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maintain troops in
Morocco during a transitional period of unspecified duration. The outspoken support of the Moroccans and Muhammad V for Algerian independence brought about the rapid collapse of these agreements and the worsening of Franco-Moroccan relations, especially after the Meknès riots of 23–28 November 1956 in the course of which several hundred Moroccans and more than 50 Europeans were killed. From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, and 25,343 in 1990. French-ownership of agricultural land was gradually eliminated following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973. Following unrelenting diplomatic pressure by Morocco, the last French troops were finally withdrawn 1 November 1961.
860:
141:
584:
127:
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613:
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38:
2013:, which brought with it a new attitude toward colonial rule. Rejecting the typical French assimilationist approach to culture and education as a liberal fantasy, Morocco's conservative French rulers attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration. Second, Morocco had a
2312:—despite the fact that the region is prone to drought. After a period of minimal profits and a massive locust swarm in 1930, agricultural production shifted toward irrigated, higher-value crops such as citrus fruits and vegetables. The industrialization of agriculture required capital that many Moroccan farmers didn't have, leading to a
2136:. Historians have called these Moroccan soldiers "heroes without glory" as they are not and have not been given the consideration they merited through valor and sacrifice in the war. Brahim El Kadiri Boutchich identified the participation of Moroccan soldiers in the service of France in WWI as "one of the most important moments in the
2187:, and remind ourselves that in all human society there is a ruling class, born to rule, without which nothing can be done... enlist the ruling class in our service...and the country will be pacified, and at far less cost and with greater certainty than by all the military expeditions we could send there...
2290:, where imprudent land appropriation, as Professor Susan Gilson Miller puts it, "reduced much of the native peasantry to a rootless proletariat," Lyautey solicited a select group of 692 "gentlemen-farmers"—instead of what he called the "riff-raff" of southern Europe—capable of serving as "examples" to
2878:
in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the
Istiqlal Party from consolidating its control and establishing
2734:
fired randomly into residential buildings in working-class neighborhoods, killing 180 Moroccan civilians. The conflict was instigated in an attempt to sabotage the Sultan's journey to
Tangier, though after having returned to Casablanca to comfort the families of the victims, the Sultan then proceeded
2494:
to limit the Zaians' freedom of movement. They conducted negotiations with Hammou's sons, persuading three of them, along with many of their followers, to submit to the French rule. A split in the Zaian
Confederation between those who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting and
730:
distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining
Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. However, in the second part of the nineteenth century, Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to
684:
While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following
Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations. The number of French settlers declined constantly, especially after their
2659:
The innovative fact about
Moroccan nationalists is that they globalized the Moroccan question through transnational activism. This way they created a vibrant and wide global coalition of supporters who advocated their cause. This way they also managed to make their concerns global ones. Among their
2405:
Industry during the early period of the protectorate focused on food processing for local consumption: there were canneries, a sugar refinery (Compagnie
Sucriere Marocaine, COSUMA), a brewing company (Société des Brasseries du Maroc, SBM), and flour mills. Manufacturing and heavy industry, however,
2854:
of the March agreement as well the
Cooperation Agreement of 28 May 1956, which stipulated among other things that each country should refrain from adopting policies that were incompatible with the interests of the other, constituted an impediment to full independence, as was the right of France to
2866:
on 29 October 1956. The abolition of the
Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of 7 April 1956. Through these agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled
2396:
by a direct rail line. In 1921, 39,000 tons of phosphate were extracted, while almost 2 million tons were extracted in 1930. The Moroccan laborers working in the mines did not benefit from any social protections, were forbidden from unionizing, and earned a tiny fraction of what Europeans earned.
2833:
Facing a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, a rising violence in Morocco, as well as the deteriorating situation in Algeria, Muhammad V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and declared independence on 18 November 1955. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France to
2814:
The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colonists, adamantly
2557:
of 16 May 1930, crowds gathered in protest and a national network was established to resist the legislation. Dr. Susan Gilson Miller cites this as the "seedbed out of which the embryonic nationalist movement emerged." In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed
2826:, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. By 1955, Ben Aarafa was pressured to abdicate. Consequently, Ben Aarafa fled to Tangier where he formally abdicated.
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monarchy that would work with France and look to France for culture and aid. Unlike in Algeria, where the entire nobility and government had been displaced, the Moroccan nobility was included in Lyautey's plans. He worked with them, offering support and building elite
254:
256:
2920:, to issuing banknotes backed by gold, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, but with a strict cap on the spending of the Sherifian Empire, with administrators appointed by the national banks that guaranteed the loans: the
258:
222:
257:
223:
4745:
253:
3019:
The first stamps of the protectorate appeared 1 August 1914, and were just the existing stamps with the additional overprint reading "PROTECTORAT FRANCAIS". The first new designs were in an issue of 1917, consisting of 17 stamps in six designs, denominated in
2540:
in the Rif. Though this rebellion began in the Spanish-controlled area in the north, it reached the French-controlled area. A coalition of France and Spain finally defeated the rebels in 1925. To ensure their own safety, the French moved the court from Fez to
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In late 1955, Muhammad V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in
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1985:
independence. From a legal point of view, the treaty gave the legislative power to France, alongside the control of military defense, foreign policy and jurisdiction. The Moorish government exercised authority solely in Moroccan or Islamic affairs.
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but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.
195:
189:
2356:) was founded in 30 November 1919 with the goal of accessing "all of Morocco." Its services ran along a new colonial road system planned with the aim of linking all major towns and cities. It continues to offer intercity bus services nationwide.
809:
on 31 March 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm tried to get Morocco's support if they went to war with France or Britain, and gave a speech expressing support for Moroccan independence, which amounted to a provocative challenge to French influence in Morocco.
179:
2945:) which oversaw colonial rule in the protectorate. Under the protectorate, Moroccans were prevented from attending large political gatherings. This was because colonial forces deemed they might "hear things beyond their capacity to understand."
217:
206:
204:
224:
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In the late 1940s and early 1950s, with political and nonviolent efforts proving futile, the Moroccan struggle for independence became increasingly violent, with massacres, bombings, and riots, particularly in the urban and industrial center,
4774:
758:
French activity in Morocco began at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1904, the French government was trying to establish a protectorate over Morocco and had managed to sign two bilateral secret agreements with Britain (8 April 1904, see
2584:, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. The moderate tactics used by the CAM to obtain consideration of reform included petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French.
2815:
refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colonists and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.
3068:) gauge networks in Africa with total length of more than 1,700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras, the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard gauge railway in Morocco until the standard gauge
2082:. Tens of thousands of colonists entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco.
2686:
249:
2829:
The French executed 6 Moroccan nationalists in Casablanca on 4 January 1955. The aggressions between the colonists and the nationalists increased from 19 August – 5 November 1955, and approximately 1,000 people died
671:
The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration. Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the
6020:
2984:, by opening several post offices throughout the country. This initiative aimed to limit the foreign or local private postal services. After the establishment of the protectorate in 1912, the offices issued
1998:
The Moroccans were unable to take control of the city and were defeated by a French relief force. In late May 1912, Moroccan forces again unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez.
178:
2532:'s reign, which lasted from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against Spain and France. The most serious of these was a Berber uprising in the Rif Mountains, led by
247:
2767:—sparked protests in cities around the world and riots in Casablanca from 7–8 December 1952. Approximately 100 people were killed. In the aftermath of the riots, French authorities arrested
2948:
French authorities also forbade Arabic-language newspapers from covering politics, which sparked claims of censorship. Under the French protectorate, entire articles were censored from the
2598:
During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era. The
6465:
2897:
The French minted coinage for use in the Protectorate from 1921 until 1956, which continued to circulate until a new currency was introduced. The French minted coins with denomination of
2175:
leanings, who made it his mission to develop Morocco in every sector under French influence. Unlike his compatriots, Lyautey didn't believe that France should directly annex Morocco like
6013:
2009:; they took the latter as the model for their Moroccan policy. There were, however, important differences. First, the protectorate was established only two years before the outbreak of
1215:
4886:
3142:
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801:
on one side and France, with British support, on the other. Germany took immediate diplomatic action to block the new accord from going into effect, including the dramatic visit of
176:
2336:
The Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez built a standard gauge railroad connecting Fes and Tangier, while Compagnie des chemins de fer du Maroc (CFM) built
6262:
4607:
1041:
248:
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as early as 1854. However, the formal beginning of the system was in 1892, when the Sultan of Morocco Hassan established the first organized state owned postal service called
2764:
2490:
in November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to French rule. The French resumed their offensive in the Khénifra area in 1920, establishing a series of
2364:
751:. The first years of the twentieth century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers, France in particular, furthered their interests in
5527:
817:
was held to settle the dispute. Germany accepted an agreement in which France agreed to yield control of the Moroccan police, but otherwise retained effective control of
2328:
4121:
177:
6458:
4969:"Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956 [1957] UNTSer 130; 263 UNTS 165"
2495:
the death of Hammou in Spring 1921. The French responded with a strong, three-pronged attack into the Middle Atlas that pacified the area. Some tribesmen, led by
5411:
2340:
railways connecting Casablanca, Kenitra, and Sidi Kacem, and Casablanca and Marrakech, completed in 1928. Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Maroc Oriental created
2059:
statement, and thus remained a sovereign state, without discontinuity between pre-colonial and modern entities. In fact, the French enjoyed much larger powers.
482:
7759:
5896:
7685:
4459:
3145:
announced that there are approximately 755,400 Moroccan nationals residing in France as of October 2019, representing 20% of France's immigrant population.
763:) and Spain (7 October 1904), which guaranteed the support of the powers in question in this endeavor. That same year, France sponsored the creation of the
6255:
5778:
1161:
and the French prepared to send troops to help suppress the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property. The French dispatched a
2066:
and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted
7764:
6451:
4775:"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement"
2635:
However, the nationalists were disappointed in their belief that the Allied victory in Morocco would pave the way for independence. In January 1944, the
1034:
3113:
had a lasting impact on society, economy, language, culture, and education in Morocco. There are also lingering connections that have been described as
3470:, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)
2040:). Thus the northern tenth of the country, with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, were excluded from the French-controlled area and treated as a
1839:
5921:
4857:
4693:
2624:, expressing support for Moroccan independence after the war. Nationalist political parties based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such
2032:, in the rights that various nations derived from the Conference of Algeciras, and in the privileges that their diplomatic missions had acquired in
771:. France and Spain secretly partitioned the territory of the sultanate, with Spain receiving concessions in the far north and south of the country.
5975:
5520:
5181:
1063:
685:
agricultural holdings were nationalized. Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.
6248:
5185:
3300:
3009:
1425:
1173:
besieged the French-occupied city. Approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 5 June 1911 the Spanish occupied
2296:
and imparting French influence in the rural colonization of Morocco from 1917 to 1925. The objective was to secure a steady supply of grain for
140:
5428:
3466:
From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini,
3041:
1027:
17:
3416:
Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco".
5242:
2981:
1953:
1883:
5287:"French neo-colonial influence on Moroccan language education policy: a study of current status of standard Arabic in science disciplines"
4029:
Bengt Brons, "States: The classification of States", in: International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1991 (
5513:
3174:
2446:
2153:
1078:
451:
4492:
Emergence of Nationalist Politics in Morocco: The Rise of the Independence Party and the Struggle Against Colonialism After World War II
4040:
7734:
7008:
6741:
4095:
2660:
active international supporters was Robert E. Rodes who fought actively in the US Congress for gaining support for the Moroccan cause.
6709:
4762:في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس
2533:
2512:
5326:
2483:' intelligence and financial support to the Zaian Confederation and continual raids and skirmishes reducing scarce French manpower.
1097:
918:
7063:
5383:
271:
7729:
7323:
3973:
A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal
3204:
2640:
1307:
126:
3884:"TRAITÉ conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'Organisation du Protectorat Français dans l'Empire Chérifien"
1768:
1764:
7754:
7408:
3141:
There are approximately 1,514,000 Moroccans in France, representing the largest community of Moroccans outside of Morocco. The
3012:
inscribed "MAROC" (which were never officially issued without the surcharge). In 1911, the Mouflon designs were overprinted in
692:, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of
6943:
6384:
5466:
5151:
4667:
3367:
2784:
2228:, a British journalist who wrote extensively on Morocco, commented upon French preservation of traditional Moroccan society:
2211:
and was allowed to remain the religious leader of Morocco; he was further allowed an all-Arab court. Lyautey once said this:
1717:
1204:
673:
7739:
7308:
5968:
5815:
5573:
3391:
3257:
3149:
3037:
2475:
With the outbreak of the First World War, France withdrew troops for service in Europe, and they lost more than 600 in the
1558:
1208:
732:
2001:
In establishing their protectorate over much of Morocco, the French had put behind them the experience of the conquest of
7749:
6887:
6425:
6274:
3883:
52:
5097:
Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1 March 2000). "Designing Morocco's future: France and the Native Policy Council, 1921–25".
2730:, carried out a massacre of working class Moroccans. The massacre lasted for about 24 hours from 7–8 April 1947, as the
2094:
An advertisement for an art exhibition for the benefit of Moroccan troops wounded serving France in WWI. It features an
1122:
7744:
7415:
5226:
4530:
3231:
was put in place by the French as "Mohammed VI" after his predecessor was ousted by them but was not recognized in the
1732:
1583:
881:
5407:
2375:
1712:
903:
on 19 March 1907. In the French press, his death was characterized as an "unprovoked and indefensible attack from the
7657:
7076:
6579:
5485:
5269:
5073:
5016:
4838:
4811:
4642:
4500:
4442:
4407:
4382:
4278:
4168:
4034:
4006:
3981:
3702:
3621:
3594:
3567:
3284:
2037:
3455:
7567:
6569:
2353:
2348:
2207:
Lyautey allowed the Sultan to retain his powers, both nominal and practical: He issued decrees in his own name and
1946:
1629:
1157:
In 1911, a rebellion broke out against Abd al-Hafid. By early April 1911, the Sultan was besieged in his palace in
949:
929:
846:
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859:
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7263:
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3232:
3179:
2018:
1802:
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689:
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In the months that followed independence, Muhammad V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a
1994:
after signing the treaty. On 17 April 1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez, in the
7631:
7303:
6914:
6589:
6056:
3867:
3194:
3157:
2341:
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and to transform Morocco once again into the "granary of Rome" by planting cereals primarily in the regions of
2056:
1868:
1671:
1374:
5356:
4608:"Evènements du 7 avril 1947 à Casablanca, un tournant décisif dans la lutte pour la liberté et l'indépendance"
1006:). After defeating Abdelaziz in battle in 1908, Abd al-Hafid became the recognized leader of Morocco in 1909.
7486:
6702:
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1578:
1359:
5825:
4982:
4900:
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6315:
3189:
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924:
764:
713:
5768:
1649:
1252:
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6557:
6544:
2772:
2067:
1939:
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1873:
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in Casablanca, killing nine European laborers working on the rail line between the port and a quarry in
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of French Morocco. He represented French colonial interests while also upholding the authority of the
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7369:
7298:
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6662:
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Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1990).
2571:
2179:, but rather remodel and re-educate Moroccan society. He promised that, in this process, he would:
1262:
4968:
7724:
7577:
7532:
7386:
7277:
7049:
5835:
5578:
5505:
4668:"7–8 décembre 1952: Quand les Casablancais se sont soulevés contre l'assassinat de Ferhat Hached"
3796:
Fikrat al-dustūr fī al-Maghrib: wathāʼiq wa-nuṣūṣ (1901–2011) (Buch, 2017) [WorldCat.org]
2875:
2593:
1795:
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temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis it only worsened international tensions between the
649:
146:
3493:
1440:
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7253:
6621:
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6374:
6364:
6295:
6271:
6029:
5984:
5840:
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5682:
4341:
3638:
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2727:
2720:
2499:, fled to the High Atlas and continued a guerrilla war against the French well into the 1930s.
2487:
2472:. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French.
2461:
2428:
2337:
2125:
2075:
1538:
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and the people of Fes. After the southern aristocrats pledged support to the sultan's brother,
945:
830:
5614:
5006:
4801:
4432:
4372:
4226:
3971:
3584:
2639:, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a
1091:
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7461:
7398:
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6305:
5937:
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North Africa (RLE Economy of the Middle East): Contemporary Politics and Economic Development
4828:
4490:
4038:
3857:
3557:
2917:
2799:
2701:
2644:
2617:
2609:
1987:
1607:
991:
790:
780:
677:
440:
414:
296:
5199:
5034:"Les Annales coloniales: organe de la "France coloniale moderne" / directeur: Marcel Ruedel"
3611:
7585:
7286:
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7109:
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2913:
2449:
2225:
1339:
971:
941:
826:
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784:
4149:"A History of Modern Morocco" p.90-91 Susan Gilson Miller, Cambridge University Press 2013
2242:] there is little or no visible change from what he and his ancestors saw in the past.
735:
of 1859–1860, Spain obtained the recognition by Morocco of its perpetual sovereignty over
8:
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The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956
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to appeal for his country's independence from colonialism and for its territorial unity.
2537:
2479:. Over the following four years, the French retained most of their territory despite the
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51:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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5122:
4581:"زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت فرنسا وأشعلت المقاومة"
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3117:. As a francophone former colony of France in Africa, Morocco falls into the cadre of
2217:
2070:, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern
7624:
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5462:
5408:
Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés – Insee Références – Édition 2012
5308:
5265:
5222:
5175:
5157:
5147:
5126:
5114:
5079:
5069:
5012:
4834:
4807:
4648:
4638:
4536:
4526:
4496:
4438:
4413:
4403:
4378:
4274:
4164:
4030:
4012:
4002:
3977:
3944:
3863:
3800:
3708:
3698:
3670:
3658:
3617:
3590:
3563:
3437:
3373:
3363:
3280:
2803:
2651:, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered.
2301:
2276:
2079:
1597:
1497:
1492:
1445:
1379:
990:, the people of Fes also pledged their support, though qualified by an unprecedented
975:
953:
937:
727:
370:
360:
6929:
3559:
Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, The
974:
did virtually nothing in response to French aggressions and occupation of Oujda and
896:
864:
850:
7666:
7607:
7600:
7562:
7552:
7547:
7527:
7491:
7258:
7248:
7243:
7176:
7140:
6963:
6791:
6531:
6496:
6176:
5850:
5712:
5649:
5298:
5106:
4353:
4238:
4227:"Les chemins de fer marocains du protectorat français pendant l'entre-deux-guerres"
3936:
3750:
3650:
3425:
2863:
2629:
2529:
2200:
to which they could send their children; one notable attendee of these schools was
2184:
2168:
2133:
2028:
Morocco was also unique among North African countries in possessing a coast on the
1991:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1700:
1509:
1393:
1322:
760:
402:
339:
334:
230:
6933:
5845:
5033:
4554:
4294:
4200:
4184:
3254:
Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838
2517:
2124:, September 1914, and participated in every major battle in the war, including in
2090:
7619:
7612:
7595:
7537:
7441:
7359:
7217:
7186:
7171:
7156:
7130:
6982:
6953:
6718:
6611:
6594:
6128:
6106:
5866:
5794:
5722:
5415:
5140:
Bitton, Simone, (1955– ...)., Réalisateur / Metteur en scène / Directeur (2010),
4044:
3769:
3529:
3338:
3330:
3261:
3013:
3001:
2906:
2880:
2795:
2201:
2148:
2041:
1812:
1757:
1519:
1502:
1410:
1292:
731:
protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. Following the
589:
496:
329:
316:
162:
132:
101:
87:
4718:
3255:
3119:
2062:
Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French
7671:
6969:
6909:
6357:
6348:
6310:
6186:
6111:
6079:
6046:
5758:
5753:
5629:
4580:
3525:"The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble"
3479:
Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.
3199:
3153:
3114:
3099:
2993:
2949:
2936:
2925:
2892:
2867:
areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through
2768:
2705:
2677:
2636:
2480:
2457:
2287:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2164:
2029:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1925:
1911:
1785:
1287:
908:
834:
543:
470:
6903:
6506:
5303:
5286:
5110:
4540:
4122:"Guerre de 1914–18: les soldats marocains "dans toutes les grandes batailles""
3898:
3654:
3429:
7718:
7700:
7687:
7364:
7202:
7181:
7125:
6958:
6864:
6831:
6751:
6606:
6199:
6116:
6089:
5942:
5916:
5737:
5707:
5312:
5161:
5118:
5083:
4652:
4417:
4319:
4016:
3948:
3804:
3712:
3662:
3377:
2985:
2921:
2759:
2754:
2648:
2613:
2581:
2438:
2112:, as it did in its other colonies in Africa and around the world. Throughout
1978:
1664:
1617:
1514:
1398:
1386:
1220:
1185:. There was an immediate reaction from the French, supported by the British.
1178:
1162:
1015:
877:
718:
653:
537:
509:
4357:
3859:
Currency and Coercion: The Political Economy of International Monetary Power
3754:
2647:
approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general
1019:
994:. France supported Abdelaziz and promoted him in their propaganda newspaper
6637:
6491:
6483:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6084:
5702:
5692:
5008:
Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations
4242:
3490:
Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance
3126:
3073:
2806:
broke out ten days after his "electoral" campaign passed through the city.
2625:
2621:
2554:
2522:
2496:
2453:
2317:
2313:
2048:
1327:
752:
642:
549:
375:
292:
3808:
6821:
6369:
6156:
6028:
5953:
5717:
3741:
Adam, André (1969). "Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907".
2834:
enforce the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.
2715:
In the days leading up to the sultan's speech, French colonial forces in
2692:
2113:
2095:
2010:
1790:
869:
352:
5727:
2469:
7135:
7104:
7020:
6761:
6756:
6343:
6282:
3831:"جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب"
3639:"The 1907 Mauchamp affair and the French civilising mission in Morocco"
3135:
2819:
2716:
2665:
2491:
2464:. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of
2208:
2022:
1452:
1405:
1334:
1275:
952:
from 5–7 August, and went on to occupy and "pacify" Casablanca and the
802:
697:
6771:
5218:
The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City
4523:
Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State
3956:
3924:
2916:
gave concessions to the European bankers, ranging from a newly formed
2368:
An economic map of Morocco produced by the French protectorate in 1928
7026:
5593:
5141:
3005:
2989:
2736:
2671:
2445:
fought a war of opposition against the French between 1914 and 1921.
2424:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2233:
2063:
1688:
1270:
1181:). On 1 July 1911, the German gunboat Panther arrived at the port of
1146:
1109:
900:
6204:
4061:
3468:
Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc
2232:
At the Moorish court, scarcely a European is to be seen, and to the
7041:
6516:
6333:
4612:
Atlasinfo.fr: l'essentiel de l'actualité de la France et du Maghreb
3940:
2868:
2172:
2116:, a total of 37,300–45,000 Moroccans fought for France, forming a "
2055:- its personality as a state in international law, according to an
1982:
1752:
1747:
1624:
1462:
1129:
996:
965:
168:
6353:
5535:
4887:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)
7072:
7014:
6766:
6402:
6338:
6194:
6138:
5732:
5598:
5478:
French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and Its Consequences
5327:"France summons Italian envoy after Di Maio's comments on Africa"
3830:
3131:
3069:
3021:
2997:
2977:
2954:
2902:
2859:
2508:
2442:
2247:
2171:
of the Protectorate, was an idealistic yet pragmatic leader with
2033:
1693:
1457:
1280:
1174:
1166:
1114:
806:
798:
768:
740:
638:
604:
356:
3586:
The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925
2735:
to Tangier to deliver the historic speech, in the garden of the
2643:, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. Sultan
2580:) that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the
2021:, though it had been strongly influenced by the civilization of
1223:, which officially established the Protectorate on 30 March 1912
37:
7590:
6379:
6290:
6099:
5459:
Il était une fois le Maroc: témoignages du passé judéo-marocain
5429:"Moroccans Make Up Nearly 20% of France's Immigrant Population"
2272:
1974:
1966:
1182:
774:
6473:
3509:. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University.
3076:
Railway was completed. The French had begun to build military
1141:
956:, marking the beginning of the French invasion from the west.
6521:
6412:
3025:
2898:
2844:
2542:
1150:
979:
912:
736:
701:
661:
306:
5384:"International Francophonie Day: 35% Moroccans Speak French"
1977:
officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the
1970:
Bond of the French protectorate Morocco, issued 1 March 1918
4186:
Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez
2973:
2905:. This was replaced in 1960 with the reintroduction of the
2690:
The Massacre of April 7, 1947 in Casablanca as reported in
2465:
2143:
748:
693:
6270:
5032:
texte, France coloniale moderne Auteur du (2 March 1922).
2958:
newspaper, which was printed with blocks of missing text.
2254:
against the Franco-Spanish administration and the Sultan.
2191:
Lyautey's vision was ideological: A powerful, pro-French,
700:, including sparse tribal lands. The official capital was
4096:"الجنود المغاربة في الحرب العالمية الأولى: أبطال بلا مجد"
2246:
Lyautey served his post until 1925, in the middle of the
2238:
1158:
884:—distributed to French soldiers that participated in the
3768:
texte, Parti social français Auteur du (6 August 1907).
2883:. In August 1957, Muhammad V assumed the title of king.
2778:
2452:
sought to extend French influence eastwards through the
5285:
Zakhir, Marouane; O’Brien, Jason L. (1 February 2017).
3457:, Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).
2120:." Moroccan colonial troops first served France in the
3969:
5068:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
5063:
4746:"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث"
4402:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 129.
4397:
4163:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
3692:
3495:
Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.
3357:
940:
led a revolt against the application of terms of the
3697:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
4993:(878). Department of State: 667–668. 23 April 1956.
4911:(873). Department of State: 466–467. 19 March 1956.
4827:Lawless, Richard I.; Findlay, Allan (15 May 2015).
3130:. In 2019, 35% of Moroccans speak French—more than
2106:France recruited infantry from Morocco to join its
3925:"The Development of Nationalism in French Morocco"
2822:in January 1954. His replacement by the unpopular
2672:Tangier Speech and Casablanca Tirailleurs Massacre
1193:
722:The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century
4374:The French Foreign Legion: An Illustrated History
3452:Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962)
2802:with the support of the French protectorate. The
2753:The assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist
7716:
5357:"50 years later, Françafrique is alive and well"
4460:"Manifeste de l'indépendance du 11 Janvier 1944"
3743:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
3418:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2017:of independence and had never been subjected to
4525:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
2798:attempted to orchestrate a coup against Sultan
2413:
645:was officially established 30 March 1912, when
5537:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
5247:. Essex Publishing Company. 1914. p. 336.
4826:
3963:
3156:and completed in 1924, is now the seat of the
3046:Morocco had from 1912–1935 one of the largest
3042:Narrow gauge railways in former French Morocco
2818:Muhammad V and his family were transferred to
2545:, which has served as the capital ever since.
2406:were not embraced for fears of competing with
2215:In Morocco, there is only one government, the
1169:gave approval for the occupation of the city.
978:As a result, there was growing pressure for a
688:The French protectorate existed alongside the
7760:States and territories disestablished in 1956
7057:
6703:
6459:
6256:
6014:
5969:
5521:
5284:
4371:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (27 November 2007).
4145:
4143:
3613:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
1947:
1049:
1035:
5180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4231:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine
4001:. Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska University Press.
3301:"National Holidays & Religious Holidays"
2940:
2775:, and join the armed resistance in the Rif.
2654:
2603:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2373:
2291:
1001:
775:First Moroccan Crisis: March 1905 – May 1906
637:, was the period of French colonial rule in
235:
93:
79:
6853:
5496:History of French Colonial Policy 1870–1925
5382:Koundouno, Tamba François (20 March 2019).
4434:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935
4273:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
3728:Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914
3175:List of French residents-general in Morocco
3000:, at a 1–1 ratio with the denominations in
2809:
2279:, published 15 August 1917 in the magazine
797:of the great powers, in this case, between
726:Despite the weakness of its authority, the
7765:States and territories established in 1912
7064:
7050:
6710:
6696:
6466:
6452:
6263:
6249:
6021:
6007:
5983:
5976:
5962:
5528:
5514:
5475:
5456:
5184:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5096:
4803:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945
4516:
4514:
4512:
4140:
3862:. Princeton University Press. p. 83.
2789:
2742:
1954:
1940:
1042:
1028:
660:of Morocco had begun with the invasion of
27:1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa
6730:
5381:
5302:
5214:
4632:
4605:
4488:
3616:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8.
2862:was reintegrated with the signing of the
2771:, who would eventually escape, found the
2460:. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by
982:in defense of Morocco, particularly from
5257:
5221:. Indiana University Press. p. 85.
4665:
4201:"La Terre marocaine: revue illustrée..."
3922:
3855:
3362:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2685:
2516:
2363:
2327:
2266:
2257:
2147:
2144:Lyautey and the Protectorate (1912–1925)
2089:
1981:, ending what remained of the country's
1965:
1214:
1203:
1140:
917:
911:seized his death as a pretext to invade
876:
858:
717:
5426:
4635:Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco
4520:
4509:
4489:Zisenwine, Daniel (30 September 2010).
3996:
3891:Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien
3556:Laskier, Michael M. (1 February 2012).
3555:
3530:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
3519:
3205:List of French possessions and colonies
2939:established the Native Policy Council (
14:
7717:
5264:. New Holland Publishers. p. 12.
5139:
5004:
4430:
4370:
4339:
4266:
4224:
4158:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3504:
3273:Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013).
3272:
2608:) was emboldened by overtures made by
2548:
2513:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi
7045:
6852:
6729:
6691:
6447:
6244:
6002:
5957:
5509:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5031:
4852:
4850:
4799:
4458:الاستقلال, Istiqlal Maroc Parti-حزب.
4457:
4267:Miller, Susan Gilson (8 April 2013).
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4056:
4054:
4052:
3767:
3609:
3415:
2785:Revolution of the King and the People
2779:Revolution of the King and the People
2641:manifesto demanding full independence
1718:Revolution of the King and the People
1023:
936:In the summer of 1907, tribes of the
674:Revolution of the King and the People
7071:
5584:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
5204:. Collectors Club. 1948. p. 23.
5099:The Journal of North African Studies
4800:Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014).
4464:Portail du Parti de l'Istiqlal Maroc
3740:
3725:
3643:The Journal of North African Studies
3636:
3582:
3353:
3351:
3215:
3152:, designed for Lyautey by architect
3038:History of rail transport in Morocco
2837:
2359:
2236:who arrives at the Capital [
2221:government, protected by the French.
2138:shared history of Morocco and France
1209:French Protectorate Residence, Rabat
948:. The French responded with a naval
31:
6717:
6426:French colonization of the Americas
5011:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 199.
4767:
4743:
3761:
3677:
3342:
2604:
2576:
2560:
2349:La Compagnie de Transports au Maroc
1990:abdicated in favour of his brother
1002:
893:French military conquest of Morocco
641:that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The
236:
109:Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib
94:
24:
5450:
5427:Hekking, Morgan (9 October 2019).
5319:
5052:
4847:
4637:. London: Routledge. p. 151.
4249:
4093:
4080:
4049:
3392:"Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP"
2886:
2763:—the clandestine militant wing of
2183:...offend no tradition, change no
2074:, and the development of a modern
1098:South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903)
932:August 1907, printed on a postcard
840:
25:
7776:
7735:1956 disestablishments in Morocco
5333:. 21 January 2019. Archived from
3589:. Psychology Press. p. 166.
3348:
3233:Spanish-protected part of Morocco
2961:
2323:
1312:(8th century BC – 7th century AD)
1079:Second French colonial empire era
49:about Moroccan National Movement.
7568:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
7276:
5635:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
5620:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
5569:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
5005:Holmes, James R. (29 May 2017).
3307:. 4 October 2013. Archived from
2972:A French postal agency had sent
1919:
1905:
1630:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
1251:
1064:First French colonial empire era
1009:
882:1909 Morocco commemorative medal
847:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
611:
582:
276:The French conquest of Morocco,
270:
264:(traditional, instrumental only)
245:
174:
139:
125:
36:
6920:French domains of the Holy Land
5553:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
5420:
5401:
5375:
5349:
5278:
5251:
5235:
5208:
5201:The Collectors Club Philatelist
5192:
5133:
5090:
5025:
4998:
4975:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4893:
4875:
4858:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)"
4820:
4793:
4737:
4711:
4694:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)"
4686:
4659:
4626:
4599:
4573:
4547:
4482:
4451:
4424:
4391:
4364:
4333:
4312:
4287:
4218:
4193:
4177:
4152:
4114:
4023:
3990:
3970:H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg (1981).
3916:
3897:(1). Rabat: 1–2. Archived from
3876:
3849:
3823:
3787:
3734:
3719:
3637:Katz, Jonathan (January 2001).
3630:
3603:
3576:
3549:
3513:
3498:
3482:
3473:
3460:
3180:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
2587:
2376:Office Chérifien des Phosphates
2005:and of their protectorate over
1194:French protectorate (1912–1956)
1052:Franco–Moroccan conflicts
747:as well as of the territory of
7730:1912 establishments in Morocco
6915:French domains of Saint Helena
6032:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
5574:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
5548:French protectorate in Morocco
5143:Ben Barka l'équation marocaine
5064:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013).
4983:"Spanish-Moroccan Declaration"
4633:Maghraoui, Driss, ed. (2013).
4398:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013).
4342:"Les industries de Casablanca"
3693:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013).
3444:
3409:
3384:
3358:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013).
3323:
3293:
3279:. Cambridge University Press.
3266:
3248:
3222:
3195:French protectorate of Tunisia
2901:, which were divided into 100
2858:The internationalized city of
2553:Amid the backlash against the
2384:) was created in 1920 to mine
2262:
2085:
2057:International Court of Justice
1713:Opposition to European control
631:French protectorate in Morocco
76:French protectorate in Morocco
18:French protectorate of Morocco
13:
1:
7755:French colonisation in Africa
4901:"French-Moroccan Declaration"
4781:(in French). 30 November 1954
4725:(in French). 12 November 2012
4159:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013).
3335:Protectorat français au Maroc
3210:
3158:Moroccan Ministry of Interior
2942:Conseil de politique indigène
2931:
2600:Moroccan Nationalist Movement
2536:, who managed to establish a
2392:, which was connected to the
2286:Learning from experiences in
1579:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856
1165:at the end of April 1911 and
1104:Conquest of Morocco (1907–34)
277:
81:Protectorat français au Maroc
6650:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
5922:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
5625:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
4987:Department of State Bulletin
4905:Department of State Bulletin
4128:(in French). 1 November 2018
4062:"Exhibition of Moroccan Art"
3997:Segalla, Spencer D. (2009).
3610:Olson, James Stuart (1991).
3241:
2909:Morocco's current currency.
2749:Casablanca Uprisings of 1952
2418:
2414:Opposition to French control
2316:as many headed to find work
765:Moroccan Debt Administration
7:
7740:Colonial history of Morocco
6890: and Antarctic Lands
5912:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
5902:Algeciras Conference (1906)
5579:First Melilla War (1893–94)
5244:The New England Philatelist
5066:A history of modern Morocco
4466:(in French). Archived from
4400:A history of modern Morocco
4270:A History of Modern Morocco
4161:A history of modern Morocco
3923:Mitchell, Harriett (1955).
3856:Kirshner, Jonathan (1997).
3695:A history of modern Morocco
3521:Furlong, Charles Wellington
3360:A history of modern Morocco
3276:A History of Modern Morocco
3163:
3031:
2850:However, provisions in the
2558:Moroccan Action Committee (
2400:
1765:Coup d'état attempt in 1971
1563:(beginning 19th century AD)
1482:(beginning 11th century AD)
1308:Classical to Late Antiquity
959:
10:
7781:
7750:Former countries in Africa
5826:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
5615:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
5476:Gershovich, Moshe (2000).
5457:Bensoussan, David (2012).
5258:Rogerson, Barnaby (2000).
4806:. Routledge. p. 558.
4719:"L'assassinat de Messaâdi"
4606:Atlasinfo (6 April 2016).
4495:. I.B.Tauris. p. 39.
4377:. McFarland. p. 125.
3730:. Aix-en-Provence: Ophrys.
3562:. SUNY Press. p. 41.
3343:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب
3170:French conquest of Morocco
3035:
2965:
2890:
2782:
2746:
2710:Tangier International Zone
2675:
2591:
2506:
2502:
2422:
2332:Roadmap of Morocco in 1919
1706:Tangier International Zone
1635:French conquest of Morocco
1200:French conquest of Morocco
1197:
1188:
1092:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
1086:Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
1013:
963:
895:began in the aftermath of
886:French invasion of Morocco
855:French conquest of Morocco
844:
778:
711:
707:
95:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب
7745:Former colonies in Africa
7644:
7576:
7513:
7504:
7437:
7428:
7345:
7336:
7309:Prefectures and provinces
7294:
7285:
7274:
7226:
7195:
7149:
7118:
7092:
7083:
7003:
6942:
6898:
6881:
6863:
6859:
6848:
6820:
6807:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6780:
6740:
6736:
6725:
6684:
6668:French East India Company
6658:
6630:
6578:
6530:
6482:
6443:
6431:French West India Company
6421:
6393:
6324:
6281:
6240:
6213:
6185:
6147:
6065:
6037:
5998:
5991:
5930:
5879:
5859:
5803:
5787:
5769:Joseph-François Poeymirau
5746:
5670:
5663:
5645:Battle of El Herri (1914)
5640:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
5630:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
5607:
5589:Second Melilla War (1909)
5561:
5543:
5304:10.1007/s10993-015-9398-3
5215:Gottreich, Emily (2007).
5111:10.1080/13629380008718388
4833:. Routledge. p. 67.
4587:(in Arabic). 31 July 2013
3655:10.1080/13629380108718426
3430:10.1080/03086530701667526
3289:– via Google Books.
3105:
3028:, and inscribed "MAROC".
2968:Postal history of Morocco
2682:Massacre of April 7, 1947
2655:Struggle for independence
2577:برنامج الإصلاحات المغربية
2567:Comité d’Action Marocaine
2122:First Battle of the Marne
1426:Territorial fragmentation
1071:Larache expedition (1765)
1059:
950:bombardment of Casablanca
930:Bombardment of Casablanca
666:bombardment of Casablanca
561:
533:
529:
519:
506:
502:
492:
488:
476:
466:• 1912–1925 (first)
464:
460:
450:
446:
434:
420:
408:
396:
392:
382:
366:
348:
322:
312:
302:
288:
269:
155:
121:
116:
74:
6946: the Indian Ocean
5938:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
5907:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
5892:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
5887:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
5655:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
4995:(unofficial translation)
4913:(unofficial translation)
3837:(in Arabic). 15 May 2015
3507:Morocco, a Country Study
3190:France–Morocco relations
3008:issues, and after 1902,
2810:Exile of Sultan Muhammad
2773:Moroccan Liberation Army
1527:other political entities
942:1906 Treaty of Algeciras
793:took place owing to the
714:France–Morocco relations
478:• 1955–1956 (last)
6854:Uninhabited territories
6365:Saint Kitts & Nevis
5816:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
5650:Battle of Annual (1921)
5414:13 January 2016 at the
4521:Stenner, David (2019).
4437:. Currey. p. 268.
4358:10.3406/caoum.1951.1718
4346:Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
4094:الأشرف, الرباط ــ حسن.
4043:1 November 2022 at the
3755:10.3406/remmm.1969.1002
3505:Nelson, Harold (1985).
3098:) gauge lines in their
2876:constitutional monarchy
2790:Glaoui's attempted coup
2743:Murder of Farhat Hached
2605:الحركة الوطنية المغربية
2594:Morocco in World War II
2344:railroads east of Fes.
2271:A farmer in a field of
2152:Marshal Lyautey, first
2015:thousand-year tradition
1796:Western Sahara conflict
1123:Post-colonial conflicts
376:colonial administration
313:Official languages
7136:Barghawata Confederacy
6784: collectivities
6622:Sanjak of Alexandretta
6475:Former French colonies
6272:Former French colonies
6030:Former French colonies
5985:French overseas empire
5841:Miguel Primo de Rivera
5811:Juan García y Margallo
5688:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
5683:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
5146:, L'Harmattan vidéo ,
4931:Essemlali p. 13, 19-21
4340:Vassal, Serge (1951).
4243:10.3406/rhmc.1987.1417
4225:Allain, J.-C. (1987).
3976:. BRILL. p. 318.
3334:
2941:
2871:were less successful.
2728:French colonial empire
2697:
2566:
2526:
2488:Armistice with Germany
2462:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2429:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2374:
2369:
2333:
2292:
2283:
2244:
2223:
2216:
2189:
2161:
2103:
1971:
1539:Principality of Debdou
1430:(10th–11th century AD)
1224:
1212:
1154:
933:
888:
874:
825:affairs. Although the
723:
676:, restored the exiled
80:
47:is missing information
7416:Western Sahara status
7196:European protectorate
7105:Kingdom of Mauretania
6731:Inhabited territories
6663:France–Asia relations
6218:Somaliland (Djibouti)
5261:Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat
4883:"Déclaration commune"
2918:State Bank of Morocco
2708:in what was then the
2689:
2610:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2520:
2367:
2331:
2270:
2258:Economic exploitation
2230:
2213:
2181:
2151:
2093:
2072:transportation system
2047:Although being under
1969:
1406:Barghwata confederacy
1364:(8th–10th century AD)
1218:
1207:
1144:
921:
880:
863:The assassination of
862:
791:First Moroccan Crisis
781:First Moroccan Crisis
721:
712:Further information:
323:Common languages
7324:World Heritage Sites
7213:Spanish Protectorate
7110:Mauretania Tingitana
7009:overseas departments
6944:Scattered Islands in
6825: collectivity
6283:French North America
5943:Agadir Crisis (1911)
5917:Treaty of Fes (1912)
5897:Treaty of Fes (1894)
5494:Roberts, Stephen A.
3726:Adam, André (1968).
3311:on 27 September 2017
3260:1 March 2014 at the
2928:, France and Spain.
2914:Algeciras Conference
2739:palace, on 9 April.
2628:declarations as the
2618:1943 Anfa Conference
2450:Louis-Hubert Lyautey
2226:Walter Burton Harris
2100:Joseph de La Nézière
2068:economic development
2051:, Morocco retained -
2042:Spanish protectorate
1677:Spanish protectorate
1584:Hispano-Moroccan War
1441:Caliphate of Córdoba
1399:Emirate of Sijilmasa
1340:Mauretania Tingitana
899:'s assassination in
867:in Marrakesh, taken
827:Algeciras Conference
815:Algeciras Conference
785:Algeciras Conference
733:Hispano-Moroccan War
690:Spanish protectorate
656:, though the French
591:Sultanate of Morocco
521:• Independence
7697: /
7208:French Protectorate
6978:Juan de Nova Island
6865:North Pacific Ocean
6477:in Asia and Oceania
5764:Paul Prosper Henrys
5594:Zaian War (1914–21)
4940:Pellegrini p. 5, 6.
3583:Lowe, John (1994).
3229:Mohammed Ben Aarafa
2824:Mohammed Ben Aarafa
2765:French intelligence
2704:planned to deliver
2570:– CAM), proposed a
2549:Nationalist parties
2435:Zaian confederation
2408:Metropolitan France
2298:Metropolitan France
2252:Republic of the Rif
1774:Moulay Bouazza plot
1672:French protectorate
1613:Treaty of Algeciras
1574:Franco-Moroccan War
1345:Exarchate of Africa
1110:Zaian War (1914–21)
984:Muhammad al-Kattani
922:The French cruiser
658:military occupation
7487:Telecommunications
6883:Overseas territory
6408:France Antarctique
6395:Equinoctial France
6358:Dominican Republic
5836:José Millán-Astray
5779:Henry de Bournazel
5708:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
5502:, pp. 545–90.
5433:Morocco World News
5388:Morocco World News
5363:. 16 February 2010
5337:on 24 January 2019
3770:"Le Petit journal"
3523:(September 1911).
3450:Mounya Essemlali,
3185:History of Morocco
3111:French colonialism
2698:
2527:
2477:Battle of El Herri
2456:mountains towards
2394:Port of Casablanca
2370:
2334:
2284:
2162:
2109:troupes coloniales
2104:
2076:agriculture sector
1972:
1926:History portal
1912:Morocco portal
1808:Hirak Rif Movement
1803:2011–2012 protests
1225:
1213:
1177:and Alcazaquibir (
1155:
1130:Ifni War (1957–58)
992:Conditional Bay'ah
934:
889:
875:
819:Moroccan political
795:imperial rivalries
745:Chafarinas Islands
724:
606:Kingdom of Morocco
483:André Louis Dubois
7680:
7679:
7640:
7639:
7500:
7499:
7424:
7423:
7355:Foreign relations
7332:
7331:
7272:
7271:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7034:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6934:Amsterdam Islands
6925:Kerguelen Islands
6873:Clipperton Island
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6812:Wallis and Futuna
6680:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6580:Mandate for Syria
6570:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
6532:Indochinese Union
6439:
6438:
6236:
6235:
6149:Equatorial Africa
5951:
5950:
5875:
5874:
5678:Mohammed Ameziane
5599:Rif War (1921–26)
5468:978-1-4759-2608-8
5153:978-2-296-10925-4
4750:www.aljazeera.net
4470:on 1 October 2020
4206:. 1 December 1928
3799:. 11 April 2020.
3369:978-1-139-62469-5
3216:Explanatory notes
3150:Residence-general
3004:, using both the
2847:on 2 March 1956.
2838:1956 independence
2804:1953 Oujda revolt
2561:كتلة العمل الوطني
2360:Natural resources
1988:Sultan Abdelhafid
1964:
1963:
1598:Treaty of Wad Ras
1529:
1446:Fatimid Caliphate
1380:Umayyad Caliphate
1138:
1137:
1115:Rif War (1921–26)
905:barbarous natives
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
597:
596:
436:• 1955–1956
422:• 1953–1955
410:• 1927–1953
398:• 1912–1927
371:Absolute monarchy
361:Roman Catholicism
260:
225:
111:
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
7772:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7660:
7653:
7601:Hassaniya Arabic
7511:
7510:
7435:
7434:
7377:Sûreté Nationale
7343:
7342:
7292:
7291:
7280:
7264:2011–12 protests
7141:Kingdom of Nekor
7090:
7089:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7043:
7042:
6964:Glorioso Islands
6945:
6896:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6849:
6824:
6797:Saint Barthélemy
6792:French Polynesia
6783:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6726:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6689:
6688:
6497:Coromandel Coast
6468:
6461:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6326:French Caribbean
6306:Terre Neuve
6265:
6258:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5954:
5851:Francisco Franco
5831:Dámaso Berenguer
5821:José Marina Vega
5698:Mhand n'Ifrutant
5668:
5667:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5498:(2 vols., 1929)
5491:
5472:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5418:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5061:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4949:Pellegrini p. 8.
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4744:البطيوي, توفيق.
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4672:www.yabiladi.com
4663:
4657:
4656:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4518:
4507:
4506:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4264:
4247:
4246:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4058:
4047:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3811:on 11 April 2020
3807:. Archived from
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3690:
3675:
3674:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3488:Amina Aouchard,
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:mjp.univ-perp.fr
3388:
3382:
3381:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3264:
3252:
3235:
3226:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3079:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3049:
2950:Istiqlal Party's
2944:
2864:Tangier Protocol
2852:protocole annexe
2700:In 1947, Sultan
2630:Atlantic Charter
2607:
2606:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2447:Resident-General
2379:
2295:
2169:Resident-General
2154:resident general
2118:Moroccan Brigade
1956:
1949:
1942:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1862:History by topic
1739:
1738:
1701:Tangier Protocol
1656:
1655:
1603:Treaty of Madrid
1565:
1564:
1544:Republic of Salé
1526:
1484:
1483:
1432:
1431:
1394:Emirate of Nekor
1366:
1365:
1314:
1313:
1255:
1245:
1227:
1226:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1005:
1004:
761:Entente cordiale
633:, also known as
615:
614:
607:
601:
600:
592:
586:
585:
579:
578:
563:
562:
452:Resident-General
430:
340:Berber languages
335:Hassaniya Arabic
282:
279:
274:
262:
261:
243:
239:
238:
231:Cherifian Anthem
227:
226:
143:
129:
107:
105:
97:
96:
91:
83:
72:
71:
65:
62:
56:
40:
32:
21:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7715:
7714:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7636:
7620:Moroccan people
7596:Moroccan Arabic
7572:
7496:
7442:Bank Al-Maghrib
7420:
7328:
7281:
7268:
7222:
7218:Operation Torch
7191:
7145:
7131:Idrisid dynasty
7114:
7079:
7070:
7040:
7031:
7013:Claimed by the
6987:
6983:Tromelin Island
6954:Bassas da India
6938:
6888:French Southern
6877:
6855:
6836:
6816:
6776:
6744: regions
6732:
6721:
6719:Overseas France
6716:
6672:
6654:
6626:
6612:Greater Lebanon
6582:and the Lebanon
6581:
6574:
6526:
6478:
6472:
6435:
6417:
6389:
6320:
6277:
6275:in the Americas
6269:
6232:
6209:
6181:
6143:
6061:
6033:
6027:
5987:
5982:
5952:
5947:
5926:
5871:
5867:Mohamed Meziane
5855:
5799:
5795:Thami El Glaoui
5783:
5774:Philippe Pétain
5742:
5723:Assou Oubasslam
5659:
5603:
5557:
5539:
5534:
5488:
5469:
5453:
5451:Further reading
5448:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5421:
5416:Wayback Machine
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5291:Language Policy
5283:
5279:
5272:
5256:
5252:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5213:
5209:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5154:
5138:
5134:
5095:
5091:
5076:
5062:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5003:
4999:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4889:. 2 March 1956.
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4755:
4753:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4664:
4660:
4645:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4533:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4429:
4425:
4410:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4320:"History – GBM"
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4265:
4250:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4045:Wayback Machine
4028:
4024:
4009:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3968:
3964:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3904:on 2 April 2015
3901:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3766:
3762:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3720:
3705:
3691:
3678:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3518:
3514:
3503:
3499:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3370:
3356:
3349:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3262:Wayback Machine
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3166:
3108:
3100:part of Morocco
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:1 ft
3081:
3077:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:1 ft
3051:
3047:
3044:
3036:Main articles:
3034:
3002:French currency
2992:with values in
2970:
2964:
2934:
2895:
2889:
2887:Monetary policy
2881:one-party state
2869:military action
2840:
2812:
2796:Thami El Glaoui
2792:
2787:
2781:
2751:
2745:
2719:, specifically
2684:
2676:Main articles:
2674:
2657:
2596:
2590:
2572:Plan of Reforms
2551:
2515:
2507:Main articles:
2505:
2431:
2423:Main articles:
2421:
2416:
2403:
2362:
2326:
2265:
2260:
2202:Thami El Glaoui
2198:private schools
2146:
2088:
2038:French legation
1960:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1889:Imperial cities
1834:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:Abraham Accords
1758:Moroccanization
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1684:French Conquest
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1534:Zawiya Dila'iya
1528:
1522:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1411:Idrisid dynasty
1375:Muslim conquest
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1265:
1243:
1236:
1211:, 1929 postcard
1202:
1196:
1191:
1171:Moroccan forces
1139:
1134:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1018:
1012:
968:
962:
915:from the east.
857:
845:Main articles:
843:
841:French invasion
831:Triple Alliance
787:
779:Main articles:
777:
716:
710:
612:
605:
590:
583:
552:
548:
546:
542:
540:
522:
512:
497:Interwar period
479:
467:
437:
426:
423:
411:
399:
373:
359:
355:
344:
330:Moroccan Arabic
284:
280:
265:
263:
246:
244:
241:
234:
228:
175:
173:
163:La Marseillaise
151:
150:
149:
144:
136:
135:
133:Merchant Ensign
130:
112:
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
66:
60:
57:
50:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7778:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7725:French Morocco
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7632:Western Sahara
7629:
7628:
7627:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7582:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:Western Sahara
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7404:Prime Minister
7401:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7319:Western Sahara
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7007:Also known as
7004:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:Banc du Geyser
6961:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6910:Crozet Islands
6907:
6899:
6893:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6617:Jabal al-Druze
6614:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6590:State of Syria
6586:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6385:Virgin Islands
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6349:Saint-Domingue
6346:
6344:The Grenadines
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6311:French Florida
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6228:Isle de France
6225:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5860:Spanish allies
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5759:Hubert Lyautey
5756:
5754:Charles Mangin
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5738:Beni Ouryaghel
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5486:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5419:
5400:
5374:
5348:
5318:
5277:
5270:
5250:
5234:
5228:978-0253218636
5227:
5207:
5191:
5152:
5132:
5089:
5074:
5051:
5024:
5017:
4997:
4974:
4960:
4958:Aouchar p. 22.
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4922:Essemlali p. 2
4915:
4892:
4874:
4846:
4839:
4819:
4812:
4792:
4766:
4736:
4710:
4685:
4666:Yabiladi.com.
4658:
4643:
4625:
4598:
4572:
4561:. 9 April 1947
4546:
4532:978-1503608993
4531:
4508:
4501:
4481:
4450:
4443:
4423:
4408:
4390:
4383:
4363:
4332:
4311:
4286:
4279:
4248:
4237:(3): 427–452.
4217:
4192:
4176:
4169:
4151:
4139:
4113:
4079:
4048:
4022:
4007:
3989:
3982:
3962:
3941:10.2307/272660
3935:(4): 427–434.
3915:
3875:
3868:
3848:
3822:
3786:
3760:
3733:
3718:
3703:
3676:
3649:(1): 143–166.
3629:
3622:
3602:
3595:
3575:
3568:
3548:
3512:
3497:
3481:
3472:
3459:
3443:
3424:(4): 569–592.
3408:
3383:
3368:
3347:
3322:
3292:
3285:
3265:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3200:French Algeria
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3154:Albert Laprade
3107:
3104:
3033:
3030:
2986:postage stamps
2966:Main article:
2963:
2962:Postal history
2960:
2937:Hubert Lyautey
2933:
2930:
2926:United Kingdom
2893:Moroccan franc
2891:Main article:
2888:
2885:
2839:
2836:
2811:
2808:
2791:
2788:
2783:Main article:
2780:
2777:
2769:Abbas Messaadi
2747:Main article:
2744:
2741:
2678:Tangier Speech
2673:
2670:
2656:
2653:
2637:Istiqlal Party
2592:Main article:
2589:
2586:
2550:
2547:
2504:
2501:
2481:Central Powers
2458:French Algeria
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2361:
2358:
2338:standard gauge
2325:
2324:Infrastructure
2322:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2177:French Algeria
2165:Hubert Lyautey
2145:
2142:
2087:
2084:
2078:geared to the
1996:1912 Fes riots
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1915:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:Morocco in the
1829:
1828:
1826:Related topics
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Madrid Accords
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:(1956–present)
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Tangier Crisis
1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:Protégé system
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:Iberomaurusian
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
964:Main article:
961:
958:
909:Hubert Lyautey
897:Émile Mauchamp
865:Emile Mauchamp
851:Émile Mauchamp
842:
839:
835:Triple Entente
776:
773:
728:'Alawi dynasty
709:
706:
635:French Morocco
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
609:
598:
595:
594:
587:
575:
574:
569:
559:
558:
544:Moroccan franc
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:Historical era
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
474:
473:
471:Hubert Lyautey
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
432:
431:
424:
421:
418:
417:
412:
409:
406:
405:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
368:
364:
363:
350:
346:
345:
343:
342:
337:
332:
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
290:
286:
285:
275:
267:
266:
160:
153:
152:
145:
138:
137:
131:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
78:
75:
68:
67:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7777:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7713:
7710:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:Alawi dynasty
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7203:Treaty of Fez
7201:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7126:Berber Revolt
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:Early Islamic
7117:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Europa Island
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6847:
6833:
6832:New Caledonia
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6752:French Guiana
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Alawite State
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6462:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Saint Vincent
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:Grande Comore
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6117:Four Communes
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6100:Arguin Island
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Côte d'Ivoire
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:José Sanjurjo
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:French allies
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Ma al-'Aynayn
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5487:0-7146-4949-X
5483:
5480:. Routledge.
5479:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:. iUniverse.
5460:
5455:
5454:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5410:, Insee 2012
5409:
5404:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5271:9781860119736
5267:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5105:(1): 63–108.
5104:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5075:9781139624695
5071:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5018:9781574888836
5014:
5010:
5009:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4970:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4885:(in French).
4884:
4878:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4840:9781317592983
4836:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4813:9781134264902
4809:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4763:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4644:9780415638470
4640:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4555:"France-soir"
4550:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4502:9780857718532
4498:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4444:9780852550977
4440:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4409:9781139624695
4405:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4384:9780786462537
4380:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4352:(13): 61–79.
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4282:
4280:9781139619110
4276:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4170:9780521008990
4166:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4144:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:), p.51 §.31
4036:
4035:9789231027161
4032:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4008:9780803217782
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3983:90-04-06295-5
3979:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3900:
3896:
3893:(in French).
3892:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:9781139624695
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3623:9780313262579
3619:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3596:9780415104449
3592:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3569:9781438410166
3565:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3537:: 14988–14999
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3288:
3286:9780521810708
3282:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3075:
3071:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:Mouflon issue
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:Sharifan post
2979:
2975:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:German Empire
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2760:La Main Rouge
2756:
2755:Farhat Hached
2750:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2649:Gabriel Puaux
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:United States
2611:
2601:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2582:Treaty of Fes
2573:
2568:
2556:
2555:Berber Decree
2546:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2293:les indigènes
2289:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:failed revolt
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2080:French market
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:(including a
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:Muslim Iberia
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:Treaty of Fes
1976:
1968:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:Years of lead
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:Treaty of Fez
1663:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:Agadir Crisis
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:Berber Revolt
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1360:Early Islamic
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:Treaty of Fes
1217:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:Ksar-el-Kebir
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:flying column
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1016:Agadir Crisis
1010:Agadir Crisis
1007:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
967:
957:
955:
954:Chaouia plain
951:
947:
946:Roches Noires
943:
939:
931:
927:
926:
920:
916:
914:
910:
907:of Morocco."
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
883:
879:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:In 1906, the
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
720:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
679:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Treaty of Fez
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
610:
608:
603:
602:
599:
593:
588:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
556:
551:
545:
539:
538:Moroccan rial
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
515:30 March 1912
514:
511:
510:Treaty of Fes
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
475:
472:
469:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
433:
429:
425:
419:
416:
413:
407:
404:
401:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
287:
273:
268:
237:النشيد الشريف
233:
232:
171:
170:
165:
164:
158:
154:
148:
142:
134:
128:
120:
115:
110:
103:
89:
82:
73:
64:
54:
48:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7682:
7578:Demographics
7533:Coat of arms
7518:Architecture
7387:Human rights
7207:
6968:
6902:
6802:Saint Martin
6638:New Hebrides
6492:Chandernagor
6484:French India
6316:French Texas
6172:Ubangi-Shari
6167:Middle Congo
6134:James Island
6051:
6039:North Africa
5703:Ali Amhaouch
5693:Moha ou Said
5547:
5495:
5477:
5458:
5436:. Retrieved
5432:
5422:
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5387:
5377:
5365:. Retrieved
5360:
5351:
5339:. Retrieved
5335:the original
5330:
5321:
5297:(1): 39–58.
5294:
5290:
5280:
5260:
5253:
5243:
5237:
5217:
5210:
5200:
5194:
5165:, retrieved
5142:
5135:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5065:
5042:. Retrieved
5037:
5027:
5007:
5000:
4990:
4986:
4977:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
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4895:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4861:
4829:
4822:
4802:
4795:
4785:28 September
4783:. Retrieved
4778:
4769:
4761:
4756:28 September
4754:. Retrieved
4749:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4722:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4697:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4671:
4661:
4634:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4611:
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4584:
4575:
4563:. Retrieved
4558:
4549:
4522:
4491:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4468:the original
4463:
4453:
4433:
4426:
4399:
4393:
4373:
4366:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:
4289:
4269:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4203:
4195:
4185:
4179:
4160:
4154:
4130:. Retrieved
4125:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4099:
4070:. Retrieved
4065:
4025:
3998:
3992:
3972:
3965:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3899:the original
3894:
3890:
3878:
3858:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3834:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3795:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:
3763:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3694:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3612:
3605:
3585:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3534:
3528:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3489:
3484:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3451:
3446:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:
3386:
3359:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3304:
3295:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3224:
3147:
3140:
3134:at 33%, and
3127:Francophonie
3124:
3120:Françafrique
3118:
3109:
3045:
3018:
2971:
2953:
2947:
2935:
2911:
2896:
2873:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2793:
2758:
2752:
2731:
2726:serving the
2722:
2714:
2699:
2691:
2662:
2658:
2634:
2626:World War II
2622:World War II
2597:
2588:World War II
2552:
2530:Sultan Yusef
2528:
2523:Rif Republic
2521:Flag of the
2497:Moha ou Said
2485:
2474:
2454:Middle Atlas
2432:
2404:
2371:
2347:
2346:
2342:narrow-gauge
2335:
2314:rural exodus
2285:
2281:France-Maroc
2280:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2206:
2190:
2182:
2167:, the first
2163:
2107:
2105:
2098:painting by
2061:
2052:
2049:protectorate
2046:
2027:
2019:Ottoman rule
2000:
1973:
1917:
1903:
1861:
1767: /
1650:Protectorate
1525:
1323:Carthaginian
1156:
995:
988:Abd al-Hafid
969:
935:
923:
904:
890:
868:
812:
788:
757:
753:North Africa
725:
687:
683:
670:
650:Abd al-Hafid
643:protectorate
634:
630:
628:
572:Succeeded by
571:
566:
554:
550:French franc
525:7 April 1956
293:Protectorate
229:
167:
161:
156:
147:Coat of arms
108:
61:January 2020
58:
46:
29:
7704: /
7392:LGBT rights
7304:Earthquakes
7254:Mohammed VI
7025:Claimed by
7019:Claimed by
6904:Adélie Land
6822:Sui generis
6553:Cochinchina
6370:Saint Lucia
6124:Upper Volta
6067:West Africa
5718:Abd el-Krim
5040:(in French)
4779:Le Monde.fr
4752:(in Arabic)
4674:(in French)
4614:(in French)
4126:LExpress.fr
4102:(in Arabic)
4066:www.wdl.org
3749:(1): 9–21.
3148:The former
3115:neocolonial
3078:600 mm
3048:600 mm
2732:tirailleurs
2723:Tirailleurs
2721:Senegalese
2696:on April 9.
2693:France-Soir
2616:during the
2534:Abd el-Krim
2525:(1921–1926)
2492:blockhouses
2318:in the city
2263:Agriculture
2193:Westernized
2114:World War I
2096:orientalist
2086:World War I
2011:World War I
1791:Green March
1242:History of
870:casus belli
652:signed the
567:Preceded by
547:(1921–1956)
541:(1912–1921)
428:Mohammed VI
353:Sunni Islam
281: 1907
7719:Categories
7543:Literature
7467:Casablanca
7462:Investment
7399:Parliament
7234:Mohammed V
7162:Almoravids
7100:Prehistory
7021:Madagascar
6930:Saint Paul
6762:Martinique
6757:Guadeloupe
6512:Pondichéry
6223:Madagascar
6095:Mauritania
5664:Key people
5438:10 October
5393:10 October
5367:10 October
4729:7 November
4565:31 January
4541:1048942756
4474:12 January
3869:0691016267
3211:References
3136:Mauritania
2990:surcharged
2988:of France
2932:Repression
2820:Madagascar
2800:Muhammad V
2717:Casablanca
2702:Muhammad V
2666:Casablanca
2645:Muhammad V
2441:tribes in
2386:phosphates
1493:Almoravids
1335:Mauretania
1276:Mousterian
1263:Prehistory
1198:See also:
803:Wilhelm II
698:Draa River
678:Mohammed V
441:Mohammed V
415:Mohammed V
367:Government
7586:Languages
7447:Companies
7287:Geography
7239:Hassan II
7177:Wattasids
7027:Mauritius
6886: (
6296:Louisiana
6177:Cameroons
5804:Spaniards
5671:Moroccans
5313:1573-1863
5162:690860373
5127:143725817
5119:1362-9387
5084:855022840
4653:793224528
4591:29 August
4418:855022840
4295:"HISTORY"
4132:3 January
4106:3 January
4072:3 January
4017:244246686
3949:0885-6818
3835:هوية بريس
3805:994641823
3713:855022840
3671:143563901
3663:1362-9387
3438:153965067
3378:855022840
3242:Citations
3006:Type Sage
2794:In 1953,
2737:Mendoubia
2425:Zaian War
2419:Zaian War
2390:Khouribga
2218:sharifian
2130:Champagne
2064:colonists
1689:Zaian War
1654:(1912–56)
1510:Wattasids
1463:Maghrawas
1271:Acheulean
1147:artillery
972:Abdelaziz
901:Marrakesh
873:by France
823:financial
668:in 1907.
557:official)
349:Religion
117:1912–1956
53:talk page
7701:32°N 6°W
7667:Category
7625:diaspora
7558:Religion
7382:Military
7338:Politics
7172:Marinids
7167:Almohads
7157:Idrisids
7077:articles
6782:Overseas
6742:Overseas
6600:Damascus
6549:Vietnam
6540:Cambodia
6517:Karaikal
6334:Dominica
6129:Togoland
5880:Treaties
5728:Aït Atta
5412:Archived
5176:citation
4867:21 March
4703:21 March
4678:16 March
4618:16 March
4585:Hespress
4325:23 March
4304:23 March
4210:23 March
4041:Archived
3908:20 March
3305:Maroc.ma
3258:Archived
3164:See also
3138:at 13%.
3096: in
3066: in
3032:Railways
3022:centimes
2998:centimos
2903:centimes
2706:a speech
2612:and the
2538:republic
2470:Khénifra
2401:Industry
2173:royalist
2030:Atlantic
1983:de facto
1879:Military
1874:Economic
1753:Sand War
1748:Ifni War
1625:Hafidiya
1503:Marinids
1498:Almohads
1458:Miknasas
1453:Ifranids
1233:a series
1231:Part of
997:Es-Saada
976:Chaouia.
966:Hafidiya
960:Hafidiya
833:and the
743:and the
696:and the
664:and the
555:de facto
534:Currency
242:(Arabic)
169:de facto
7651:Outline
7528:Cuisine
7506:Culture
7482:Tourism
7472:Tangier
7430:Economy
7350:Cabinet
7314:Regions
7187:'Alawis
7093:Ancient
7085:History
7073:Morocco
7015:Comoros
6772:Réunion
6767:Mayotte
6685:Present
6643:Vanuatu
6631:Oceania
6403:Berbice
6339:Grenada
6195:Anjouan
6187:Comoros
6139:Albreda
6112:Senegal
6080:Dahomey
6057:Tunisia
6052:Morocco
6047:Algeria
5733:Zayanes
5608:Battles
5341:17 July
5331:Reuters
5044:25 June
5038:Gallica
4971:. 1956.
4862:uca.edu
4698:uca.edu
4559:Gallica
4299:Cosumar
4204:Gallica
4189:. 1914.
4100:alaraby
3841:24 June
3815:22 June
3779:19 July
3774:Gallica
3541:10 July
3401:3 March
3315:24 June
3132:Algeria
3091:⁄
3070:Tangier
3061:⁄
2994:pesetas
2978:Tangier
2955:Al-Alam
2952:Arabic
2860:Tangier
2620:during
2509:Rif War
2503:Rif War
2443:Morocco
2388:out of
2302:Chaouia
2288:Algeria
2277:Chaouia
2275:in the
2250:of the
2053:de jure
2034:Tangier
2007:Tunisia
2003:Algeria
1769:in 1972
1694:Rif War
1559:Decline
1293:Capsian
1281:Aterian
1244:Morocco
1189:History
1175:Larache
1167:Germany
1153:in 1911
1145:French
1003:السعادة
970:Sultan
938:Chaouia
928:in the
807:Tangier
799:Germany
769:Tangier
741:Melilla
708:Prelude
639:Morocco
508:•
374:(under
357:Judaism
303:Capital
157:Anthem:
7706:32; -6
7672:Portal
7613:French
7608:Berber
7591:Arabic
7523:Cinema
7457:Health
7452:Energy
7299:Cities
7227:Modern
7182:Saadis
7150:Empire
7075:
6595:Aleppo
6563:Tonkin
6522:Yanaon
6502:Madras
6380:Tobago
6301:Canada
6291:Acadia
6205:Mohéli
6090:Guinea
5992:Former
5931:Crises
5747:French
5500:vol. 2
5484:
5465:
5311:
5268:
5225:
5167:6 July
5160:
5150:
5125:
5117:
5082:
5072:
5015:
4837:
4810:
4723:Zamane
4651:
4641:
4539:
4529:
4499:
4441:
4416:
4406:
4381:
4277:
4167:
4068:. 1917
4033:
4015:
4005:
3980:
3957:272660
3955:
3947:
3929:Phylon
3866:
3803:
3711:
3701:
3669:
3661:
3620:
3593:
3566:
3436:
3376:
3366:
3339:Arabic
3331:French
3283:
3106:Legacy
3026:francs
3014:Arabic
2907:dirham
2899:francs
2486:After
2439:Berber
2308:, and
2273:barley
2234:native
2185:custom
2158:sultan
2134:Verdun
2132:, and
2126:Artois
1975:France
1884:Postal
1869:Jewish
1733:Modern
1520:Alawis
1515:Saadis
1478:Empire
1235:on the
1183:Agadir
925:Gloire
853:, and
647:Sultan
456:
388:
384:Sultan
317:French
297:France
289:Status
240:
159:
102:Arabic
98:
88:French
84:
7658:Index
7563:Sport
7553:Music
7548:Media
7492:Trade
7259:2000s
7249:1990s
7244:1970s
6558:Annam
6413:Inini
6354:Haïti
6162:Gabon
6107:Niger
6085:Sudan
5123:S2CID
4991:XXXIV
4909:XXXIV
3953:JSTOR
3902:(PDF)
3887:(PDF)
3667:S2CID
3434:S2CID
3143:INSEE
2976:from
2845:Paris
2543:Rabat
2306:Gharb
1992:Yusef
1855:2010s
1850:2000s
1845:1990s
1840:1980s
1835:1970s
1328:Roman
1151:Rabat
980:jihad
913:Oujda
737:Ceuta
702:Rabat
662:Oujda
403:Yusef
307:Rabat
283:–1927
7689:32°N
7538:Flag
7409:list
7370:list
7360:King
6932:and
6545:Laos
6507:Mahé
6157:Chad
5562:Wars
5482:ISBN
5463:ISBN
5440:2019
5395:2019
5369:2019
5343:2019
5309:ISSN
5266:ISBN
5223:ISBN
5186:link
5182:link
5169:2021
5158:OCLC
5148:ISBN
5115:ISSN
5080:OCLC
5070:ISBN
5046:2019
5013:ISBN
4869:2020
4835:ISBN
4808:ISBN
4787:2022
4758:2022
4731:2019
4705:2020
4680:2019
4649:OCLC
4639:ISBN
4620:2019
4593:2019
4567:2023
4537:OCLC
4527:ISBN
4497:ISBN
4476:2020
4439:ISBN
4414:OCLC
4404:ISBN
4379:ISBN
4327:2020
4306:2020
4275:ISBN
4212:2020
4165:ISBN
4134:2020
4108:2020
4074:2020
4031:ISBN
4013:OCLC
4003:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3945:ISSN
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