verma
864:21 February
707:Vijayan, M.
609:Later years
603:Ewald Prize
506:polypeptide
432:solid-state
220:Nationality
3789:Categories
3441:Algorithms
3430:Scattering
3408:Scattering
3391:Scattering
3259:Slip bands
3222:Cross slip
3072:transition
3006:Tetragonal
2996:Monoclinic
2908:Metallurgy
2820:Alan Walsh
2741:Pol Swings
2646:Jean Rösch
1824:Tamil Nadu
1765:Kanak Saha
1658:Amol Dighe
1450:Ashoke Sen
1402:A. K. Sood
1355:Probir Roy
1271:N. Mukunda
984:8 November
975:"About Us"
691:21 October
659:References
435:reactivity
281:Biophysics
209:Tamil Nadu
171:1922-10-08
82:newspapers
3548:Databases
3011:Triclinic
2991:Hexagonal
2931:Unit cell
2923:Structure
2803:Ioan Ursu
1557:Madan Rao
1480:S. R. Das
1343:P. K. Kaw
1283:S. M. Roy
1254:S. S. Jha
1218:B. R. Nag
816:1476-4687
768:7 October
757:The Hindu
466:Bangalore
446:Cambridge
395:Bangalore
371:Ernakulam
339:physicist
315:C V Raman
179:Ernakulam
112:June 2012
3761:Category
3596:Journals
3528:OctaDist
3523:JANA2020
3495:Software
3381:Electron
3298:F-center
3085:Eutectic
3046:Fiveling
3041:Twinning
3034:Equiaxed
1718:Aditi De
1337:K. Singh
929:13990617
915:: 95–9.
832:21453587
824:11385557
737:70784146
538:residues
494:collagen
480:. Using
351:collagen
3773:Commons
3721:Germany
3398:Neutron
3288:Vacancy
3147:Defects
3132:GP-zone
2978:Systems
723:: 367.
527:β-turns
522:protein
404:physics
359:physics
355:biology
347:peptide
205:Chennai
96:scholar
3716:France
3711:Europe
3644:Awards
3174:Growth
3024:Growth
1779:(2022)
1773:(2022)
1767:(2021)
1761:(2020)
1755:(2020)
1738:(2019)
1732:(2019)
1726:(2018)
1720:(2018)
1714:(2017)
1708:(2017)
1702:(2016)
1696:(2016)
1690:(2015)
1684:(2015)
1678:(2014)
1672:(2014)
1666:(2013)
1660:(2013)
1654:(2012)
1648:(2012)
1642:(2011)
1636:(2010)
1630:(2010)
1613:(2009)
1607:(2009)
1601:(2008)
1595:(2008)
1589:(2007)
1583:(2007)
1577:(2006)
1571:(2006)
1565:(2005)
1559:(2004)
1553:(2003)
1547:(2003)
1541:(2002)
1535:(2002)
1529:(2001)
1523:(2000)
1517:(2000)
1500:(1999)
1494:(1999)
1488:(1998)
1482:(1998)
1476:(1997)
1470:(1997)
1464:(1996)
1458:(1995)
1452:(1994)
1446:(1994)
1440:(1993)
1434:(1993)
1428:(1992)
1422:(1992)
1416:(1991)
1410:(1991)
1404:(1990)
1398:(1990)
1381:(1989)
1375:(1989)
1369:(1988)
1363:(1988)
1357:(1987)
1351:(1987)
1345:(1986)
1339:(1985)
1333:(1985)
1327:(1984)
1321:(1984)
1315:(1983)
1309:(1982)
1303:(1982)
1297:(1982)
1291:(1981)
1285:(1981)
1279:(1980)
1273:(1980)
1256:(1979)
1250:(1979)
1244:(1978)
1238:(1978)
1232:(1976)
1226:(1976)
1220:(1975)
1214:(1975)
1208:(1974)
1202:(1974)
1196:(1973)
1190:(1972)
1184:(1972)
1178:(1971)
1172:(1970)
1155:(1969)
1149:(1968)
1143:(1967)
1137:(1966)
1131:(1966)
1125:(1965)
1119:(1964)
1113:(1963)
1107:(1962)
1101:(1961)
1095:(1960)
1078:(1958)
927:
892:15 May
886:Quartz
830:
822:
814:
794:Nature
735:
647:
621:Legacy
498:Nature
277:Fields
223:Indian
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
3738:Japan
3685:IOBCr
3538:SHELX
3533:Olex2
3420:X-ray
3070:Phase
2986:Cubic
1746:2020s
1621:2010s
1508:2000s
1389:1990s
1264:1980s
1163:1970s
1086:1960s
1069:1950s
850:(PDF)
828:S2CID
733:S2CID
470:India
412:D.Sc.
406:from
381:to a
379:India
329:, or
213:India
103:JSTOR
89:books
3680:IUCr
3581:ICDD
3576:ICSD
3561:CCDC
3508:Coot
3503:CCP4
3254:Slip
3217:Kink
1004:CSIR
986:2016
925:PMID
894:2017
866:2009
820:PMID
812:ISSN
770:2013
693:2020
645:ISBN
577:PNAS
430:and
418:and
357:and
244:D.Sc
194:Died
165:Born
75:news
3695:DMG
3690:RAS
3586:PDB
3571:COD
3566:CIF
3518:DSR
3242:GND
3169:CSL
1060:in
917:doi
802:doi
798:411
725:doi
531:NMR
492:of
444:in
335:FRS
253:PhD
240:MSc
236:BSc
157:Dr.
139:Dr.
58:by
3791::
3733:US
3726:UK
1002:.
977:.
945:.
923:.
911:.
883:.
858:80
856:.
852:.
826:.
818:.
810:.
796:.
792:.
778:^
754:.
731:.
721:51
719:.
709:;
684:.
667:^
586:.
579:.
571:.
559:,
468:,
464:,
437:.
393:,
377:,
373:,
361:.
333:,
242:,
238:,
211:,
207:,
185:,
181:,
2874:e
2867:t
2860:v
2265:e
2258:t
2251:v
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1805:t
1798:v
1049:e
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1035:v
1006:.
988:.
951:.
931:.
919::
913:7
896:.
868:.
834:.
804::
772:.
739:.
727::
695:.
653:.
255:)
251:(
246:)
234:(
173:)
169:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
27:.
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