711:
520:
463:
698:)—are said to have been written by Fulk in 1096, although both the authorship and authenticity of the work are disputed. The first part of the work describing Fulk's ancestry and some of his ancestor's deeds is extent. A second part which would have dealt with Fulk's own times—if it were ever written—has been lost. If he wrote it, it would have been one of the first works of history in
544:
There are conflicting accounts of Fulk's life, including some who pointedly condemned him as "a man with many reprehensible, even scandalous, habits". The clerics of his time particularly objected to his sexual promiscuity or deviance, which included marrying as many as five times, although the exact
481:, he released Geoffrey but the two brothers soon fell to fighting again. The next year Geoffrey was again imprisoned by Fulk, this time for good. Fulk then ruled Anjou from 1068 until his death.
29:
595:, the daughter of its lord Isambert or Isembard. He is said to have repudiated her in 1080, again on grounds of consanguinity. He was then said to have married a daughter of
477:, Fulk's older brother. Some sources declare that his rule was incompetent and Fulk contested the succession, capturing Geoffrey in 1067. Under pressure from the
769:
during battle.) In any case, the footwear was considered vain and obscene—if not demonic—and were immensely unpopular with the church leadership of the period.
425:
have made numerous and varied suggestions, most but not all negative, including "the
Quarreler", "the Rude", "the Sullen", "the Surly", and "the Heroic".
1303:
Bradbury, Jim (1989). Harper-Bill, Christopher; Holdsworth, Christopher J.; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). "Fulk le Rechin and the Origin of the
Plantagenets".
745:, the pointy-toed "scorpion-tail" shoes, which became fashionable in France and England around this time and later developed into the unwieldy elongated
388:
702:
written by a layman rather than a cleric. Some scholars propose that Fulk may have actually commissioned the work but used scribes to compose it.
587:, their son, ruled jointly with Fulk for some time but died in 1106. Some of the sources state Fulk repudiated Ermengarde in 1075 on the basis of
1333:
Dittmar, Jenna M.; et al. (December 2021), "Fancy Shoes and
Painful Feet: Hallux Valgus and Fracture Risk in Medieval Cambridge, England",
492:
to placate the king upon his victory. Much of Fulk's rule was devoted to regaining control over this territory and to a complex struggle with
1388:
Mews, Constant J. (2006). "Negotiating the
Boundaries of Gender in Religious Life: Robert of Arbrissel and Hersende, Abelard and Heloise".
484:
Substantial territory was lost to
Angevin control due to the difficulties resulting from Geoffrey's poor rule and the brothers' warring.
1444:
A History of the
English Church: First Period: From the Planting of the Church in Britain to the Accession of Henry VIII. (596–1509)
443:
292:
676:
Fulk died on 14 April 1109 leaving the restoration of the county of Anjou as it had been under
Geoffrey III to his successors.
1591:
1378:
Kroll, Jerome; Bachrach, Bernard S. (1990). "Medieval
Dynastic Decisions: Evolutionary Biology and Historical Explanation".
941:
1413:
Paul, Nicholas L. (2007). Morillo, Stephen; Korngiebel, Diane (eds.). "The
Chronicle of Fulk le Rechin: a Reassessment".
1596:
800:
439:
282:
1430:
774:
735:
1371:
Family Trees and the Root of
Politics: A Prosopography of Britain and France from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century
478:
331:
from around 1068 until his death. He was noted to be "a man with many reprehensible, even scandalous, habits" by
599:
by 1080. He was said to have divorced this woman, whose name was not recorded in surviving accounts, in 1087.
553:
252:
1162:
54:
710:
256:
74:
335:, who particularly objected to his many women and his influential footwear, claiming he popularized the
596:
778:
557:
1586:
765:, which they had extended to a point and turned down in the late 11th century to better hold their
749:. Supposedly Fulk began wearing narrow shoes with lengthened toes as a way of hiding his unsightly
718:
260:
1453:
793:
1242:
1172:
1124:
1108:
1020:
272:
1534:
1156:
1140:
797:
474:
668:
on 15 May 1092. She was said to have fully reconciled Fulk with the king and the situation.
1581:
1576:
1547:
770:
649:
611:
603:
584:
532:
219:
1521:
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni
630:
8:
1256:
1232:
789:
607:
485:
396:
548:
Providing all the claimed formal marriages, he was said to have first wed Hildegarde of
1266:
653:
524:
489:
369:
1558:
1468:
1426:
785:
754:
665:
638:
634:
623:
565:
528:
247:
64:
1491:
St. Anselm and the Handmaidens of God: A Study of Anselm's Correspondence with Women
1346:
1338:
1282:
645:
561:
508:
497:
365:
1508:
1457:
1442:
1422:
1402:
1321:
1250:
1226:
738:
699:
661:
619:
615:
580:
470:
451:
392:
361:
357:
332:
328:
304:
592:
1541:
1476:
1342:
753:
from his 5th wife Bertrade before she abandoned him in favor of the king. (The
732:
685:
447:
378:
372:
324:
316:
36:
1472:
1243:"Orderic's Secular Rulers and Representations of Personality and Power in the
1570:
588:
782:
1447:, The Student's English Church History (5th ed.), London: John Murray
1337:, vol. 35, Los Angeles: Paleopathology Association, pp. 90–100,
576:
353:
688:
history of Anjou and its rulers—surviving only in part and now known as
627:
519:
375:
1351:
618:
for support of the marriage in exchange for his assistance with rebel
722:
549:
422:
757:
Ruth Wilcox offers that it may have been a simple adaptation of the
401:
746:
642:
501:
493:
340:
971:
766:
762:
758:
742:
714:
418:
406:
336:
267:
545:
number of lawful wives, divorces, and repudiations is disputed.
462:
750:
725:
657:
1190:
28:
1202:
1178:
1415:
The Haskins Society Journal 18: Studies in Medieval History
622:, which ultimately required Robert to restore the lands of
904:
652:, before 1092, when she either abandoned Fulk in favor of
421:
by which he is usually known, has no certain translation.
880:
832:
656:
or was abducted by the king. (Accounts vary.) Apparently
507:
At some point before 1106, Fulk made a major gift to the
822:
820:
1483:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 103–105
1305:
Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown
1062:
1038:
473:
died without direct heirs, leaving Anjou to his nephew
1000:
998:
959:
947:
892:
844:
1086:
1074:
1050:
1026:
983:
868:
856:
817:
1518:
995:
977:
575:. Fulk was then said to have married Ermengarde of
1264:
1196:
916:
1467:
1332:
1252:Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works, and Interpretations
1208:
1184:
1568:
1396:. CMRS Center for Early Global Studies: 113–148.
1228:Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy (c. 1050–1134)
602:Most scandalously, he was said to have married
488:was lost, and Fulk had to give the Gâtinais to
450:, an earlier count of Anjou, and the sister of
1481:University Records and Life in the Middle Ages
1377:
838:
454:who inherited Anjou upon his father's death.
412:
1368:
886:
693:
438:Fulk, born in 1043, was the younger son of
382:
1287:Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040
731:Amid his other denunciations of Fulk, the
591:. Around 1076, Fulk then wed Orengarde of
27:
1350:
311:; 1043 – 14 April 1109), better known as
1421:
1364:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1359:
1314:The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328
1311:
1302:
1296:The Feudal Kingdom of England: 1042–1216
1281:
1265:Alberigo, J.; et al., eds. (1973),
1068:
1044:
953:
937:
933:
931:
910:
898:
874:
862:
850:
826:
709:
518:
461:
1497:
1452:
1435:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1335:International Journal of Paleopathology
1320:
1120:
1114:
1032:
965:
125: 1068; died 1070)
1569:
1506:
1488:
1407:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
1293:
1152:
1056:
989:
637:, who later became count of Anjou and
1440:
1400:
1168:
1136:
1130:
928:
788:banned its use by the faculty of the
387:in contemporary accounts and written
16:French fashion designer (1043 – 1109)
1412:
1387:
1380:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1240:
1224:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1080:
1016:
1004:
922:
1513:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
1146:
1010:
568:. Hildegarde was said to have died
356:was the usual name of the medieval
13:
1523:. Vol. viii. Clarendon Press.
1473:"Rules of the University of Paris"
1326:Mais OĂą Sont les Normandes d'Antan
1267:"Concilium Lateranense IV a. 1215"
660:, she married the king and became
14:
1608:
1289:. University of California Press.
1274:Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta
1259:: Boydell Press, pp. 189–216
695:Fragmentum Historiae Andegavensis
535:, from the Chronicle of St Denis
457:
1404:Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages
741:blamed him for the invention of
556:, their daughter, later married
442:(sometimes known as Aubri), and
235:
206:
176:
149:
446:. Ermengarde was a daughter of
343:, the medieval long-toed shoe.
253:Ermengarde, Duchess of Brittany
231:
202:
172:
145:
122:
1441:Perry, George Gresley (1890),
1362:France in the Making, 843–1180
440:Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
283:Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
1:
1462:, London: Chatto & Windus
1432:The Ecclesiastical History...
1382:. 21 (Jan.). MIT Press: 1–28.
806:
569:
433:
1592:11th-century French nobility
1519:William of Jumieges (1992).
1507:Wilcox, Ruth Turner (1948),
1369:Keats-Rohan, K.S.B. (1997).
1276:(in Latin), pp. 230–271
811:
796:finally banned them for all
7:
1459:A Cyclopaedia of Costume...
339:that eventually became the
257:Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou
75:Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou
10:
1613:
1343:10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.012
1217:
978:William of Jumieges (1992)
690:A Partial History of Anjou
597:Walter I, Count of Brienne
583:Archambaud IV the Strong.
1555:
1539:
1531:
1489:Vaughn, Sally N. (2002).
1241:Aird, William M. (2016),
1225:Aird, William M. (2008),
1197:Alberigo & al. (1973)
839:Kroll & Bachrach 1990
779:1102 Synod of Westminster
705:
288:
278:
266:
246:
162:Orengarde de Châtelaillon
101:
93:
85:
81:
70:
60:
50:
42:
35:
26:
21:
1597:French fashion designers
1209:Dittmar & al. (2021)
1185:Robert de Courson (1215)
792:in August 1215, and the
679:
671:
514:
1454:Planché, James Robinson
1360:Dunbabin, Jean (2005).
614:, in 1089. He extorted
428:
348:
261:Fulk, King of Jerusalem
112:Hildegarde of Beaugency
1500:King John and Religion
1498:Webster, Paul (2015).
1401:Mills, Robert (2015),
1328:(in French). F.Sorlet.
1316:. Hambledon Continuum.
1312:Bradbury, Jim (2007).
1294:Barlow, Frank (2014).
1245:Historia Ecclesiastica
794:Fourth Lateran Council
728:
694:
541:
467:
413:
383:
320:
308:
713:
522:
465:
135:Ermengarde de Bourbon
1510:The Mode in Footwear
1417:. The Boydell Press.
1373:. The Boydell Press.
1307:. The Boydell Press.
1283:Bachrach, Bernard S.
633:. Bertrade bore him
466:Coins minted by Fulk
234: 1089;
220:Bertrade de Montfort
205: 1080;
175: 1076;
148: 1070;
46:1068 – 14 April 1109
913:, pp. 189–190.
790:University of Paris
554:Ermengarde of Anjou
444:Ermengarde of Anjou
309:Foulques IV d'Anjou
293:Ermengarde of Anjou
1427:Chibnall, Marjorie
1324:, Jacques (1988).
887:Keats-Rohan (1997)
773:banned its use by
729:
585:Geoffrey IV Martel
542:
490:Philip I of France
468:
1565:
1564:
1556:Succeeded by
1469:Robert de Courson
1095:, pp. 19–35.
1083:, pp. 20–21.
786:Robert de Courson
755:fashion historian
717:in an 11th cent.
631:William of Évreux
624:Ralph the Asshead
539:
496:for influence in
368:form of the same
298:
297:
1604:
1532:Preceded by
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1503:
1502:. Boydell Press.
1494:
1484:
1463:
1448:
1436:
1418:
1408:
1397:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
935:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
697:
574:
571:
540:
537:
509:Fontevraud Abbey
416:
386:
239:
237:
233:
210:
208:
204:
180:
178:
174:
153:
151:
147:
126:
124:
31:
19:
18:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1587:Counts of Anjou
1567:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1477:Thorndyke, Lynn
1423:Orderic Vitalis
1269:
1235:: Boydell Press
1220:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1069:Dunbabin (2005)
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1045:Bradbury (2007)
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
954:Bradbury (1989)
952:
948:
938:Chibnall (1973)
936:
929:
921:
917:
911:Dunbabin (2005)
909:
905:
899:Dunbabin (2005)
897:
893:
885:
881:
875:Bradbury (1989)
873:
869:
863:Bradbury (1989)
861:
857:
851:Bachrach (1993)
849:
845:
837:
833:
827:Bradbury (1989)
825:
818:
814:
809:
803:the same year.
775:English clerics
739:Orderic Vitalis
708:
700:medieval Europe
682:
674:
616:Robert Curthose
572:
536:
517:
471:Geoffrey Martel
460:
452:Geoffrey Martel
436:
431:
395:. They are all
351:
333:Orderic Vitalis
259:
255:
242:
241:
238: 1092)
229:
225:
222:
212:
209: 1087)
200:
196:
193:
182:
179: 1080)
170:
166:
163:
155:
152: 1075)
143:
139:
136:
128:
120:
116:
113:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1542:Count of Anjou
1538:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1465:
1450:
1438:
1419:
1410:
1398:
1385:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1279:
1262:
1238:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1161:
1145:
1129:
1121:Planché (1876)
1113:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1071:, p. 190.
1061:
1059:, p. 156.
1049:
1047:, p. 119.
1037:
1033:Webster (2015)
1025:
1009:
1007:, p. 132.
994:
992:, p. 106.
982:
980:, p. 260.
970:
968:, p. 152.
966:Choffel (1988)
958:
946:
927:
925:, p. 135.
915:
903:
901:, p. 189.
891:
889:, p. 257.
879:
867:
855:
853:, p. 262.
843:
831:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
707:
704:
681:
678:
673:
670:
626:to Bertrade's
606:, daughter of
579:, daughter of
516:
513:
459:
458:Count of Anjou
456:
448:Fulk the Black
435:
432:
430:
427:
399:with the word
350:
347:
313:Fulk le RĂ©chin
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
273:House of Anjou
270:
264:
263:
250:
244:
243:
227:
223:
218:
217:
216:
215:
198:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
37:Count of Anjou
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1609:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:Wilcox (1948)
1149:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1057:Barlow (2014)
1053:
1046:
1041:
1035:, p. 90.
1034:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
990:Vaughn (2002)
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
956:, p. 36.
955:
950:
943:
939:
934:
932:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
877:, p. 32.
876:
871:
865:, p. 31.
864:
859:
852:
847:
840:
835:
829:, p. 27.
828:
823:
821:
816:
804:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
703:
701:
696:
691:
687:
677:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:King Philip I
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:consanguinity
586:
582:
578:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
534:
530:
526:
521:
512:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
464:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
426:
424:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:modern French
390:
385:
380:
377:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
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191:
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157:
156:
130:
129:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:14 April 1109
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1545:
1540:
1535:Geoffrey III
1520:
1509:
1499:
1490:
1480:
1458:
1443:
1431:
1414:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1334:
1325:
1313:
1304:
1298:. Routledge.
1295:
1286:
1273:
1251:
1244:
1227:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1169:Perry (1890)
1164:
1148:
1137:Mills (2015)
1132:
1116:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1012:
985:
973:
961:
949:
918:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
841:, p. 3.
834:
783:papal legate
730:
719:illumination
689:
683:
675:
601:
593:Châtelaillon
547:
543:
538:(14th cent.)
506:
483:
475:Geoffrey III
469:
437:
423:Philologists
411:
400:
364:. It is the
352:
345:
321:Fulco Rechin
312:
300:
299:
189:
77:(until 1106)
55:Geoffrey III
1582:1109 deaths
1577:1043 births
1548:Geoffrey IV
1105:Aird (2016)
1093:Paul (2007)
1081:Paul (2007)
1017:Aird (2008)
1005:Mews (2006)
940:, pp.
923:Mews (2006)
573: 1070
525:King Philip
323:), was the
51:Predecessor
1571:Categories
1553:1068–1109
1493:. Brepols.
1352:2164/17718
1257:Woodbridge
1233:Woodbridge
1171:, p.
1155:, p.
1139:, p.
1123:, p.
1107:, p.
1019:, p.
807:References
658:bigamously
610:, lord of
434:Early life
405:("people,
376:given name
192:de Brienne
71:Joint rule
812:Citations
771:St Anselm
747:poulaines
736:historian
723:Aquitaine
650:Jerusalem
552:in 1067.
550:Beaugency
486:Saintonge
379:latinized
373:masculine
61:Successor
1471:(1944),
1456:(1876),
1425:(1973),
1285:(1993).
798:Catholic
767:stirrups
763:sabatons
743:pigaches
721:from an
715:Pigaches
643:Crusader
628:guardian
620:Manceaux
612:Montfort
604:Bertrade
581:its lord
566:Britanny
533:Bertrade
502:Brittany
494:Normandy
389:Foulques
370:Germanic
341:poulaine
337:pigaches
1479:(ed.),
1429:(ed.),
1322:Choffel
1218:Sources
1021:127–128
942:186–187
777:at the
759:Normans
751:bunions
733:English
641:of the
608:Simon I
577:Bourbon
558:Alan IV
419:epithet
397:cognate
366:English
301:Fulk IV
240:
228:
224:
211:
199:
195:
181:
169:
165:
154:
142:
138:
127:
119:
115:
102:Spouses
22:Fulk IV
1559:Fulk V
1390:Viator
801:clergy
781:, the
726:tonary
706:Legacy
666:France
635:Fulk V
531:, and
529:Bertha
523:Fulk,
479:church
417:, the
414:RĂ©chin
358:counts
305:French
289:Mother
279:Father
65:Fulk V
1546:with
1475:, in
1270:(PDF)
686:Latin
680:Works
672:Death
662:queen
646:realm
515:Wives
498:Maine
409:").
384:Fulco
362:Anjou
329:Anjou
325:count
317:Latin
268:House
248:Issue
230:(
226:
201:(
197:
171:(
167:
144:(
140:
121:(
117:
43:Reign
639:king
562:duke
500:and
429:Life
402:folk
354:Fulk
349:Name
236:div.
207:div.
177:div.
150:div.
94:Died
89:1043
86:Born
1347:hdl
1339:doi
1173:190
1125:459
1109:196
664:of
648:of
564:of
407:kin
391:in
381:as
360:of
327:of
1573::
1394:37
1392:.
1345:,
1272:,
1255:,
1249:,
1231:,
1157:65
1141:82
997:^
930:^
819:^
761:'
684:A
570:c.
560:,
527:,
511:.
504:.
319::
307::
232:m.
203:m.
173:m.
146:m.
123:m.
1515:.
1485:.
1464:.
1449:.
1437:.
1409:.
1384:3
1356:.
1349::
1341::
1278:.
1261:.
1247:"
1237:.
1211:.
1199:.
1187:.
1175:.
1159:.
1143:.
1127:.
1111:.
1023:.
944:.
692:(
315:(
303:(
190:N
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