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1032:. On 12 June, Napoleon and representatives of the Order and the Maltese signed a convention in which the Order capitulated Valletta and the Maltese Islands' fortifications and ceded sovereignty of the islands to the French. The French promised to acquire a principality for the Grand Master as compensation for the loss of Malta. They promised to respect the private property of individual knights and the Maltese. Pensions were also granted to the Grand Master and the French knights, and a promise to secure similar pensions for knights from the
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successful landing at
Marsaxlokk. The Hospitaller defenders then attempted a counterattack and sent out troops against the French, who began to retreat. The Hospitallers and Maltese advanced, but were ambushed by a battalion of the 19th of the Line and were thrown into disarray. The French then began a general advance, and the defenders retreated back to the fortified city. The flag of the Order at the head of the defending force was captured by the French.
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916:. The defenders opened fire on the French, and they were aided by artillery from the batteries at Ramla and the Sopu Tower. French bombards returned fire to the batteries, and the French managed to advance to higher ground despite heavy fire. The batteries at Ramla were taken, and the French managed to land the rest of their troops. Casualties among the invading force included Sergeant-Major Bertrand, who was killed by gunfire during the landing.
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to request permission from the Grand Master for the French fleet to water at Malta. Hompesch called a
Council meeting to discuss whether to allow them or not, and it was decided to only allow four ships at a time to enter the harbours. This was in accordance with an old statute which forbade entry to
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at 09.00 on 11 June. Mélan returned with a verbal message that
Napoleon would send an envoy, and around 12.00 General Junot arrived with a small delegation. He was joined by a number of knights of the Order who were sympathetic to the French, including Ransijat who had been freed following his brief
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was to be transferred to a French officer by 12 June. By 12–13 June, the French had taken control of the entire island and its fortifications. They also captured approximately 1200 artillery pieces, 40000 muskets, 1,500,000 pounds (680,000 kg) of gunpowder, two ships of the line, a frigate and
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Most of the
Maltese were initially glad at the expulsion of the Order and were sympathetic to the French, but this opinion changed after the French refused to pay the Order's debts, introduced new taxes, refused to pay pensions, introduced laws restricting the privileges of the Church and began to
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Three battalions of the 4th Light
Infantry and two battalions of the 19th of the Line landed, and were met by some companies of the Maltese Regiment who offered token resistance before retreating to Valletta. The French forces surrounded the city, being joined by Desaix's troops who had made a
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On 10 June, Napoleon dictated an ultimatum which was written and signed by
Caruson, and it was delivered to Hompesch. The message mentioned Napoleon's disappointment at the Order's refusal to allow more French ships to enter the harbours, and it mentioned the considerable French forces and the
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after he addressed a letter to
Hompesch stating that he would not fight the French and asking to remain neutral in the conflict. Some pressured Hompesch to negotiate with Napoleon and come to terms of peace, and Maltese representatives petitioned the Grand Master to reach an armistice.
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futility of any resistance. The letter further asked
Hompesch to conclude an arrangement so as to avoid hostilities. It stated that the French were treating the Order as an enemy, but it promised to respect the religion, customs and property of the Maltese population.
943:. The Cittadella surrendered by nightfall. The French captured around 116 artillery pieces, 44 of which were in the Cittadella, 22 at Chambray and the remainder in the various coastal fortifications. Muskets and three stores of wheat were also captured.
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and bombarded it repeatedly on 11 and 12 June, and its defenders were unaware of the negotiations that were taking place at the time. The defending garrison abandoned Tigné on the night of 12–13 June, and the French took control soon afterwards.
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loot churches. Within three months, the
Maltese rose up against the occupiers, and took control of most of the islands, with British, Neapolitan and Portuguese assistance. The French garrison in Valletta and the Cottonera withstood the ensuing
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began to decline as its function of fighting the
Muslims became outdated. It came to rely on France, which was an important source of revenue, and the majority of the Order's members were French. The Order received major setbacks following the
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599:. The Order had the means to withstand a siege, but a series of circumstances, including discontent among its own French members and the native Maltese population, led to a truce which ended with the capitulation of the Order.
927:, in an attempt to cut off communication with Malta. The fort had been filled with refugees from the surrounding villages, and it capitulated at around 14.00. Meanwhile, the rest of the 95th Demi-Brigade marched through
857:, it was decided that resistance was futile and they agreed to capitulate if the people's religion, liberty and property would be respected. By about 12.00, the terms had been agreed and the city capitulated to Vaubois.
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accompanied Reynier and took part in the attack. Gozo was defended by a total of 2300 men, consisting of a company of 300 regular troops (30 of whom were mounted), a regiment of 1200 coastguardsmen and 800 militia.
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on 6 June, and Hompesch summoned a council of war and called out the militia. Maltese soldiers and militia led by members of the Order were responsible for the defence of the fortified cities in the
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The initial landings were met with some resistance from both the Order and the Maltese militia, but in less than a day the French had taken control of the entire Maltese archipelago except for the
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1018:, was initially chosen to bear a letter to the French asking for a truce. Due to Fremaux' old age, Monsieur Mélan, a member of his staff, was sent instead, and he arrived on the French flagship
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A few days after the capitulation, the Grand Master and many knights left the island, taking with them few movable possessions including some relics and icons. The Order received shelter from
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did not believe that an attack on Malta was imminent. Hompesch might have been informed of the attack on 4 June, although the authenticity of the document in question has been disputed.
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after some resistance. Following the capture of the fort, the defenders abandoned the other coastal fortifications in the bay, and the French landed the bulk of their forces unopposed.
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Within the city, there were factions who supported the French and others who opposed them. Some of the French members of the Order had Republican leanings and supported Napoleon.
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1149:. During his short stay, Napoleon dictated instructions which radically reformed the Maltese government and society, so as to bring it in line with French Republican ideals.
783:. The Maltese offered some resistance, but they were quickly forced to surrender. The French managed to capture all the fortifications commanding St. Paul's Bay and nearby
974:, praying for mercy. Two Frenchmen who were in the city were murdered on the suspicion that they were involved in the invasion. There were fears that the prisoners of the
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aided by the British, Neapolitans and Portuguese. The blockade lasted for two years, and ended with the French surrendering to the British in 1800, making Malta a
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without any casualties. The defenders' casualties consisted of a knight and a Maltese soldier being killed, and around 150 knights and Maltese being captured.
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Hompesch and members of the State Congregation received the envoys, and they agreed on a 24-hour ceasefire during which negotiations would continue on board
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Following the capture of Malta, Napoleon landed at Valletta on 13 June. He stayed on the island for six days, spending the first night at the
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The French force which landed on the island of Gozo consisted of the 3rd Company of Grenadiers and the 95th Demi-Brigade, and it was led by
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would rise in revolt. Fears of a Maltese uprising against the Order increased after two young knights were murdered in the Cottonera.
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Meanwhile, the French had made preparations for landing and occupying the Maltese Islands. On 9 June, Napoleon sent his aide-de-camp
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withstood a number of attacks and they only surrendered after the Order's capitulation had been signed. The French blockaded
606:. A few months after the invasion, discontent due to reforms that were taking place led to an uprising, which evolved into a
723:. The other settlements and coastline were to be defended by the country militia and some knights including members of the
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On the morning of 10 June, the French began landing their forces at four different locations of the Maltese Islands:
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1145:. General Vaubois remained on the island with a garrison in order to maintain control, thereby establishing the
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Following the successful landings, there was widespread commotion, confusion and discontent in Valletta and the
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more than four ships of Christian countries to enter Maltese ports at once during periods of hostilities.
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The Council eventually decided to ask for a truce. The Monsieur de Fremaux, the consul of the
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The invasion therefore ended the 268-year-long Hospitaller rule in Malta, and resulted in the
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By March 1798, the Order had received information that the French were amassing armaments in
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and the remaining fortifications were to be surrendered by 12.00 of the following day. The
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A history of Malta during the period of the French and British occupations, 1798–1815
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Meanwhile, the fortifications of the harbour area continued to resist the invasion.
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for two years, before Vaubois surrendered to the British in 1800, making Malta a
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With Valletta surrounded, Vaubois led some of the troops to the old city of
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1190:"Newly-acquired Napoleon Bonaparte letter mentions Malta as meeting point"
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and the surrounding area. A galley, two galleots and a chaloup of the
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in an attempt to prevent the landing, but their effort was futile.
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Letter dated 19 April 1798 written by Napoleon instructing General
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Reynier and part of the 95th Demi-Brigade subsequently marched to
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Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
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were to be surrendered to the French by 12.00 of 12 June. The
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The landing began at around 13.00 in the area of Redum Kebir (
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966:. The Grand Master and the Council remained assembled at the
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1584:"Chapter VII – Attack and Capture of Malta by the French"
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in northern Malta was undertaken by troops commanded by
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Engraving depicting Malta's capitulation to Napoleon
1141:, before most of the French fleet embarked for the
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6–9 June: Arrival of the French fleet and ultimatum
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16:1798 invasion, part of the Mediterranean campaign
3882:History of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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802:, which fell to the French after some resistance
556:) was the successful invasion of the islands of
743:10 June: French landings and initial resistance
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534: Napoleon in command till 23 August 1799
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3857:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
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1900:Saint Lucian Entrenchment and Redoubt
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923:which commanded Gozo's main harbour,
691:, the last Grand Master to rule Malta
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3531:Church of Saint Mary of the Germans
1590:. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
13:
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1640:from the original on 18 April 2019
1611:from the original on 18 April 2019
14:
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2798:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1158:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
695:The French fleet was sighted off
689:Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim
668:Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim
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1188:Xuereb, Charles (25 July 2020).
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1723:Mediterranean campaign of 1798
1526:Bonnici, Hermann (2004–2007).
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303:Mediterranean campaign of 1798
31:Mediterranean campaign of 1798
1:
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642:During the 18th century, the
638:and meet up with him at Malta
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554:Débarquement Français à Malte
3810:Demolished or sparse remains
3597:Colonization of the Americas
2442:Minister for Foreign Affairs
1992:Jean de Bosredon de Ransijat
1987:Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud
1945:Żabbar Batteries and Redoubt
1774:National Congress Battalions
1624:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2014).
1595:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2011).
1537:(1–4): 33–38. Archived from
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983:Jean de Bosredon de Ransijat
939:. A detachment occupied the
580:in June 1798 as part of the
550:Invażjoni Franċiża ta' Malta
7:
3787:(with year of proclamation)
3734:Great Siege of Malta (1565)
3592:Principality of Heitersheim
3283:St John (Conventual Church)
3108:Villa del Priorato di Malta
1100:four galleys of the Order.
861:Landing and capture of Gozo
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394:War of the Second Coalition
245:Jean Louis Ebénézer Reynier
10:
3898:
3867:French occupation of Malta
3472:Palace of the Grand Master
1779:Battle of the Malta Convoy
1692:French occupation of Malta
1560:A Concise History of Malta
1147:French occupation of Malta
1114:Siege of Malta (1798–1800)
1110:French occupation of Malta
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1081:fortifications of Valletta
1051:The agreement stated that
610:of the French garrison by
604:French occupation of Malta
120:French occupation of Malta
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1582:Hardman, William (1909).
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1865:Capuchin Convent Battery
1749:Commission of Government
1728:French invasion of Malta
935:in the island's capital
653:system of fortifications
542:French invasion of Malta
55:10–12 June 1798 (2 days)
24:French invasion of Malta
3729:Siege of Tripoli (1551)
3724:Invasion of Gozo (1551)
1784:Action of 31 March 1800
1567:: Mireva Publications.
1557:Cassar, Carmel (2000).
1065:fortifications of Birgu
3821:Catholicism portal
3689:Battle of Arsuf (1191)
3200:Santa Margherita Lines
2941:Malteser International
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257:Ferdinand von Hompesch
177:Commanders and leaders
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3250:Grand Master's Palace
3005:Flag and coat of arms
2826:, founded in 1099 in
2262:Rising of the Priests
1905:Saint Peter's Battery
1630:ARX Occasional Papers
1601:ARX Occasional Papers
1137:and later staying at
1121:
954:
904:) in the vicinity of
868:
806:A force commanded by
798:
791:Landing at Marsaxlokk
686:
629:
574:French First Republic
3754:Loss of Malta (1798)
3694:Siege of Acre (1291)
3362:Castille et Portugal
3357:Auvergne et Provence
2840:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2708:World Heritage Sites
2291:British Protectorate
1925:Ta' Għemmuna Battery
528: current battle
3872:Invasions by France
3798:World Heritage Site
3784:extraterritoriality
3557:Krak des Chevaliers
3298:Our Lady of Victory
2993:Society and culture
2181:Carthaginian Empire
1997:Sylvain de Bosredon
1880:Jesuit Hill Battery
1870:Corradino Batteries
1789:La Nazione Gozitana
1544:on 15 November 2015
910:Ramla Right Battery
883:Jean Urbain Fugière
165:Knights Hospitaller
86: /
3852:Invasions of Malta
3288:Our Lady of Liesse
2542:Telecommunications
2218:Byzantine invasion
2171:Megalithic Temples
2099:Malta Protectorate
1413:, pp. 188–191
1218:, pp. 138–139
1131:
1046:Helvetic Republics
960:
875:
838:sailed out of the
804:
732:Jean-Andoche Junot
693:
640:
612:Maltese insurgents
578:Napoleon Bonaparte
201:Jean-Andoche Junot
190:Napoleon Bonaparte
3862:Conflicts in 1798
3829:
3828:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3703:Sieges of Rhodes
3501:Saint John d'Acre
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3293:Our Lady of Pilar
2982:Ships of the line
2896:Foreign relations
2864:Sovereign Council
2824:international law
2820:sovereign subject
2816:order of chivalry
2756:
2755:
2716:
2715:
2560:
2559:
2499:
2498:
2469:Political parties
2432:Foreign relations
2392:
2391:
2301:Language Question
2269:French occupation
2225:Kingdom of Sicily
2213:Aghlabid invasion
2112:
2111:
2087:
2086:
2074:Thomas Troubridge
1958:
1957:
1935:Tas-Samra Battery
1915:San Rocco Redoubt
1910:San Rocco Battery
1713:French Revolution
1597:"Fort Tigné 1792"
1574:978-1-870579-52-0
1399:Bonnici 2004–2007
1143:campaign in Egypt
1016:Batavian Republic
649:French Revolution
644:Order of St. John
634:to set sail from
570:Order of St. John
386:
385:
268:
267:
169:Order of St. John
125:
124:
3889:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3780:
3779:
3614:
3613:
3572:
3555:
3554:
3541:
3516:Belvoir Fortress
3432:
3413:
3399:
3377:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3265:San Anton Palace
3178:
3177:
3164:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3086:
3070:
3069:
2973:
2963:
2954:
2939:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2736:
2729:
2688:National symbols
2571:
2570:
2510:
2509:
2403:
2402:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2284:Independent Gozo
2252:Invasion of Gozo
2247:Hospitaller rule
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2033:Dun Mikiel Xerri
2018:Emmanuele Vitale
1967:
1966:
1950:Żejtun Batteries
1940:Windmill Redoubt
1930:Tal-Borg Battery
1920:Sliema Batteries
1875:Għargħar Battery
1826:Porte des Bombes
1816:Saluting Battery
1802:
1801:
1755:Journal de Malte
1700:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1591:
1578:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1202:on 28 July 2020.
1198:. Archived from
1185:
1154:Paul I of Russia
941:Marsalforn Tower
891:
533:
527:
520:
514:
509:
504:
497:
492:
487:
480:
475:
470:
463:
458:
453:
446:
441:
434:
429:
422:
421:
415:
408:
306:
304:
294:
287:
280:
271:
270:
264:
255:
254:
253:
243:
242:
232:
231:
221:
220:
210:
209:
199:
198:
188:
187:
186:
157:
156:
155:
147:
143:
141:
140:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3813:
3790:
3774:
3758:
3670:
3608:
3601:
3575:
3549:
3487:
3445:
3380:
3317:
3269:
3236:
3205:Cottonera Lines
3172:
3158:Fort St Michael
3140:
3121:
3113:
3100:
3081:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3034:
2988:
2968:(Historically:
2922:
2869:Chapter General
2842:
2833:
2831:
2806:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2757:
2752:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2698:Public holidays
2617:
2556:
2495:
2388:
2336:
2327:
2240:Hafsid invasion
2235:Battle of Malta
2230:Norman invasion
2152:
2143:
2113:
2108:
2104:Treaty of Paris
2083:
2042:
2006:
1963:Notable figures
1954:
1857:
1851:
1832:Cottonera Lines
1793:
1760:
1732:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1614:
1612:
1575:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1528:"Fort Ricasoli"
1521:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1139:Palazzo Parisio
1135:Banca Giuratale
1123:Palazzo Parisio
1116:
1108:Main articles:
1106:
1089:Fort Saint Elmo
1077:Cottonera Lines
1061:Fort St. Angelo
1048:was also made.
1012:
987:Fort St. Angelo
949:
885:
863:
855:Bishop's Palace
824:
793:
775:The landing in
773:
745:
681:
676:
624:
538:
537:
536:
535:
531:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
447:
444:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
423:
419:
416:
409:
401:
399:Egypt and Syria
397:
389:
388:
387:
382:
307:
302:
300:
298:
251:
249:
237:
236:
226:
225:
215:
214:
204:
203:
193:
192:
184:
182:
153:
151:
138:
136:
115:
94:
92:
90:35.90°N 14.45°E
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3804:
3788:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3559:
3547:
3542:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3474:
3469:
3467:Fortifications
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:Verdala Palace
3257:
3255:Vilhena Palace
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Floriana Lines
3192:
3187:
3170:
3165:
3151:
3148:Fort St Angelo
3133:
3131:
3129:Fortifications
3122:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2956:Military Corps
2948:
2943:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:United Nations
2913:
2911:European Union
2908:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2874:Grand Priories
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Stock exchange
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2491:Chief of Staff
2488:
2487:
2486:
2479:Prime Minister
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Local councils
2456:
2451:
2449:Heads of state
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Fortifications
2361:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2323:State of Malta
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2296:British Colony
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2203:Byzantine rule
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2186:Roman Republic
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Alexander Ball
2056:
2054:Horatio Nelson
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2038:Saverio Cassar
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1822:Floriana Lines
1819:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1798:Fortifications
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1766:Siege of Malta
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1621:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1554:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1338:
1321:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1205:
1195:Times of Malta
1179:
1177:
1174:
1105:
1102:
1085:Floriana Lines
1025:imprisonment.
1011:
1008:
976:Slaves' Prison
948:
945:
908:, between the
862:
859:
826:Forces led by
823:
820:
792:
789:
777:St. Paul's Bay
772:
769:
749:St. Paul's Bay
744:
741:
680:
677:
675:
672:
623:
620:
593:well-fortified
530:
524:
523:
516:
511:
506:
499:
494:
489:
482:
477:
472:
465:
460:
455:
448:
443:
436:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
402:
392:
391:
390:
384:
383:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
364:
363:
358:
351:Ionian Islands
348:
343:
338:
336:18 August 1798
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
297:
296:
289:
282:
274:
266:
265:
247:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
171:
148:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
109:French victory
107:
103:
102:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:1798 in Malta
3840:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:Other regions
3578:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Chastel Rouge
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:Bodrum Castle
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Fort Chambray
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Fort Ricasoli
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:Palazzo Malta
3085:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3030:Postal system
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Maltese cross
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2957:
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2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Maltese cross
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
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2609:
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2601:
2599:
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2401:
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2324:
2321:
2317:
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2307:
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2299:
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2280:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
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2241:
2238:
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2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2079:George Martin
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Thomas Graham
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Vincenzo Borg
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Marsa Battery
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:& British
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Fort Ricasoli
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:"Fort Manoel"
1622:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1512:, p. 144
1511:
1506:
1500:, p. 142
1499:
1494:
1488:, p. 141
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:Fort Ricasoli
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Fort Ricasoli
991:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
957:
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Fort Chambray
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
889:
884:
880:
872:
867:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
841:
840:Grand Harbour
837:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
801:
797:
788:
786:
782:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
740:
736:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Grand Harbour
698:
690:
685:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
637:
636:Civitavecchia
633:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
519:
503:
486:
469:
452:
440:
414:
407:
400:
395:
379:
378:31 March 1800
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
275:
272:
263:
258:
248:
246:
241:
235:
230:
224:
219:
213:
208:
202:
197:
191:
181:
180:
175:
170:
166:
163:
162:
161:
160:
149:
146:
134:
133:
128:
121:
118:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
99:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
3807:
3782:
3753:
3570:
3539:
3476:
3430:
3411:
3397:
3375:
3341:
3308:St Catherine
3229:
3184:Fort St Elmo
3162:
3092:
3054:commanderies
2967:
2886:Associations
2882:Commanderies
2854:Grand Master
2847:Organisation
2646:Coat of arms
2631:Architecture
2578:Demographics
2547:Trade unions
2517:Central Bank
2422:Constitution
2410:Armed Forces
2311:World War II
2273:
2198:Roman Empire
2002:Louis Masson
1753:
1727:
1642:. Retrieved
1633:
1629:
1613:. Retrieved
1604:
1600:
1587:
1559:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1519:Bibliography
1505:
1493:
1481:
1476:, p. 64
1474:Hardman 1909
1461:, p. 62
1459:Hardman 1909
1454:
1449:, p. 61
1447:Hardman 1909
1442:
1437:, p. 60
1435:Hardman 1909
1430:
1425:, p. 59
1423:Hardman 1909
1418:
1411:Spiteri 2014
1406:
1401:, p. 35
1394:
1389:, p. 57
1387:Hardman 1909
1382:
1377:, p. 58
1375:Hardman 1909
1370:
1365:, p. 54
1363:Hardman 1909
1358:
1353:, p. 47
1351:Hardman 1909
1336:, p. 52
1334:Hardman 1909
1319:, p. 68
1317:Spiteri 2011
1304:, p. 51
1302:Hardman 1909
1287:, p. 50
1285:Hardman 1909
1280:
1275:, p. 48
1273:Hardman 1909
1260:, p. 46
1258:Hardman 1909
1245:, p. 45
1243:Hardman 1909
1230:, p. 44
1228:Hardman 1909
1223:
1200:the original
1193:
1183:
1170:protectorate
1162:
1151:
1132:
1097:Order's navy
1050:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1013:
992:
980:
961:
918:
902:Rdum il-Kbir
895:
879:Jean Reynier
876:
848:
844:
836:Order's navy
832:St. Julian's
825:
808:Louis Desaix
805:
774:
753:St. Julian's
746:
737:
729:
725:Order's navy
694:
687:Painting of
657:
641:
632:Louis Desaix
616:protectorate
601:
590:
541:
539:
373:Malta Convoy
368:18 June 1799
326:15 July 1798
321:27 June 1798
315:
212:Louis Desaix
150:
130:Belligerents
95:35.90; 14.45
29:Part of the
3567:Mount Tabor
3313:St Lawrence
3215:Fort Manoel
2928:Auxiliaries
2598:Immigration
2454:LGBT rights
2257:Great Siege
2208:Arab Period
2176:Phoenicians
2069:Henry Pigot
1837:Fort Manoel
1510:Cassar 2000
1498:Cassar 2000
1486:Cassar 2000
1216:Cassar 2000
1053:Fort Manoel
999:Fort Manoel
886: [
114:Territorial
93: /
3836:Categories
3347:Angleterre
3303:St Barbara
3225:Fort Tigné
3190:Cittadella
2878:Bailiwicks
2859:Governance
2693:Philosophy
2678:Literature
2593:Healthcare
2588:Emigration
2464:Parliament
2379:Localities
1847:Fort Tigné
1737:Occupation
1706:Background
1548:10 October
1176:References
1057:Fort Tigné
1003:Fort Tigné
972:Saint Paul
956:Fort Tigné
933:Cittadella
914:Sopu Tower
871:Sopu Tower
830:landed at
816:Fort Rohan
812:Marsaxlokk
810:landed at
800:Fort Rohan
757:Marsaxlokk
622:Background
552:, French:
491:Alexandria
3545:Gibelacar
3511:Abu Ghosh
3493:Holy Land
3394:Allemagne
3338:Allemagne
3044:including
3020:Passports
2965:Air Force
2828:Jerusalem
2603:Languages
2583:Education
2552:Transport
2474:President
2427:Elections
2415:Commander
2342:Geography
2092:Aftermath
1104:Aftermath
1034:Cisalpine
964:Cottonera
761:Ramla Bay
572:, by the
356:Nicopolis
346:2nd Malta
316:1st Malta
3618:Crusades
3607:Military
3478:Anatolia
3441:Provence
3422:Castille
3408:Auvergne
3386:Valletta
3322:Auberges
3275:Churches
3180:Valletta
3097:) (1869)
3059:premises
3025:Currency
2813:Catholic
2743:Category
2673:Folklore
2636:Carnival
2613:Religion
2537:Taxation
2522:Currency
2398:Politics
2279:Blockade
2274:Invasion
2191:Invasion
2166:Timeline
2150:articles
1977:Napoleon
1812:Valletta
1638:Archived
1609:Archived
1166:blockade
1127:Valletta
1075:and the
1042:Ligurian
1030:L'Orient
1021:L'Orient
912:and the
785:Mellieħa
721:Cospicua
709:Floriana
705:Valletta
674:Invasion
664:Portugal
608:blockade
597:Valletta
428:500miles
60:Location
3781:Extant
3676:Battles
3609:history
3587:Tripoli
3536:Coliath
3417:Bavière
3242:Palaces
3154:Senglea
3150:(2001))
3094:capital
3065:battles
3040:History
2891:Langues
2800:topics
2727:Outline
2656:Cuisine
2623:Culture
2566:Society
2505:Economy
2374:Islands
2369:Geology
2359:Climate
2158:History
2047:British
2011:Maltese
1856:Maltese
1744:Reforms
1069:Senglea
931:to the
898:Maltese
717:Senglea
584:of the
576:led by
568:by the
564:, then
546:Maltese
341:Menorca
116:changes
81:14°27′E
78:35°54′N
3802:UNESCO
3562:Margat
3459:Rhodes
3436:Italie
3427:France
3403:Aragon
3372:Italie
3367:France
3352:Aragon
3231:others
3110:(1869)
3010:Anthem
2837:
2795:
2748:Portal
2641:Cinema
2608:People
2527:Energy
2306:Exiles
2148:
1970:French
1805:French
1644:4 June
1615:4 June
1571:
1083:, the
1071:, the
1063:, the
968:Palace
929:Xagħra
703:area:
660:Toulon
532:
526:
259:
145:France
142:
106:Result
3330:Birgu
3168:Mdina
3137:Birgu
3119:Malta
3049:sites
3046:major
2734:Index
2703:Sport
2683:Music
2354:Caves
2146:Malta
1890:Mdina
1565:Msida
1542:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1038:Roman
937:Rabat
925:Mġarr
906:Nadur
890:]
851:Mdina
713:Birgu
566:ruled
558:Malta
508:Malta
474:Cairo
457:Jaffa
426:800km
361:Corfu
159:Malta
65:Malta
3717:1522
3712:1480
3707:1444
3506:Arqa
3074:Rome
3063:and
2975:Navy
2818:and
2668:Flag
2661:Wine
2484:List
2384:Maps
1646:2020
1617:2020
1569:ISBN
1550:2015
1112:and
1067:and
1044:and
997:and
869:The
765:Gozo
755:and
719:and
697:Gozo
562:Gozo
560:and
540:The
331:Nile
69:Gozo
67:and
52:Date
3666:9th
3661:8th
3656:7th
3651:6th
3646:5th
3641:4th
3636:3rd
3631:2nd
3626:1st
2822:of
1125:in
763:on
3838::
3800:,
3481::
2958::
2884:,
2880:,
2876:,
2830:,
1636:.
1632:.
1628:.
1607:.
1603:.
1599:.
1586:.
1563:.
1533:.
1466:^
1341:^
1324:^
1309:^
1292:^
1265:^
1250:^
1235:^
1208:^
1192:.
1091:,
1087:,
1059:,
1055:,
1040:,
1036:,
900::
888:fr
881:.
767:.
751:,
727:.
715:,
711:,
707:,
588:.
548::
167:/
3186:)
3182:(
3160:)
3156:(
3139:(
3091:(
3061:,
3056:,
3051:,
3042:,
2977:)
2782:e
2775:t
2768:v
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
1828:)
1824:(
1818:)
1814:(
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
1648:.
1634:4
1619:.
1605:1
1577:.
1552:.
544:(
513:1
496:2
479:3
462:4
445:5
433:6
396::
293:e
286:t
279:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
