Freethought - Knowledge

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too little to repent, and in fact did not know what to repent.' Declared an unrepentant heretic and excommunicated, he was burned alive in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on 17 February 1600. On the stake, along with Bruno, burned the hopes of many, including philosophers and scientists of good faith like Galileo, who thought they could reconcile religious faith and scientific research, while belonging to an ecclesiastical organization declaring itself to be the custodian of absolute truth and maintaining a cultural militancy requiring continual commitment and suspicion.

1001: 957:, and "proletarian" free thought groups proliferated, becoming an organization of socialist parties. European socialist free thought groups formed the International of Proletarian Freethinkers (IPF) in 1925. Activists agitated for Germans to disaffiliate from their respective Church and for secularization of elementary schools; between 1919–1921 and 1930–1932 more than 2.5 million Germans, for the most part supporters of the Social Democratic and Communist parties, gave up church membership. Conflict developed between radical forces including the Soviet 4755:

justly the stand made by Bruno with his life without appreciating the question of free thought and liberty of expression. His insistence on placing this issue at the center of both his work and of his defense is why Bruno remains so much a figure of the modern world. If there is, as many have argued, an intrinsic link between science and liberty of inquiry, then Bruno was among those who guaranteed the future of the newly emerging sciences, as well as claiming in wider terms a general principle of free thought and expression.

1337: 1175:), the first official atheist organisation in Middle East and Caucasus, was founded in 2014. It serves to support irreligious people and freethinkers in Turkey who are discriminated against based on their views. In 2018 it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm Derneği would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro-government media, but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active. 1310: 1685: 3538: 8149: 276:. To the freethinker, revelation and faith are invalid, and orthodoxy is no guarantee of truth." and "Freethinkers are convinced that religious claims have not withstood the tests of reason. Not only is there nothing to be gained by believing an untruth, but there is everything to lose when we sacrifice the indispensable tool of reason on the altar of superstition. Most freethinkers consider religion to be not only untrue, but harmful." 3528: 1232: 632:, believed rising prosperity in post-war Australia influenced the decline in church-going and general lack of interest in religion. "Churches no longer matter very much to most Australians. If there is a happy eternal life it's for everyone ... For many Australians the pleasures of this life are sufficiently satisfying that religion offers nothing of great appeal", said Horne in his landmark work 3656: 3791: 54: 446: 472:, which means "thought". It allegedly received this name because the flower is perceived by some to bear resemblance to a human face, and in mid-to-late summer it nods forward as if deep in thought. In the 1880s, following examples set by freethinkers in France, Belgium, Spain and Sweden, it was proposed in the United States as "the symbol of religious liberty and freedom of conscience". 6262: 6274: 4809:

intolerance of the 16th century. Bruno was excommunicated by the Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist Churches for his heretical beliefs. The Catholic hierarchy found him guilty of infidelity and many errors, as well as serious crimes of heresy… Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective.

367:, and now expounded from day to day by a Church of which Stalin is the Pope. Free discussion is to be prevented wherever the power to do so exists; If this doctrine and this organization prevail, free inquiry will become as impossible as it was in the middle ages, and the world will relapse into bigotry and obscurantism. 4510:

The deists were what nowadays would be called freethinkers, a name, indeed, by which they were not infrequently known; and they can only be classed together wholly in the main attitude that they adopted, viz. in agreeing to cast off the trammels of authoritative religious teaching in favour of a free

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What makes a freethinker is not his beliefs but the way in which he holds them. If he holds them because his elders told him they were true when he was young, or if he holds them because if he did not he would be unhappy, his thought is not free; but if he holds them because, after careful thought he

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However, most Masonic lodges mainly aimed to promote morality, sociability, and philanthropic causes rather than radical politics. Values of freethinking, liberty, equality, and opposition to tyranny were also celebrated in Masonic rituals and writings. This intellectual spirit likely contributed to

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In Rome, Bruno was imprisoned for seven years and subjected to a difficult trial that analyzed, minutely, all his philosophical ideas. Bruno, who in Venice had been willing to recant some theses, become increasingly resolute and declared on 21 December 1599 that he 'did not wish to repent of having

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Many Enlightenment freethinkers perceived established religion as upholding traditional monarchies and oppressing free thought. Consequently, the secrecy and hierarchical Initiatory structure of Freemasonry alarmed some authoritarian states, concerned it could encourage liberal revolutionary ideas.

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Freethought in the United States declined in the early twentieth century. By the early twentieth century, most freethought congregations had disbanded or joined other mainstream churches. The longest continuously operating freethought congregation in America is the Free Congregation of Sauk County,

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is: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." The essay became a rallying cry for freethinkers when published in the 1870s, and has been described as a point when freethinkers grabbed the moral high ground. Clifford was himself an organizer of

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served an important purpose in the spreading of the freethinking movement, Freemason lodges in 18th century Europe served as sites for enlightenment thinking and discussion of new ideas, helping spread freethought philosophies. The informal, secretive nature of the lodges allowed intellectuals and

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s annual civic celebrations of Paine's birthday after 1825 finally coalesced in 1836 in the first national freethinkers organization, the "United States Moral and Philosophical Society for the General Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". It was founded on August 1, 1836, at a national convention at the

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For Bruno was claiming for the philosopher a principle of free thought and inquiry which implied an entirely new concept of authority: that of the individual intellect in its serious and continuing pursuit of an autonomous inquiry… It is impossible to understand the issue involved and to evaluate

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can only be known from a study of nature rather than from religious revelation. In the 18th century, "deism" was as much of a 'dirty word' as "atheism", and deists were often stigmatized as either atheists or at least as freethinkers by their Christian opponents. Deists today regard themselves as

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Due to Freemasonry utilizing extensive symbols and allegories related to mathematics, geometry, and architecture, conveying the importance of reason and science, and the central Masonic symbol of the compass and square represented logic and rigor as well references to the "Great Architect of the

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To me, Bruno is the supreme martyr for both free thought and critical inquiry… Bruno's critical writings, which pointed out the hypocrisy and bigotry within the Church, along with his tempestuous personality and undisciplined behavior, easily made him a victim of the religious and philosophical

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Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of

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A core goal of Freemasonry's initiatory system is to guide men's intellectual and moral development towards mastery and enlightenment. Masonic rituals and degrees symbolically depict the passage from an Apprentice to Fellowcraft to Master Mason as a metaphor for independent learning and

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Since the 19th century, free thought in the Netherlands has become more well known as a political phenomenon through at least three currents: liberal freethinking, conservative freethinking, and classical freethinking. In other words, parties which identify as freethinking tend to favor

3955:, who viewed organized religion as upholding oppressive traditional monarchs and hindering free thought. Benjamin Franklin praised Masonic principles of "liberality, tolerance and unity in essentials, leaving each Brother to his own opinions on non-essentials" in his writings. 907:), an association of persons who consider themselves to be religious without adhering to any established and institutionalized church or sacerdotal cult. This union still exists today, and is included as a member in the umbrella organization of free humanists. In 1881 in 687:

A significant number of the early members appear to have come from the educated labour "aristocracy", including Alfred F. Jury, J. Ick Evans and J. I. Livingstone, all of whom were leading labour activists and secularists. The second president of the Toronto association,

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and promoted Newtonian scientific ideas. Desaguliers was a close friend and student of Newton, further spreading Newton's theories to lodges. Geometry textbooks and lectures were common in early lodges, aligning with Enlightenment interest in mathematics and science.

159:, a freethinker is "One who is mentally free from the conventional bonds of tradition or dogma, and thinks independently." In some contemporary thought in particular, free thought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems. The 3688:

publication). There will be an attack on institutionalized religion for the responsibility that it had in the past on negative developments, for its irrationality which makes it a counterpoint of philosophical and scientific progress. There will be a criticism of

692:, became a central figure in the city's labour and social-reform movements during the 1880s and 1890s and arguably Canada's foremost late nineteenth-century labour intellectual. By the early 1880s scattered free thought organizations operated throughout southern 684:, the Toronto Freethought Association. Reorganized in 1877 and again in 1881, when it was renamed the Toronto Secular Society, the group formed the nucleus of the Canadian Secular Union, established in 1884 to bring together freethinkers from across the country. 965:. In 1930 the Soviet and allied delegations, following a walk-out, took over the IPF and excluded the former leaders. Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933, most free thought organizations were banned, though some right-wing groups that worked with so-called 6107: 3917:

allegorically used the tools, stages, and concepts of architecture and mechanics to represent enlightenment and self-improvement through education and reason. This resonated with freethinkers' belief in perfecting society through spreading knowledge.

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non-doctrinal, rational approaches to their preferred ideologies, and arose as secular alternatives to both clerically aligned parties as well as labor-aligned parties. Common themes among freethinking political parties are "freedom", "liberty", and "

717:(HAC) formed to serve as an umbrella group for humanists, atheists, and freethinkers, and to champion social justice issues and oppose religious influence on public policy—most notably in the fight to make access to abortion free and legal in Canada. 950:" ceremony, and atheist funeral rites. The Union of Freethinkers for Cremation was founded in 1905, and the Central Union of German Proletariat Freethinker in 1908. The two groups merged in 1927, becoming the German Freethinking Association in 1930. 163:

application of free thought is known as "freethinking", and practitioners of free thought are known as "freethinkers". Modern freethinkers consider free thought to be a natural freedom from all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from society.

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movement, in another of the frequent elements which will gain relevance related to the measure in which the (French) Republic begins to have conflicts with the church...Anti-clerical discourse, frequently called for by the French individualist

1149:. People are influenced by Arabic sentences that they do not understand, and because of their customs they go to mosques. When the Turks read the Quran and think about it, they will leave Islam. Atatürk described Islam as the religion of the 3879:, reflecting Enlightenment ideals in the goal of making its members Masters of their thoughts and opinions thus making them Freethinkers. This distinguished Freemasonry from other fraternal orders focused on chivalry or Christian morality. 196:

defines freethinking as, "The free exercise of reason in matters of religious belief, unrestrained by deference to authority; the adoption of the principles of a free-thinker." Freethinkers hold that knowledge should be grounded in facts,

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in a rational, secular and non-coercive setting". Fiercely anti-clerical, Ferrer believed in "freedom in education", education free from the authority of church and state. Ferrer's ideas, generally, formed the inspiration for a series of

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Unlike most contemporary fraternal orders, Freemasonry did not require its members to follow a specific religious creed. This openness allowed men of diverse faiths, including freethinkers and deists, to join local lodges throughout

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so he can autonomously reason and have educated opinions. The perfectibility of human nature through education and liberty is a key theme. This aligns with freethinkers' views on thinking for oneself using logic and empiricism.

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So had Gargantua established it. In all their rule and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What Thou Wilt; because free people ... act virtuously and avoid vice. They call this honor.

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The term first came into use in the 17th century in order to refer to people who inquired into the basis of traditional beliefs which were often accepted unquestioningly. Today, freethinking is most closely linked with

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in the Enlightenment era. While utilizing religious imagery and themes, Freemasonry intentionally avoided dogmatic disputes and focused its moral lessons on shared values of virtue, charity, and righteousness.

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what I am concerned with is the doctrine of the modern Communistic Party, and of the Russian Government to which it owes allegiance. According to this doctrine, the world develops on the lines of a Plan called

1378:, or "free congregations". The first Freie Gemeinde was established in St. Louis in 1850. Others followed in Pennsylvania, California, Washington, D.C., New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Texas, and other states. 1195:. The beliefs of these individuals were centered on the concept that people could understand the world through consideration of nature. Such positions were formally documented for the first time in 1697 by 428:

for the sake of conformity, whereby they create their own beliefs by considering the way the world around them works and would possess the intellectual integrity and courage to think outside of accepted

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Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics.

992:(1835) argued that, far from being a source of moral teaching, revealed religion and its divines regarded questions of morality as "incidental"--as a "mundane and merely philosophical" topic. 464:

inaugurated its usage in the late 1800s. The reasoning behind the pansy as the symbol of free thought lies both in the flower's name and in its appearance. The pansy derives its name from the

5468: 5654: 4429: 424:. They would determine truth for themselves – based upon knowledge they gain, answers they receive, experiences they have and the balance they thus acquire. Freethinkers reject 4856: 5584: 316:

something; what is the free thinker free from? To be worthy of the name, he must be free of two things: the force of tradition, and the tyranny of his own passions. No one is

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obsession, philosophy which will also work for pointing out the incompatibility between science and religion, faith, and reason. In this way, there will be a lot of talk on

1302:'s candidate for Governor of New York and had also been the Workingmen's Party candidate for Lt. Governor of New York in 1830. The Moral and Philosophical Society published 4279: 3971:

In the 19th and 20th centuries, some authoritarian states also suspected Freemasonry of encouraging liberal freethinking philosophies and suppressed Masonic lodges.

4323: 241:, and considers it as a "broader umbrella" than atheism "that embraces a rainbow of unorthodoxy, religious dissent, skepticism, and unconventional thinking." 545:

celebrated "rabelaisian" freedom as well as good feasting and drinking (an expression and a symbol of freedom of the mind) in defiance of the hypocrisies of

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movement, whose purpose was to make the individual politically and spiritually free to decide for himself on religious matters. A number of contributors to

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which formed in 1876 in Philadelphia. This group re-formed itself in 1885 as the American Secular Union under the leadership of the eminent agnostic orator

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In 2009, Frans van Dongen established the Atheist-Secular Party, which takes a considerably restrictive view of religion and public religious expressions.

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between 1828 and 1832 in New York. During this time Robert Dale Owen sought to introduce the philosophic skepticism of the Free Thought movement into the

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The freethought movement first organized itself in the United States as the "Free Press Association" in 1827 in defense of George Houston, publisher of

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Freemasonry attracted many freethinkers and became a hub of the movement, during the Enlightenment era due to its emphasis on inclusive membership,

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and purely rationalistic speculation.... Deism, in its every manifestation was opposed to the current and traditional teaching of revealed religion.

5539: 1145:, who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general. According to Atatürk, the Turkish people do not know what Islam really is and do not read the 713:(1835–1906), it came under the editorship of Toronto printer and publisher James Spencer Ellis in 1891 when Watts returned to England. In 1968 the 5839: 5807: 4944:

Bock, Heike (2006). "Secularization of the modern conduct of life? Reflections on the religiousness of early modern Europe". In Hanne May (ed.).

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A Review of the Miracles, prophecies, and mysteries of the Old and New Testaments, and of the morality and consolation of the Christian Religion

4602: 859: 6161: 99: 7135: 5228: 2565: 4184: 6582: 3608: 2468: 5476: 7232: 5133: 3567: 2662: 1333:). In the United States, they hoped to be able to live by their principles, without interference from government and church authorities. 5658: 4708: 4396: 8082: 4670: 4056: 3463: 1098: 3772: 4860: 4087: 1065:. During the debate on the Zürich church law in 1883, professor Friedrich Salomon Vögelin and city council member Kunz proposed to 884: 308:

A freethinker, according to Russell, is not necessarily an atheist or an agnostic, as long as he or she satisfies this definition:

580:, Drink! Enjoy the simple life, learn wisdom and knowledge, as a free human. Beyond puns, irony, and satire, Gargantua's prologue- 4632: 1389: 1223:

magazine was first published in Britain in 1881; it continued in print until 2014, and still exists as a web-based publication.

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Demerath, N. J. III and Victor Thiessen, "On Spitting Against the Wind: Organizational Precariousness and American Irreligion,"

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Atheist author Adam Lee defines free thought as thinking which is independent of revelation, tradition, established belief, and

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Freethinkers tended to be liberal, espousing ideals such as racial, social, and sexual equality, and the abolition of slavery.

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Geoffrey C. Fidler (Spring–Summer 1985). "The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia"".

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emerged towards the end of the 17th century in England to describe those who stood in opposition to the institution of the

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The year 1600 is considered a landmark in the era of modern free thought. It was the year of the execution in Italy of

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In the Netherlands, free thought has existed in organized form since the establishment of De Dageraad (now known as

6446: 2055: 265: 660:, along with the two Circles of Free Inquiry (Dutch and French speaking), defend the freedom of critical thought, 653: 7997: 7712: 3560: 3326: 3041: 485:

Critical thought has flourished in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, in the repositories of knowledge and wisdom in

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James E. Force, Introduction (1990) to An Account of the Growth of Deism in England (1696) by William Stephens

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many Freemasons supporting independence movements and participating as Founding Fathers of the United States.

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with nationalist, xenophobic and very often racist ideology) were tolerated by the Nazis until the mid-1930s.

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Brandt, Eric T., and Timothy Larsen (2011). "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible".

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finds a balance of evidence in their favour, then his thought is free, however odd his conclusions may seem.

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American Anarchism: The Politics of Gender, Culture, and Community from Haymarket to the First World War

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Universe", these concepts were interpreted as a deist scientific creator by Enlightenment freethinkers.

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which gained substantial popularity. This essay attacks the clergy of all churches and it is a plea for

887:, the resistance of citizens against the dogma of the church increased. In 1844, under the influence of 8122: 7762: 7547: 7192: 7050: 6938: 6252: 3553: 3503: 3366: 3091: 2807: 2696: 2622: 1516: 1447: 920: 870: 741: 710: 657: 155: 7477: 5846: 5814: 4109: 2381: 7952: 7567: 7247: 7242: 6721: 6709: 6587: 6531: 6506: 6456: 6393: 6323: 5621: 4594: 4301:

Bogdan, H.; Snoek, J., eds. (2014). "Freemasonry and the Eighteenth-Century European Enlightenment".

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free from either, but in the measure of a man's emancipation he deserves to be called a free thinker.

6219: 6108:"Unclasping the Eagle's Talons: Mark Twain, American Freethought, and the Responses to Imperialism." 3647:...The church was viewed as a common ally of the state and as a repressive force in and of itself." 620:, Australia had high rates of Protestantism and Catholicism. Post-war Australia has become a highly 7967: 7927: 7877: 7742: 7332: 7237: 7162: 7151: 7045: 6994: 6686: 6572: 6373: 6210: 5499:

Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class: A Study of the New York Workingmen's Movement 1829–1837

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Reinhalter, Helmut (1999). "Freethinkers". In Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Fahlbusch, Erwin (eds.).

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Politics Of Education: Teachers and School Reform in Weimar Germany (Monographs in German History)

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journeys to the "Oracle of The Div(in)e Bottle", he learns the lesson of life in one simple word:

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parts of the anarchist movement in the United States actually stemmed from free thought circles .

5425:(Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.) 5361:

Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017,

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The Jewish Reformation: Bible Translation and Middle-Class German Judaism As Spiritual Enterprise

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In Europe, a similar development occurred in French and Spanish individualist anarchist circles:

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free thought gatherings, the driving force behind the Congress of Liberal Thinkers held in 1878.

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The Value of Free Thought: How to Become a Truth-seeker and Break the Chains of Mental Slavery

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These tendencies would continue in French individualist anarchism in the work and activism of

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freethinkers, but are now arguably less prominent in the free thought movement than atheists.

260:, freethinkers typically hold that there is insufficient evidence to support the existence of 8112: 7922: 7902: 7862: 7847: 7692: 7672: 7452: 7227: 7202: 7145: 7095: 6541: 6486: 6353: 6343: 6338: 5533: 5317: 5273: 4692: 4400: 3735: 3493: 3251: 3231: 3191: 3176: 3021: 3001: 2657: 2632: 2575: 2525: 2356: 2150: 2095: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1694: 1623: 1473: 1430: 858:

and socialist leanings. The main organisation referring to this tradition to this day is the

804: 4654: 4052: 3629:"Many of the anarchists were ardent freethinkers; reprints from free thought papers such as 1404:

Wisconsin, which was founded in 1852 and is still active as of 2020. It affiliated with the

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Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism

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In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Christian

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self-improvement to the goal of becoming a Master of himself, thus a full freethinker.

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elites to gather and debate radical topics away from the scrutiny of church and state.

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in an era when blasphemy convictions were still possible. Houston had helped found an

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serves as the long-established and enduring symbol of free thought; literature of the

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from 1923 until his death in 1938– was the practitioner of their ideas. He made many

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In 1873, a handful of secularists founded the earliest known secular organization in

634: 417: 202: 198: 71: 5300:, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009; 1168: 912: 8153: 8042: 7482: 7427: 7342: 7212: 7187: 7130: 7105: 7006: 6948: 6916: 6901: 6836: 6776: 6746: 6726: 6694: 6658: 6641: 6629: 6536: 6496: 6408: 6403: 5884: 5521: 5469:"Turkey's Atheism Association threatened by hostility and lack of interest | Ahval" 5339:"I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." 4795: 4017: 4012: 4002: 3876: 3531: 3423: 2894: 2879: 2763: 2705: 2642: 2617: 2560: 2535: 2386: 2331: 2246: 2145: 2105: 2015: 2010: 1888: 1826: 1819: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1748: 1728: 1502: 1278: 1237: 1196: 1058: 855: 339: 332: 292: 284: 185: 3677: 584:

instructs the reader to "break the bone and suck out the substance-full marrow" ("

8092: 7502: 7402: 7397: 7377: 7347: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7252: 7125: 6974: 6796: 6771: 6699: 6476: 6358: 5740: 5342:

The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand

5193: 5155: 4730: 4423: 4370: 4027: 3934:

was erected at the site of his execution, by freethinkers from several countries.

3743: 3541: 3473: 2731: 2682: 2555: 2406: 2306: 2301: 2281: 2251: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2085: 1965: 1804: 1797: 1733: 1635: 1479: 1090: 1081:, free thought made its voice heard by the works of distinguished people such as 990:

Review of the Miracles, Prophecies, & Mysteries of the Old and New Testaments

756:. The concept of free thought spread so widely that even places as remote as the 705: 601: 465: 409: 401: 214: 103:

Tombstone detail of a freethinker, late 19th century (Cemetery of Cullera, Spain)

7457: 7277: 6178:

Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: popular freethought in Britain, 1866–1915

4694:

Hermann Cohen and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Enchantment of the Public Sphere

4185:"The Saga of Freethought and Its Pioneers: Religious Critique and Social Reform" 2361: 2181: 1321:

Driven by the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the 19th century saw an

1061:

began to organise themselves. Around 1870, a "freethinkers club" was founded in

753: 494: 8107: 8097: 7357: 7272: 7182: 6896: 6891: 6881: 6816: 6786: 6501: 6431: 6388: 6368: 6363: 5770: 4826: 3931: 3719: 3488: 3478: 2874: 2869: 2859: 2612: 2261: 2176: 2110: 2040: 1995: 1975: 1970: 1469: 1456: 1368: 1336: 1330: 1078: 888: 797: 681: 621: 597: 364: 206: 6240: 6096:. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press. 4110:"FREETHINKER definition in American English | Collins English Dictionary" 420:

and reason, remain open to new concepts, and are sometimes proud of their own

8182: 7517: 7472: 7437: 7417: 7372: 7327: 7222: 7172: 7090: 6911: 6856: 6441: 6436: 6418: 6214: 6163:

Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791–1866

4732:

Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power

4490: 3944: 3768: 3760: 3598: 2889: 2834: 2652: 2602: 2520: 2421: 2376: 2341: 2321: 2276: 2231: 2050: 2045: 2025: 1613: 1544: 1413: 1340: 1326: 1118: 1086: 1036: 737: 535: 421: 343: 5378:

Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012,

5337:...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: 3693:

and ideological manipulation which happens on both believers and agnostics".

1082: 1016:) in 1856. Among its most notable subscribing 19th century individuals were 388:

Among freethinkers, for a notion to be considered true it must be testable,

335:

who have challenged established orthodoxies can be considered freethinkers.

8057: 8047: 7522: 7447: 7387: 7362: 7307: 6959: 6921: 6886: 6413: 6348: 6157: 6128: 5655:"History of the Free Congregation of Sauk County: The "Freethinkers" Story" 4697:. New Jewish Philosophy and Thought. Indiana University Press. p. 62. 3906: 3438: 3428: 2899: 2864: 2716: 2426: 2351: 2291: 2266: 2211: 2020: 1955: 1535: 1418: 1356: 1282: 1242: 1122: 985: 947: 625: 617: 511: 324: 261: 226: 4127: 1309: 961:

and Social Democratic forces in Western Europe led by Theodor Hartwig and

800:

religious procession, but the elements of the case were far more complex.

371:

In the 18th and 19th century, many thinkers regarded as freethinkers were

7527: 7497: 7487: 7442: 7317: 6906: 6861: 6826: 6516: 6190: 5970: 4839: 3836: 3824: 3715: 3701:(1893–1981) and others. In the Spanish individualist anarchist magazines 3690: 3672: 2884: 2839: 2431: 2401: 2391: 2346: 2221: 2125: 1893: 1322: 1270: 962: 954: 939: 892: 875: 847: 783: 757: 605: 527: 430: 169: 6225: 4595:"Pansy of Freethought - Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought" 3983:

Attaining mastery is presented as freeing a man's mind from reliance on

3537: 967: 8087: 8072: 8067: 7512: 6984: 6634: 6511: 6481: 6378: 6116: 3914: 3860: 3848: 3468: 3453: 3448: 2741: 2416: 2120: 2090: 1985: 1878: 1397: 1374:

These groups of German Freethinkers referred to their organizations as

1200: 1054: 879:

is a German coming of age ceremony. Photograph from early 20th century.

820: 808: 546: 510:

such as the Chinese (note for example the seafaring renaissance of the

425: 405: 218: 177: 150: 134: 5896: 5678: 4316:

Clifford, William K. "5. The Ethics of Belief". In Levin, Noah (ed.).

1388:" in the US came in the late 1800s. The dominant organization was the 8127: 8077: 7407: 6969: 6526: 6423: 6315: 5251:

The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World

3984: 3901:

Influential early Speculative Masonic writings by James Anderson and

3872: 3739: 3707: 3508: 3458: 2726: 2311: 2135: 2030: 1676: 1574: 1438: 1360: 1352: 1351:

Many Freethinkers settled in German immigrant strongholds, including

1299: 1021: 765: 549: 523: 413: 360: 222: 160: 130: 126: 32: 4890: 1062: 7432: 6989: 6673: 6491: 6094:

Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850-1914

5888: 4844:

The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada

3952: 3891: 3864: 3856: 2746: 2336: 2100: 1848: 1520: 1451: 896: 745: 581: 397: 393: 257: 181: 6241:

Freethought In A Nutshell by the North Texas Church of Freethought

5438: 5397:"Atatürk İslam için ne düşünüyordu? - Türkiye Haberleri - Radikal" 3655: 3527: 1133:

that modernized the country. Sources point out that Atatürk was a

796:. La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a 736:

In France, the concept first appeared in publication in 1765 when

268:, "No one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, 8117: 6333: 6244: 5942: 3852: 3844: 3498: 1940: 1836: 1539: 1258: 1142: 924: 779: 693: 553: 519: 486: 273: 5943:

Fitzpatrick, M.; Jones, P.; Knellwolf, C.; McCalman, I. (2004).

3951:

This religious tolerance attracted Enlightenment thinkers, like

3619:

E. C. Walker was co-editor of the freethought/free love journal

1422:

in 1873, a radical free thought and reform American periodical.

7282: 7217: 5060:

Storming the heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless

3940: 3764: 3607:

were prominent figures in both free thought and anarchism. The

2647: 2186: 1231: 1102: 775: 761: 703:

The principal organ of the free thought movement in Canada was

697: 665: 515: 498: 372: 146: 122: 5745:. Vol. 2. University of California, Berkeley. p. 315 5657:. Free Congregation of Sauk County. April 2009. Archived from 4975:. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. p. 160. 4735:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 18–19. 4053:"Free thought – Definition of free thought by Merriam-Webster" 1261:

community at Haverstraw, New York in 1826–27. The short-lived

7507: 6207: 5717:. Freedom from Religion Foundation. July 2002. Archived from 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 3988: 3868: 3832: 2411: 1464: 1364: 1329:

freethinkers and anti-clericalists to the United States (see

1212: 1192: 1150: 1146: 1138: 828: 661: 457: 449: 434: 269: 173: 142: 138: 6284: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 4767:

Montano, Aniello (24 November 2007). Antonio Gargano (ed.).

4084:"Freethinker – Definition of freethinker by Merriam-Webster" 445: 5649: 5647: 5603: 5601: 4397:"What is a Freethinker? - Freedom From Religion Foundation" 3756: 3723: 1487: 850:

as one of its major early proponents. French Freethinkers (

842:

The 19th century saw the emergence of a specific notion of

787: 490: 347: 4272:"9 Great Freethinkers and Religious Dissenters in History" 4124:"Glossary | International Humanist and Ethical Union" 559:

Abbey (from θέλημα: free "will"), the device of which was

248:

by the 19th-century British mathematician and philosopher

5546: 5024:

Kaiser, Jochen-Christoph (2003). Christel Gärtner (ed.).

984:

In the 19th century, received opinion was scandalized by

141:, and should instead be reached by other methods such as 79: 5644: 5598: 4846:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), pp. 46–64. 895:, belief in the rights of man, tolerance among men, and 412:, art, personal happiness, love, and the furtherance of 75: 5583:. Dictionary of Wisconsin History. 2008. Archived from 5320:, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008; 3742:

in defiance of an educational system controlled by the

3722:'s theories or on the negation of the existence of the 883:

In Germany, during the period 1815–1848 and before the

5501:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 36–48. 6250: 4769:

Le deposizioni davanti al tribunale dell'Inquisizione

4078: 4076: 4074: 5840:"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)" 5808:"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)" 5439:"The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded" 4659:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 4. 3771:

in 1911. Ferrer also inspired the Italian newspaper

433:, which may or may not lead them to believe in some 5431: 5874: 5277:by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84 5088: 5064:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. pp. 5057: 4646: 4071: 1298:, New York, as president. Smith was also the 1836 1294:Lyceum in Saratoga Springs with Isaac S. Smith of 6111:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5679:William Roba; Fredrick I. Anderson (ed.) (1982). 4962: 4914:Evolutionism in Eighteenth-century French Thought 4346:Encyclopedia of Ethics (article on "agnosticism") 8180: 5030:. Vol. Organisierter Atheismus. VS Verlag. 4684: 4578:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4169:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1425:German freethinker settlements were located in: 6001:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–203. 5116:Strachan, John; Jones, Steven E. (2020-04-01). 4592: 4045: 3730:In 1901, the Catalan anarchist and freethinker 363:, embodied in the practice of a great state by 6133:Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism 5715:"The Turners, Forty-eighters and Freethinkers" 3780: 953:More "bourgeois" organizations declined after 905:Union of Free Religious Communities of Germany 817:Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris 312:The person who is free in any respect is free 6300: 5198:. London: John Brooks. pp. 88, 91, 103. 5115: 5055: 4968: 4524:"A COMMON PLACE by Ruth Kelly and Liam Byrne" 4151:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 3671:"Anticlericalism, just as in the rest of the 3561: 244:The basic summarizing statement of the essay 74:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5765: 5763: 5538:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1137:and a freethinker. He was a non-doctrinaire 392:, and logical. Many freethinkers tend to be 6180:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 6166:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 5837: 5805: 5318:Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide 5095:. Providence: Berghahn Books. p. 185. 4905: 4300: 899:grew, and by 1859 they had established the 8083:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 6307: 6293: 6070: 6068: 4995: 4989: 4561:. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23 3882: 3585:Freethought influenced the development of 3580: 3568: 3554: 3464:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 938:Free thought organizations developed the " 901:Bund Freireligiöser Gemeinden Deutschlands 854:) associate freedom of thought, political 839:is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre. 700:, eliciting both urban and rural support. 6043:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–28. 6034: 6032: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5996: 5979: 5973:and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe 5870: 5868: 5866: 5760: 5683:. Davenport: Lee Enterprises. p. 73. 5019: 5017: 4771:. Napoli: La Città del Sole. p. 71. 3807:Please consider summarizing the material. 506:poems). Later societies made advances on 493:civilizations (for example in the era of 331:, suggests that by Russell's definition, 114:) is an unorthodox attitude or belief. 6053: 6047: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5672: 5082: 5051: 5049: 5047: 4946:Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt 4859:. 1751–1772. p. 472. Archived from 4760: 4652: 4368: 4269: 3925: 3886: 3654: 1335: 1308: 1230: 999: 869: 724: 444: 278: 98: 6074: 6065: 4911: 4766: 4722: 4488: 4421: 4344:Becker, Lawrence and Charlotte (2013). 4039: 3958: 1113:, revolutionary statesman, author, and 1049:Freethinkers Association of Switzerland 923:) as the first German organization for 860:Fédération nationale de la libre pensée 14: 8181: 7086:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 6059:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 6038: 6029: 6020: 6005: 5863: 5738: 5511: 5496: 5344:, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, 5023: 5014: 4948:. VS Verlag fnr Sozialw. p. 157. 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4451:"Saga Of Freethought And Its Pioneers" 4343: 3921: 3746:. The schools had the stated goal to " 2516:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 764:, had well-known freethinkers such as 480: 295:wrote the following in his 1944 essay 6288: 5966: 5951: 5191: 5153: 5044: 5000:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. 4875: 4814: 4728: 4690: 4282:from the original on 8 September 2015 3974: 3913:Freemasonry's multi-tiered system of 3650: 3611:George MacDonald was a co-editor of 1203:, and more extensively in 1713, when 125:should not be formed on the basis of 65:too many or overly lengthy quotations 5921:. Flag.blackened.net. Archived from 5771:"The Journal of Libertarian Studies" 5253:, Cambridge University Press, 2008; 5231:from the original on 2 November 2017 4943: 4785: 4779: 4622: 4322:. N.G.E. Far Press. pp. 18–21. 4315: 3784: 730:Hommage aux morts de la Libre-pensée 47: 6125:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 5614: 5119:British Satire, 1785-1840, Volume 1 5027:Atheismus und religiöse Indifferenz 4930: 4857:"ARTFL Encyclopédie Search Results" 3663:, 1905, edited by Francisco Ferrer. 1097:. These intellectuals affected the 591: 24: 6086: 6061:. Dover Publications. p. 106. 5919:"Francisco Ferrer's Modern School" 5147: 5109: 4599:www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk 4090:from the original on 24 April 2009 4059:from the original on 22 April 2020 3875:as well as other arts such as the 1410:Unitarian Universalist Association 1053:With the introduction of cantonal 772:François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre 514:dynasty of 1127–1279), on through 383: 25: 8205: 6201: 6154:. New York: Truth Seeker Company. 6151:Four Hundred Years of Freethought 6023:Foundations of Modern Freemasonry 5632:from the original on 9 March 2014 5609:The American Journal of Sociology 5514:Journal of the Historical Society 5449:from the original on 3 March 2018 4972:Growing up female in Nazi Germany 4830:. Retrieved on 11 September 2009. 4023:Freethought Association of Canada 1416:was the founder and publisher of 1367:, where they founded the town of 1245:and symbols of the Enlightenment. 1199:in a widely publicized letter to 1178: 778:nobleman, famous for having been 8147: 7121:International Conference of Rome 7111:International Conference of Rome 6272: 6260: 6135:. New York: Metropolitan Books. 5526:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00330.x 4998:The encyclopedia of Christianity 4786:Birx, James (11 November 1997). 4428:. Haldeman-Julius Publications. 3789: 3767:. The first of these started in 3609:American individualist anarchist 3536: 3526: 2551:International Conference of Rome 2541:International Conference of Rome 1683: 1277:community in Indiana, edited by 1226: 1191:, and the literal belief in the 628:, one of Australia's well-known 338:On the other hand, according to 266:Freedom from Religion Foundation 52: 6122:A History of Freedom of Thought 5936: 5911: 5831: 5799: 5787:from the original on 2013-09-11 5732: 5707: 5505: 5490: 5461: 5414: 5389: 5372: 5355: 5331: 5311: 5289: 5267: 5243: 5213: 5202:from the original on 2023-04-11 5185: 5174:from the original on 2023-04-27 5160:. Routledge. pp. 118–119. 5136:from the original on 2023-04-15 4912:Gregory, Mary Efrosini (2008). 4849: 4833: 4711:from the original on 2023-01-19 4673:from the original on 2023-01-19 4635:from the original on 2019-05-19 4616: 4605:from the original on 2020-08-01 4586: 4547: 4536:from the original on 2019-01-02 4516: 4501:from the original on 2012-10-12 4482: 4473: 4443: 4432:from the original on 2023-04-29 4415: 4389: 4362: 4337: 4326:from the original on 2022-01-31 4319:Philosophy of Western Religions 4309: 4294: 4251:from the original on 2015-04-02 4221:from the original on 2020-08-01 786:before his body was burnt on a 497:(1048–1131) and his unorthodox 7233:Australian Anarchist Centenary 7158:German Revolution of 1918–1919 6233:New International Encyclopedia 5877:History of Education Quarterly 5739:Koenig, Brigitte Anne (2000). 5681:Joined by a River: Quad Cities 4489:Aveling, Francis, ed. (1908). 4369:Hastings, James (2003-01-01). 4263: 4233: 4203: 4177: 4141: 4116: 4102: 3851:, they include the Mastery of 3593:"free thought was a basically 3587:anarchism in the United States 2663:Australian Anarchist Centenary 2588:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1406:American Unitarian Association 1042: 995: 959:League of the Militant Godless 846:("free thought"), with writer 715:Humanist Association of Canada 400:on human needs and would find 13: 1: 6872:Decentralized planned economy 6314: 6092:Alexander, Nathan G. (2019). 5845:. p. 152. Archived from 5813:. p. 143. Archived from 4455:American Humanist Association 4189:American Humanist Association 3661:Boletín de la Escuela Moderna 2850:Decentralized planned economy 1644:, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin 1155:Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler 654:Université Libre de Bruxelles 329:American Humanist Association 232: 40:Free thought (disambiguation) 6467:Proletarian internationalism 5611:, 71: 6 (May, 1966), 674–87. 5399:. 2017-07-22. Archived from 2076:Proletarian internationalism 1659: 1371:, Texas, as well as others. 611: 541:French physician and writer 264:phenomena. According to the 7: 7168:1919 United States bombings 6075:Bullock, Steven C. (2011). 5967:Jacob, Margaret C. (1991). 5581:"Freethinkers in Wisconsin" 5221:"Geschichte der Freidenker" 5089:Lamberti, Marjorie (2004). 4916:. Peter Lang. p. 192. 4211:"who are the Freethinkers?" 3995: 3781:Freethinking in Freemasonry 3680:, will have its impacts in 2598:1919 United States bombings 1592:Winnebago County, Wisconsin 1209:Discourse of Free-thinking, 927:and agnostics. In 1892 the 819:at the summit of the butte 452:is a symbol of freethought. 10: 8210: 8123:Situationist International 7193:Spanish Revolution of 1936 7051:Self-managed social center 6113:17, no. 3 (2018): 524–545. 5999:The Origins of Freemasonry 5975:. Oxford University Press. 5969:Living the Enlightenment: 5157:A History of Irish Thought 5122:. Routledge. p. 144. 4625:"Song Dynasty 宋, 960-1279" 4422:Russell, Bertrand (1944). 4305:. Brill. pp. 321–335. 3903:Jean-Theophile Desaguliers 3504:Situationist International 2808:Self-managed social center 2623:Spanish Revolution of 1936 1306:, edited by Gilbert Vale. 1241:from 1921 with picture of 1046: 979: 921:German Freethinkers League 865: 658:Vrije Universiteit Brussel 645: 641: 475: 327:, former executive of the 156:Collins English Dictionary 37: 26: 8142: 8027: 7587: 7537: 7262: 7248:Really Really Free Market 7243:1999 Seattle WTO protests 7065: 6937: 6845: 6809: 6762: 6685: 6616: 6607: 6557: 6532:Temporary autonomous zone 6457:Permanent autonomous zone 6394:Consensus decision-making 6322: 6077:Revolutionary Brotherhood 6039:Israel, Jonathan (2006). 5997:Stevenson, David (1988). 5628:. freethought-trail.org. 5622:"National Liberal League" 5275:Political Islam in Turkey 5264:; accessed 27 March 2015. 5249:Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", 4822:Sport, grog and godliness 4495:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4348:. Routledge. p. 44. 4270:Adam Lee (October 2012). 3804:and excessively detailed. 3748:educate the working class 3732:Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia 3632:Lucifer, the Light-Bearer 3622:Lucifer, the Light-Bearer 2678:Really Really Free Market 2673:1999 Seattle WTO protests 2141:Temporary autonomous zone 2066:Permanent autonomous zone 2001:Consensus decision-making 1386:Golden Age of Freethought 1077:In the last years of the 1072: 1067:separate church and state 720: 675: 440: 346:, whom he compares to a " 297:The Value of Free Thought 194:Oxford English Dictionary 7238:Carnival Against Capital 7163:Bavarian Soviet Republic 7152:Manifesto of the Sixteen 7046:Radical environmentalism 6995:Independent Media Center 6927:Workers' self-management 6374:Autonomous social center 6220:A History of Freethought 6195:100 Years of Freethought 4792:Mobile Alabama Harbinger 4372:Encyclopedia of Religion 3859:, logic then mastery of 3734:established "modern" or 3699:Charles-Auguste Bontemps 2905:Workers' self-management 2803:Radical environmentalism 2752:Independent Media Center 2668:Carnival Against Capital 2593:Bavarian Soviet Republic 2582:Manifesto of the Sixteen 1981:Autonomous social center 1269:, the official organ of 917:Deutscher Freidenkerbund 827:), the highest point in 793:Philosophical Dictionary 774:(1745–1766) was a young 588:"), the core of wisdom. 586:la substantifique moëlle 250:William Kingdon Clifford 72:summarize the quotations 27:Not to be confused with 6867:Cost the limit of price 6176:Royle, Edward. (1980). 6041:Enlightenment Contested 5945:The Enlightenment World 5497:Hugins, Walter (1960). 4303:Handbook of Freemasonry 3883:Rationalism and science 3686:individualist anarchist 3581:United States tradition 2845:Cost the limit of price 1638:, Kendall County, Texas 1390:National Liberal League 1153:in his own work titled 1125:, serving as its first 1093:, Kılıçzade Hakkı, and 1008:(The Freethinker) 2015. 929:Freidenker-Gesellschaft 823:(itself named from the 748:included an article on 742:Jean le Rond d'Alembert 357:Dialectical Materialism 7663:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6472:Propaganda of the deed 6462:Prefigurative politics 6452:Participatory politics 6399:Conscientious objector 5428: 5192:Ensor, George (1835). 5154:Duddy, Thomas (2012). 5056:Peris, Daniel (1998). 4969:Reese, Dagmar (2006). 4889:. 2016. Archived from 4729:Gatti, Hilary (2002). 4241:"What Is Freethought?" 3935: 3894: 3755:in the United States, 3728: 3695: 3664: 3627: 2992:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2081:Propaganda of the deed 2071:Prefigurative politics 2061:Participatory politics 2006:Conscientious objector 1616:, Austin County, Texas 1348: 1318: 1289:in New York City. The 1265:was superseded by the 1253:, an early journal of 1246: 1169:Association of Atheism 1024:, Adriaan Gerhard and 1009: 933:Deutscher Monistenbund 880: 807:; La Barre along with 790:along with Voltaire's 733: 668:, while rejecting the 570: 532:Protestant Reformation 462:American Secular Union 453: 369: 359:, first discovered by 322: 306: 288: 104: 8113:Libertarian socialism 7228:Kate Sharpley Library 7203:Red inverted triangle 7146:High Treason Incident 7136:Congress of Amsterdam 6542:Voluntary association 6354:Anti-authoritarianism 6344:Anarchist criminology 6339:Anarchist Black Cross 6208:Freethinker Indonesia 6197:. London: Elek Books. 6146:Putnam, Samuel Porter 5626:The Freethought Trail 5420: 4653:Gottlieb, M. (2021). 4629:www.chinaknowledge.de 4593:Annie Laurie Gaylor. 3930:In 1889, a statue of 3929: 3890: 3712: 3669: 3658: 3591: 3494:Libertarian socialism 2658:Kate Sharpley Library 2633:Red inverted triangle 2576:High Treason Incident 2566:Congress of Amsterdam 2151:Voluntary association 1961:Anti-authoritarianism 1951:Anarchist criminology 1946:Anarchist Black Cross 1339: 1312: 1234: 1107:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1003: 974:"ethnic" associations 873: 805:religious intolerance 768:by the 19th century. 728: 670:argument of authority 572:When Rabelais's hero 565: 518:thinkers on esoteric 448: 352: 310: 301: 291:However, philosopher 282: 151:empirical observation 102: 8154:Anarchism portal 7558:Fictional characters 7041:Radical cheerleading 6106:Alexander Nathan G. 6021:Berman, Ric (2012). 5838:Xavier Diez (2007). 5806:Xavier Diez (2007). 4691:Nahme, P.E. (2019). 4040:Notes and references 4033:Religious skepticism 4008:Critical rationalism 3959:Political liberalism 3377:Fictional characters 2798:Radical cheerleading 690:T. Phillips Thompson 648:Organized secularism 630:public intellectuals 333:liberal religionists 246:The Ethics of Belief 38:For other uses, see 8103:Left-libertarianism 7178:Kronstadt rebellion 7116:Trial of the Thirty 7081:Revolutions of 1848 7023:No gods, no masters 6832:Synthesis anarchism 6822:Anarcho-syndicalism 6810:Types of federation 6227:"Freethinker" 3922:Religious tolerance 3841:religious tolerance 3777:, founded in 1901. 3774:Università popolare 3736:progressive schools 3484:Left-libertarianism 2780:No gods, no masters 2608:Kronstadt rebellion 2546:Trial of the Thirty 2511:Revolutions of 1848 1394:Robert G. Ingersoll 1315:Robert G. Ingersoll 1313:Collected works of 1018:Johannes van Vloten 1004:The Dutch magazine 862:, created in 1890. 833:18th arrondissement 481:Pre-modern movement 211:conventional wisdom 153:. According to the 110:(sometimes spelled 8053:Anti-globalization 7723:Dominican Republic 7548:Anarcho-punk bands 7208:Labadie Collection 7198:Barcelona May Days 7101:Cantonal rebellion 7035:Property is theft! 7001:The Internationale 6955:Anarchist bookfair 6754:Without adjectives 6609:Schools of thought 6117:Bury, John Bagnell 6055:Franklin, Benjamin 5699:has generic name ( 5443:turkishatheist.net 4623:Theobald, Ulrich. 4191:. 22 December 2023 3975:Pursuit of mastery 3936: 3915:initiation rituals 3895: 3665: 3651:European tradition 3434:Anti-globalization 3367:Anarcho-punk bands 3052:Dominican Republic 2792:Property is theft! 2758:The Internationale 2712:Anarchist bookfair 2638:Labadie Collection 2628:Barcelona May Days 2531:Cantonal rebellion 1858:Without adjectives 1717:Schools of thought 1497:Fond du Lac County 1349: 1319: 1300:Equal Rights Party 1287:Workingmen's Party 1255:Biblical criticism 1247: 1026:Domela Nieuwenhuis 1010: 944:Youth consecration 881: 835:street nearby the 813:Pierre-Paul Sirven 734: 508:freedom of thought 454: 289: 199:scientific inquiry 190:religious critique 105: 29:freedom of thought 8176: 8175: 8133:Spontaneous order 8063:Anti-war movement 7568:Jewish anarchists 7076:French Revolution 7029:Popular education 6805: 6804: 6522:Spontaneous order 6384:Classless society 6025:. pp. 57–63. 5259:978-0-521-62096-3 5167:978-1-134-62352-5 5129:978-1-000-71299-5 5102:978-1-57181-299-5 5075:978-0-8014-3485-3 5037:978-3-8100-3639-1 5007:978-90-04-11695-5 4982:978-0-472-06938-5 4955:978-3-8100-4039-8 4820:Buttrose, Larry. 4704:978-0-253-03977-4 4666:978-0-19-933638-8 3905:frequently cited 3822: 3821: 3617:The Truth Seeker. 3615:and, for a time, 3578: 3577: 3514:Spontaneous order 3444:Anti-war movement 3387:Jewish anarchists 2786:Popular education 2506:French Revolution 2131:Spontaneous order 1991:Classless society 1916: 1915: 1874:Counter-economics 1549:Washington County 1251:The Correspondent 1135:religious skeptic 1014:De Vrije Gedachte 988:(1769–1843). His 909:Frankfurt am Main 750:Liberté de penser 635:The Lucky Country 561:Do What Thou Wilt 418:critical thinking 377:the nature of God 203:confirmation bias 97: 96: 16:(Redirected from 8201: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8043:Anti-consumerism 8038:Anti-corporatism 7188:Amakasu Incident 7131:Strandza Commune 7106:Haymarket affair 7007:Jewish anarchism 6949:A las Barricadas 6917:Social ownership 6902:Market socialism 6877:Free association 6837:Union of egoists 6614: 6613: 6547:Workers' council 6537:Union of egoists 6497:Security culture 6409:Decentralization 6404:Critique of work 6309: 6302: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6237: 6229: 6081: 6080: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5872: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5775: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5577: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5475:. 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Archived from 4120: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4018:Secular humanism 4013:Ethical movement 4003:Brights movement 3817: 3814: 3808: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3641:The Truth Seeker 3570: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3532:Anarchism portal 3530: 3424:Anti-consumerism 3419:Anti-corporatism 2895:Social ownership 2880:Market socialism 2855:Free association 2764:Jewish anarchism 2706:A las Barricadas 2618:Amakasu Incident 2561:Strandza Commune 2536:Haymarket affair 2156:Workers' council 2146:Union of egoists 2106:Security culture 2016:Decentralization 2011:Critique of work 1749:Total liberation 1723: 1722: 1687: 1664: 1663: 1559:Manitowoc County 1530:Jefferson County 1517:Gasconade County 1448:St. Clair County 1419:The Truth Seeker 1279:Robert Dale Owen 1238:The Truth Seeker 1197:William Molyneux 1103:Turkish Republic 1095:Celal Nuri İleri 931:and in 1906 the 915:established the 885:March Revolution 856:anti-clericalism 592:Modern movements 340:Bertrand Russell 293:Bertrand Russell 285:Bertrand Russell 186:anti-clericalism 92: 89: 83: 56: 55: 48: 21: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8148: 8146: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8093:Labour movement 8023: 8022: 8021: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253:Occupy movement 7126:Ferrer movement 7061: 7060: 7059: 6975:Escuela Moderna 6933: 6932: 6931: 6841: 6801: 6758: 6722:Insurrectionary 6681: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6477:Refusal of work 6364:Anti-militarism 6359:Anti-capitalism 6318: 6313: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6224: 6204: 6089: 6087:Further reading 6084: 6073: 6066: 6052: 6048: 6037: 6030: 6019: 6006: 5995: 5980: 5965: 5952: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5883:(1/2): 103–32. 5873: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778:Mises Institute 5773: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5696: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5547: 5531: 5530: 5510: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5482: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5377: 5373: 5360: 5356: 5336: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5294: 5290: 5272: 5268: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5054: 5045: 5038: 5022: 5015: 5008: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4942: 4931: 4924: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4801: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4765: 4761: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4461:on 15 July 2015 4449: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4403:on 15 July 2015 4395: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4314: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4028:Freethought Day 3998: 3977: 3961: 3924: 3885: 3877:mechanical arts 3818: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3744:Catholic Church 3653: 3589:. In the U.S., 3583: 3574: 3542:Politics portal 3519: 3518: 3474:Labour movement 3414: 3413: 3402: 3401: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3351: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2830: 2829: 2818: 2817: 2732:Escuela Moderna 2700: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2683:Occupy movement 2556:Ferrer movement 2501: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2449: 2448: 2437: 2436: 2172: 2171: 2160: 2159: 2086:Refusal of work 1971:Anti-militarism 1966:Anti-capitalism 1937: 1936: 1918: 1917: 1884:Insurrectionary 1720: 1719: 1662: 1657: 1507:Colorado County 1376:Freie Gemeinden 1229: 1220:The Freethinker 1205:Anthony Collins 1181: 1091:Abdullah Cevdet 1075: 1051: 1045: 998: 982: 868: 723: 706:Secular Thought 678: 664:philosophy and 650: 644: 614: 594: 483: 478: 443: 410:social progress 386: 384:Characteristics 375:, arguing that 235: 215:popular culture 93: 87: 84: 78:or excerpts to 69: 57: 53: 46: 43: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8207: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8108:Libertarianism 8105: 8100: 8098:Left communism 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029:Related topics 8025: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7998:United Kingdom 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7713:Czech Republic 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 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6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710:Social ecology 6707: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6687:Post-classical 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Social ecology 6504: 6502:Self-ownership 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Horizontalidad 6429: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6389:Class struggle 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6369:Affinity group 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6282: 6281: 6269: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6222: 6217: 6213:2013-05-10 at 6203: 6202:External links 6200: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6174: 6155: 6143: 6126: 6114: 6104: 6102:978-1526142375 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6064: 6046: 6028: 6004: 5978: 5950: 5935: 5910: 5889:10.2307/368893 5862: 5830: 5798: 5780:. 2014-07-30. 5759: 5731: 5706: 5697:|author2= 5671: 5643: 5613: 5597: 5545: 5504: 5489: 5460: 5445:. 3 May 2014. 5430: 5413: 5388: 5371: 5354: 5330: 5310: 5288: 5266: 5242: 5212: 5184: 5166: 5146: 5128: 5108: 5101: 5081: 5074: 5043: 5036: 5013: 5006: 4988: 4981: 4961: 4954: 4929: 4922: 4904: 4874: 4848: 4832: 4827:The Australian 4813: 4798:on 16 May 2019 4778: 4759: 4742:978-0801487859 4741: 4721: 4703: 4683: 4665: 4645: 4615: 4585: 4546: 4515: 4481: 4472: 4442: 4414: 4388: 4381: 4361: 4354: 4336: 4308: 4293: 4262: 4247:. 2010-02-26. 4232: 4217:. 2018-02-13. 4202: 4176: 4140: 4115: 4101: 4070: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3957: 3932:Giordano Bruno 3923: 3920: 3884: 3881: 3820: 3819: 3797: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3753:Modern Schools 3720:Charles Darwin 3652: 3649: 3595:anti-Christian 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 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2875:Labour voucher 2872: 2870:Give-away shop 2867: 2862: 2860:General strike 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2613:Makhnovshchina 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526:Hague Congress 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2272:González Prada 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2116:Social ecology 2113: 2111:Self-ownership 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041:Horizontalidad 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1996:Class struggle 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1976:Affinity group 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1744:Social ecology 1741: 1731: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1624:Kendall County 1617: 1611: 1601: 1594: 1585: 1578: 1572: 1562: 1552: 1542: 1533: 1523: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1477: 1474:Kendall County 1467: 1454: 1441: 1427: 1345:Two Ways to Go 1331:Forty-Eighters 1291:Free Enquirer' 1228: 1225: 1180: 1179:United Kingdom 1177: 1173:Ateizm Derneği 1079:Ottoman Empire 1074: 1071: 1059:anti-clericals 1057:in the 1870s, 1047:Main article: 1044: 1041: 997: 994: 981: 978: 946:), a secular " 913:Ludwig Büchner 889:Johannes Ronge 867: 864: 852:Libre-Penseurs 825:Temple of Mars 798:Roman Catholic 722: 719: 682:English Canada 677: 674: 646:Main article: 643: 640: 613: 610: 604:friar, by the 598:Giordano Bruno 593: 590: 482: 479: 477: 474: 442: 439: 385: 382: 234: 231: 207:cognitive bias 95: 94: 60: 58: 51: 44: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8206: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8144: 8141: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8003:United States 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7763:French Guiana 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173:Biennio Rosso 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Paris Commune 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Mutual credit 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6857:Communization 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6647:Philosophical 6645: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625:Individualist 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Animal rights 6566: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:Individualism 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Direct action 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:archive.today 6212: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6186:0-7190-0783-6 6183: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172:0-7190-0557-4 6169: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6158:Royle, Edward 6156: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:0-8050-7442-2 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129:Jacoby, Susan 6127: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5939: 5925:on 2010-08-07 5924: 5920: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852:on 2012-03-24 5848: 5841: 5834: 5820:on 2012-03-24 5816: 5809: 5802: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5744: 5743: 5735: 5721:on 2012-07-12 5720: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5661:on 2012-03-26 5660: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5587:on 2009-07-04 5586: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5520:(2): 211–38. 5519: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5479:on 2020-08-01 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5417: 5403:on 2017-07-22 5402: 5398: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5227:(in German). 5226: 5222: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4923:9781433103735 4919: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883:"Gjendesheim" 4878: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4382:9780766136830 4378: 4375:. Kessinger. 4374: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4355:9781135350963 4351: 4347: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4144: 4130:on 2013-01-17 4129: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3928: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3816: 3805: 3803: 3798:This section 3796: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3769:New York City 3766: 3762: 3761:South America 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:André Lorulot 3674: 3668: 3662: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3599:anti-clerical 3596: 3590: 3588: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3332:United States 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3092:French Guiana 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:Mutual credit 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835:Communization 2833: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Biennio Rosso 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2521:Paris Commune 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454:Animal rights 2452: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046:Individualism 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2026:Direct action 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776:Philosophical 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756:Individualist 1754: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598:DeWitt County 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582:Austin County 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569:DeWitt County 1566: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 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