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100:
3927:
726:
871:
280:
4774:
too little to repent, and in fact did not know what to repent.' Declared an unrepentant heretic and excommunicated, he was burned alive in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on 17 February 1600. On the stake, along with Bruno, burned the hopes of many, including philosophers and scientists of good faith like
Galileo, who thought they could reconcile religious faith and scientific research, while belonging to an ecclesiastical organization declaring itself to be the custodian of absolute truth and maintaining a cultural militancy requiring continual commitment and suspicion.
1001:
957:, and "proletarian" free thought groups proliferated, becoming an organization of socialist parties. European socialist free thought groups formed the International of Proletarian Freethinkers (IPF) in 1925. Activists agitated for Germans to disaffiliate from their respective Church and for secularization of elementary schools; between 1919–1921 and 1930–1932 more than 2.5 million Germans, for the most part supporters of the Social Democratic and Communist parties, gave up church membership. Conflict developed between radical forces including the Soviet
4755:
justly the stand made by Bruno with his life without appreciating the question of free thought and liberty of expression. His insistence on placing this issue at the center of both his work and of his defense is why Bruno remains so much a figure of the modern world. If there is, as many have argued, an intrinsic link between science and liberty of inquiry, then Bruno was among those who guaranteed the future of the newly emerging sciences, as well as claiming in wider terms a general principle of free thought and expression.
1337:
1175:), the first official atheist organisation in Middle East and Caucasus, was founded in 2014. It serves to support irreligious people and freethinkers in Turkey who are discriminated against based on their views. In 2018 it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm DerneÄźi would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro-government media, but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active.
1310:
1685:
3538:
8149:
276:. To the freethinker, revelation and faith are invalid, and orthodoxy is no guarantee of truth." and "Freethinkers are convinced that religious claims have not withstood the tests of reason. Not only is there nothing to be gained by believing an untruth, but there is everything to lose when we sacrifice the indispensable tool of reason on the altar of superstition. Most freethinkers consider religion to be not only untrue, but harmful."
3528:
1232:
632:, believed rising prosperity in post-war Australia influenced the decline in church-going and general lack of interest in religion. "Churches no longer matter very much to most Australians. If there is a happy eternal life it's for everyone ... For many Australians the pleasures of this life are sufficiently satisfying that religion offers nothing of great appeal", said Horne in his landmark work
3656:
3791:
54:
446:
472:, which means "thought". It allegedly received this name because the flower is perceived by some to bear resemblance to a human face, and in mid-to-late summer it nods forward as if deep in thought. In the 1880s, following examples set by freethinkers in France, Belgium, Spain and Sweden, it was proposed in the United States as "the symbol of religious liberty and freedom of conscience".
6262:
6274:
4809:
intolerance of the 16th century. Bruno was excommunicated by the
Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist Churches for his heretical beliefs. The Catholic hierarchy found him guilty of infidelity and many errors, as well as serious crimes of heresy… Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective.
367:, and now expounded from day to day by a Church of which Stalin is the Pope. Free discussion is to be prevented wherever the power to do so exists; If this doctrine and this organization prevail, free inquiry will become as impossible as it was in the middle ages, and the world will relapse into bigotry and obscurantism.
4510:
The deists were what nowadays would be called freethinkers, a name, indeed, by which they were not infrequently known; and they can only be classed together wholly in the main attitude that they adopted, viz. in agreeing to cast off the trammels of authoritative religious teaching in favour of a free
303:
What makes a freethinker is not his beliefs but the way in which he holds them. If he holds them because his elders told him they were true when he was young, or if he holds them because if he did not he would be unhappy, his thought is not free; but if he holds them because, after careful thought he
3967:
However, most
Masonic lodges mainly aimed to promote morality, sociability, and philanthropic causes rather than radical politics. Values of freethinking, liberty, equality, and opposition to tyranny were also celebrated in Masonic rituals and writings. This intellectual spirit likely contributed to
4773:
In Rome, Bruno was imprisoned for seven years and subjected to a difficult trial that analyzed, minutely, all his philosophical ideas. Bruno, who in Venice had been willing to recant some theses, become increasingly resolute and declared on 21 December 1599 that he 'did not wish to repent of having
3963:
Many
Enlightenment freethinkers perceived established religion as upholding traditional monarchies and oppressing free thought. Consequently, the secrecy and hierarchical Initiatory structure of Freemasonry alarmed some authoritarian states, concerned it could encourage liberal revolutionary ideas.
1403:
Freethought in the United States declined in the early twentieth century. By the early twentieth century, most freethought congregations had disbanded or joined other mainstream churches. The longest continuously operating freethought congregation in
America is the Free Congregation of Sauk County,
252:
is: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." The essay became a rallying cry for freethinkers when published in the 1870s, and has been described as a point when freethinkers grabbed the moral high ground. Clifford was himself an organizer of
3827:
served an important purpose in the spreading of the freethinking movement, Freemason lodges in 18th century Europe served as sites for enlightenment thinking and discussion of new ideas, helping spread freethought philosophies. The informal, secretive nature of the lodges allowed intellectuals and
1293:
s annual civic celebrations of Paine's birthday after 1825 finally coalesced in 1836 in the first national freethinkers organization, the "United States Moral and
Philosophical Society for the General Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". It was founded on August 1, 1836, at a national convention at the
4754:
For Bruno was claiming for the philosopher a principle of free thought and inquiry which implied an entirely new concept of authority: that of the individual intellect in its serious and continuing pursuit of an autonomous inquiry… It is impossible to understand the issue involved and to evaluate
379:
can only be known from a study of nature rather than from religious revelation. In the 18th century, "deism" was as much of a 'dirty word' as "atheism", and deists were often stigmatized as either atheists or at least as freethinkers by their
Christian opponents. Deists today regard themselves as
3897:
Due to
Freemasonry utilizing extensive symbols and allegories related to mathematics, geometry, and architecture, conveying the importance of reason and science, and the central Masonic symbol of the compass and square represented logic and rigor as well references to the "Great Architect of the
4808:
To me, Bruno is the supreme martyr for both free thought and critical inquiry… Bruno's critical writings, which pointed out the hypocrisy and bigotry within the Church, along with his tempestuous personality and undisciplined behavior, easily made him a victim of the religious and philosophical
5422:
Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the
Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of
3979:
A core goal of
Freemasonry's initiatory system is to guide men's intellectual and moral development towards mastery and enlightenment. Masonic rituals and degrees symbolically depict the passage from an Apprentice to Fellowcraft to Master Mason as a metaphor for independent learning and
1034:
Since the 19th century, free thought in the Netherlands has become more well known as a political phenomenon through at least three currents: liberal freethinking, conservative freethinking, and classical freethinking. In other words, parties which identify as freethinking tend to favor
3955:, who viewed organized religion as upholding oppressive traditional monarchs and hindering free thought. Benjamin Franklin praised Masonic principles of "liberality, tolerance and unity in essentials, leaving each Brother to his own opinions on non-essentials" in his writings.
907:), an association of persons who consider themselves to be religious without adhering to any established and institutionalized church or sacerdotal cult. This union still exists today, and is included as a member in the umbrella organization of free humanists. In 1881 in
687:
A significant number of the early members appear to have come from the educated labour "aristocracy", including Alfred F. Jury, J. Ick Evans and J. I. Livingstone, all of whom were leading labour activists and secularists. The second president of the Toronto association,
3909:
and promoted Newtonian scientific ideas. Desaguliers was a close friend and student of Newton, further spreading Newton's theories to lodges. Geometry textbooks and lectures were common in early lodges, aligning with Enlightenment interest in mathematics and science.
159:, a freethinker is "One who is mentally free from the conventional bonds of tradition or dogma, and thinks independently." In some contemporary thought in particular, free thought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems. The
3688:
publication). There will be an attack on institutionalized religion for the responsibility that it had in the past on negative developments, for its irrationality which makes it a counterpoint of philosophical and scientific progress. There will be a criticism of
692:, became a central figure in the city's labour and social-reform movements during the 1880s and 1890s and arguably Canada's foremost late nineteenth-century labour intellectual. By the early 1880s scattered free thought organizations operated throughout southern
684:, the Toronto Freethought Association. Reorganized in 1877 and again in 1881, when it was renamed the Toronto Secular Society, the group formed the nucleus of the Canadian Secular Union, established in 1884 to bring together freethinkers from across the country.
965:. In 1930 the Soviet and allied delegations, following a walk-out, took over the IPF and excluded the former leaders. Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933, most free thought organizations were banned, though some right-wing groups that worked with so-called
6107:
3917:
allegorically used the tools, stages, and concepts of architecture and mechanics to represent enlightenment and self-improvement through education and reason. This resonated with freethinkers' belief in perfecting society through spreading knowledge.
1035:
non-doctrinal, rational approaches to their preferred ideologies, and arose as secular alternatives to both clerically aligned parties as well as labor-aligned parties. Common themes among freethinking political parties are "freedom", "liberty", and "
717:(HAC) formed to serve as an umbrella group for humanists, atheists, and freethinkers, and to champion social justice issues and oppose religious influence on public policy—most notably in the fight to make access to abortion free and legal in Canada.
950:" ceremony, and atheist funeral rites. The Union of Freethinkers for Cremation was founded in 1905, and the Central Union of German Proletariat Freethinker in 1908. The two groups merged in 1927, becoming the German Freethinking Association in 1930.
163:
application of free thought is known as "freethinking", and practitioners of free thought are known as "freethinkers". Modern freethinkers consider free thought to be a natural freedom from all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from society.
3675:
movement, in another of the frequent elements which will gain relevance related to the measure in which the (French) Republic begins to have conflicts with the church...Anti-clerical discourse, frequently called for by the French individualist
1149:. People are influenced by Arabic sentences that they do not understand, and because of their customs they go to mosques. When the Turks read the Quran and think about it, they will leave Islam. AtatĂĽrk described Islam as the religion of the
3879:, reflecting Enlightenment ideals in the goal of making its members Masters of their thoughts and opinions thus making them Freethinkers. This distinguished Freemasonry from other fraternal orders focused on chivalry or Christian morality.
196:
defines freethinking as, "The free exercise of reason in matters of religious belief, unrestrained by deference to authority; the adoption of the principles of a free-thinker." Freethinkers hold that knowledge should be grounded in facts,
3750:
in a rational, secular and non-coercive setting". Fiercely anti-clerical, Ferrer believed in "freedom in education", education free from the authority of church and state. Ferrer's ideas, generally, formed the inspiration for a series of
3938:
Unlike most contemporary fraternal orders, Freemasonry did not require its members to follow a specific religious creed. This openness allowed men of diverse faiths, including freethinkers and deists, to join local lodges throughout
3991:
so he can autonomously reason and have educated opinions. The perfectibility of human nature through education and liberty is a key theme. This aligns with freethinkers' views on thinking for oneself using logic and empiricism.
567:
So had Gargantua established it. In all their rule and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What Thou Wilt; because free people ... act virtuously and avoid vice. They call this honor.
167:
The term first came into use in the 17th century in order to refer to people who inquired into the basis of traditional beliefs which were often accepted unquestioningly. Today, freethinking is most closely linked with
5580:
3947:
in the Enlightenment era. While utilizing religious imagery and themes, Freemasonry intentionally avoided dogmatic disputes and focused its moral lessons on shared values of virtue, charity, and righteousness.
354:
what I am concerned with is the doctrine of the modern Communistic Party, and of the Russian Government to which it owes allegiance. According to this doctrine, the world develops on the lines of a Plan called
1378:, or "free congregations". The first Freie Gemeinde was established in St. Louis in 1850. Others followed in Pennsylvania, California, Washington, D.C., New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Texas, and other states.
1195:. The beliefs of these individuals were centered on the concept that people could understand the world through consideration of nature. Such positions were formally documented for the first time in 1697 by
428:
for the sake of conformity, whereby they create their own beliefs by considering the way the world around them works and would possess the intellectual integrity and courage to think outside of accepted
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7110:
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Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics.
992:(1835) argued that, far from being a source of moral teaching, revealed religion and its divines regarded questions of morality as "incidental"--as a "mundane and merely philosophical" topic.
464:
inaugurated its usage in the late 1800s. The reasoning behind the pansy as the symbol of free thought lies both in the flower's name and in its appearance. The pansy derives its name from the
5468:
5654:
4429:
424:. They would determine truth for themselves – based upon knowledge they gain, answers they receive, experiences they have and the balance they thus acquire. Freethinkers reject
4856:
5584:
316:
something; what is the free thinker free from? To be worthy of the name, he must be free of two things: the force of tradition, and the tyranny of his own passions. No one is
3718:
obsession, philosophy which will also work for pointing out the incompatibility between science and religion, faith, and reason. In this way, there will be a lot of talk on
1302:'s candidate for Governor of New York and had also been the Workingmen's Party candidate for Lt. Governor of New York in 1830. The Moral and Philosophical Society published
4279:
3971:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, some authoritarian states also suspected Freemasonry of encouraging liberal freethinking philosophies and suppressed Masonic lodges.
4323:
241:, and considers it as a "broader umbrella" than atheism "that embraces a rainbow of unorthodoxy, religious dissent, skepticism, and unconventional thinking."
545:
celebrated "rabelaisian" freedom as well as good feasting and drinking (an expression and a symbol of freedom of the mind) in defiance of the hypocrisies of
3887:
3601:
movement, whose purpose was to make the individual politically and spiritually free to decide for himself on religious matters. A number of contributors to
1392:
which formed in 1876 in Philadelphia. This group re-formed itself in 1885 as the American Secular Union under the leadership of the eminent agnostic orator
4579:
4170:
1031:
In 2009, Frans van Dongen established the Atheist-Secular Party, which takes a considerably restrictive view of religion and public religious expressions.
1285:
between 1828 and 1832 in New York. During this time Robert Dale Owen sought to introduce the philosophic skepticism of the Free Thought movement into the
5396:
1249:
The freethought movement first organized itself in the United States as the "Free Press Association" in 1827 in defense of George Houston, publisher of
4450:
4248:
6731:
3831:
Freemasonry attracted many freethinkers and became a hub of the movement, during the Enlightenment era due to its emphasis on inclusive membership,
4530:
4511:
and purely rationalistic speculation.... Deism, in its every manifestation was opposed to the current and traditional teaching of revealed religion.
5539:
1145:, who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general. According to AtatĂĽrk, the Turkish people do not know what Islam really is and do not read the
713:(1835–1906), it came under the editorship of Toronto printer and publisher James Spencer Ellis in 1891 when Watts returned to England. In 1968 the
5839:
5807:
4944:
Bock, Heike (2006). "Secularization of the modern conduct of life? Reflections on the religiousness of early modern Europe". In Hanne May (ed.).
5629:
5195:
A Review of the Miracles, prophecies, and mysteries of the Old and New Testaments, and of the morality and consolation of the Christian Religion
4602:
859:
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99:
7135:
5228:
2565:
4184:
6582:
3608:
2468:
5476:
7232:
5133:
3567:
2662:
1333:). In the United States, they hoped to be able to live by their principles, without interference from government and church authorities.
5658:
4708:
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8082:
4670:
4056:
3463:
1098:
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4860:
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1065:. During the debate on the Zürich church law in 1883, professor Friedrich Salomon Vögelin and city council member Kunz proposed to
884:
308:
A freethinker, according to Russell, is not necessarily an atheist or an agnostic, as long as he or she satisfies this definition:
580:, Drink! Enjoy the simple life, learn wisdom and knowledge, as a free human. Beyond puns, irony, and satire, Gargantua's prologue-
4632:
1389:
1223:
magazine was first published in Britain in 1881; it continued in print until 2014, and still exists as a web-based publication.
1048:
5918:
5607:
Demerath, N. J. III and Victor Thiessen, "On Spitting Against the Wind: Organizational Precariousness and American Irreligion,"
4554:
4271:
4218:
237:
Atheist author Adam Lee defines free thought as thinking which is independent of revelation, tradition, established belief, and
7085:
2515:
1525:
1381:
Freethinkers tended to be liberal, espousing ideals such as racial, social, and sexual equality, and the abolition of slavery.
4787:
3926:
7167:
6608:
5781:
5258:
5165:
5127:
5100:
5073:
5035:
5005:
4980:
4953:
4702:
4664:
2918:
2597:
1716:
5875:
Geoffrey C. Fidler (Spring–Summer 1985). "The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia"".
5199:
5171:
7562:
6979:
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2736:
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emerged towards the end of the 17th century in England to describe those who stood in opposition to the institution of the
725:
5714:
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3051:
2991:
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1409:
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The year 1600 is considered a landmark in the era of modern free thought. It was the year of the execution in Italy of
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4921:
4380:
4353:
4317:
4148:
4123:
4022:
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1286:
1012:
In the Netherlands, free thought has existed in organized form since the establishment of De Dageraad (now known as
6446:
2055:
265:
660:, along with the two Circles of Free Inquiry (Dutch and French speaking), defend the freedom of critical thought,
653:
7997:
7712:
3560:
3326:
3041:
485:
Critical thought has flourished in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, in the repositories of knowledge and wisdom in
64:
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5349:
5325:
5305:
5284:
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1405:
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958:
714:
5400:
4479:
James E. Force, Introduction (1990) to An Account of the Growth of Deism in England (1696) by William Stephens
3968:
many Freemasons supporting independence movements and participating as Founding Fathers of the United States.
976:
with nationalist, xenophobic and very often racist ideology) were tolerated by the Nazis until the mid-1930s.
201:, and logic. The skeptical application of science implies freedom from the intellectually limiting effects of
7577:
7552:
7016:
6876:
5446:
3396:
3371:
2854:
2773:
1684:
1496:
1204:
376:
328:
39:
5512:
Brandt, Eric T., and Timothy Larsen (2011). "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible".
4458:
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304:
finds a balance of evidence in their favour, then his thought is free, however odd his conclusions may seem.
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6466:
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1857:
1641:
832:
3731:
771:
8052:
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3843:. Freemasonry's origins from stonemason guilds meant its symbolism and rituals drew on concepts from the
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2904:
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1591:
1558:
1529:
17:
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5742:
American Anarchism: The Politics of Gender, Culture, and Community from Haymarket to the First World War
3898:
Universe", these concepts were interpreted as a deist scientific creator by Enlightenment freethinkers.
2849:
1211:
which gained substantial popularity. This essay attacks the clergy of all churches and it is a plea for
887:, the resistance of citizens against the dogma of the church increased. In 1844, under the influence of
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920:
870:
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710:
657:
155:
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4109:
2381:
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6709:
6587:
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6506:
6456:
6393:
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5621:
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4301:
Bogdan, H.; Snoek, J., eds. (2014). "Freemasonry and the Eighteenth-Century European Enlightenment".
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1928:
1883:
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free from either, but in the measure of a man's emancipation he deserves to be called a free thinker.
6219:
6108:"Unclasping the Eagle's Talons: Mark Twain, American Freethought, and the Responses to Imperialism."
3647:...The church was viewed as a common ally of the state and as a repressive force in and of itself."
620:, Australia had high rates of Protestantism and Catholicism. Post-war Australia has become a highly
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7877:
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7237:
7162:
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5499:
Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class: A Study of the New York Workingmen's Movement 1829–1837
4996:
Reinhalter, Helmut (1999). "Freethinkers". In Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Fahlbusch, Erwin (eds.).
3752:
3714:"there is a strong interest in publishing scientific news, usually linked to a certain atheist and
3698:
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3256:
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1980:
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792:
573:
501:
249:
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5220:
5092:
Politics Of Education: Teachers and School Reform in Weimar Germany (Monographs in German History)
2271:
1396:. Following Ingersoll's death in 1899 the organization declined, in part due to lack of effective
1106:
576:
journeys to the "Oracle of The Div(in)e Bottle", he learns the lesson of life in one simple word:
279:
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7637:
6866:
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parts of the anarchist movement in the United States actually stemmed from free thought circles .
5425:(Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.)
5361:
Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017,
4656:
The Jewish Reformation: Bible Translation and Middle-Class German Judaism As Spiritual Enterprise
3801:
3667:
In Europe, a similar development occurred in French and Spanish individualist anarchist circles:
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3056:
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2966:
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1755:
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253:
free thought gatherings, the driving force behind the Congress of Liberal Thinkers held in 1878.
238:
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2005:
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709:(Toronto, 1887–1911). Founded and edited during its first several years by English freethinker
531:
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5025:
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The Value of Free Thought: How to Become a Truth-seeker and Break the Chains of Mental Slavery
3697:
These tendencies would continue in French individualist anarchism in the work and activism of
1094:
380:
freethinkers, but are now arguably less prominent in the free thought movement than atheists.
260:, freethinkers typically hold that there is insufficient evidence to support the existence of
8112:
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1945:
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and socialist leanings. The main organisation referring to this tradition to this day is the
804:
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4052:
3629:"Many of the anarchists were ardent freethinkers; reprints from free thought papers such as
1404:
Wisconsin, which was founded in 1852 and is still active as of 2020. It affiliated with the
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815:, was championed by Voltaire. A second replacement statue to de la Barre stands nearby the
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669:
342:, atheists and/or agnostics are not necessarily freethinkers. As an example, he mentions
210:
45:
Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism
4083:
1110:
803:
In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Christian
556:
8160:
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7957:
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7034:
7000:
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6292:
6120:
5900:
5892:
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5058:
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self-improvement to the goal of becoming a Master of himself, thus a full freethinker.
3828:
elites to gather and debate radical topics away from the scrutiny of church and state.
3301:
3286:
3166:
3161:
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3131:
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3016:
3011:
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812:
507:
189:
28:
7337:
4624:
2241:
1257:
in an era when blasphemy convictions were still possible. Houston had helped found an
460:
serves as the long-established and enduring symbol of free thought; literature of the
416:. Generally, freethinkers like to think for themselves, tend to be skeptical, respect
8132:
8062:
7907:
7812:
7707:
7422:
7292:
7075:
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6791:
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6383:
6278:
6266:
6181:
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6149:
6136:
6097:
6054:
5922:
5904:
5718:
5525:
5379:
5362:
5345:
5321:
5301:
5280:
5254:
5161:
5123:
5096:
5069:
5031:
5001:
4976:
4949:
4917:
4736:
4698:
4660:
4573:
4376:
4349:
4210:
4164:
3747:
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3513:
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3036:
2785:
2505:
2326:
2196:
2130:
1990:
1873:
1843:
1792:
1619:
1512:
1295:
1188:
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from 1923 until his death in 1938– was the practitioner of their ideas. He made many
1013:
908:
680:
In 1873, a handful of secularists founded the earliest known secular organization in
634:
417:
202:
198:
71:
5300:, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009;
1168:
912:
8153:
8042:
7482:
7427:
7342:
7212:
7187:
7130:
7105:
7006:
6948:
6916:
6901:
6836:
6776:
6746:
6726:
6694:
6658:
6641:
6629:
6536:
6496:
6408:
6403:
5884:
5521:
5469:"Turkey's Atheism Association threatened by hostility and lack of interest | Ahval"
5339:"I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..."
4795:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3876:
3531:
3423:
2894:
2879:
2763:
2705:
2642:
2617:
2560:
2535:
2386:
2331:
2246:
2145:
2105:
2015:
2010:
1888:
1826:
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1765:
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1748:
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1502:
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1196:
1058:
855:
339:
332:
292:
284:
185:
3677:
584:
instructs the reader to "break the bone and suck out the substance-full marrow" ("
8092:
7502:
7402:
7397:
7377:
7347:
7302:
7297:
7287:
7252:
7125:
6974:
6796:
6771:
6699:
6476:
6358:
5740:
5342:
The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand
5193:
5155:
4730:
4423:
4370:
4027:
3934:
was erected at the site of his execution, by freethinkers from several countries.
3743:
3541:
3473:
2731:
2682:
2555:
2406:
2306:
2301:
2281:
2251:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2085:
1965:
1804:
1797:
1733:
1635:
1479:
1090:
1081:, free thought made its voice heard by the works of distinguished people such as
990:
Review of the Miracles, Prophecies, & Mysteries of the Old and New Testaments
756:. The concept of free thought spread so widely that even places as remote as the
705:
601:
465:
409:
401:
214:
103:
Tombstone detail of a freethinker, late 19th century (Cemetery of Cullera, Spain)
7457:
7277:
6178:
Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: popular freethought in Britain, 1866–1915
4694:
Hermann Cohen and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Enchantment of the Public Sphere
4185:"The Saga of Freethought and Its Pioneers: Religious Critique and Social Reform"
2361:
2181:
1321:
Driven by the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the 19th century saw an
1061:
began to organise themselves. Around 1870, a "freethinkers club" was founded in
753:
494:
8107:
8097:
7357:
7272:
7182:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6816:
6786:
6501:
6431:
6388:
6368:
6363:
5770:
4826:
3931:
3719:
3488:
3478:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2612:
2261:
2176:
2110:
2040:
1995:
1975:
1970:
1469:
1456:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1078:
888:
797:
681:
621:
597:
364:
206:
6240:
6096:. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press.
4110:"FREETHINKER definition in American English | Collins English Dictionary"
420:
and reason, remain open to new concepts, and are sometimes proud of their own
8182:
7517:
7472:
7437:
7417:
7372:
7327:
7222:
7172:
7090:
6911:
6856:
6441:
6436:
6418:
6214:
6163:
Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791–1866
4732:
Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power
4490:
3944:
3768:
3760:
3598:
2889:
2834:
2652:
2602:
2520:
2421:
2376:
2341:
2321:
2276:
2231:
2050:
2045:
2025:
1613:
1544:
1413:
1340:
1326:
1118:
1086:
1036:
737:
535:
421:
343:
5378:
Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012,
5337:...Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said:
3693:
and ideological manipulation which happens on both believers and agnostics".
1082:
1016:) in 1856. Among its most notable subscribing 19th century individuals were
388:
Among freethinkers, for a notion to be considered true it must be testable,
335:
who have challenged established orthodoxies can be considered freethinkers.
8057:
8047:
7522:
7447:
7387:
7362:
7307:
6959:
6921:
6886:
6413:
6348:
6157:
6128:
5655:"History of the Free Congregation of Sauk County: The "Freethinkers" Story"
4697:. New Jewish Philosophy and Thought. Indiana University Press. p. 62.
3906:
3438:
3428:
2899:
2864:
2716:
2426:
2351:
2291:
2266:
2211:
2020:
1955:
1535:
1418:
1356:
1282:
1242:
1122:
985:
947:
625:
617:
511:
324:
261:
226:
4127:
1309:
961:
and Social Democratic forces in Western Europe led by Theodor Hartwig and
800:
religious procession, but the elements of the case were far more complex.
371:
In the 18th and 19th century, many thinkers regarded as freethinkers were
7527:
7497:
7487:
7442:
7317:
6906:
6861:
6826:
6516:
6190:
5970:
4839:
3836:
3824:
3715:
3701:(1893–1981) and others. In the Spanish individualist anarchist magazines
3690:
3672:
2884:
2839:
2431:
2401:
2391:
2346:
2221:
2125:
1893:
1322:
1270:
962:
954:
939:
892:
875:
847:
783:
757:
605:
527:
430:
169:
6225:
4595:"Pansy of Freethought - Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought"
3983:
Attaining mastery is presented as freeing a man's mind from reliance on
3537:
967:
8087:
8072:
8067:
7512:
6984:
6634:
6511:
6481:
6378:
6116:
3914:
3860:
3848:
3468:
3453:
3448:
2741:
2416:
2120:
2090:
1985:
1878:
1397:
1374:
These groups of German Freethinkers referred to their organizations as
1200:
1054:
879:
is a German coming of age ceremony. Photograph from early 20th century.
820:
808:
546:
510:
such as the Chinese (note for example the seafaring renaissance of the
425:
405:
218:
177:
150:
134:
5896:
5678:
4316:
Clifford, William K. "5. The Ethics of Belief". In Levin, Noah (ed.).
1388:" in the US came in the late 1800s. The dominant organization was the
8127:
8077:
7407:
6969:
6526:
6423:
6315:
5251:
The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World
3984:
3901:
Influential early Speculative Masonic writings by James Anderson and
3872:
3739:
3707:
3508:
3458:
2726:
2311:
2135:
2030:
1676:
1574:
1438:
1360:
1352:
1351:
Many Freethinkers settled in German immigrant strongholds, including
1299:
1021:
765:
549:
523:
413:
360:
222:
160:
130:
126:
32:
4890:
1062:
7432:
6989:
6673:
6491:
6094:
Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850-1914
5888:
4844:
The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada
3952:
3891:
3864:
3856:
2746:
2336:
2100:
1848:
1520:
1451:
896:
745:
581:
397:
393:
257:
181:
6241:
Freethought In A Nutshell by the North Texas Church of Freethought
5438:
5397:"Atatürk İslam için ne düşünüyordu? - Türkiye Haberleri - Radikal"
3655:
3527:
1133:
that modernized the country. Sources point out that AtatĂĽrk was a
796:. La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a
736:
In France, the concept first appeared in publication in 1765 when
268:, "No one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible,
8117:
6333:
6244:
5942:
3852:
3844:
3498:
1940:
1836:
1539:
1258:
1142:
924:
779:
693:
553:
519:
486:
273:
5943:
Fitzpatrick, M.; Jones, P.; Knellwolf, C.; McCalman, I. (2004).
3951:
This religious tolerance attracted Enlightenment thinkers, like
3619:
E. C. Walker was co-editor of the freethought/free love journal
1422:
in 1873, a radical free thought and reform American periodical.
7282:
7217:
5060:
Storming the heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless
3940:
3764:
3607:
were prominent figures in both free thought and anarchism. The
2647:
2186:
1231:
1102:
775:
761:
703:
The principal organ of the free thought movement in Canada was
697:
665:
515:
498:
372:
146:
122:
5745:. Vol. 2. University of California, Berkeley. p. 315
5657:. Free Congregation of Sauk County. April 2009. Archived from
4975:. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. p. 160.
4735:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 18–19.
4053:"Free thought – Definition of free thought by Merriam-Webster"
1261:
community at Haverstraw, New York in 1826–27. The short-lived
7507:
6207:
5717:. Freedom from Religion Foundation. July 2002. Archived from
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
3988:
3868:
3832:
2411:
1464:
1364:
1329:
freethinkers and anti-clericalists to the United States (see
1212:
1192:
1150:
1146:
1138:
828:
661:
457:
449:
434:
269:
173:
142:
138:
6284:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
4767:
Montano, Aniello (24 November 2007). Antonio Gargano (ed.).
4084:"Freethinker – Definition of freethinker by Merriam-Webster"
445:
5649:
5647:
5603:
5601:
4397:"What is a Freethinker? - Freedom From Religion Foundation"
3756:
3723:
1487:
850:
as one of its major early proponents. French Freethinkers (
842:
The 19th century saw the emergence of a specific notion of
787:
490:
347:
4272:"9 Great Freethinkers and Religious Dissenters in History"
4124:"Glossary | International Humanist and Ethical Union"
559:
Abbey (from θÎλημα: free "will"), the device of which was
248:
by the 19th-century British mathematician and philosopher
5546:
5024:
Kaiser, Jochen-Christoph (2003). Christel Gärtner (ed.).
984:
In the 19th century, received opinion was scandalized by
141:, and should instead be reached by other methods such as
79:
5644:
5598:
4846:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), pp. 46–64.
895:, belief in the rights of man, tolerance among men, and
412:, art, personal happiness, love, and the furtherance of
75:
5583:. Dictionary of Wisconsin History. 2008. Archived from
5320:, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008;
3742:
in defiance of an educational system controlled by the
3722:'s theories or on the negation of the existence of the
883:
In Germany, during the period 1815–1848 and before the
5501:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 36–48.
6250:
4769:
Le deposizioni davanti al tribunale dell'Inquisizione
4078:
4076:
4074:
5840:"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)"
5808:"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)"
5439:"The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded"
4659:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 4.
3771:
in 1911. Ferrer also inspired the Italian newspaper
433:, which may or may not lead them to believe in some
5431:
5874:
5277:by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84
5088:
5064:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. pp.
5057:
4646:
4071:
1298:, New York, as president. Smith was also the 1836
1294:Lyceum in Saratoga Springs with Isaac S. Smith of
6111:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
5679:William Roba; Fredrick I. Anderson (ed.) (1982).
4962:
4914:Evolutionism in Eighteenth-century French Thought
4346:Encyclopedia of Ethics (article on "agnosticism")
8180:
5030:. Vol. Organisierter Atheismus. VS Verlag.
4684:
4578:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4169:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1425:German freethinker settlements were located in:
6001:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–203.
5116:Strachan, John; Jones, Steven E. (2020-04-01).
4592:
4045:
3730:In 1901, the Catalan anarchist and freethinker
363:, embodied in the practice of a great state by
6133:Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism
5715:"The Turners, Forty-eighters and Freethinkers"
3780:
953:More "bourgeois" organizations declined after
905:Union of Free Religious Communities of Germany
817:Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris
312:The person who is free in any respect is free
6300:
5198:. London: John Brooks. pp. 88, 91, 103.
5115:
5055:
4968:
4524:"A COMMON PLACE by Ruth Kelly and Liam Byrne"
4151:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012
3671:"Anticlericalism, just as in the rest of the
3561:
244:The basic summarizing statement of the essay
74:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5765:
5763:
5538:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1137:and a freethinker. He was a non-doctrinaire
392:, and logical. Many freethinkers tend to be
6180:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
6166:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
5837:
5805:
5318:Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide
5095:. Providence: Berghahn Books. p. 185.
4905:
4300:
899:grew, and by 1859 they had established the
8083:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
6307:
6293:
6070:
6068:
4995:
4989:
4561:. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23
3882:
3585:Freethought influenced the development of
3580:
3568:
3554:
3464:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
938:Free thought organizations developed the "
901:Bund Freireligiöser Gemeinden Deutschlands
854:) associate freedom of thought, political
839:is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre.
700:, eliciting both urban and rural support.
6043:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–28.
6034:
6032:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5996:
5979:
5973:and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
5870:
5868:
5866:
5760:
5683:. Davenport: Lee Enterprises. p. 73.
5019:
5017:
4771:. Napoli: La CittĂ del Sole. p. 71.
3807:Please consider summarizing the material.
506:poems). Later societies made advances on
493:civilizations (for example in the era of
331:, suggests that by Russell's definition,
114:) is an unorthodox attitude or belief.
6053:
6047:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5672:
5082:
5051:
5049:
5047:
4946:Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt
4859:. 1751–1772. p. 472. Archived from
4760:
4652:
4368:
4269:
3925:
3886:
3654:
1335:
1308:
1230:
999:
869:
724:
444:
278:
98:
6074:
6065:
4911:
4766:
4722:
4488:
4421:
4344:Becker, Lawrence and Charlotte (2013).
4039:
3958:
1113:, revolutionary statesman, author, and
1049:Freethinkers Association of Switzerland
923:) as the first German organization for
860:Fédération nationale de la libre pensée
14:
8181:
7086:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
6059:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
6038:
6029:
6020:
6005:
5863:
5738:
5511:
5496:
5344:, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011,
5023:
5014:
4948:. VS Verlag fnr Sozialw. p. 157.
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4451:"Saga Of Freethought And Its Pioneers"
4343:
3921:
3746:. The schools had the stated goal to "
2516:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
764:, had well-known freethinkers such as
480:
295:wrote the following in his 1944 essay
6288:
5966:
5951:
5191:
5153:
5044:
5000:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
4875:
4814:
4728:
4690:
4282:from the original on 8 September 2015
3974:
3913:Freemasonry's multi-tiered system of
3650:
3611:George MacDonald was a co-editor of
1203:, and more extensively in 1713, when
125:should not be formed on the basis of
65:too many or overly lengthy quotations
5921:. Flag.blackened.net. Archived from
5771:"The Journal of Libertarian Studies"
5253:, Cambridge University Press, 2008;
5231:from the original on 2 November 2017
4943:
4785:
4779:
4622:
4322:. N.G.E. Far Press. pp. 18–21.
4315:
3784:
730:Hommage aux morts de la Libre-pensée
47:
6125:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
5614:
5119:British Satire, 1785-1840, Volume 1
5027:Atheismus und religiöse Indifferenz
4930:
4857:"ARTFL Encyclopédie Search Results"
3663:, 1905, edited by Francisco Ferrer.
1097:. These intellectuals affected the
591:
24:
6086:
6061:. Dover Publications. p. 106.
5919:"Francisco Ferrer's Modern School"
5147:
5109:
4599:www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk
4090:from the original on 24 April 2009
4059:from the original on 22 April 2020
3875:as well as other arts such as the
1410:Unitarian Universalist Association
1053:With the introduction of cantonal
772:François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre
514:dynasty of 1127–1279), on through
383:
25:
8205:
6201:
6154:. New York: Truth Seeker Company.
6151:Four Hundred Years of Freethought
6023:Foundations of Modern Freemasonry
5632:from the original on 9 March 2014
5609:The American Journal of Sociology
5514:Journal of the Historical Society
5449:from the original on 3 March 2018
4972:Growing up female in Nazi Germany
4830:. Retrieved on 11 September 2009.
4023:Freethought Association of Canada
1416:was the founder and publisher of
1367:, where they founded the town of
1245:and symbols of the Enlightenment.
1199:in a widely publicized letter to
1178:
778:nobleman, famous for having been
8147:
7121:International Conference of Rome
7111:International Conference of Rome
6272:
6260:
6135:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
5526:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00330.x
4998:The encyclopedia of Christianity
4786:Birx, James (11 November 1997).
4428:. Haldeman-Julius Publications.
3789:
3767:. The first of these started in
3609:American individualist anarchist
3536:
3526:
2551:International Conference of Rome
2541:International Conference of Rome
1683:
1277:community in Indiana, edited by
1226:
1191:, and the literal belief in the
628:, one of Australia's well-known
338:On the other hand, according to
266:Freedom from Religion Foundation
52:
6122:A History of Freedom of Thought
5936:
5911:
5831:
5799:
5787:from the original on 2013-09-11
5732:
5707:
5505:
5490:
5461:
5414:
5389:
5372:
5355:
5331:
5311:
5289:
5267:
5243:
5213:
5202:from the original on 2023-04-11
5185:
5174:from the original on 2023-04-27
5160:. Routledge. pp. 118–119.
5136:from the original on 2023-04-15
4912:Gregory, Mary Efrosini (2008).
4849:
4833:
4711:from the original on 2023-01-19
4673:from the original on 2023-01-19
4635:from the original on 2019-05-19
4616:
4605:from the original on 2020-08-01
4586:
4547:
4536:from the original on 2019-01-02
4516:
4501:from the original on 2012-10-12
4482:
4473:
4443:
4432:from the original on 2023-04-29
4415:
4389:
4362:
4337:
4326:from the original on 2022-01-31
4319:Philosophy of Western Religions
4309:
4294:
4251:from the original on 2015-04-02
4221:from the original on 2020-08-01
786:before his body was burnt on a
497:(1048–1131) and his unorthodox
7233:Australian Anarchist Centenary
7158:German Revolution of 1918–1919
6233:New International Encyclopedia
5877:History of Education Quarterly
5739:Koenig, Brigitte Anne (2000).
5681:Joined by a River: Quad Cities
4489:Aveling, Francis, ed. (1908).
4369:Hastings, James (2003-01-01).
4263:
4233:
4203:
4177:
4141:
4116:
4102:
3851:, they include the Mastery of
3593:"free thought was a basically
3587:anarchism in the United States
2663:Australian Anarchist Centenary
2588:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1406:American Unitarian Association
1042:
995:
959:League of the Militant Godless
846:("free thought"), with writer
715:Humanist Association of Canada
400:on human needs and would find
13:
1:
6872:Decentralized planned economy
6314:
6092:Alexander, Nathan G. (2019).
5845:. p. 152. Archived from
5813:. p. 143. Archived from
4455:American Humanist Association
4189:American Humanist Association
3661:BoletĂn de la Escuela Moderna
2850:Decentralized planned economy
1644:, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
1155:Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler
654:Université Libre de Bruxelles
329:American Humanist Association
232:
40:Free thought (disambiguation)
6467:Proletarian internationalism
5611:, 71: 6 (May, 1966), 674–87.
5399:. 2017-07-22. Archived from
2076:Proletarian internationalism
1659:
1371:, Texas, as well as others.
611:
541:French physician and writer
264:phenomena. According to the
7:
7168:1919 United States bombings
6075:Bullock, Steven C. (2011).
5967:Jacob, Margaret C. (1991).
5581:"Freethinkers in Wisconsin"
5221:"Geschichte der Freidenker"
5089:Lamberti, Marjorie (2004).
4916:. Peter Lang. p. 192.
4211:"who are the Freethinkers?"
3995:
3781:Freethinking in Freemasonry
3680:, will have its impacts in
2598:1919 United States bombings
1592:Winnebago County, Wisconsin
1209:Discourse of Free-thinking,
927:and agnostics. In 1892 the
819:at the summit of the butte
452:is a symbol of freethought.
10:
8210:
8123:Situationist International
7193:Spanish Revolution of 1936
7051:Self-managed social center
6113:17, no. 3 (2018): 524–545.
5999:The Origins of Freemasonry
5975:. Oxford University Press.
5969:Living the Enlightenment:
5157:A History of Irish Thought
5122:. Routledge. p. 144.
4625:"Song Dynasty 宋, 960-1279"
4422:Russell, Bertrand (1944).
4305:. Brill. pp. 321–335.
3903:Jean-Theophile Desaguliers
3504:Situationist International
2808:Self-managed social center
2623:Spanish Revolution of 1936
1306:, edited by Gilbert Vale.
1241:from 1921 with picture of
1046:
979:
921:German Freethinkers League
865:
658:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
645:
641:
475:
327:, former executive of the
156:Collins English Dictionary
37:
26:
8142:
8027:
7587:
7537:
7262:
7248:Really Really Free Market
7243:1999 Seattle WTO protests
7065:
6937:
6845:
6809:
6762:
6685:
6616:
6607:
6557:
6532:Temporary autonomous zone
6457:Permanent autonomous zone
6394:Consensus decision-making
6322:
6077:Revolutionary Brotherhood
6039:Israel, Jonathan (2006).
5997:Stevenson, David (1988).
5628:. freethought-trail.org.
5622:"National Liberal League"
5275:Political Islam in Turkey
5264:; accessed 27 March 2015.
5249:ReĹźat Kasaba, "AtatĂĽrk",
4822:Sport, grog and godliness
4495:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4348:. Routledge. p. 44.
4270:Adam Lee (October 2012).
3804:and excessively detailed.
3748:educate the working class
3732:Francesc Ferrer i GuĂ rdia
3632:Lucifer, the Light-Bearer
3622:Lucifer, the Light-Bearer
2678:Really Really Free Market
2673:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2141:Temporary autonomous zone
2066:Permanent autonomous zone
2001:Consensus decision-making
1386:Golden Age of Freethought
1077:In the last years of the
1072:
1067:separate church and state
720:
675:
440:
346:, whom he compares to a "
297:The Value of Free Thought
194:Oxford English Dictionary
7238:Carnival Against Capital
7163:Bavarian Soviet Republic
7152:Manifesto of the Sixteen
7046:Radical environmentalism
6995:Independent Media Center
6927:Workers' self-management
6374:Autonomous social center
6220:A History of Freethought
6195:100 Years of Freethought
4792:Mobile Alabama Harbinger
4372:Encyclopedia of Religion
3859:, logic then mastery of
3734:established "modern" or
3699:Charles-Auguste Bontemps
2905:Workers' self-management
2803:Radical environmentalism
2752:Independent Media Center
2668:Carnival Against Capital
2593:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2582:Manifesto of the Sixteen
1981:Autonomous social center
1269:, the official organ of
917:Deutscher Freidenkerbund
827:), the highest point in
793:Philosophical Dictionary
774:(1745–1766) was a young
588:"), the core of wisdom.
586:la substantifique moëlle
250:William Kingdon Clifford
72:summarize the quotations
27:Not to be confused with
6867:Cost the limit of price
6176:Royle, Edward. (1980).
6041:Enlightenment Contested
5945:The Enlightenment World
5497:Hugins, Walter (1960).
4303:Handbook of Freemasonry
3883:Rationalism and science
3686:individualist anarchist
3581:United States tradition
2845:Cost the limit of price
1638:, Kendall County, Texas
1390:National Liberal League
1153:in his own work titled
1125:, serving as its first
1093:, Kılıçzade Hakkı, and
1008:(The Freethinker) 2015.
929:Freidenker-Gesellschaft
823:(itself named from the
748:included an article on
742:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
357:Dialectical Materialism
7663:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6472:Propaganda of the deed
6462:Prefigurative politics
6452:Participatory politics
6399:Conscientious objector
5428:
5192:Ensor, George (1835).
5154:Duddy, Thomas (2012).
5056:Peris, Daniel (1998).
4969:Reese, Dagmar (2006).
4889:. 2016. Archived from
4729:Gatti, Hilary (2002).
4241:"What Is Freethought?"
3935:
3894:
3755:in the United States,
3728:
3695:
3664:
3627:
2992:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2081:Propaganda of the deed
2071:Prefigurative politics
2061:Participatory politics
2006:Conscientious objector
1616:, Austin County, Texas
1348:
1318:
1289:in New York City. The
1265:was superseded by the
1253:, an early journal of
1246:
1169:Association of Atheism
1024:, Adriaan Gerhard and
1009:
933:Deutscher Monistenbund
880:
807:; La Barre along with
790:along with Voltaire's
733:
668:, while rejecting the
570:
532:Protestant Reformation
462:American Secular Union
453:
369:
359:, first discovered by
322:
306:
288:
104:
8113:Libertarian socialism
7228:Kate Sharpley Library
7203:Red inverted triangle
7146:High Treason Incident
7136:Congress of Amsterdam
6542:Voluntary association
6354:Anti-authoritarianism
6344:Anarchist criminology
6339:Anarchist Black Cross
6208:Freethinker Indonesia
6197:. London: Elek Books.
6146:Putnam, Samuel Porter
5626:The Freethought Trail
5420:
4653:Gottlieb, M. (2021).
4629:www.chinaknowledge.de
4593:Annie Laurie Gaylor.
3930:In 1889, a statue of
3929:
3890:
3712:
3669:
3658:
3591:
3494:Libertarian socialism
2658:Kate Sharpley Library
2633:Red inverted triangle
2576:High Treason Incident
2566:Congress of Amsterdam
2151:Voluntary association
1961:Anti-authoritarianism
1951:Anarchist criminology
1946:Anarchist Black Cross
1339:
1312:
1234:
1107:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
1003:
974:"ethnic" associations
873:
805:religious intolerance
768:by the 19th century.
728:
670:argument of authority
572:When Rabelais's hero
565:
518:thinkers on esoteric
448:
352:
310:
301:
291:However, philosopher
282:
151:empirical observation
102:
8154:Anarchism portal
7558:Fictional characters
7041:Radical cheerleading
6106:Alexander Nathan G.
6021:Berman, Ric (2012).
5838:Xavier Diez (2007).
5806:Xavier Diez (2007).
4691:Nahme, P.E. (2019).
4040:Notes and references
4033:Religious skepticism
4008:Critical rationalism
3959:Political liberalism
3377:Fictional characters
2798:Radical cheerleading
690:T. Phillips Thompson
648:Organized secularism
630:public intellectuals
333:liberal religionists
246:The Ethics of Belief
38:For other uses, see
8103:Left-libertarianism
7178:Kronstadt rebellion
7116:Trial of the Thirty
7081:Revolutions of 1848
7023:No gods, no masters
6832:Synthesis anarchism
6822:Anarcho-syndicalism
6810:Types of federation
6227:"Freethinker"
3922:Religious tolerance
3841:religious tolerance
3777:, founded in 1901.
3774:UniversitĂ popolare
3736:progressive schools
3484:Left-libertarianism
2780:No gods, no masters
2608:Kronstadt rebellion
2546:Trial of the Thirty
2511:Revolutions of 1848
1394:Robert G. Ingersoll
1315:Robert G. Ingersoll
1313:Collected works of
1018:Johannes van Vloten
1004:The Dutch magazine
862:, created in 1890.
833:18th arrondissement
481:Pre-modern movement
211:conventional wisdom
153:. According to the
110:(sometimes spelled
8053:Anti-globalization
7723:Dominican Republic
7548:Anarcho-punk bands
7208:Labadie Collection
7198:Barcelona May Days
7101:Cantonal rebellion
7035:Property is theft!
7001:The Internationale
6955:Anarchist bookfair
6754:Without adjectives
6609:Schools of thought
6117:Bury, John Bagnell
6055:Franklin, Benjamin
5699:has generic name (
5443:turkishatheist.net
4623:Theobald, Ulrich.
4191:. 22 December 2023
3975:Pursuit of mastery
3936:
3915:initiation rituals
3895:
3665:
3651:European tradition
3434:Anti-globalization
3367:Anarcho-punk bands
3052:Dominican Republic
2792:Property is theft!
2758:The Internationale
2712:Anarchist bookfair
2638:Labadie Collection
2628:Barcelona May Days
2531:Cantonal rebellion
1858:Without adjectives
1717:Schools of thought
1497:Fond du Lac County
1349:
1319:
1300:Equal Rights Party
1287:Workingmen's Party
1255:Biblical criticism
1247:
1026:Domela Nieuwenhuis
1010:
944:Youth consecration
881:
835:street nearby the
813:Pierre-Paul Sirven
734:
508:freedom of thought
454:
289:
199:scientific inquiry
190:religious critique
105:
29:freedom of thought
8176:
8175:
8133:Spontaneous order
8063:Anti-war movement
7568:Jewish anarchists
7076:French Revolution
7029:Popular education
6805:
6804:
6522:Spontaneous order
6384:Classless society
6025:. pp. 57–63.
5259:978-0-521-62096-3
5167:978-1-134-62352-5
5129:978-1-000-71299-5
5102:978-1-57181-299-5
5075:978-0-8014-3485-3
5037:978-3-8100-3639-1
5007:978-90-04-11695-5
4982:978-0-472-06938-5
4955:978-3-8100-4039-8
4820:Buttrose, Larry.
4704:978-0-253-03977-4
4666:978-0-19-933638-8
3905:frequently cited
3822:
3821:
3617:The Truth Seeker.
3615:and, for a time,
3578:
3577:
3514:Spontaneous order
3444:Anti-war movement
3387:Jewish anarchists
2786:Popular education
2506:French Revolution
2131:Spontaneous order
1991:Classless society
1916:
1915:
1874:Counter-economics
1549:Washington County
1251:The Correspondent
1135:religious skeptic
1014:De Vrije Gedachte
988:(1769–1843). His
909:Frankfurt am Main
750:Liberté de penser
635:The Lucky Country
561:Do What Thou Wilt
418:critical thinking
377:the nature of God
203:confirmation bias
97:
96:
16:(Redirected from
8201:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8043:Anti-consumerism
8038:Anti-corporatism
7188:Amakasu Incident
7131:Strandza Commune
7106:Haymarket affair
7007:Jewish anarchism
6949:A las Barricadas
6917:Social ownership
6902:Market socialism
6877:Free association
6837:Union of egoists
6614:
6613:
6547:Workers' council
6537:Union of egoists
6497:Security culture
6409:Decentralization
6404:Critique of work
6309:
6302:
6295:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6256:
6237:
6229:
6081:
6080:
6072:
6063:
6062:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6036:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5977:
5976:
5964:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5872:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5775:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5577:
5544:
5543:
5537:
5529:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5475:. Archived from
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5435:
5429:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5393:
5387:
5376:
5370:
5359:
5353:
5335:
5329:
5315:
5309:
5293:
5287:
5271:
5265:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5063:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5021:
5012:
5011:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4941:
4928:
4927:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4893:on 8 August 2016
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4863:on 22 March 2019
4853:
4847:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4794:. Archived from
4788:"Giordano Bruno"
4783:
4777:
4776:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4457:. Archived from
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4399:. Archived from
4393:
4387:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4245:Daylight Atheism
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4215:Freethinkers.com
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4126:. Archived from
4120:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4018:Secular humanism
4013:Ethical movement
4003:Brights movement
3817:
3814:
3808:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3641:The Truth Seeker
3570:
3563:
3556:
3540:
3532:Anarchism portal
3530:
3424:Anti-consumerism
3419:Anti-corporatism
2895:Social ownership
2880:Market socialism
2855:Free association
2764:Jewish anarchism
2706:A las Barricadas
2618:Amakasu Incident
2561:Strandza Commune
2536:Haymarket affair
2156:Workers' council
2146:Union of egoists
2106:Security culture
2016:Decentralization
2011:Critique of work
1749:Total liberation
1723:
1722:
1687:
1664:
1663:
1559:Manitowoc County
1530:Jefferson County
1517:Gasconade County
1448:St. Clair County
1419:The Truth Seeker
1279:Robert Dale Owen
1238:The Truth Seeker
1197:William Molyneux
1103:Turkish Republic
1095:Celal Nuri Ä°leri
931:and in 1906 the
915:established the
885:March Revolution
856:anti-clericalism
592:Modern movements
340:Bertrand Russell
293:Bertrand Russell
285:Bertrand Russell
186:anti-clericalism
92:
89:
83:
56:
55:
48:
21:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8148:
8146:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8093:Labour movement
8023:
8022:
8021:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:Occupy movement
7126:Ferrer movement
7061:
7060:
7059:
6975:Escuela Moderna
6933:
6932:
6931:
6841:
6801:
6758:
6722:Insurrectionary
6681:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6477:Refusal of work
6364:Anti-militarism
6359:Anti-capitalism
6318:
6313:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6251:
6224:
6204:
6089:
6087:Further reading
6084:
6073:
6066:
6052:
6048:
6037:
6030:
6019:
6006:
5995:
5980:
5965:
5952:
5941:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5883:(1/2): 103–32.
5873:
5864:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5778:Mises Institute
5773:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5748:
5746:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5696:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5664:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5606:
5599:
5590:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5547:
5531:
5530:
5510:
5506:
5495:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5419:
5415:
5406:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5377:
5373:
5360:
5356:
5336:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5294:
5290:
5272:
5268:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5205:
5203:
5190:
5186:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5139:
5137:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5054:
5045:
5038:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4942:
4931:
4924:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4838:
4834:
4819:
4815:
4801:
4799:
4784:
4780:
4765:
4761:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4689:
4685:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4636:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4606:
4591:
4587:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4461:on 15 July 2015
4449:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4403:on 15 July 2015
4395:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4314:
4310:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4162:
4161:
4154:
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4147:
4146:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4028:Freethought Day
3998:
3977:
3961:
3924:
3885:
3877:mechanical arts
3818:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3744:Catholic Church
3653:
3589:. In the U.S.,
3583:
3574:
3542:Politics portal
3519:
3518:
3474:Labour movement
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3362:
3361:
3352:
3351:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2732:Escuela Moderna
2700:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2683:Occupy movement
2556:Ferrer movement
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2436:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2086:Refusal of work
1971:Anti-militarism
1966:Anti-capitalism
1937:
1936:
1918:
1917:
1884:Insurrectionary
1720:
1719:
1662:
1657:
1507:Colorado County
1376:Freie Gemeinden
1229:
1220:The Freethinker
1205:Anthony Collins
1181:
1091:Abdullah Cevdet
1075:
1051:
1045:
998:
982:
868:
723:
706:Secular Thought
678:
664:philosophy and
650:
644:
614:
594:
483:
478:
443:
410:social progress
386:
384:Characteristics
375:, arguing that
235:
215:popular culture
93:
87:
84:
78:or excerpts to
69:
57:
53:
46:
43:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8207:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8108:Libertarianism
8105:
8100:
8098:Left communism
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:Related topics
8025:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7998:United Kingdom
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
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7910:
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7865:
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7855:
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7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
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7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7713:Czech Republic
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
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7455:
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7445:
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7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7368:González Prada
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7183:Makhnovshchina
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7096:Hague Congress
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Labour voucher
6894:
6892:Give-away shop
6889:
6884:
6882:General strike
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6817:Affinity group
6813:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:Post-anarchist
6784:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6710:Social ecology
6707:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6687:Post-classical
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6656:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6622:
6620:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Social ecology
6504:
6502:Self-ownership
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Horizontalidad
6429:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6389:Class struggle
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6369:Affinity group
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6282:
6281:
6269:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6222:
6217:
6213:2013-05-10 at
6203:
6202:External links
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6174:
6155:
6143:
6126:
6114:
6104:
6102:978-1526142375
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6064:
6046:
6028:
6004:
5978:
5950:
5935:
5910:
5889:10.2307/368893
5862:
5830:
5798:
5780:. 2014-07-30.
5759:
5731:
5706:
5697:|author2=
5671:
5643:
5613:
5597:
5545:
5504:
5489:
5460:
5445:. 3 May 2014.
5430:
5413:
5388:
5371:
5354:
5330:
5310:
5288:
5266:
5242:
5212:
5184:
5166:
5146:
5128:
5108:
5101:
5081:
5074:
5043:
5036:
5013:
5006:
4988:
4981:
4961:
4954:
4929:
4922:
4904:
4874:
4848:
4832:
4827:The Australian
4813:
4798:on 16 May 2019
4778:
4759:
4742:978-0801487859
4741:
4721:
4703:
4683:
4665:
4645:
4615:
4585:
4546:
4515:
4481:
4472:
4442:
4414:
4388:
4381:
4361:
4354:
4336:
4308:
4293:
4262:
4247:. 2010-02-26.
4232:
4217:. 2018-02-13.
4202:
4176:
4140:
4115:
4101:
4070:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3976:
3973:
3960:
3957:
3932:Giordano Bruno
3923:
3920:
3884:
3881:
3820:
3819:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3753:Modern Schools
3720:Charles Darwin
3652:
3649:
3595:anti-Christian
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Libertarianism
3486:
3481:
3479:Left communism
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3411:Related topics
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:United Kingdom
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Czech Republic
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Labour voucher
2872:
2870:Give-away shop
2867:
2862:
2860:General strike
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Makhnovshchina
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Hague Congress
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2444:
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2434:
2429:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
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2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:González Prada
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Social ecology
2113:
2111:Self-ownership
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Horizontalidad
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Class struggle
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Affinity group
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1744:Social ecology
1741:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1624:Kendall County
1617:
1611:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1477:
1474:Kendall County
1467:
1454:
1441:
1427:
1345:Two Ways to Go
1331:Forty-Eighters
1291:Free Enquirer'
1228:
1225:
1180:
1179:United Kingdom
1177:
1173:Ateizm DerneÄźi
1079:Ottoman Empire
1074:
1071:
1059:anti-clericals
1057:in the 1870s,
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
997:
994:
981:
978:
946:), a secular "
913:Ludwig BĂĽchner
889:Johannes Ronge
867:
864:
852:Libre-Penseurs
825:Temple of Mars
798:Roman Catholic
722:
719:
682:English Canada
677:
674:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
613:
610:
604:friar, by the
598:Giordano Bruno
593:
590:
482:
479:
477:
474:
442:
439:
385:
382:
234:
231:
207:cognitive bias
95:
94:
60:
58:
51:
44:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8206:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8144:
8141:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:United States
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
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7763:French Guiana
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7173:Biennio Rosso
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7091:Paris Commune
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6912:Mutual credit
6910:
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6898:
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6888:
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6883:
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6857:Communization
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6647:Philosophical
6645:
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6640:
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6625:Individualist
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6568:Animal rights
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6437:Individualism
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6419:Direct action
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6218:
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6215:archive.today
6212:
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6186:0-7190-0783-6
6183:
6179:
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6173:
6172:0-7190-0557-4
6169:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6158:Royle, Edward
6156:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:0-8050-7442-2
6138:
6134:
6130:
6129:Jacoby, Susan
6127:
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6112:
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5987:
5985:
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5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5925:on 2010-08-07
5924:
5920:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5852:on 2012-03-24
5848:
5841:
5834:
5820:on 2012-03-24
5816:
5809:
5802:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5756:
5744:
5743:
5735:
5721:on 2012-07-12
5720:
5716:
5710:
5702:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5661:on 2012-03-26
5660:
5656:
5650:
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5631:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5587:on 2009-07-04
5586:
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5523:
5520:(2): 211–38.
5519:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5493:
5479:on 2020-08-01
5478:
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5470:
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5448:
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5426:
5417:
5403:on 2017-07-22
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5227:(in German).
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4923:9781433103735
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4883:"Gjendesheim"
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4382:9780766136830
4378:
4375:. Kessinger.
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4355:9781135350963
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4130:on 2013-01-17
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3798:This section
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3769:New York City
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3761:South America
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3678:André Lorulot
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3599:anti-clerical
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2890:Mutual credit
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2835:Communization
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2603:Biennio Rosso
2601:
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2521:Paris Commune
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2454:Animal rights
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2119:
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2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Individualism
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Direct action
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
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1777:
1776:Philosophical
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:Individualist
1754:
1750:
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1727:
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1621:
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1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:DeWitt County
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:Austin County
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:DeWitt County
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
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1546:
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1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
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1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:Racine County
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:D. M. Bennett
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1341:Watson Heston
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:Free Enquirer
1264:
1263:Correspondent
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:United States
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
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1206:
1202:
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1190:
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1148:
1144:
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1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:field marshal
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Tevfik Fikret
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1037:individualism
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:De Vrijdenker
1002:
993:
991:
987:
977:
975:
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969:
964:
960:
956:
951:
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942:" (literally
941:
936:
935:were formed.
934:
930:
926:
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906:
902:
898:
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872:
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830:
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785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
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755:
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743:
739:
738:Denis Diderot
731:
727:
718:
716:
712:
711:Charles Watts
708:
707:
701:
699:
696:and parts of
695:
691:
685:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
639:
637:
636:
631:
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619:
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603:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
564:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
539:
537:
536:Martin Luther
534:pioneered by
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Southern Song
509:
505:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
473:
471:
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463:
459:
451:
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438:
436:
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427:
423:
422:individuality
419:
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136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
101:
91:
88:November 2020
81:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
50:
49:
41:
34:
30:
19:
8166:
8159:
8145:
8058:Anti-statism
8048:Anti-fascism
7953:South Africa
7453:Pi i Margall
7150:
6999:
6960:Anarcho-punk
6947:
6922:Wage slavery
6887:Gift economy
6782:Postcolonial
6764:Contemporary
6717:Independence
6664:Collectivist
6583:Love and sex
6414:Deep ecology
6349:Anationalism
6231:
6194:
6191:Tribe, David
6177:
6162:
6150:
6132:
6121:
6110:
6093:
6076:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6022:
5998:
5968:
5947:. Routledge.
5944:
5938:
5927:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5913:
5880:
5876:
5854:. Retrieved
5847:the original
5833:
5822:. Retrieved
5815:the original
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5777:
5754:
5747:. Retrieved
5741:
5734:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:the original
5709:
5680:
5674:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5634:. Retrieved
5625:
5616:
5608:
5589:. Retrieved
5585:the original
5534:cite journal
5517:
5513:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5481:. Retrieved
5477:the original
5472:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5442:
5433:
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5421:
5416:
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5401:the original
5391:
5374:
5357:
5338:
5333:
5313:
5296:
5291:
5274:
5269:
5250:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5224:
5215:
5204:. Retrieved
5194:
5187:
5176:. Retrieved
5156:
5149:
5138:. Retrieved
5118:
5111:
5091:
5084:
5059:
5026:
4997:
4991:
4971:
4964:
4945:
4913:
4907:
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4891:the original
4886:
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4865:. Retrieved
4861:the original
4851:
4843:
4835:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4800:. Retrieved
4796:the original
4791:
4781:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4753:
4746:. Retrieved
4731:
4724:
4713:. Retrieved
4693:
4686:
4675:. Retrieved
4655:
4648:
4637:. Retrieved
4628:
4618:
4607:. Retrieved
4598:
4588:
4563:. Retrieved
4558:
4555:"archive.ph"
4549:
4538:. Retrieved
4518:
4509:
4503:. Retrieved
4494:
4484:
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4459:the original
4454:
4445:
4434:. Retrieved
4424:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:the original
4391:
4371:
4364:
4345:
4339:
4328:. Retrieved
4318:
4311:
4302:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4275:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4244:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4214:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4153:. Retrieved
4143:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:the original
4118:
4104:
4092:. Retrieved
4061:. Retrieved
4047:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3950:
3937:
3912:
3907:Isaac Newton
3900:
3896:
3830:
3823:
3810:
3799:
3773:
3729:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3643:appeared in
3640:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3584:
3439:Anti-statism
3429:Anti-fascism
3282:South Africa
2900:Wage slavery
2865:Gift economy
2756:
2717:Anarcho-punk
2704:
2580:
2469:Love and sex
2357:Pi i Margall
2035:
2021:Deep ecology
1956:Anationalism
1899:Relationship
1832:Collectivist
1788:Postcolonial
1652:Dodge County
1536:Indianapolis
1484:Scott County
1461:Llano County
1424:
1417:
1402:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1357:Indianapolis
1350:
1344:
1320:
1303:
1290:
1283:Fanny Wright
1266:
1262:
1250:
1248:
1243:Thomas Paine
1236:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1154:
1123:nation state
1099:early period
1076:
1055:church taxes
1052:
1033:
1030:
1011:
1005:
989:
986:George Ensor
983:
973:
966:
952:
948:confirmation
943:
937:
932:
928:
916:
904:
900:
882:
874:
851:
844:Libre-Pensée
843:
841:
824:
802:
791:
770:
754:Encyclopédie
749:
735:
729:
704:
702:
686:
679:
651:
633:
626:Donald Horne
618:World War II
615:
595:
585:
577:
571:
566:
560:
540:
502:
484:
469:
455:
435:higher power
387:
370:
353:
337:
325:Fred Edwords
323:
317:
313:
311:
307:
302:
296:
290:
262:supernatural
255:
245:
243:
236:
227:sectarianism
193:
166:
154:
118:
116:
112:free thought
111:
107:
106:
85:
70:Please help
62:
8189:Freethought
7968:Switzerland
7928:Puerto Rico
7913:Philippines
7878:New Zealand
7873:Netherlands
7743:El Salvador
7578:Periodicals
7141:Tragic Week
7012:Lifestylism
6907:Mutual bank
6862:Cooperative
6827:Platformism
6777:Free-market
6705:Primitivist
6588:Nationalism
6517:Somatherapy
6428:Freethought
5971:Freemasonry
5225:FAS website
4840:Ramsay Cook
4225:14 February
4195:22 December
4149:"Nontracts"
3985:authorities
3837:rationalism
3825:Freemasonry
3716:anti-theist
3691:proselytism
3684:(a Spanish
3673:libertarian
3637:Freethought
3613:Freethought
3397:Periodicals
3297:Switzerland
3257:Puerto Rico
3242:Philippines
3207:New Zealand
3202:Netherlands
3072:El Salvador
2885:Mutual bank
2840:Cooperative
2769:Lifestylism
2571:Tragic Week
2474:Nationalism
2126:Somatherapy
2036:Freethought
1904:Syndicalist
1894:Platformism
1866:Methodology
1739:Primitivist
1654:, Wisconsin
1610:, Wisconsin
1608:Sauk County
1596:Ratcliffe,
1577:, Wisconsin
1565:Meyersville
1561:, Wisconsin
1532:, Wisconsin
1499:, Wisconsin
1493:Fond du Lac
1412:) in 1955.
1323:immigration
1275:New Harmony
1271:Robert Owen
1185:freethinker
1163:nationalist
1157:by his own
1043:Switzerland
996:Netherlands
972:(literally
963:Max Sievers
955:World War I
940:Jugendweihe
903:(literally
893:Robert Blum
876:Jugendweihe
848:Victor Hugo
758:Jotunheimen
622:secularised
606:Inquisition
600:, a former
528:Renaissance
489:and in the
396:, who base
170:agnosticism
121:holds that
119:freethinker
108:Freethought
18:Freethinker
8194:Philosophy
8183:Categories
8088:Dual Power
8073:Autonomism
8068:Autarchism
7728:East Timor
7698:Costa Rica
7643:Bangladesh
7638:Azerbaijan
7348:Feyerabend
6985:Freeganism
6635:Illegalist
6573:Capitalism
6512:Sociocracy
6482:Revolution
6447:Mutual aid
6379:Black bloc
6279:Psychology
6267:Philosophy
6243:(video on
6193:. (1967).
6160:. (1974).
6148:. (1894).
6131:. (2004).
6119:. (1913).
5929:2010-09-20
5856:2023-01-02
5824:2023-01-02
5725:2008-07-27
5665:2012-02-05
5591:2008-07-27
5483:2018-10-21
5407:2023-01-02
5384:0199933731
5367:0199988455
5350:0739167936
5326:0313338566
5306:1402768826
5285:0230612458
5206:2023-04-30
5178:2023-04-30
5140:2023-04-30
4715:2023-01-19
4677:2023-01-19
4639:2023-01-02
4609:2023-01-02
4565:2023-01-02
4559:archive.ph
4540:2019-01-01
4505:2012-10-10
4436:2023-04-30
4330:2022-01-31
4134:2012-02-03
3861:arithmetic
3849:Quadrivium
3469:Dual Power
3454:Autonomism
3449:Autarchism
3057:East Timor
3027:Costa Rica
2972:Bangladesh
2967:Azerbaijan
2742:Freeganism
2459:Capitalism
2252:Feyerabend
2121:Sociocracy
2091:Revolution
2056:Mutual aid
1986:Black bloc
1879:Illegalism
1642:Two Rivers
1632:, Missouri
1620:Sisterdale
1580:Millheim,
1444:Belleville
1431:Burlington
1398:leadership
1304:The Beacon
1207:wrote his
1201:John Locke
1083:Ahmet Rıza
837:Sacré-Cœur
821:Montmartre
809:Jean Calas
574:Pantagruel
547:conformist
426:conformity
406:compassion
390:verifiable
318:completely
287:in London.
256:Regarding
233:Definition
219:urban myth
178:secularism
135:revelation
80:Wikisource
8128:Socialism
8078:Communism
8013:Venezuela
7948:Singapore
7883:Nicaragua
7808:Indonesia
7788:Hong Kong
7783:Guatemala
7628:Australia
7618:Argentina
7589:By region
7573:Musicians
7478:Santillán
7428:Malatesta
7398:Kropotkin
7378:Guillaume
7056:Symbolism
6970:DIY ethic
6847:Economics
6792:Post-left
6737:Christian
6732:Religious
6669:Communist
6654:Mutualist
6618:Classical
6578:Education
6527:Squatting
6487:Rewilding
6424:Free love
6316:Anarchism
5905:147119437
5689:cite book
5369:, p. 167.
5352:, p. 146.
5308:, p. 106.
4276:Big Think
3873:astronomy
3813:July 2024
3740:Barcelona
3708:Iniciales
3509:Socialism
3459:Communism
3392:Musicians
3342:Venezuela
3277:Singapore
3212:Nicaragua
3137:Indonesia
3117:Hong Kong
3112:Guatemala
2957:Australia
2947:Argentina
2919:By region
2827:Economics
2813:Symbolism
2727:DIY ethic
2464:Education
2382:Santillán
2332:Malatesta
2302:Kropotkin
2282:Guillaume
2136:Squatting
2096:Rewilding
2031:Free love
1909:Synthesis
1844:Communist
1815:Christian
1810:Religious
1783:Mutualism
1677:Anarchism
1660:Anarchism
1648:Watertown
1630:St. Louis
1604:Sauk City
1575:Milwaukee
1555:Manitowoc
1526:Jefferson
1503:Frelsburg
1480:Davenport
1439:Wisconsin
1408:(now the
1361:Wisconsin
1353:St. Louis
1235:Cover of
1183:The term
1127:President
1022:Multatuli
968:Völkische
766:Jo Gjende
752:in their
624:country.
616:Prior to
612:Australia
602:Dominican
578:"Trinch!"
550:orthodoxy
526:, to the
524:astrology
516:heretical
414:knowledge
404:in human
394:humanists
361:Karl Marx
239:authority
223:prejudice
161:cognitive
131:tradition
127:authority
76:Wikiquote
63:contains
33:free will
8161:Category
7923:Portugal
7903:Paraguay
7863:Mongolia
7848:Malaysia
7693:Colombia
7673:Bulgaria
7463:Proudhon
7423:Maksimov
7403:Landauer
7353:Giovanni
7303:Bookchin
7218:May 1968
6990:Infoshop
6742:Buddhist
6727:Pacifist
6695:Feminist
6674:Magonist
6642:Naturist
6598:Violence
6593:Religion
6492:Sabotage
6324:Concepts
6211:Archived
6057:(2004).
5782:Archived
5749:11 April
5630:Archived
5447:Archived
5386:, p. 76.
5328:, p. 19.
5229:Archived
5200:Archived
5172:Archived
5134:Archived
4897:8 August
4802:28 April
4748:21 March
4709:Archived
4671:Archived
4633:Archived
4603:Archived
4574:cite web
4531:Archived
4499:Archived
4430:Archived
4324:Archived
4280:Archived
4249:Archived
4219:Archived
4165:cite web
4088:Archived
4063:5 August
4057:Archived
3996:See also
3953:Voltaire
3892:Voltaire
3865:geometry
3857:Rhetoric
3802:too long
3682:Estudios
3252:Portugal
3232:Paraguay
3192:Mongolia
3177:Malaysia
3022:Colombia
3002:Bulgaria
2747:Infoshop
2648:May 1968
2484:Violence
2479:Religion
2367:Proudhon
2327:Maksimov
2307:Landauer
2257:Giovanni
2207:Bookchin
2101:Sabotage
1933:Practice
1889:Pacifist
1849:Magonism
1771:Naturist
1729:Feminist
1695:Glossary
1669:a series
1667:Part of
1636:Tusculum
1521:Missouri
1452:Illinois
1159:critical
1121:Turkish
925:atheists
897:humanism
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638:(1964).
582:metaphor
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8008:Uruguay
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7983:Tunisia
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7888:Nigeria
7868:Morocco
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7523:Yarchuk
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7483:Spooner
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7373:Graeber
7363:Goldman
7323:Durruti
7308:Chomsky
7298:Bonanno
7293:Berkman
7288:Bakunin
7067:History
7017:May Day
6939:Culture
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6245:YouTube
6236:. 1905.
5791:12 June
5636:9 March
5453:2 April
5297:Atheism
4867:12 June
4491:"Deism"
4465:12 June
4407:12 June
4286:12 June
4255:12 June
4155:12 June
4094:12 June
3945:America
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3645:Liberty
3604:Liberty
3499:Marxism
3347:Vietnam
3337:Uruguay
3322:Ukraine
3312:Tunisia
3262:Romania
3217:Nigeria
3197:Morocco
3147:Ireland
3127:Iceland
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3102:Germany
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3062:Ecuador
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2977:Belarus
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2932:Albania
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1941:Anarchy
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1600:, Texas
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1584:, Texas
1571:, Texas
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1470:Comfort
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1281:and by
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