257:
40:
1015:. He became the PFNC spokesman, reporting that the party had no intention of fusing with other collaborationist bodies so as to form a one-party state. As Labat explained, the PFNC had "suffered to maintain its doctrine", and expected to eventually emerge as France's legitimate single-party. Such ambitions were contrasted by outside verdicts: already in November 1941, frustrated German authorities reported that the PFNC and the similarly endowed
902:
gives the PFNC membership as 800, well below the PPF's 22,000. As
Leclercq notes, most members were recruited from the French working class. Clémenti boasted that the reborn PFNC had 32,000 members—though, as noted by historian David Littlejohn, "this was almost certainly a gross overestimate." Despite arguing that Germany and France were now equal allies within "Socialist Europe" and the
958:, which was created by Vichy to fight the "internal war" against anti-fascists. The party was nevertheless riddled with "internecine quarrels drove most of its supporters away." Hersant was actively pursuing a takeover of the PFNC; this attempt created tensions and violence, and caused Clémenti to view German occupation with less enthusiasm than before.
1145:: "Immediately after the collapse of the Axis powers, Fascist militants saw a united Europe as the justification for their previous positions and as the horizon of expectation that could legitimize their continued political struggle. In particular, pro-Russian leanings allowed them to claim that their plans for Europe could be a solution to the
541:. According to scholar Miklós Horváth, the PFNC "was a near-perfect 'anti-party', in that it was almost entirely defined by its opposition to other persons or ideologies"; it was antisemitic, anti-Masonic, anti-capitalist, and anti-communist. The PFNC platform included what Clémenti called a "heroic concept of social life", with references to
885:
Guards attacked youth hostels and Jewish-owned businesses along the Champs-Élysées, forcing the
Germans to intervene as peacekeepers. By January 1941, German authorities had recognized the PNFC as one of five officially collaborationist parties, with a right to organize in occupied territory and with duties in persuading the regime of
849:. His party was restored later in the summer of 1940, with the same acronym—which now stood for "French National-Collectivist Party". The name-change was done at the behest of Clémenti's German overseers, but only made legal on September 10, 1940, when the PFNC inaugurated its new headquarters at Rue de l'Arcade, 20, in the
1021:
had become "phantom parties". The name of French Guards was casually taken over by its PPF rivals, and applied to Doriot's own street fighters' units. According to
Littlejohn, this appropriation took place in September 1942, and suggested that the PFNC had wholly disintegrated by that moment in time.
901:
Despite a more favorable political climate, the party remained an exceedingly minor force in French wartime politics and society. Horváth suggests that Clémenti could only gather at most 2,000 affiliates, even though, in chronological terms, his was "the first incarnation of French fascism". Neulen
884:
The usage of armbands with the "inverted arrow-cross" was nominally covered by a ban on political insignia, but PFNC members struggled to prove that they qualified as an exception. This interval witnessed the first tensions between party cadres and the occupation authorities: in August, the French
951:
noted the similarity between Clémenti and his enemy Doriot, in that they both had "the originality of leaving chiefdom in their own movement and sign up for the Legion". Academic J. G. Shields also draws this parallel, suggesting that most other collaborators "contented themselves with 'defending
735:
The PFNC was again registered in June 1937, when Clémenti went on record with the claim that it was neither fascist nor anti-fascist. He argued that anti-fascism meant either an ill-advised attack on the
Italian government, thus setting France on a collision course with a "friendly nation"; or an
693:
president. The entire movement fell apart once Clémenti seduced Coston's estranged wife, meaning that the
National Communists were again an independent group. In this early period, the reestablished party could only field the minimum number required for registration, leading the group to dissolve
961:
The party's advocacy for a
Greater France was also frustrated by Germany and Vichy. Clémenti asked that the Germans allow rattachism to happen, suggesting that this grant would seal a lasting Franco–German alliance. He remains the only French collaborator to state a specific territorial claim on
856:
Clémenti informed the international press that his group stood for "the purification of the French race, the fight against Jewry and
Freemasonry." The National-Collectivists also opened new affiliate bodies. A "Special Guard", with its own uniforms and rallying cries, was created from the party
804:
described the PFNC as "outrageously fascist". The presiding judge invoked the memory of Jews "who died for France" in World War I, noting that Clémenti had sullied it. The punishment meted, however, was minimal, as Clémenti had "promised not to start over". In the wake of sentencing, the PFNC
857:
elite. In late August 1940, the French Guards, styled "group of anti-Jewish action of the French
National-Collectivist Party", announced that they were also creating female youth chapters. The Guards were led by Charles Lefebvre; by then, the party had also annexed
1075:
in 1944, Clémenti withdrew with other collaborators to safety in
Germany; he was then able to obtain asylum in Switzerland, where he continued to publish essays explaining his beliefs. Also hunted by the Resistance, Labat escaped to Spain. In December 1944,
705:
government, which it identified as a "Jewish" cartel. Peak agitation in support of rattachism was reached by the party in
October 1936, with Clémenti openly calling for a military attack on Belgium. His article, published in support of the Walloon fascist
661:
893:
reopened in February 1941, and remained in print to August 1944. It and the PFNC were joined by a new cadre, Jacques Dursort, who in April 1941 began publishing articles targeting French Jews, and openly discussing their
4218:
4178:
4245:
4104:
4850:
805:
submitted an open letter to the press, correcting the record by noting that Clémenti had been cleared of charges relating to Nazi propaganda. This text argued that the party's antisemitism was not the same as
649:, 28. It "distinguished itself with violent attacks on both the Muscovite ideal and the grand capitalist oligarchies." The party logo showed four converging arrowheads over a diamond and a circle, with the
363:. Temporarily re-absorbed by that party in 1934, it reemerged following Coston's personal row with Clémenti. Its activity was interrupted in 1936, though it returned to incite industrial workers against the
4399:
4655:
906:, Clémenti paid his homages to the subordinate government of Vichy; he himself declared war on the United Kingdom "in a private capacity". In mid 1941, he was a founding member and leading activist of the
4213:
1025:
Eventually, Labat also left to fight on the Eastern Front. Various sources indicate that local cells of the party were still active to 1944. By December 1942, "Pierre T." of the PFNC and formerly of the
1247:
4228:
4678:
4375:
4325:
918:(RNP). In its communique of July 8, 1941, the PFNC welcomed the creation of the LVF and offered to party squads, "eventually including the French Women", to fight for Vichy in places such as
5446:
933:, where it endured a steady decline. National-Collectivist paramilitaries continued to be active in Paris. RNP and PFNC squads were patrolling the streets in August 1941, shortly after the
846:
313:
4359:
877:
was in fact the name adopted by an alliance between the PFNC and "several movements with similar tendencies". By 1941, the PFNC as a whole had a female section, called "French Women" (
482:
had already been attested by that moment: in 1932, Clémenti sat on the leadership board of the National League of French Youth, established by Jean Conart. In August 1933, he assisted
685:, though even these observers "saw little future for influence". Dunan recounts that Clémenti was a frequent guest as Nazi Party rallies, and had befriended its chief propagandist,
781:, 87 were ultimately raided by police. This followed the passage of laws against racial hatred and foreign propaganda. A simultaneous raid descended upon the antisemitic magazine
4311:
910:(LVF), which became the main focus of his activity as a collaborator. His party was one of the five movements represented on the LVF steering committee, submitting to control by
5052:
584:
highlighted anti-communism as the leading component of all "French fascist" ideology, viewing all federated groups as united by an invisible thread and a shared belief in the "
3853:
3450:
1967:
3031:
1650:
Giles Morin, "Paroles de «défaitistes»: communistes, pacifistes et protestataires durant la «drôle de guerre»", in Sylvie Le Clec’h, Christian Oppetit, Serge Wolikow (eds.),
4339:
761:
and its revelations about Nazi ambitions, Clémenti was placed under surveillance. He thus entered a police file on "defeatist" campaigners, also featuring Nazi apologists (
5300:
837:
of September 1939, he was imprisoned for another three months, but ultimately managed to persuade government that he was still loyal, and fought with distinction in the
617:
4901:
4688:
4879:
4304:
4318:
746:, he was interrogated by police. Clémenti stated his sympathy for the group, while criticizing its methods; he also argued that the attacks were in fact staged by a
4746:
1191:
442:
4332:
4855:
4713:
4353:
2910:
941:. This was a literal enforcement of his 1939 fine, unusual since, at the time, Daladier had been captured by Vichy and was facing charges for treason in the "
4368:
3828:
5003:
505:
2413:
1044:—although, for technical reasons, it was noticeably late in doing so. Historian Etienne Dejonghe additionally informs that the first ever PFNC cells in
4629:
4290:
621:
952:
Western civilisation' by being part of the LVF's organisational apparatus in Paris". By 1943, both the PFNC and the RNP were supplying cadres for the
5532:
5522:
4297:
4283:
4161:
4146:
3672:
382:
199:
783:
3838:
3471:
1791:
1017:
993:
754:
employees. During the far-right rally of February 1938, the PFNC deposed a wreath commemorating its "precursors, the martyrs of February 6, 1934".
401:
1969:
La France dans la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Synthèse zone occupée - décembre 1940 (DSA). Étude sur les rapports des préfets pour le mois de é 1940
1056:. Its presence there was largely symbolic, and finally curbed by the Germans after a brawl between the party's Guards and a number of students at
565:
could be tackled once "the worker and the owner against their common enemy: the capitalist." He viewed this project as capable of uprooting both
4660:
3843:
5587:
5512:
5022:
4014:
907:
561:. In his notes on the subject, Clémenti suggested that a "state protective of man's labor" was his social and economic ideal, arguing that the
405:
5109:
945:". From August or September, Clémenti was entirely absent from France, fighting alongside the LVF on the Eastern Front. A commentator for the
5256:
4262:
3647:
1077:
863:
422:
115:
1208:
by a new generation of national communists and pan-European nationalists, including Clémenti's godson Pierre Vial, formerly affiliated with
3622:
2334:
4223:
3999:
426:, but thereafter was exposed to power struggles between Hersant and other party militants, involving the German authorities as arbiters.
794:
In August, Clémenti was found guilty of distributing anti-Jewish tracts, which he claimed were in fact authored by the staff writers of
3617:
2560:
937:
had tried but failed to assassinate Déat. Clémenti was still present in the occupied zone and, in March 1942, was briefly detained in
5517:
5280:
3677:
1178:. Seven years later, a scandal ensued after Dursort's wartime activities were exposed to public scrutiny while he was serving on the
388:
Although minor, the PFNC had a combative stance on the pluralist scene of French fascism and collaboration. Strongly opposed to the
3994:
2569:
2445:
721:
352:
161:
5428:
5133:
4788:
4650:
3752:
3657:
3091:
1012:
529:, and, like these, only existed because of the February crisis. "Numerically insignificant", Clémenti's organization was seen by
5507:
4860:
4784:
4195:
3589:
1186:, had forced him to resign by 1961. Later in the 1960s, Clémenti reemerged as a figure on the French far-right, also taking up
1171:
1072:
1027:
4819:
4756:
5067:
4916:
4911:
4061:
2920:
2533:
2480:
2342:
385:. The PFNC was allowed to recruit and organize, but had to drop all references to national communism, including in its name.
1909:"Scandale Ă l'HĂ´tel de Ville de Paris. Le Conseiller municipal Jacques Dursort excitait aux pogromes sous l'occupation", in
653:. Originally, it viewed itself as a youth organization, participating in the "Estates General of Youth" clubs alongside the
5547:
5336:
5094:
4906:
4173:
1201:
2158:
Etienne Dejonghe, "Aspects du régime d'occupation dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais durant la seconde guerre mondiale", in
272:
4250:
867:, which maintained a separate existence within the "anti-Jewish and anti-Masonic movement". According to one account in
5527:
3116:
2915:
919:
4004:
2980:
2359:, Jean Hardy, "Nos chefs d'industrie devant la réforme économique (Enquête.) Réponses de MM. Warnier et Clémenti", in
5582:
5567:
5542:
5537:
4764:
4404:
4156:
4151:
4109:
4099:
4009:
3785:
2515:
2501:
2453:
2421:
2403:
2381:
1663:
1551:
5269:
4958:
2718:
1620:"Au 6me jour de l'enquête. M. Pierre Clémenti , président du Parti français national communiste, est interrogé", in
1162:, but was pardoned and allowed to return in the 1950s. Noting that he was on probation by 1953, the Communist paper
441:, Clémenti evaded capture for several years, and was eventually pardoned. He attempted to infuse his ideas into the
4634:
4586:
4454:
3662:
2985:
1317:
1141:. Researchers Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg conclude that Clémenti fitted well with the Europeanist trend of
1038:, where he ran a deceptive recruitment drive. Also then, the PFNC Calvados branch announced its affiliation to the
989:
634:
also included arms traffickers, as the PFNC had reportedly tried to arm itself with automatic rifles purchased in
5572:
5275:
4561:
3667:
2960:
1695:
1230:
800:
533:
as copying the Nazis. Historian Hans Werner Neulen argues that, "despite its name", the new group was modeled on
4048:
2772:
317:
50:
4432:
4427:
4127:
3642:
2553:
1351:
René Dunan, "Les menées nazies en France. Clémenti, propagandiste de l'antisémitisme hitlérien est arrêté", in
1031:
5592:
4616:
4094:
4071:
3742:
2712:
1068:
806:
593:
2433:
Laurent Joly, "Fascisme et antisémitisme dans la France des années 1930: une irrésistible convergence?", in
5552:
4703:
4581:
3627:
3612:
3372:
3096:
3086:
2925:
2631:
1655:
1622:
1159:
717:
438:
409:
148:
5290:
2442:
Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2270:
Jacques Marette, "L'U.N.R. et l'élection législative partielle du 9e arrondissement (4–11 juin 1961)", in
592:, which took "one of the most violent" forms. The final point in the PFNC platform was a promise to expel
256:
5557:
4576:
4566:
4240:
3873:
3056:
1102:
1098:
850:
762:
701:
Some evidence suggest that during late 1936 and early 1937 the PFNC remained active in opposition to the
689:. In July–August 1934, the PFNC was effectively absorbed by Coston's movement; Clémenti took over as the
5295:
4965:
4670:
3177:
2356:
2011:
1490:
1126:
1067:, the PFNC and LVF were formally charged as "anti-national groups", and had their offices raided by the
947:
5251:
5089:
4799:
3989:
3582:
2905:
2460:
1183:
1087:
777:
still had no detailed file on the PFNC leader in 1939. In June of that year, the party headquarters on
576:
Dunan made mention of the "totalitarian methods" proposed by Clémenti, viewing them as a derivative of
5047:
778:
4624:
4484:
3790:
3780:
3066:
3046:
2940:
2725:
2608:
2546:
1205:
923:
842:
519:
4804:
3888:
2752:
1997:
Leclercq, p. 27; Neulen, p. 403. See also Camus & Lebourg, pp. 64, 65; Shields, pp. 36, 139, 159
445:, which he briefly led in the late 1960s. The ideological legacy was also embraced by the newspaper
4708:
4693:
4508:
3700:
2817:
2588:
2373:
1045:
826:
333:
187:
5114:
1093:
Clémenti's European nationalism was revised to include talk of an anti-communist alliance between
5562:
5382:
5196:
4865:
3883:
3863:
3632:
3297:
1086:. Dursort escaped scrutiny and passed himself off as a Resistance veteran, being enlisted by the
975:
895:
774:
4184:
3430:
2930:
736:
attack on "generic ideas", which Clémenti identified as shared by both Italian fascists and the
5414:
5285:
4931:
4769:
4605:
4066:
3722:
3555:
3541:
3106:
2707:
2326:
1167:
1122:
1057:
915:
737:
702:
669:. The PFNC organization eventually formed a youth paramilitary force known as "French Guards" (
475:
463:
393:
364:
3262:
2945:
1082:
573:. He announced that his mission was to "regenerate the better elements of the working class."
5577:
5486:
5262:
5016:
3923:
3737:
3575:
3126:
2955:
2636:
2458:
Catherine Lanneau, "Démarches wallonnes en temps de guerre. Deux France très courtisées", in
2361:
1216:
1035:
309:
2970:
809:, but a set of original "methods for the defense of the nation, the family, and the race."
732:(PPF). Clémenti described Doriot as an agent of the Jews and a covert, unrepentant Marxist.
724:, inciting workers to rebel against it. However, the PFNC also had a consuming rivalry with
681:
Scholar Dietrich Orlow notes that the PFNC was viewed as a potential ally by some agents of
470:, although some sources see its foundation date as April 7, 1934. Its creator was the young
373:, and briefly jailed in early 1939 for spreading racial hatred. Again imprisoned during the
39:
5421:
5246:
5104:
4941:
4774:
4683:
4234:
4042:
3747:
3362:
2895:
2667:
1519:
1040:
729:
605:
554:
467:
389:
222:
178:
5140:
3202:
2009:
M.-G. Gélis, "Lettre de Vichy. Où en est la milice française garde civique du régime", in
1652:
Archives et communisme(s): l'avant-guerre (1919–1943): Nouveaux outils, nouvelles archives
8:
5201:
5191:
4814:
4474:
4414:
4076:
4055:
3531:
3367:
3347:
3272:
3076:
2965:
2950:
2842:
2802:
2701:
2687:
2673:
1540:
The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe. German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939
1523:, June 27, 1934, p. 5; "Les États généraux de la jeunesse et la Jeunesse communiste", in
1175:
1110:
1064:
967:
655:
646:
589:
570:
492:
434:
329:
277:
170:
5305:
3694:
3157:
3011:
2625:
2132:
Françoise Passera, "Les travailleurs volontaires. L'exemple du Calvados, 1940–1945", in
1723:
984:
974:
disavowed Walloon separatism, which had also been subject to attacks by Rexists such as
822:
5186:
5077:
4926:
4824:
4571:
4489:
4446:
3973:
3759:
3504:
3464:
3041:
2593:
2410:
Les séparatistes wallons et le gouvernement de Vichy (1940–1943). Une histoire d'Omerta
1543:
1118:
818:
612:("Greater France"). Beginning in 1934, he had direct contacts in the right-wing of the
597:
546:
479:
321:
267:
211:
206:
182:
153:
5166:
5156:
3938:
3868:
3795:
3337:
3302:
3237:
3036:
2852:
2797:
2603:
1239:
1204:
sparked an exodus among REL members. The PFNC tenets were again revived following the
996:
clamped down on the rattachist Walloons after observing their contacts with the PFNC.
971:
5451:
5375:
5361:
5206:
4936:
4829:
4698:
3903:
3898:
3476:
3342:
3322:
3277:
3187:
2762:
2747:
2598:
2529:
2511:
2497:
2476:
2449:
2426:
Miklós Horváth, "Les grands personnages des partis collaborationnistes de Paris", in
2417:
2399:
2377:
2338:
2173:
1855:
1741:
1659:
1547:
1472:"La croisade anti-communiste. Un appel du Parti français national collectiviste", in
1154:
934:
720:. The party was especially critical of the pro-government trade union federation, or
712:
5221:
3764:
3485:
3232:
2995:
2990:
2807:
2742:
1739:"Pierre Clementi a failli coucher à Fresnes pour avoir menacé Daladier en 1939", in
416:. This activity consumed Clémenti, leaving his party in disarray. The PFNC absorbed
5407:
5368:
4987:
4556:
4190:
3928:
3893:
3717:
3498:
3377:
3227:
3222:
3051:
2832:
2822:
1676:
1637:
1607:
1187:
1179:
838:
758:
686:
613:
562:
378:
4731:
3833:
3800:
3312:
1525:
1134:
707:
5119:
5072:
5062:
5057:
4779:
4531:
4494:
4479:
4346:
4167:
4116:
3823:
3706:
3652:
3418:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3192:
3182:
3162:
3121:
3101:
3061:
2975:
2837:
2642:
2583:
2395:
1138:
588:". Contrarily, researcher Jacques Leclercq sees the PFNC as distinguished by its
538:
293:
3958:
3387:
3307:
1053:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5343:
5310:
5211:
4921:
4459:
4422:
4276:
3968:
3727:
3712:
3526:
3332:
3242:
3172:
3147:
3071:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2812:
2782:
2538:
2472:
1221:
1190:. He managed to obtain absolute control over a far-right populist group called
1114:
938:
858:
770:
725:
716:
on French territory), was described by French authorities as a tense moment in
650:
558:
542:
417:
367:
government. Clémenti was the subject of interrogations during the clampdown on
243:
166:
5226:
4794:
3878:
3510:
2792:
2787:
911:
766:
5501:
5389:
5216:
4809:
4469:
4032:
3963:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3918:
3848:
3457:
3282:
3207:
2900:
2872:
2767:
1811:
1094:
1049:
869:
517:
had it that the PFNC was one of the vehicles for "French fascism", alongside
3111:
1109:
stance, claiming that Russia would learn to shed Marxism in exchange for a "
821:, as France began preparing for war, Clémenti issued public threats against
5161:
4741:
4736:
4591:
4551:
4526:
4521:
4464:
3953:
3908:
3858:
3637:
3598:
3551:
3546:
3424:
3411:
3352:
3317:
3287:
3217:
3212:
3026:
2935:
2862:
2827:
2777:
2757:
2649:
1210:
1007:
survived Clémenti's departure, but also moved to Lyon before or during the
963:
898:; one of these asked: "Jews, would it take pogroms for you to understand?"
886:
830:
682:
525:
483:
413:
397:
356:
341:
195:
2508:
An deutscher Seite: Internationale Freiwillige von Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS
1080:
defined all members of the PFNC active after January 1, 1941 as guilty of
4979:
4834:
4516:
3913:
3404:
3382:
3357:
3327:
3292:
3167:
3152:
3142:
2847:
2256:
La Défense. Organe de la Section Française du Secours Rouge International
1142:
1106:
929:
In late 1941 the PFNC established itself in Vichy-governed territory, at
903:
626:
497:
1680:, June 24, 1939, p. 8; "Perquisitions dans les milieux antisémites", in
962:
Belgium, and as such found himself "in direct conflict" with Degrelle's
508:. As seen by journalist René Dunan, Coston was the PFNC's true founder.
5126:
4393:
4269:
4121:
3806:
3732:
3535:
2680:
1840:
1605:
Raymond Millet, "Une nouvelle extrĂŞme gauche va-t-elle se former?", in
1196:
1130:
1008:
942:
747:
742:
601:
501:
369:
337:
191:
3492:
1220:, a "revolutionary nationalist force" made up of former associates of
773:). However, Dunan claims that, despite customs and warning signs, the
5009:
3267:
3197:
2525:
1318:"Les années 1930 en France: le temps d'une radicalisation antisémite"
834:
585:
550:
534:
471:
462:
The National Communist Party was one of the groups emerging from the
374:
174:
1708:"Dans les Départements. Paris: La lutte contre l'antisémitisme", in
2656:
2494:
Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Vol. 1: Norway, Denmark, France
1146:
1011:. Its editor, Eric Labat, was noted for his earlier support of the
845:, Clémenti became one of the first voluntary Nazi collaborators in
631:
500:
for those of "French blood" and maintained ample contacts with the
345:
1853:"Le Jeune Front a inauguré son Centre national de propagande", in
635:
404:. With several other French parties, the PFNC helped organize the
1693:"Une mois de prison pour distributions des tracts antijuifs", in
1369:
1052:
opened as late as September 1943. The PFNC also had a section in
566:
513:
325:
157:
4972:
3567:
2694:
954:
645:("The Free Country!"), with its editorial offices in Paris, at
577:
2300:
2298:
2254:"Les honneurs pour les traîtres, les SS, les kollabos...", in
3081:
3021:
3016:
1948:
1946:
1234:. Expelled from NOE in 1971, he created a dissident journal,
751:
740:. In September 1937, following bombing attacks by members of
86:
829:. He faced trial for this and was ordered to pay over 4,000
545:
and with a role reserved for trade unions, but all within a
396:. Its rattachist campaigns also made it an adversary of the
316:. Its leader in both incarnations was the sports journalist
3032:
Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal PĂ©tain
2295:
2171:"Perquisition aux sièges des organismes antinationaux", in
930:
430:
332:. The group was also noted for its agitation in support of
91:
2485:
Yves Lecouturier, "Marcel Delaunay, le maître du Feu", in
2228:Étienne Verhoeyen, "L'extrême-droite en Belgique (I)", in
1943:
1504:
1502:
1500:
433:
after 1941, the PFNC was only formally active during the
1869:
1867:
1865:
2012:
Feuille d'Avis de Neuchatel et du Vignoble Neuchâtelois
1497:
1491:
Feuille d'Avis de Neuchatel et du Vignoble Neuchâtelois
1117:". In 1951, he became co-founder and publicist for the
948:
Feuille d'Avis de Neuchatel et du Vignoble Neuchâtelois
662:
Ligue d'Action Universitaire RĂ©publicaine et Socialiste
474:
Clémenti, at the time still a sports columnist for the
1862:
1367:"Les liaisons souterraines du fascisme français", in
970:
under German tutelage. In October 1941, Vichy leader
798:. Reporting on the sentencing, the leftist newspaper
2195:
Camus & Lebourg, p. 64. See also Lanneau, p. 181
1278:
1276:
466:: its first reported gathering was on February 7 at
4630:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race
4413:
2365:, Vol. 46, Issue 13, March 1937, pp. 484–493.
1825:
1823:
1821:
1635:"La quatriéme anniversaire du 6 février 1934", in
1454:
1452:
1424:
1422:
1420:
4162:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
4147:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
2283:Camus & Lebourg, p. 132; Shields, pp. 138–139
2241:Horváth, p. 53; Lanneau, p. 181. See also Gordon
2058:
2056:
1273:
5499:
2568:
2079:
2077:
1484:
1482:
1392:
1390:
1388:
4105:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime
1818:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1674:"La répression de la propagande étrangère", in
1449:
1417:
1246:, itself a precursor of the radical think-tank
1170:was using his skills as a propagandist for the
5023:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
2496:. San Jose: A. James Bender Publishing, 1987.
2437:, Vol. 62, Issues 2–3, 2015, pp. 115–136.
2053:
1583:Eugène Morel, "Ripostes. Des jolis cocos", in
1266:
1264:
1262:
999:
988:, and alleged that Clémenti took his pay from
908:Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism
437:, when it was officially proscribed. Facing a
406:Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism
3583:
2554:
2489:, Vol. 57, Issues 1–2, 2007, pp. 95–115.
2162:, Vol. 53, Issue 209, April–June 1971, p. 257
2074:
1479:
1437:Lanneau, pp. 180–181. See also Hasquin, p. 68
1385:
496:). Coston and his followers advocated racial
308:), was a minor political group active in the
2435:Revue d’Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine
2392:Historical Dictionary of World War II France
2005:
2003:
1798:
1200:and attempts to establish contacts with the
787:, which was located in the same building as
449:, put out by Clémenti's godson Pierre Vial.
4224:Underground media in German-occupied France
2911:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
2331:L'extrémisme. Une grande peur contemporaine
1792:Journal Officiel de la République Française
1682:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme
1585:Le Peuple. Organe Quotidien du Syndicalisme
1259:
676:
324:" platform noted for its similarities with
3590:
3576:
2561:
2547:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1735:
1733:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
255:
38:
2000:
1960:
1958:
1721:"Le faits du jour. La défense juive", in
1579:
1577:
1363:
1361:
982:depicted the PFNC as a subsidiary of the
812:
608:along ethnic borders and the creation of
392:, it had a working relationship with the
5533:French collaboration during World War II
5523:Political parties disestablished in 1944
4246:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration
2266:
2264:
1809:P. J., "A 'Feulkichaire' Párizsban", in
1712:, Vol. 21, Issue 32, August 1939, p. 498
1517:"Les États généraux de la jeunesse", in
1468:
1466:
1464:
1405:Beau de Loménie & Hardy, pp. 491–493
1309:
1307:
1305:
1194:(REL). His hosting of readings from the
4651:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
4229:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944
3092:National Council of European Resistance
2224:
2222:
2114:Horváth, p. 60; Littlejohn, pp. 125–126
1898:
1730:
1373:, Vol. 3, Issue 15, April 1934, pp. 8–9
1336:
1097:veterans and the right-wing of French,
355:, it was initially a dissident wing of
5500:
4196:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
1955:
1574:
1358:
5588:Political parties of the Vichy regime
5513:Political parties established in 1936
3571:
2921:French and European Nationalist Party
2542:
2510:. Munich: Universitas Verlag, 1992.
2261:
1461:
1302:
478:press. His involvement with militant
298:Parti français national-collectiviste
29:Parti français national-collectiviste
5337:The Destruction of the European Jews
4179:Political situation in French Africa
4174:Police collaboration in Vichy France
2272:Revue Française de Science Politique
2219:
1974:Institut d'Histoire du Temps Présent
1656:Publications des Archives Nationales
1654:, pp. 8, 16. Pierrefitte-sur-Seine:
1242:. Vial helped put out the newspaper
1202:National Democratic Party of Germany
889:to also embrace full collaboration.
464:political crisis of February 6, 1934
140:800 to 2,000 (independent estimates)
31:(Parti français national communiste)
16:French far-right party, 1934 to 1944
2464:, Issue 21, 2009, pp. 173–210.
2205:Bulletin Annoté des Lois et Décrets
2136:, Vol. 54, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 45–46
1776:Camus & Lebourg, p. 64; Gordon
1414:Beau de Loménie & Hardy, p. 489
698:was also closed down a year later.
596:and other "foreigners". Clémenti's
381:, but immediately after offered to
377:, he fought against Germany in the
351:Always a minor movement within the
13:
4038:French National-Collectivist Party
3117:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms
2916:Federation of Nationalist Students
2663:French National-Collectivist Party
2368:Jean-Yves Camus, Nicolas Lebourg,
1984:"L'attentat vu par un témoin", in
1789:"DĂ©clarations d'associations", in
1214:. Clémenti became a co-founder of
1030:had been installed as head of the
728:'s far-right organization, called
490:party (itself a dissidence of the
306:Parti français national communiste
290:French National-Collectivist Party
24:French National-Collectivist Party
14:
5604:
4152:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
4110:French Constitutional Law of 1940
3786:French Constitutional Law of 1940
2469:(Nos) NĂ©o-nazis et ultras-droites
2428:Acta Romanica Quinqueecclesiensis
2313:Shields, p. 159. See also Gordon
2232:, Issues 642–643, 1974, pp. 42–43
2092:"Vers le parti unique? (II)", in
1282:Leclercq, p. 26. See also Gordon
300:, PFNC), originally known as the
26:(French National Communist Party)
5518:1944 disestablishments in France
4635:Second law on the status of Jews
4062:Légion Française des Combattants
3597:
2986:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups
2274:, Vol. 11, Issue 4, 1961, p. 821
2145:"Au groupe «Collaboration»", in
2024:Shields, p. 36. See also Gordon
1754:Horváth, p. 52. See also Gordon
1488:"Nos commentaires de Vichy", in
1295:Horváth, p. 52. See also Gordon
1238:, which he edited together with
4326:France, revue de l'État nouveau
4219:Censorship under the occupation
2981:Rassemblement National Français
2430:, Vol. 1, 2016, pp. 47–66.
2320:
2307:
2286:
2277:
2248:
2235:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2186:Leclercq, p. 27; Horváth, p. 53
2180:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2086:
2065:
2044:
2031:
2018:
1991:
1978:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1913:, Issue 193, October 1960, p. 2
1889:
1880:
1847:
1832:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1715:
1702:
1687:
1668:
1644:
1629:
1614:
1599:
1590:
1565:
1556:
1532:
1511:
1440:
1431:
1408:
1399:
1224:with erstwhile conspirators in
1078:France's Provisional Government
1009:German takeover of Vichy France
340:, maintaining contacts in both
302:French National Communist Party
4128:Service du travail obligatoire
4100:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
3610:World War II collaboration in:
2444:. London & New York City:
2230:Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP
2216:Camus & Lebourg, pp. 64–65
1376:
1327:
1289:
722:General Confederation of Labor
630:suspected that his friends in
383:collaborate with the occupiers
1:
5508:1936 establishments in France
4251:Office français d'information
4072:Revolutionary Social Movement
3743:History of the Jews in France
3443:Active publications and media
2713:Revolutionary Social Movement
2350:
2258:, Issue 341, March 1953, p. 3
1069:French Forces of the Interior
994:German authorities in Belgium
990:Henry du Moulin de Labarthète
557:, promising to clamp down on
4049:Jeunesse Populaire Française
3097:National Republican Movement
2632:Antisemitic League of France
2570:Far-right politics in France
2524:. Oxon & New York City:
2370:Far-Right Politics in Europe
1322:Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah
1103:Italian resistance movements
992:. Also in October 1941, the
504:, which were facilitated by
7:
5548:Communist parties in France
5276:Municipal elections of 1945
4959:Service d'ordre légionnaire
4567:French protectorate of Laos
4241:Maréchal, nous voilà !
3874:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
3057:Equality and Reconciliation
2719:Service d'ordre légionnaire
2522:The Extreme Right in France
2304:Camus & Lebourg, p. 134
2292:Camus & Lebourg, p. 132
1121:(NOE), which also included
1000:Disappearance and survivals
851:8th arrondissement of Paris
763:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
667:Libre RĂ©publique des Jeunes
10:
5609:
5301:Holocaust denial in France
5252:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
3990:Government of Vichy France
2961:Organisation Armée Secrète
2906:European Rally for Liberty
2461:Journal of Belgian History
2372:. Cambridge & London:
2177:, September 11, 1944, p. 2
1952:Camus & Lebourg, p. 64
1626:, September 18, 1937, p. 4
1231:Organisation Armée Secrète
1184:Union for the New Republic
1088:Rally of the French People
769:) and far-left pacifists (
600:also manifested itself as
457:
452:
5528:Fascist parties in France
5442:
5399:
5353:
5328:
5319:
5281:1946 legislative election
5237:
5179:
5149:
5095:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5035:
4996:
4950:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4843:
4755:
4722:
4669:
4643:
4625:Law on the status of Jews
4615:
4604:
4544:
4507:
4445:
4405:Syria and Lebanon mandate
4385:
4204:
4137:
4085:
4023:
3982:
3816:
3781:Armistice of 22 June 1940
3773:
3686:
3605:
3519:
3442:
3396:
3135:
3004:
2886:
2735:
2617:
2576:
2245:, p. 276; Leclercq, p. 27
2149:, December 17, 1942, p. 9
1815:, November 17, 1940, p. 4
1780:, p. 276; Leclercq, p. 26
1174:, which was fighting the
1073:full reconquest of France
263:
254:
249:
230:
217:
205:
147:
130:
122:
108:
98:
82:
72:
64:
56:
46:
37:
21:
5583:Rattachist organisations
5568:Pan-European nationalism
5543:Banned communist parties
5538:Banned far-right parties
5291:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
4966:Groupe mobile de réserve
4509:French Equatorial Africa
4312:L'Émancipation nationale
4214:Antisemitic publications
3397:Ideologies and movements
2414:Royal Academy of Belgium
2357:Emmanuel Beau de Loménie
2317:, p. 276; Hasquin, p. 68
1886:Lecouturier, pp. 107–108
1641:, February 7, 1938, p. 5
1542:, p. 65. New York City:
1299:, p. 276; Neulen, p. 403
1253:
1032:Compulsory Labor Service
718:Belgium–France relations
677:Conflicts and repression
511:A contemporary piece in
334:pan-European nationalism
188:Pan-European nationalism
5383:The Sorrow and the Pity
5197:Siegfried Line campaign
5004:SS Charlemagne division
4866:The Holocaust in France
4015:Second Laval government
3884:Charles du Paty de Clam
3864:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau
2926:Front Algérie Française
1988:, August 28, 1941, p. 1
1859:, August 26, 1940, p. 2
1844:, August 31, 1940, p. 4
1795:, Issue 256/1940, p. 32
1508:Littlejohn, pp. 125–126
833:in damages. During the
819:Nazi invasion of Poland
779:Boulevard de SĂ©bastopol
207:Political position
5573:Antisemitism in France
5257:Provisional Government
4917:15th Military Division
4912:14th Military Division
4747:Yellow badge in France
4067:National Popular Rally
4000:First Laval government
3889:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
3723:French colonial empire
3556:Algiers putsch of 1961
3542:6 February 1934 crisis
3107:Rassemblement National
3047:Carrefour de l'Horloge
2708:National Popular Rally
2327:Christophe Bourseiller
1745:, March 26, 1942, p. 1
1727:, August 4, 1939, p. 3
1699:, August 3, 1939, p. 6
1587:, August 4, 1937, p. 1
1192:European Freedom Union
1123:Gaston-Armand Amaudruz
1105:. He also revised his
916:National Popular Rally
843:surrender of June 1940
813:Collaborationist party
738:French Communist Party
651:French national colors
443:European Freedom Union
408:, which fought on the
394:National Popular Rally
297:
60:February or April 1934
5487:Category:Vichy France
5110:Operation Bright Moon
4907:7th Military Division
4305:Documents maçonniques
2637:Breton National Party
2362:La Revue Hebdomadaire
2096:, July 13, 1942, p. 1
2015:, July 20, 1943, p. 4
1684:, June 24, 1939, p. 2
1611:, June 15, 1937, p. 8
1529:, June 30, 1934, p. 4
1355:, July 30, 1939, p. 3
610:la plus grande France
549:; the PFNC advocated
312:and reestablished in
310:French Third Republic
5593:20th century in Lyon
5422:Le Silence de la mer
5247:Liberation of France
4856:Deportation timeline
4361:RĂ©volution nationale
4235:Le Juif et la France
4185:RĂ©volution nationale
4043:French Popular Party
3748:Treaty of Versailles
3431:RĂ©volution nationale
2931:Groupe Union DĂ©fense
2896:Charles Martel Group
2726:Solidarité Française
2668:French Popular Party
2506:Hans Werner Neulen,
2487:Annales de Normandie
2134:Annales de Normandie
1838:"Sachez que...", in
1596:Lanneau, pp. 180–181
1494:, July 9, 1941, p. 1
1476:, July 9, 1941, p. 2
1446:Lanneau, pp. 179–181
1041:Groupe Collaboration
1013:Spanish Nationalists
978:. Colin's newspaper
896:coming extermination
861:'s youth party, the
841:. Shortly after the
807:Nazi racial politics
730:French Popular Party
606:partition of Belgium
555:economic nationalism
520:Solidarité Française
468:Place de la Concorde
390:French Popular Party
223:Groupe Collaboration
218:National affiliation
179:Economic nationalism
5553:National Bolshevism
5202:Sigmaringen enclave
5192:Liberation of Paris
4851:Deportation convoys
4820:Royallieu-Compiègne
4785:Natzweiler-Struthof
4656:Order of Physicians
4415:French North Africa
4077:Peasant Corporation
4056:Mouvement Franciste
3854:Jacques Charpentier
3829:Jean-Marie Bergeret
3532:Franco-Prussian War
3278:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
3087:League of the South
3077:Generation Identity
2966:Party of New Forces
2946:Nouvelle RĂ©sistance
2702:Mouvement Franciste
2688:Ligue des Patriotes
2674:Jeunesses Patriotes
2446:Hambledon Continuum
2123:Keene, pp. 172, 187
2105:Lecouturier, p. 113
1895:Leclercq, pp. 26–27
1244:Socialisme Européen
1236:L'Action Européenne
1188:Holocaust denialism
1172:Special Air Service
1152:Clémenti was tried
1083:indignité nationale
1065:Liberation of Paris
968:Belgian nationalism
656:Jeunesses Patriotes
641:The PFNC organ was
590:racial antisemitism
571:economic liberalism
493:Mouvement Franciste
447:Socialisme Européen
435:Liberation of Paris
330:racial antisemitism
171:Racial antisemitism
89:(various locations)
5558:National communism
5296:Klaus Barbie trial
5187:Operation Overlord
4927:Army of the Levant
4861:Holocaust timeline
4545:Asia & Oceania
4447:French West Africa
4005:Flandin government
3974:Carltheo Zeitschel
3760:War guilt question
3451:Boulevard Voltaire
2971:Phalange Française
2492:David Littlejohn,
2467:Jacques Leclercq,
2386:Bertram M. Gordon
2050:Hasquin, pp. 68–69
1940:Littlejohn, p. 125
1767:Horváth, pp. 52–53
1544:Palgrave Macmillan
1160:sentenced to death
1119:New European Order
1111:national socialism
1063:Shortly after the
966:, which stood for
920:French West Africa
817:Shortly after the
598:French nationalism
547:totalitarian state
506:Georges de Pottere
480:French nationalism
328:, and popularized
322:national communist
268:Politics of France
154:National communism
5495:
5494:
5452:French Resistance
5438:
5437:
5376:Milice, film noir
5362:Bombing the Nazis
5270:Épuration sauvage
5207:Fernand de Brinon
5175:
5174:
5115:Wallis and Futuna
5031:
5030:
4874:
4873:
4765:Beaune-la-Rolande
4600:
4599:
4587:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
4540:
4539:
4503:
4502:
4441:
4440:
4376:L'Union française
4157:Foreign relations
4010:Darlan government
3995:PĂ©tain government
3904:Charles Huntziger
3899:Gaston Henry-Haye
3565:
3564:
3373:Tixier-Vignancour
2941:L'Œuvre Française
2818:Drieu La Rochelle
2534:978-0-415-09755-0
2481:978-2-343-06526-7
2374:The Belknap Press
2343:978-2-271-07361-7
2333:, p. 193. Paris:
2174:Le Petit Marocain
1562:Joly, pp. 120–123
1324:, Issue 198, 2013
1316:Emmanuel Debono,
1182:. His party, the
1166:alleged that the
935:French Resistance
879:Femmes Françaises
827:Council President
775:Police Prefecture
713:persona non grata
671:Gardes Françaises
320:. It espoused a "
286:
285:
273:Political parties
5600:
5415:Section spéciale
5408:Castle to Castle
5369:The Eye of Vichy
5326:
5325:
5306:Mission Mattéoli
5263:Épuration légale
5017:Légion impériale
4988:Special Brigades
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4689:Clermont-Ferrand
4613:
4612:
4557:French Indochina
4542:
4541:
4505:
4504:
4443:
4442:
4411:
4410:
4291:Le Cri du peuple
4259:
4191:Special Sections
4095:Anti-Jewish laws
3929:George Montandon
3924:Bernard Ménétrel
3894:Philippe Henriot
3695:Action Française
3592:
3585:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3499:Radio Courtoisie
3480:
3136:Post-1945 people
3067:The Nationalists
3052:Debout la France
3012:Action Française
2889:post-1945 groups
2626:Action Française
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2345:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:Droit et Liberté
1907:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1816:
1807:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1724:Action Française
1719:
1713:
1710:La Tribune Juive
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1672:
1666:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1623:Le Petit Journal
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1538:Dietrich Orlow,
1536:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1180:Parisian Council
1176:war in Indochina
1071:. Following the
1058:Dijon University
985:Action Française
839:Battle of France
823:Édouard Daladier
759:Munich Agreement
694:itself in 1936.
687:Julius Streicher
622:Juste Wasterlain
614:Walloon Movement
563:Great Depression
486:in creating the
402:occupied Belgium
379:Battle of France
353:French far-right
259:
244:Blue, white, red
242:
239:
236:
200:Collaborationism
137:32,000 (claimed)
42:
19:
18:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5456:Year in France
5447:Occupied France
5434:
5429:Suite française
5395:
5349:
5321:
5315:
5286:Fourth Republic
5239:
5233:
5171:
5167:Philippe PĂ©tain
5157:François Darlan
5145:
5073:Franco-Thai War
5027:
4992:
4946:
4870:
4839:
4751:
4724:
4718:
4665:
4639:
4607:
4596:
4536:
4499:
4437:
4409:
4381:
4347:Je suis partout
4284:Le Cahier jaune
4257:
4253:
4206:
4200:
4168:La jeune France
4139:
4133:
4117:Paris Protocols
4087:
4081:
4025:
4019:
3978:
3939:Philippe PĂ©tain
3869:François Darlan
3824:Joseph Antignac
3812:
3796:Philippe PĂ©tain
3769:
3707:Camelots du Roi
3682:
3601:
3596:
3566:
3561:
3515:
3474:
3438:
3419:Nouvelle Droite
3392:
3283:Le Pen (Marine)
3131:
3122:Terre et Peuple
3102:Party of France
3062:Europe-Jeunesse
3037:Cité catholique
3000:
2976:Radical Network
2888:
2882:
2736:Pre-1945 people
2731:
2643:Camelots du Roi
2618:Pre-1945 groups
2613:
2572:
2567:
2520:J. G. Shields,
2408:Hervé Hasquin,
2396:Greenwood Press
2353:
2348:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2071:Lanneau, p. 179
2070:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1829:Leclercq, p. 27
1828:
1819:
1808:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1537:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1458:Lanneau, p. 181
1457:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:Leclercq, p. 26
1427:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1240:François Duprat
1168:Fourth Republic
1139:Paul van Tienen
1028:Communist Youth
1002:
972:Philippe PĂ©tain
924:Mandatory Syria
847:occupied France
815:
679:
539:Italian fascism
460:
455:
318:Pierre Clémenti
314:occupied France
282:
240:
237:
234:
198:
194:
190:
186:
177:
173:
169:
165:
156:
143:
113:
90:
73:Split from
51:Pierre Clémenti
33:
32:
30:
27:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:Third Position
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5344:Strange Defeat
5340:
5332:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5311:Vichy syndrome
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:Eugène Bridoux
5219:
5214:
5212:Joseph Darnand
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Armistice Army
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4723:Discrimination
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:French Riviera
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4644:Administration
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:French Algeria
4419:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3969:Maxime Weygand
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Louis Bourgain
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3765:Henry Dorgères
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3738:Third Republic
3735:
3730:
3728:Nuremberg Laws
3725:
3720:
3718:Fall of France
3715:
3713:Dreyfus affair
3710:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3527:Dreyfus affair
3523:
3521:
3520:Notable events
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3486:Nouvelle École
3482:
3472:National-Hebdo
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:French Renewal
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2996:Unité Radicale
2993:
2991:Troisième Voie
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Benoist-MĂ©chin
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2483:
2465:
2456:
2440:Judith Keene,
2438:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2384:
2366:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2319:
2306:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2260:
2247:
2234:
2218:
2209:
2207:, 1944, p. 224
2197:
2188:
2179:
2164:
2151:
2147:L'Ouest Éclair
2138:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2073:
2064:
2062:Hasquin, p. 68
2052:
2043:
2030:
2017:
1999:
1990:
1977:
1954:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1922:Horváth, p. 60
1915:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1861:
1846:
1831:
1817:
1797:
1782:
1769:
1760:
1747:
1729:
1714:
1701:
1686:
1667:
1643:
1628:
1613:
1598:
1589:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1531:
1510:
1496:
1478:
1474:L'Ouest Éclair
1460:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1396:Horváth, p. 53
1384:
1382:Neulen, p. 403
1375:
1357:
1335:
1326:
1301:
1288:
1272:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1222:Pierre Poujade
1206:May 1968 riots
1005:Le Pays Libre!
1001:
998:
939:Fresnes Prison
891:Le Pays Libre!
859:Robert Hersant
814:
811:
789:Le Pays Libre!
771:Marceau Pivert
757:Following the
726:Jacques Doriot
696:Le Pays Libre!
678:
675:
647:Champs-Élysées
643:Le Pays Libre!
559:capital flight
543:social justice
459:
456:
454:
451:
418:Robert Hersant
284:
283:
281:
280:
275:
270:
264:
261:
260:
252:
251:
247:
246:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
167:Third Position
151:
145:
144:
142:
141:
138:
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
110:
106:
105:
103:Le Pays Libre!
100:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
68:September 1944
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5605:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Jean Luchaire
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Syria–Lebanon
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Mers-el-KĂ©bir
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Occupied zone
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:Ici la France
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:French League
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:organizations
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Xavier Vallat
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Simon Sabiani
3947:
3945:
3944:Pierre Pucheu
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Maurice Papon
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Jean Luchaire
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Alexis Carrel
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:René Bousquet
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:HĂ´tel du Parc
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Baltic states
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:Active groups
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Ordre Nouveau
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Europe-Action
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:3-8004-1069-9
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:0-912138-17-3
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:0-7185-0126-8
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:2-8031-0199-8
2419:
2415:
2412:. Brussels:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:0-313-29421-6
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:9780674971530
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2160:Revue du Nord
2155:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2083:Keene, p. 187
2080:
2078:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1931:Neulen, p. 98
1928:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1812:Magyar Nemzet
1806:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:9782821868120
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1552:0-230-60865-5
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:Ordre Nouveau
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Fritz Rössler
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Pas-de-Calais
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
956:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
897:
892:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:
870:Magyar Nemzet
866:
865:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:French francs
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
803:
802:
797:
792:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
708:LĂ©on Degrelle
704:
703:Popular Front
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Radical-Party
473:
469:
465:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:death penalty
436:
432:
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
410:Eastern Front
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
365:Popular Front
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
258:
253:
248:
245:
233:
229:
225:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
152:
150:
146:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
117:
112:French Guards
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
20:
5578:Anti-Masonry
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5342:
5335:
5268:
5261:
5240:& Impact
5162:Henri Giraud
5127:
5120:
5099:
5084:
5042:
5015:
5008:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4902:1st Regiment
4742:Yellow badge
4737:Nazi plunder
4732:Aryanisation
4714:Villeurbanne
4684:Green ticket
4592:New Hebrides
4552:French India
4527:Ubangi-Shari
4522:Middle Congo
4392:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4233:
4183:
4166:
4138:Policy &
4126:
4054:
4047:
4037:
3959:André Tulard
3954:Paul Touvier
3909:Pierre Laval
3859:Henry Coston
3817:Participants
3805:
3705:
3693:
3673:Soviet Union
3609:
3599:Vichy France
3552:Algerian War
3547:Vichy France
3503:
3491:
3484:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3429:
3417:
3412:Maurrassisme
3410:
3403:
3127:The Patriots
3027:Alsace First
2936:Jeune Nation
2724:
2717:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2655:
2650:Croix-de-Feu
2648:
2641:
2624:
2521:
2507:
2493:
2486:
2468:
2459:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2409:
2394:. Westport:
2391:
2387:
2369:
2360:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2288:
2279:
2271:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2067:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2010:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1972:, hosted by
1968:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1810:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:Le Populaire
1694:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1571:Joly, p. 123
1567:
1558:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1489:
1473:
1442:
1433:
1410:
1401:
1378:
1368:
1352:
1333:Joly, p. 120
1329:
1321:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1270:Joly, p. 122
1243:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1211:Jeune Nation
1209:
1195:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1092:
1081:
1062:
1039:
1024:
1016:
1004:
1003:
983:
979:
964:Rexist Party
960:
953:
946:
928:
900:
890:
887:Vichy France
883:
878:
874:
868:
862:
855:
816:
801:Le Populaire
799:
796:Le Porc-Ă©pic
795:
793:
788:
784:Le Porc-Ă©pic
782:
756:
741:
734:
711:
700:
695:
690:
683:Nazi Germany
680:
670:
666:
660:
654:
642:
640:
625:
618:Jules Mahieu
616:, including
609:
581:
575:
530:
526:Croix-de-Feu
524:
518:
512:
510:
491:
487:
484:Henry Coston
461:
446:
429:Centered on
428:
421:
414:Soviet Union
412:against the
398:Rexist Party
387:
368:
360:
357:Henry Coston
350:
342:Nazi Germany
305:
301:
289:
287:
221:
196:Anti-Masonry
126:French Women
114:
102:
83:Headquarters
76:
5322:& Media
5227:Marcel DĂ©at
5180:Dissolution
4980:Franc-Garde
4844:Deportation
4815:Romainville
4725:and plunder
4572:Cochinchina
4490:Upper Volta
4455:Ivory Coast
4363:(newspaper)
4277:Aujourd'hui
4024:Parties and
3983:Governments
3914:Jean Leguay
3879:Marcel DĂ©at
3753:Article 231
3511:TV-Libertés
3475: [
3405:Boulangisme
3298:Malliarakis
2594:de Gobineau
2473:L'Harmattan
1965:(in French)
1314:(in French)
1155:in absentia
1143:neo-fascism
1107:anti-Soviet
912:Marcel DĂ©at
904:Axis powers
875:Jeune Front
864:Jeune Front
767:LĂ©on Daudet
594:French Jews
498:supremacism
423:Jeune Front
123:Female wing
116:Jeune Front
109:Youth wings
94:(from 1941)
5502:Categories
5105:Madagascar
4825:Rivesaltes
4800:Pithiviers
4709:Vel' d'Hiv
4475:Mauritania
4394:Zone libre
4369:La Semaine
4207:propaganda
4122:Riom Trial
3844:André Broc
3807:Zone libre
3791:The Eighty
3774:Beginnings
3733:Phoney War
3701:Boulangism
3648:Luxembourg
3536:Revanchism
3348:Saint-Loup
3248:Fredriksen
3228:de Lesquen
3223:de Benoist
3112:ReconquĂŞte
2763:Brasillach
2681:La Cagoule
2609:de Lapouge
2599:de Maistre
2577:Precursors
2351:References
2094:Paris-Midi
1986:Paris-Midi
1841:Paris-Soir
1526:L'Humanité
1226:La Cagoule
1197:Mein Kampf
1164:La DĂ©fense
1131:Pino Rauti
1127:René Binet
1113:" of the "
976:Paul Colin
943:Riom Trial
748:Trotskyist
743:La Cagoule
710:(deemed a
691:Francistes
665:, and the
602:rattachism
502:Nazi Party
488:Francistes
370:La Cagoule
361:Francistes
338:rattachism
250:Party flag
192:Rattachism
131:Membership
77:Francistes
5238:Aftermath
5068:Indochina
5053:Gibraltar
5010:Carlingue
4997:Auxiliary
4932:Air Force
4830:Septfonds
4805:Récébédou
4699:Marseille
4386:Territory
4319:La France
4205:Press and
4086:Legal and
3425:PĂ©tainism
3343:Reynouard
3323:Philippot
3273:Le Gallou
3258:Holeindre
3253:Gollnisch
3173:Benedetti
2803:Déroulède
2748:Bainville
2589:Boulanger
2526:Routledge
2475:, 2015.
2471:. Paris:
2448:, 2001.
2416:, 2004.
2398:, 1998.
2376:, 2017.
2337:, 2012.
1658:, 2016.
1546:, 2009.
1115:Third Way
1054:CĂ´te-d'Or
980:Cassandre
835:Phony War
638:in 1934.
586:red peril
551:dirigisme
535:Falangism
375:Phony War
278:Elections
212:Syncretic
175:Dirigisme
99:Newspaper
47:President
5150:Officers
5078:Ko Chang
4880:Military
4810:Rieucros
4789:subcamps
4671:Roundups
4562:Cambodia
4532:Cameroon
4495:Togoland
4263:L'Alerte
4140:politics
4088:treaties
3668:Slovakia
3458:Éléments
3363:Stirbois
3333:Rachline
3303:Maréchal
3203:Brigneau
3193:Bousquet
3163:Bardella
3158:Bardèche
2951:Occident
2878:Vaugeois
2833:Maulnier
2808:Dorgères
2798:Deloncle
2773:Clémenti
2657:Faisceau
2528:, 2007.
2028:, p. 276
1877:, p. 276
1856:Le Matin
1758:, p. 276
1742:Le Matin
1677:Le Temps
1638:Le Temps
1608:Le Temps
1520:La Croix
1286:, p. 276
1147:Cold War
1036:Calvados
750:cell of
632:Wallonia
472:Corsican
346:Wallonia
149:Ideology
5400:Fiction
5329:History
5320:History
5141:RĂ©union
5036:Battles
4951:Militia
4895:Regular
4608:affairs
4485:Senegal
4460:Dahomey
4433:Tunisia
4428:Morocco
4354:Revivre
4298:Combats
4270:L'Appel
3687:Prelude
3678:Ukraine
3633:Denmark
3628:Croatia
3623:Belarus
3613:Albania
3505:Rivarol
3493:Présent
3388:Zemmour
3318:Messiha
3188:Bouchet
3183:Bompard
3042:Civitas
2887:Defunct
2868:Rebatet
2858:Plateau
2843:Maxence
2838:Maurras
2783:Darnard
2758:Bonnard
2604:Drumont
2041:, p. 73
2037:Gordon
1873:Gordon
1370:Regards
1353:Ce Soir
582:Regards
567:Marxism
531:Regards
514:Regards
458:Origins
453:History
326:fascism
231:Colours
158:Fascism
57:Founded
5390:Uranus
5134:Toulon
4973:Milice
4888:Forces
4835:Vernet
4780:Milles
4770:Drancy
4606:Jewish
4582:Tonkin
4470:Guinea
4258:Press:
3663:Serbia
3658:Poland
3653:Norway
3643:Greece
3638:France
3465:Minute
3378:Venner
3368:Susini
3338:Ravier
3313:MĂ©nard
3308:MĂ©gret
3293:Maribe
3238:Duprat
3218:Coston
3208:Briois
3148:Antony
2873:Vallat
2853:PĂ©tain
2848:Ousset
2823:Guénon
2813:Doriot
2788:Daudet
2778:Coston
2768:Bucard
2743:Barrès
2695:Milice
2584:Bonald
2532:
2514:
2500:
2479:
2452:
2420:
2402:
2388:et al.
2380:
2341:
2315:et al.
2243:et al.
2039:et al.
2026:et al.
1875:et al.
1778:et al.
1756:et al.
1662:
1550:
1297:et al.
1284:et al.
1137:, and
1099:German
1018:Le Feu
955:Milice
825:, the
659:, the
627:Sûreté
624:. The
604:: the
578:Nazism
294:French
241:
238:
235:
226:(1942)
183:French
162:French
65:Banned
5128:Anton
5121:Torch
5063:Gabon
5058:Dakar
4942:Guard
4757:Camps
4694:Izieu
4577:Annam
4480:Niger
4465:Sudan
4340:Idées
3479:]
3358:Soral
3353:Sidos
3263:Jalkh
3213:Camus
3178:Binet
3153:Ayoub
3143:Aliot
3082:GRECE
3022:AGRIF
3017:Adsav
2828:Laval
1320:, in
1254:Notes
1248:GRECE
752:Simca
636:Liège
87:Paris
5480:1944
5475:1943
5470:1942
5465:1941
5460:1940
5354:Film
5100:1942
5085:1941
5043:1940
4937:Navy
4775:Gurs
4704:Lyon
4661:UGIF
4617:Laws
4517:Chad
3383:Vial
3328:Pujo
3288:Luce
3268:Lang
3243:Faye
3233:Dior
3198:Blot
2863:Pujo
2793:DĂ©at
2530:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2335:CNRS
1660:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1228:and
1158:and
1101:and
1048:and
1046:Nord
931:Lyon
922:and
620:and
569:and
553:and
537:and
523:and
431:Lyon
344:and
336:and
288:The
92:Lyon
4795:Noé
3168:Bay
1149:."
1034:in
914:'s
881:).
853:.
673:).
420:'s
400:in
359:'s
5504::
3477:fr
2390:,
2329:,
2297:^
2263:^
2221:^
2076:^
2055:^
2002:^
1957:^
1945:^
1900:^
1864:^
1820:^
1800:^
1732:^
1576:^
1499:^
1481:^
1463:^
1451:^
1419:^
1387:^
1360:^
1338:^
1304:^
1275:^
1261:^
1250:.
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
1095:SS
1090:.
1060:.
926:.
873:,
791:.
765:,
580:.
348:.
296::
4791:)
4787:(
3591:e
3584:t
3577:v
3558:)
3554:(
3538:)
3534:(
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
304:(
292:(
185:)
181:(
164:)
160:(
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