Frederick Barbarossa

883: 983:. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power behind it. The king, chosen by the prince-electors, was given no resources outside those of his own duchy and he was at the same time prevented from exercising any real authority or leadership. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development of any dynastic interest in the German crown. When Frederick was chosen as king in 1152, royal power had been in effective abeyance for over twenty-five years, and to a considerable degree for more than eighty years. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king. The Salian line had died out with the death of Henry V in 1125 and the German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose 1828: 1140: 1012: 2303: 1461: 2023:(Justinian Body of Civil Law) as "the greatest legal code ever devised". It envisaged the law of the state as a reflection of natural moral law, the principle of rationality in the universe. By the time Frederick assumed the throne, this legal system was well established on both sides of the Alps. He was the first to use the availability of the new professional class of lawyers. The Civil Law allowed Frederick to use these lawyers to administer his kingdom in a logical and consistent manner. It also provided a framework to legitimize his claim to the right to rule both Germany and northern Italy. In the old days of Henry IV and Henry V, the claim of 1592:, when his two eldest sons were knighted, and thousands of knights were invited from all over Germany. While payments upon the knighting of a son were part of the expectations of an overlord in England and France, only a "gift" was given in Germany for such an occasion. Frederick's monetary gain from this celebration is said to have been modest. Later in 1184, Frederick again moved into Italy, this time joining forces with the local rural nobility to reduce the power of the Tuscan cities. In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to 1840: 1630: 1735:, Frederick formally and symbolically accepted the staff and scrip of a pilgrim and set out. His crusade was "the most meticulously planned and organized" up to that time. According to one source written in the 1220s, Frederick organized a grand army of 100,000 men (including 20,000 knights) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land; This number is believed to be inaccurate by modern scholars using incomplete contemporary sources that place the size of his army at 12,000–15,000 men, including 3,000–4,000 knights. 2139:

throne, the prospects for the revival of German imperial power were extremely thin. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. The backwash of the Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. Rival states were in perpetual war. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.

1724: 961: 9208: 9220: 1811: 1555: 51: 1167: 1532:. Now it had recurred, in a slightly different form. Frederick had to humble himself before Alexander III at Venice. The emperor acknowledged the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. Also in the Peace of Venice, a truce was made with the Lombard cities, which took effect in August 1178. The grounds for a permanent peace were not established until 1183, however, in the 6734: 1258: 1676:, preached a crusade sermon and Frederick asked the assembly whether he should take the cross. At the universal acclaim of the assembly, he took the crusader's vow. His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit. The eldest, Henry VI, was to remain behind in Germany as regent. At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at 7381: 1388: 5708: 1337:, and many other northern Italian cities. In August 1162 he triumphantly entered Turin and was crowned with his consort in the cathedral on August 15. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion from Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence, and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of 1580:

much in the German feudalistic system as it would have in the English feudalistic system. While in England the pledge of fealty went in a direct line from overlords to those under them, the Germans pledged oaths only to the direct overlord, so that in Henry's case, those below him in the feudal chain owed nothing to Frederick. Thus, despite the diminished stature of Henry the Lion, Frederick did not gain his allegiances.

1492:), which had previously formed to stand against him. The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, representing a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism. While continental feudalism had remained strong socially and economically, it was in deep political decline by the time of Frederick Barbarossa. When the northern Italian cities inflicted a defeat on Frederick at 2035:

that Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor. Roman law gave a rational purpose for the existence of Frederick and his imperial ambitions. It was a counterweight to the claims of the Church to have authority because of divine revelation. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system. When

9196: 2179:, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, 1584:

the most powerful force in Italy. When Frederick returned to Germany after his defeat in northern Italy, he was a bitter and exhausted man. The German princes, far from being subordinated to royal control, were intensifying their hold on wealth and power in Germany and entrenching their positions. There began to be a generalized social desire to "create greater Germany" by conquering the Slavs to the east.

2081: 1894:, a churchman who accompanied the crusader forces, reported that "after the many and terrible exertions that he had undergone in the previous month and more, he decided to bathe in that same river, for he wanted to cool down with a swim. But by the secret judgment of God there was an unexpected and lamentable death and he drowned." Frederick, who liked to swim, as he went to bathe with 1436:), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with Manuel I, and tried to come to a better understanding with 2148: 1918:

with a mighty hand and a stretched-out arm. He took Iconium, Philomena, and many other cities, and reached Armenia, where, during great heat, he went into the river, which the natives call the Iron River, to bathe, and therein for our sins was miserably drowned, and so died to the loss of all Christendom. Saladin so greatly feared his approach that he ordered the walls of

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Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an imperial army to force his cousin to surrender. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit to Frederick at an

2283:(1990) presents the emperor as a pragmatic leader with a capacity of adaptation and recovery after defeat. Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers, while Görich (who also emphasizes the honour, or 1444:. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. Consequently, his younger son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia in 1167, while his eldest son 2034:

In Germany, Frederick was a political realist, taking what he could and leaving the rest. In Italy, he tended to be a romantic reactionary, reveling in the antiquarian spirit of the age, exemplified by a revival of classical studies and Roman law. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code

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The Germany that Frederick tried to unite was a patchwork of more than 1,600 individual states, each with its own prince. A few of these, such as Bavaria and Saxony, were large. Many were too small to pinpoint on a map. The titles afforded to the German king were "Caesar", "Augustus", and "Emperor of

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On 11 May 1189, after the majority of his army had already departed toward Hungary on land, Frederick sailed from Regensburg down the River Danube. When he came to the village of Mauthausen, Frederick ordered the village to be burned for levying a toll on the crusader army. The Crusaders then passed

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Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1176. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful state comprising Saxony, Bavaria, and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry,

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As Frederick approached the gates of Rome, the Pope advanced to meet him. At the royal tent the king received him, and after kissing the pope's feet, Frederick expected to receive the traditional kiss of peace. Frederick had declined to hold the Pope's stirrup while leading him to the tent, however,

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Frederick did little to encourage economic development in Germany prior to the autumn of 1165. In that year he visited the lower Rhineland, the most economically advanced region in Germany. He had already travelled to northern Italy, the most economically advanced region in the Empire, three times.

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While these were the varied fortunes of the first in the field, Frederick, the Roman emperor, set out on his journey by land with great power and a countless host of warriors. Passing over the borders of Germany, he crossed Hungary, Macedonia, and Greece and marched through the land of the Saracens

1583:

Frederick was faced with the reality of disorder among the German states, where continuous civil wars were waged between pretenders and the ambitious who wanted the crown for themselves. Italian unity under German rule was more myth than truth. Despite proclamations of German hegemony, the pope was

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in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as the much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. Frederick's desire for revenge was sated. Henry the Lion lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture. Frederick's victory over Henry did not gain him as

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in a humiliating manner. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied

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In the opinion of Norman Cantor, Frederick's charisma led to a fantastic juggling act that, over a quarter of a century, restored the imperial authority in the German states. His formidable enemies defeated him on almost every side, yet in the end he emerged triumphant. When Frederick came to the

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sought to become king of the Franks in the 8th century, the church needed military protection, so Pepin found it convenient to make an ally of the pope. Frederick, however, desired to put the pope aside and claim the crown of old Rome simply because he was in the likeness of the great emperors of

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accounts had been around for thousands of years, but entered the Christian tradition with the writings of the Apostle Peter. German propaganda played into the exaggerated fables believed by the common people by characterizing Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II as personification of the "good

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His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead ... His eyes are sharp and

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near Milan, on 29 May 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead. This battle marked the turning point in Frederick's claim to empire. He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Anagni in 1176,

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The political result of the struggle with Pope Alexander was an alliance formed between the Norman state of Sicily and Pope Alexander III against Frederick. In the meantime, Frederick had to deal with another rebellion at Milan, in which the city surrendered on 6 March 1162; much of it was

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to recuperate. There he was robbed and killed. Conrad ordered Frederick to avenge him. The duke of Swabia razed the monastery, captured and executed the robbers and demanded they return the stolen money. The intervention of the Byzantine general Prosuch prevented further escalation. A few weeks

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The number of mints in Germany increased ninefold in the reign of Frederick and his son Henry, from about two dozen mints at the start of his reign to 215 mints in 1197 and from a mere two royal mints to 28. Frederick himself established at least twelve royal mints, including those of Aachen,

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In 1975, Frederick's charters were published. This and the postwar abandonment of the Kyffhäuser myth have led to the publications of several new biographies. The notable recent authorities among German-speaking historians include Ferdinand Opll, Johannes Laudage, and Knut Görich. Opll's

1986:

separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in

1136:. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy. 1771:, in the meantime, he received imprisoned German emissaries who were held in Constantinople, and exchanged hostages with Isaac II, as a guarantee that the crusaders would not sack local settlements until they depart the Byzantine territory. In March 1190, Frederick left Adrianople for 1226:, granting him unprecedented entitlements as Duke of Austria. This was a large concession on the part of Frederick, who realized that Henry the Lion had to be accommodated, even to the point of sharing some power with him. Frederick could not afford to make an outright enemy of Henry. 1033:, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between 1316:, appeared unsupportive of Alexander III, and after the sacking of Crema demanded that Alexander appear before the emperor at Pavia and to accept the imperial decree. Alexander refused, and Frederick recognised Victor IV as the legitimate pope in 1160. In response, Alexander III 816:, the duke berated his brother for permitting his son to go. The elder Frederick, who was dying, expected his son to look after his widow and younger half-brother once he had passed on, not risk his life by going on a crusade. Perhaps in preparation for the crusade, Frederick married 2031:. The Church had won that argument in the common man's mind. There was no divine right for the German king to also control the church by naming both bishops and popes. The institution of the Justinian code was used, perhaps unscrupulously, by Frederick to lay claim to divine powers. 1692:

to disperse them. Rabbi Moses then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi rode through the streets together. Frederick successfully prevented a repeat of the

1182:, amidst the acclamations of the German army. The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured. The next day, Frederick, Adrian, and the German army travelled to 2121:, full of Augustinian negativity concerning the nature of the world and history. His work on Frederick is of opposite tone, being an optimistic portrayal of the glorious potentials of imperial authority. Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to 2134:

piercing, his beard reddish , his lips delicate ... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color ... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built ...

1003:, Frederick did not attempt to end medieval feudalism, but rather tried to restore it, though this was beyond his ability. The great players in the German civil war had been the Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines and the Guelfs, but none of these had emerged as the winner. 2057:

From 1165 on, Frederick pursued economic policies to encourage growth and trade. There is no question that his reign was a period of major economic growth in Germany, but it is impossible now to determine how much of that growth was owed to Frederick's policies.

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as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick began besieging

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The retreat of Frederick in 1155 forced Pope Adrian IV to come to terms with King William I of Sicily, granting to William I territories that Frederick viewed as his dominion. This aggrieved Frederick, and he was further displeased when

1249:, written between 1152 and 1157, which enacted punishments for a variety of crimes, as well as systems for adjudicating many disputes. He also declared himself the sole Augustus of the Roman world, ceasing to recognise Manuel I at Constantinople. 1324:

in 1162 to decide the issue of who should be pope. Louis neared the meeting site, but when he became aware that Frederick had stacked the votes for Victor, Louis decided not to attend the council. As a result, the issue was not resolved at that time.

1428:. Heartened by this victory, Frederick lifted the siege of Ancona and hurried to Rome, where he had his wife crowned empress and also received a second coronation from Paschal III. His campaign was halted by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic ( 642:

to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen, and his political perspicacity. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the re-establishment of the

1587:

Although the Italian city states had achieved a measure of independence from Frederick as a result of his failed fifth expedition into Italy, the emperor had not given up on his Italian dominions. In 1184, he held a massive celebration, the

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promised the armies of the Third Crusade, led by Frederick Barbarossa to freely pass through his territories; however, his sons who were local chieftains disagreed and fought against the Crusaders at the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of

2125:, his provost. Rahewin's text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick reproduces word-for-word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch, 4694: 2233:(meaning "behold the fig"), with the feces still in their mouths. It used to be said that the insulting gesture (called fico), of holding one's fist with the thumb in between the middle and forefinger came by its origin from this event. 2061:

Donauwörth, Ulm, Haguenau, Duisburg, Kaiserswerth, Frankfurt, Gelnhausen and Dortmund. He also granted privileges exempting the merchants of Aachen, Gelnhausen, Haguenau, Monza, Rome, Pisa and Venice from all tolls within the Empire.

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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la Couronne, de la Maison du Roy et des anciens barons du royaume.... Tome 8 / par le P. Anselme,... ; continuée par M. Du

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so Adrian refused to give the kiss until this protocol had been complied with. Frederick hesitated, and Adrian IV withdrew; after a day's negotiation, Frederick agreed to perform the required ritual, reportedly muttering, "

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in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. As part of his general policy of concessions of formal power to the German princes and ending the civil wars within the kingdom, Frederick further appeased Henry by issuing him with the

995:, would not be appeased, however, remaining an implacable enemy of the Hohenstaufen monarchy. Barbarossa had the duchies of Swabia and Franconia, the force of his own personality, and very little else to construct an empire. 999:

the Romans". By the time Frederick would assume these, they were little more than propaganda slogans with little other meaning. Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. Unlike

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were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental faculties, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future

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WeltkulturerbeN: Formen, Funktionen und Objekte kulturellen Erinnerns im und an das Mittelalter ; Vorträge der Ringvorlesung des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg im Sommersemester

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to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews. When mobs threatened the Jews of Mainz on the eve of the assembly in March, Frederick sent the imperial marshal

898:, writing fifty years later, recorded that Frederick "prevailed in arms before all others in front of Damascus". On 8 September, the German army sailed out of Acre. On the route home, Conrad III and Frederick stopped in 2294:, edited by Manselli and Riedmann, considered by Schumann to be a definite synthesis of non-nationally oriented historiography approaches (combining German and Italian research results) of the last forty years. 1473:

Increasing anti-German sentiment swept through Lombardy, culminating in the restoration of Milan in 1169. In 1174 Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy. (It was probably during this time that the famous

1536:, when Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. By this move, Frederick recovered his nominal domination over Italy, which became his chief means of applying pressure on the papacy. 859:, he returned to Constantinople by ship with his personal retinue, which included Frederick. With Byzantine ships and money, the German army once again left Constantinople on 7 March 1148 and arrived in 2287:

factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader.

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Frederick's death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. The German-Hungarian army was struck with an onset of disease near

677:, attempt to uncover the legends and reconstruct the true historical figure—these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and the social developments associated with him. 2263:

began in the nineteenth century, but have been hampered by the unfortunate deaths of key researchers who did not have the chance to complete their works (such as Henry Simonsfeld who died in 1913,

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In Italy, the scholarly attention towards Frederick's person and his reign is also considerable, with notable contributions including Franco Cardini's sympathetic 1985 biography or the 1982 work

991:(1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa succeeded his uncle in 1152, there seemed to be excellent prospects for ending the feud, since he was a Welf on his mother's side. The Welf duke of Saxony, 840:

were among the few German crusaders who survived when a flash flood destroyed the main camp. They had decided to encamp on a hill a ways away from the main army. The remains of the army reached

1053:(his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother, making them fourth cousins, once removed). He then made a vain attempt to obtain a bride from the court of 8145: 1186:. From there, a combination of the unhealthy Italian summer and the effects of his year-long absence from Germany meant he was forced to put off his planned campaign against the Normans of 1201:

Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous, but conciliatory, measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from

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Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175, he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of the termination of their alliance. On 26 May 1188, he sent Count

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of the Papacy. Disgusted with the pope, and still wishing to crush the Normans in the south of Italy, in June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by

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who died in 1889 and Johannes Laudage who died in an accident in 2008). Nevertheless, the two volumes about Frederick (that focus on his relationship with the Welfs and the Papacy) in

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had pursued a more conciliatory line with the Emperor than previous popes and was more concerned with troubling reports from the Holy Land than with a power struggle with Barbarossa.

1159:– For Peter, not for Adrian." Rome was still in an uproar over the fate of Arnold of Brescia, so rather than marching through the streets of Rome, Frederick and Adrian retired to the 5107: 5393: 1496:

in 1175, the European world was shocked. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the

8118: 1906:, Bishop of Würzburg, who was a close confidant of Frederick, the report would be the most plausible account of what happened, since he might have witnessed the emperor's death. 882: 588:, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career. 5723: 2260: 2951:

first asked for her hand, but the marriage negotiations never came through. She married Guillaume (II) count of Chalon in 1173 and was mother to Beatrix, countess of Chalon.

2359:(2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant. 1885:, "the king went down to the river to wash himself and was drowned at a place where the water was not even up to his waist. Thus God saved us from the evil of such a man". 2229:

man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. To add to this debasement, they were made to announce,

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at Aachen, under the authority of the antipope Paschal III. Concerned over rumours that Alexander III was about to enter into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor

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was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition. To a large extent, this was successful.

987:(1125–1137), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as 1959:

of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in

2212:; (3) the establishment of a good king to combat the anti-Christ. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe. 6250: 2208:. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. It consisted of three things: (1) terrible natural disasters; (2) the arrival of the 1995:

agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the

674: 9295: 1415:, in October 1166 Frederick embarked on his fourth Italian campaign, hoping as well to secure the claim of Paschal III and the coronation of his wife 1759:, to join the Crusade. The king agreed, and a Hungarian army of 2,000 men led by Géza escorted the German emperor's forces. Later on, Frederick camped in 1701: 5565: 1294:

that saw the establishment of imperial officers and ecclesiastical reforms in the cities of northern Italy, and the beginning of the long struggle with

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sometime before March 1147. His father died on 4 or 6 April and Frederick succeeded him as the Duke of Swabia. The German crusader army departed from

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in 1177, Frederick and Alexander III were formally reconciled. With decisions of Paschal III nullfied, Beatrice ceased to be referred as empress.

657:. Due to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the 2331:(1901) begins with a dedication to "the descendants of the great Germanic race who in Europe, in America, and in the Far East rule the world". 2321:(1843), Frederick (as character Frédéric de Hohenstaufen) returns many years after he was presumed dead, as expected by some medieval legends. 6770: 6479: 5096: 1890: 1704:

to present an ultimatum to Saladin. A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian and Seljuk envoys in

5338:"Here be monsters: AS Byatt is entertained yet baffled by Umberto Eco's latest novel, Baudolino, an uneasy mixture of history and fantasy" 2070: 5728: 1902:, might have been exhausted from weeks of marching, hence he was fatally affected by the very hot summer in Anatolia. If the writer was 1361: 1077:

Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the

1424:, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I; at the same time, his forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the 855:

of the disaster and ask for help. The two armies, French and German, then advanced together. When Conrad fell ill around Christmas in

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Another account recorded that Frederick was thrown from his horse while crossing the river, weighed down by his armour, and drowned.

1649:. Frederick expressed support for the crusade but declined to take the cross on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop 776:, which were a form of informal and irregular assembly popular among the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. One took place in 1141 in 638:

Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. He combined qualities that made him appear almost

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There is a published correspondence, almost certainly forged, between Frederick and Saladin concerning the end of their friendship.

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chose to interpret a letter from Adrian to Frederick in a manner that seemed to imply that the imperial crown was a gift from the

2275:(1855–88), completed by his student Bernhard von Simson in 1895, later became the scholarly standard work on the emperor's life. 1844: 2011:, a Latin legal system that had become extinct centuries earlier. Legal scholars renewed its application. It is speculated that 1547:

on 30 June 1178. Although traditionally the German kings had automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of

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In the meantime Frederick was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the

762:. He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons at an early age, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the 653:, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the 580:

by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as

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near Dorylaeum, decided to turn back. The rearguard was subsequently annihilated. Conrad sent Frederick ahead to inform King

619:. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's 1827: 7905: 7336: 5816: 2784: 2390:

Recently, to commemorate the emperor, the Supply Battalion 131 (called "Battalion Barbarossa") of the Kyffhäuser barracks (

1752: 1551:, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152. 1464:

Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by two of his children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). From the

739: 699: 608: 503: 2099:(Deeds of the Emperor Frederick), which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Otto's other major work, the 1341:

for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's third visit to Italy in 1163, his plans for the conquest of

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were ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.

910:

in cooperation with the Byzantines. After confirming the treaty, Frederick was sent ahead to Germany. He passed through

5445: 1309: 1045:. It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with 915: 6246: 4799: 8081: 7133: 7113: 7093: 6763: 6679: 6659: 6639: 6472: 6149: 6095: 6001: 5980: 5668: 5521:

with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

5320: 5284: 5159: 5070: 4651: 4626: 3935: 1568: 1069:

or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene, and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.

1139: 8041: 7138: 7128: 7098: 6985: 6674: 6644: 6614: 6441: 6418: 5835: 2940: 2221: 2180: 1650: 1416: 1299: 1234: 1065:

with the Pope, wherein he promised, in return for his coronation, to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king

1011: 403: 55:

A golden bust of Frederick, given to his godfather Count Otto of Cappenberg in 1171. It was used as a reliquary in

8001: 7652: 7329: 7158: 7108: 6950: 6699: 6654: 6594: 6361: 5640: 3172: 1238: 984: 96: 1528:

from previous centuries had been brought to a tendentious peace with the Concordat of Worms and affirmed in the

808:

after his uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. Frederick's father,

8065: 7572: 7216: 7178: 7173: 7153: 7054: 6719: 6714: 6694: 6629: 4809: 2758: 1968: 1684: 344: 1539:

In a move to consolidate his reign after the disastrous expedition into Italy, Frederick was formally crowned

1085:. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of 9290: 9240: 8089: 8073: 8049: 7969: 7961: 7305: 7231: 7168: 7163: 7143: 7118: 7103: 7083: 7039: 6916: 6911: 6709: 6704: 6684: 6664: 6649: 6634: 6619: 6579: 6574: 6080:

The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts

5563: 1799: 1548: 1357: 9086: 2195:

the reincarnation of Frederick; the 1896 dedication occurred on 18 June, the day of Frederick's coronation.

1460: 8252: 8057: 8025: 7977: 7953: 7937: 7148: 7123: 7044: 6970: 6921: 6906: 6901: 6756: 6737: 6689: 6669: 6624: 6604: 6584: 6569: 6564: 6465: 6408: 6391: 6340: 4667: 2967: 2960: 2578: 2542: 1956: 1913:, a historian of the Crusades, outlined Frederick's endeavors and Saladin's dilemma, in which he reported: 1875:", against everyone's advice, the emperor chose to swim across the river and was swept away by the current. 1783: 1744: 1529: 1513: 1445: 972: 938: 809: 731: 695: 600: 493: 453: 448: 253: 243: 106: 9275: 9114: 8033: 7993: 7929: 6980: 6945: 6896: 6609: 6589: 6559: 3030: 3025: 2954: 2487: 1657:

to take the cross through messengers and then in a personal meeting on 25 December on the border between

1147: 1109: 976: 743: 443: 299: 1978:

The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and

1194:

and encountered the ambassadors of Manuel I Comnenus, who showered Frederick with costly gifts. At

9174: 7272: 7188: 7071: 5518: 2302: 1368:. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over 1305:

The death of Pope Adrian IV in 1159 led to the election of two rival popes, Alexander III and the

1062: 848: 8872: 7060: 3800: 2220:

Another legend states that when Barbarossa was in the process of seizing Milan in 1158, his wife, the

7300: 7281: 7262: 7029: 6449: 4966: 2986: 2980: 2403:, which uses among other things 300 roles of fabric (each was 100 meters long). The mission is named 1637:

Around 23 November 1187, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the

1373: 1202: 666: 612: 463: 458: 8949: 5450:

In: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages, Vol. 33 (1977), pp. 435–472, footnote p. 459.

4568: 2007:

The increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy led to a revival in the study of the

1782:

The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious at the

847:

Conrad III attempted to lead the army across Anatolia but finding this too difficult in the face of

9280: 9200: 8718: 8111: 7240: 7066: 6223: 6105:

Madden, Thomas F. (2016). "Alexander III and Venice". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.).

4039: 1863:

River. Meanwhile, the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near

1787: 1320:

both Frederick I and Victor IV. Frederick attempted to convoke a joint council with King

891: 566:("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned 8774: 5871:

Die Ehre Friedrich Barbarossas: Kommunikation, Konflikt und politisches Handeln im 12. Jahrhundert

1708:. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. The envoys of 1476: 8830: 7466: 6861: 6779: 6256: 5845: 2700: 2268: 2264: 2156: 2028: 1895: 1751:

before entering Byzantine territory. While in Hungary, Barbarossa personally asked the Hungarian

1748: 1525: 980: 654: 5743:

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V

5337: 4554: 1329:

destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fate of Milan led to the submission of

1198:, Frederick declared his fury with the rebellious Milanese before finally returning to Germany. 9072: 8732: 7840: 7221: 6990: 5927:

Friedrich Barbarossa in den Nationalgeschichten Deutschlands und Ostmitteleuropas (19.–20. Jh.)

2820: 1903: 1760: 1673: 1425: 1179: 1101: 927: 596: 5925: 5897: 5849: 3268: 2188: 1756: 1384:, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165. 9285: 9121: 8928: 8690: 8009: 7007: 6955: 6927: 6323: 5539: 3737: 3234: 3199: 3103:

Those of Goslar and Nuremberg were the only royal mints operating in the reign of Conrad III.

2414: 2024: 1820: 1392: 1038: 988: 773: 703: 142: 4780: 4755:"Deutsche Spuren im Libanon: Auf den Spuren Barbarossas – Deutsche Kaiser-Gebeine in Tyros?" 4754: 2461: 673:

movement resulting in both golden and dark legends. Modern researchers, while exploring the

9250: 9245: 9012: 8886: 8767: 8760: 7884: 7253: 7207: 7088: 7018: 6995: 5737: 5617: 4930: 3035: 2974: 2948: 2324: 2245: 2020: 1996: 1979: 1963:, but efforts to preserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the 1034: 979:

left the status of the German empire in disarray, its power waning under the weight of the

965: 647: 8851: 1061:, but had neglected to ask for papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded the 8: 9019: 8991: 8651: 8413: 7870: 7835: 7804: 7769: 7753: 7697: 7397: 7389: 7034: 7024: 7012: 6850: 6821: 6806: 6792: 6549: 6539: 5149: 5060: 3731: 2933: 2846: 2726: 2604: 1832: 1694: 1654: 1593: 1576: 1441: 1437: 1321: 1082: 1046: 1000: 868: 852: 817: 727: 374: 5741: 5621: 9224: 9026: 8942: 8858: 8844: 7985: 7818: 7049: 6940: 6877: 6841: 6529: 6488: 6379: 6280: 6087: 5969: 5787: 5248: 5202: 3953: 2340: 2225: 2205: 2118: 1983: 1951:, weakening it further. Only 5,000 soldiers, a third of the original force, arrived in 1740: 1612: 1559: 1533: 1521: 1449: 1295: 1242: 1175: 1066: 950: 907: 718:

castle, the family seat in Swabia; the Welfs, in a similar Italianization, were called

710:

family, the two most powerful families in Germany. The Hohenstaufens were often called

527: 327: 277: 65: 59:

and is said in the deed of the gift to have been made "in the likeness of the emperor".

41: 8378: 8231: 7321: 1839: 9054: 8998: 8865: 8725: 8343: 7911: 7892: 7737: 7490: 6882: 6811: 6514: 6432: 6194: 6166: 6145: 6091: 6030: 5997: 5976: 5931: 5903: 5875: 5831: 5812: 5756: 5685: 5664: 5657: 5596: 5316: 5280: 5274: 5240: 5155: 5066: 4805: 4647: 4622: 3941: 3931: 3274: 3240: 3206: 3009: 2878: 2400: 2364: 1964: 1608: 1597: 1589: 1575:

in November 1181. Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law

1497: 1466: 1412: 1377: 1365: 1291: 1246: 1223: 1217:, whose father had previously held both duchies. Henry II Jasomirgott was named 1150:, the five stones above which the throne was placed during coronation of Frederick I. 1129: 1042: 933: 903: 759: 535: 427: 2015:

personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. The historian

9188: 9005: 8907: 8704: 8683: 8532: 8280: 8266: 7826: 7745: 7721: 7077: 6975: 6855: 6801: 6534: 6519: 6219: 5952: 5586: 5510: 4673: 3091: 2998: 2387:(DW) 2018 documentary (The Germans), featured Frederick I in its 3rd of 6 episodes. 2335: 2192: 2092: 2012: 1910: 1791: 1662: 1540: 1509: 1396: 1334: 1090: 1030: 828: 813: 567: 468: 199: 56: 8553: 3695:"Peace of the Land Established by Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 and 1157 A.D." 1967:

in Antioch, his bones in the Cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in

1938:, to be pulled down, sparing only the fortresses, that is the citadels and towers. 9212: 9153: 9135: 8823: 8490: 8448: 8134: 7945: 7854: 7777: 7761: 6934: 6826: 6816: 6544: 6524: 6504: 6330: 6268: 6188: 6160: 6138: 6083: 6051: 6024: 5991: 5964: 5869: 5679: 5590: 5569: 5199:"Review of Federico Barbarossa nel dibatti storiografico in Italia e in Germania" 3703: 3069: 3002: 2636: 2420: 2113: 2036: 1992: 1712:, grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in 1689: 1638: 1502: 1218: 1214: 1058: 895: 872: 735: 531: 273: 157: 8956: 8630: 8623: 8322: 8259: 5461: 3694: 1629: 902:

where they swore oaths to uphold the treaty that Conrad had agreed with Emperor

635:

River, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre.

9160: 9100: 9093: 9079: 8963: 8816: 8802: 8539: 8497: 8294: 8168: 7921: 7713: 6960: 6891: 6867: 6554: 6398: 6215: 6113: 5782: 5529: 5097:"Knut Görich, Friedrich Barbarossa. Eine Biographie, München (C. H. Beck) 2011" 3698: 2384: 2344: 2236:

Frederick's legend was further reinforced in the early twentieth century, when

2045: 2008: 1988: 1972: 1864: 1859:

Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the

1709: 1642: 1601: 1489: 1481: 1433: 1380:. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope 1313: 1283: 1210: 1206: 1125: 1054: 992: 946: 841: 805: 793: 751: 723: 620: 592: 551: 348: 225: 5379: 4549:

The medieval sources on Fredericks's death are discussed in: Manuel Kamenzin:

1723: 1641:

in the Near East urging him to come to their aid. Around 1 December, Cardinal

1524:: Did the Holy Roman Emperor have the power to name the pope and bishops? The 304: 9234: 8977: 8935: 8434: 8420: 7862: 7352: 7291: 6368: 6349: 5770: 5719: 5714: 5652: 5244: 4091: 3945: 2317: 2200: 2184: 2041: 2016: 1669: 1624: 1317: 1183: 1105: 1050: 960: 707: 662: 624: 616: 543: 113: 9107: 8984: 6276: 6275:

showing the Emperor's seal, 6 April 1157. Taken from the collections of the

2160: 1480:, a record of the royal estates, was made.) He was opposed by the pro-papal 1286:

and his Saxon troops. This expedition resulted in the revolt and capture of

9219: 9047: 9033: 8921: 8665: 8574: 8287: 6836: 6787: 6294: 5572: 5524: 4938: 3421: 3039: 2992:

Renaud (October/November 1173 – before April 1174/soon after October 1178).

2377: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2159:. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the 2126: 1882: 1810: 1404: 1271: 1057:. On his accession, Frederick had communicated the news of his election to 899: 658: 604: 483: 9207: 8210: 2966:

Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), later renamed

1867:

in the Saleph River. There are several conflicting accounts of the event:

1720:. Frederick sent a large embassy ahead to make preparations in Byzantium. 1716:. Only with difficulty was an agreement reached with the Byzantine envoy, 1554: 50: 8914: 8658: 8588: 8560: 8504: 8441: 8350: 8301: 7799: 7705: 7001: 6499: 6075: 6063: 6011: 5361: 5093: 4641: 3136: 2350: 2312: 2213: 1776: 1493: 1408: 1399:

was donated by Frederick sometime after 1165 as a tribute to Charlemagne.

1381: 1369: 1353: 1096:

on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to

1026: 875:

on 24 June, where a decision was reached that the crusaders would attack

711: 8581: 5993:

The German Fairy Tale Landscape: The Storied World of the Brothers Grimm

5252: 5228: 4508: 1794:. The approach of Barbarossa's victorious German army greatly concerned 1672:, the archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick. Bishop of Würzburg, 1252: 1230: 1170:

Wax seal of Frederick I, used in the imperial residence of Pfalz Wimpfen

1166: 941:, succeed him as king. Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at 789: 8837: 8795: 8753: 8602: 8567: 8518: 8511: 8483: 8392: 8357: 8245: 8238: 8203: 7684: 7660: 7636: 7310: 6124: 6118:

Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania

5394:"Mission "Rotbart" am Kyffhäuser: Bundeswehr baut Barbarossa-Bodenbild" 5206: 3471: 3173:"Federico I imperatore, detto il Barbarossa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2989:

and Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).

2394: 2292:

Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania

2209: 2168: 1855:. The text explains in Turkish and German how Frederick drowned nearby. 1764: 1677: 1646: 1257: 832: 821: 777: 715: 639: 80: 8399: 8329: 6748: 6457: 5198: 906:

the previous winter. This treaty obligated the Germans to attack King

8879: 8637: 8427: 8182: 7879: 7729: 7628: 7588: 7564: 7548: 7413: 7405: 7380: 6509: 5861:

Erbe und Erblast – Friedrich Barbarossa, ein deutscher Nationalmythos

4942: 3925: 3730: 2355: 2164: 1960: 1772: 1705: 1520:

a century earlier. The conflict was the same as that resolved in the

1387: 1128:

was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by

942: 864: 747: 628: 5175: 4719: 3236:

Geschichte des Risorgimento: Italiens Weg in die Moderne (1770–1870)

2129:

written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris:

1645:

preached a crusade sermon before Frederick and a public assembly in

8893: 8809: 8711: 8644: 8469: 8371: 8308: 8224: 8217: 8196: 8175: 8161: 7849: 7813: 7644: 7620: 7612: 7596: 7580: 7556: 7516: 7197: 6193:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 299–308. 5589:; Arnaldi, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History Girolamo (2005). 5367: 3589: 2172: 1899: 1835:

to excavate the bones from the ruins of the Cathedral of Tyre, 1879

1768: 1732: 1306: 1261:

Frederick's so-called baptismal cup, silver, partly gilded, Aachen

1245:. In an attempt to create comity, Emperor Frederick proclaimed the 1160: 1019: 911: 876: 781: 691: 269: 8609: 8364: 8103: 5828:

Die ehemalige Benediktinerklosterkirche St. Peter and Paul, Erfurt

5713:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5129: 1802:

and send troops to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.

1025:

Eager to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under

8781: 8546: 8525: 8476: 8462: 8406: 8315: 8189: 7676: 7668: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7508: 7500: 7429: 7421: 7367: 6272: 5040: 2176: 2122: 2084:

Frederick Barbarossa as a crusader, miniature from a copy of the

1948: 1919: 1848: 1795: 1517: 1429: 1330: 1191: 1133: 1121: 1117: 1093: 1078: 856: 837: 755: 478: 331: 308: 5030: 5028: 5026: 3147:, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, pp. 2025–2028. 2973:

Gisela (October/November 1168 – end 1184). She was betrothed to

2947:

Beatrice (end 1162/early 1163 – at least early 1174/1179). King

2306:

Painting of Friedrich I. Barbarossa (Christian Siedentopf, 1847)

2151:

Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.

1312:, and both sought Frederick's support. Frederick, busy with the 1205:, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin 1112:. Other historians instead suggest his coronation took place in 9128: 9040: 8970: 8900: 8788: 8697: 8595: 8455: 8385: 8336: 7604: 7474: 7445: 7437: 4098:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. 3590:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia" 3426: 3424: 3087: 3008:

Agnes (early 1179 – 8 October 1184). She was betrothed to King

2147: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1860: 1852: 1815: 1572: 1485: 1421: 1349: 1342: 1275: 1195: 1187: 1174:

The next day, 18 June 1155, Adrian IV crowned Frederick I

954: 867:, where Frederick was impressed by the charitable works of the 768: 719: 632: 539: 352: 335: 312: 295: 176: 4181: 3273:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 186. 2977:(later King of England) but died before they could be married. 2155:

Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a

1999:

to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa.

1713: 1562:, Erfurt, where Henry the Lion submitted to Barbarossa in 1181 8739: 8616: 8273: 7482: 5023: 4551:

Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349).

2080: 1658: 1633:

Path of the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa's path in red

1544: 1338: 1287: 1143: 1113: 1097: 1086: 1015: 763: 571: 547: 218: 132: 5732:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. 4878: 4876: 4688:"Letter on the Sacred Expedition of the Emperor Frederick I" 2095:, Frederick's uncle, wrote an account of his reign entitled 2040:

old, who tended to have a domineering role over the church,

7453: 5229:"Review of Friedrich I. Barbarossa, Kaiser des Abendlandes" 4414: 4412: 4351: 4349: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 1952: 1452:

in 1169, alongside his father who also retained the title.

1279: 1241:, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the 894:(24–28 July) lasted a mere five days and ended in failure. 860: 750:. Therefore, Frederick carried on the bloodline of Emperor 670: 555: 86: 5435:, transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 note245. 5104:

Francia-Recensio 2012/3 Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500–1500)

3270:

Modernes Mittelalter: Mediävalismus im Werk Stefan Georges

2224:, was taken captive by the enraged Milanese and forced to 932:

When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the

5623:

Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa

4873: 4598: 4569:"Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor" 4397: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3335: 3333: 3205:(in German). University of Bamberg Press. pp. 9–14. 3112:

All of these were cities of the Empire except for Venice.

2418:, Barbarossa makes an appearance as a playable leader in 2329:

Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa

1508:

The scene was similar to that which had occurred between

1018:

or denier with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, struck in

785: 5117: 4709: 4707: 4489: 4409: 4373: 4346: 1987:

north-western Europe, known to modern historians as the

1683:

At Strasbourg, Frederick had imposed a small tax on the

1607:

Pope Urban III died shortly after, and was succeeded by

863:

on 11 April. After Easter, Conrad and Frederick visited

7351: 5459: 4736: 4734: 4429: 4427: 4336: 4334: 2963:(Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197). 2376:), Barbarossa is one of the main characters, played by 1501:

Frederick recognized Alexander III as pope, and in the

1041:

and began negotiations with the Eastern Roman Emperor,

949:

designated him as the next German king. He was crowned

5483: 4642:

John Child; Martyn John Whittock; Nigel Kelly (1992).

4619:

The Knights Templar: The Priceless Treasure Discovered

3345: 3330: 3084:

The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick

3001:(February/March 1177 – killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) 1727:

Frederick Barbarossa depicted during the Third Crusade

766:

language until later in life. He took part in several

9172: 6162:

Das Itinerar Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas (1152–1190)

5930:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 192. 5546:

Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia

5293: 4888: 4704: 4586: 4444: 4442: 3318: 3239:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 67. 2983:(June/July 1170 – killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200). 1767:

in the autumn of 1189 to avoid the winter climate in

1360:

in Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the

1253:

Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174

1100:, where he according to some historians received the 738:. He also had ties to the Salians through his mother 631:. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the 6257:

Famous Men of the Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa

4731: 4424: 4385: 4361: 4331: 1348:

In 1164, Frederick took what are believed to be the

4519: 2995:

William (June/July 1175 – soon after October 1178).

2002: 1124:, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, 6214: 6137: 6129:Frederick Barbarossa: a Study in Medieval Politics 5968: 5786: 5656: 5006: 4531: 4439: 3294: 3197: 1072: 530:from 1155 until his death in 1190. He was elected 6107:Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival 5959:. Vol. 31. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. 5874:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 4462:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 4022: 4020: 4007: 4005: 3847: 3845: 3641: 3639: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3015:Possibly Clemence, wife of Sancho VII of Navarre. 2936:, did not produce any children and was annulled. 964:13th-century stained glass image of Frederick I, 831:, an ill crusader stopped in a monastery outside 9232: 6068:Frederick Barbarossa and the Hohenstaufen Polity 6026:Friedrich Barbarossa (1152–1190): eine Biografie 5951: 5276:The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French 4725: 4616: 4086: 4084: 1695:massacres that had accompanied the First Crusade 5681:Friedrich I. Barbarossa: Kaiser des Abendlandes 6135: 6131:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 5585: 5018: 4945:(453–466). See Mierow and Emery (1953) p. 331. 4017: 4002: 3842: 3636: 3619: 3516: 3368: 714:, which derives from the Italianized name for 514:(December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as 8119: 7337: 6764: 6473: 6247:MSN Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) 5809:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth 5315:. New York: Dell Publishing Co. p. 177. 4081: 3198:Schindler, Andrea; Stieldorf, Andrea (2016). 3038:, the codename of the German invasion of the 812:, strongly objected to this and according to 804:In early 1147, Frederick decided to join the 575: 9296:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 5990:Iba, Michael E.; Johnson, Thomas L. (2015). 5971:After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities 5923: 5830:. Regensburg: Verlag Schnell & Steiner. 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5310: 5192: 5190: 5046: 4038:See entry for the contemporary chroniclers, 3958:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2404: 2391: 2171:at the border between Bavaria, Germany, and 2101:Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus 1891:Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick 1798:, who was forced to weaken his force at the 582: 5844: 3082:"Ansbert" is an Austrian cleric, who wrote 2071:Cultural depictions of Frederick Barbarossa 1298:. Milan soon rebelled again and humiliated 690:Frederick was born in mid-December 1122 in 645: 560: 8126: 8112: 7344: 7330: 6771: 6757: 6480: 6466: 5989: 5460:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Augustin (1726). 5311:de Camp, Sprague; Pratt, Fletcher (1979). 4454: 3728: 3156: 3042:in 1941, named after the emperor by Hitler 49: 5825: 5412: 5187: 4229: 3594:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014) 2957:(Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). 1558:The now secularised St Peter's Church at 1278:and that in fact the Empire itself was a 1190:. On their way northwards, they attacked 726:dynasty through his paternal grandmother 722:. Frederick was also a descendant of the 6277:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 5963: 5811:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 5718: 5196: 4982: 4804:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 309. 3486: 3012:, but died before they could be married. 2347:, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser. 2301: 2146: 2079: 1838: 1826: 1809: 1722: 1628: 1553: 1459: 1386: 1352:of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or 1256: 1165: 1138: 1010: 959: 881: 6778: 6487: 6136:Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). 6050: 6022: 6010: 5750: 5677: 5477: 5147: 5135: 5058: 4994: 4752: 4265: 4193: 4107: 3391: 3266: 3232: 1991:. He returned home after he signed the 418: 1156; died 1184) 14: 9233: 6104: 6062: 5895: 5867: 5858: 5769: 5651: 5552:Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis 5272: 5181: 4918: 4906: 4831: 4797: 4301: 4277: 4253: 4121:La civilization de l'Occident medieval 4075: 3863: 3613: 3442: 3430: 3415: 3324: 3312: 2800: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2558: 2451: 2447: 2297: 2105:Chronicle or History of the Two Cities 2064: 918:and arrived in Germany in April 1149. 8107: 7325: 6752: 6461: 5924:Görich, Knut; Wihoda, Martin (2017). 5902:(in German). C.H. Beck. p. 217. 5899:Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie 5806: 5797: 5781: 5736: 5639: 5630: 5616: 5489: 5335: 5299: 5226: 5086: 5034: 4954: 4894: 4882: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4713: 4604: 4592: 4495: 4433: 4418: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4340: 4325: 4313: 4289: 4241: 4217: 4205: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4063: 4051: 4026: 4011: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3851: 3836: 3824: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3716: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3630: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3510: 3498: 3465: 3454: 3403: 3379: 3362: 3339: 3300: 2970:after the death of his older brother. 2876: 2866: 2862: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2818: 2808: 2804: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2756: 2746: 2742: 2730: 2724: 2714: 2698: 2688: 2684: 2660: 2650: 2634: 2624: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2592: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2546: 2540: 2530: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2075: 957:several days later, on 9 March 1152. 836:later, on 8 September, Frederick and 665:in Germany (especially under Emperor 595:(1147–1152, as Frederick III) before 6186: 6158: 6123: 6074: 5123: 5113:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4740: 4700:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4537: 4525: 4467: 4448: 3875: 3741:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3167: 3165: 2785:Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia 2027:had been severely undermined by the 1805: 886:Crusaders besieging Damascus in 1148 772:during the reign of his uncle, King 706:family, and his mother was from the 627:and opted to travel overland to the 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 8133: 6222:; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). 5957:The History of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180 5851:Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit 4801:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 4566: 3587: 2273:Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit 1818:, from the Gotha Manuscript of the 827:In August 1147, while crossing the 730:as she was the daughter of Emperor 24: 6262:Charter given by Emperor Frederick 5775:The Middle Ages, A Popular History 5007:Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885) 4509:"History of the Anatolian Seljuks" 3923: 3801:"Frederick I | Holy Roman emperor" 2399:) built a huge ground artwork in 2261:Scholarly evaluations of Frederick 2183:. To garner political support the 2051: 25: 9307: 6240: 6070:. University of California Press. 5515:The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 3162: 2943:, he had the following children: 2518:9. Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg 2437:Ancestors of Frederick Barbarossa 2255: 2226:ride through the city on a donkey 799: 9266:Christians of the Second Crusade 9261:12th-century Kings of the Romans 9256:12th-century Holy Roman Emperors 9218: 9206: 9194: 9182: 8845:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter) 7379: 6733: 6732: 5706: 5471: 5453: 5438: 5386: 5372: 5355: 5329: 5304: 5266: 5220: 5151:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa 5141: 5092: 5062:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa 5052: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4960: 4948: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4791: 4773: 4746: 4680: 4660: 4635: 4610: 4560: 4475:Historical Atlas of the Crusades 3735:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3106: 3097: 3076: 2107:) had been an exposition of the 2003:Frederick and the Justinian code 1790:, eventually reaching as far as 1618: 1148:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 1110:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 1006: 542:on 9 March 1152. He was crowned 404:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 390: 9271:Christians of the Third Crusade 6056:Medieval Civilization, 400–1500 5536:in Rerum Italicarum scriptores. 4543: 4501: 4480: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4113: 4101: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4032: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3830: 3818: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3722: 3710: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3607: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3504: 3492: 3459: 3448: 3436: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3062: 3053: 2932:Frederick's first marriage, to 1697:and Second Crusade in Germany. 1073:First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 538:on 4 March 1152 and crowned in 415: 386: 6140:Depraved and Insulting English 6109:. Routledge. pp. 315–340. 5955:(2013). Aubrey Stewart (ed.). 5751:Crowley, John William (2006). 3306: 3260: 3226: 3191: 3150: 3130: 3094:who accompanied the crusaders. 2187:built atop the Kyffhäuser the 1786:and defeated the Turks in the 1455: 945:on 4 March 1152 the kingdom's 613:Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria 574:on 30 June 1178. He was named 13: 1: 6058:. New York: Barnes and Noble. 5996:. Niemeyer C.W. Buchverlage. 5777:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 5513:and his continuator Rahewin, 5336:Byatt, AS (18 October 2002). 5184:, pp. 145–220, 349–362). 3924:L., Cardoza, Anthony (2006). 3267:Schloon, Jutta Saima (2019). 3233:Clemens, Gabriele B. (2021). 3119: 2097:Gesta Friderici I imperatoris 1851:in Mersin Province, southern 1845:Frederick Barbarossa Memorial 1653:. He did, however, urge King 1372:. Today they are kept in the 1262: 685: 597:his imperial election in 1152 591:Frederick was by inheritance 433: 8253:Companions of Saint Nicholas 5975:. New York: Berghahn Books. 5789:A History of Medieval Europe 5684:(in German). Verlag Styria. 5633:The Origins of Modern Europe 5595:. Harvard University Press. 5447:Friedrich Barbarossas Kinder 5019:Novobatzky & Shea (2001) 3124: 2968:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia 2961:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 2939:From his second marriage to 2579:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 2543:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 1881:According to the chronicler 1530:First Council of the Lateran 1514:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 1116:on 15 April. Moving through 939:Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia 696:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 680: 558:. Two years later, the term 494:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 454:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia 449:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 7: 9115:Hirschsprung (Black Forest) 6120:. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1982. 6116:, and Josef Riedmann, eds. 5724:Frederick I., Roman Emperor 5626:. New York: The Century Co. 5556:Monumenta historica Boemiae 5279:. Oxford University Press. 5197:Schumann, Reinhold (1984). 4553:Ostfildern 2020, 355–380. ( 3729:Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). 3031:Dukes of Swabia family tree 3026:German monarchs family tree 3019: 2955:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia 2927: 2488:Frederick I, Duke of Swabia 2428: 1831:A German expedition led by 1779:, to embark to Asia Minor. 921: 742:as she hailed from Emperor 444:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia 235:6 April 1147 – 4 March 1152 167:4 March 1152 – 10 June 1190 10: 9312: 9087:Volksmärchen der Deutschen 8922:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter) 7273:North German Confederation 7189:Confederation of the Rhine 6023:Laudage, Johannes (2009). 5826:Friedrich, Verena (2003). 5802:. New York: Barnes and Co. 5631:Brown, R. A. (1972). 5519:Charles Christopher Mierow 5498: 5138:, pp. 20–46, 214–242. 4798:Cantor, Norman F. (1993). 4092:"Frederick I (Barbarossa)" 3930:. Giulio Einaudi editore. 2794: 2678: 2552: 2449: 2412:In the video game series, 2068: 1622: 1358:Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio 1237:, daughter and heiress of 925: 702:. His father was from the 9145: 9064: 8675: 8153: 8146:German-speaking countries 8141: 7904: 7789: 7696: 7465: 7388: 7377: 7360: 7290: 7271: 7252: 7230: 7206: 7187: 6876: 6835: 6786: 6728: 6495: 6446: 6430: 6415: 6405: 6396: 6388: 6377: 6366: 6358: 6347: 6337: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6288: 6224:"Digit folklore, part II" 5854:(in German). Schwetschke. 5783:Davis, R. H. C. 5663:. Macmillan and Company. 4781:"Staufergräber – Anlagen" 4646:. Heinemann. p. 28. 4617:Kenneth Onapolis (2019). 4096:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2987:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia 2981:Otto I, Count of Burgundy 2949:William II of Sicily 2864: 2856: 2828: 2806: 2802: 2766: 2744: 2736: 2708: 2686: 2682: 2644: 2622: 2614: 2586: 2564: 2560: 2524: 2505: 2497: 2469: 2453: 2142: 1814:Barbarossa drowns in the 1668:On 27 March 1188, at the 1600:, over the objections of 1374:Shrine of the Three Kings 1203:Henry II Jasomirgott 499: 489: 477: 464:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia 459:Otto I, Count of Burgundy 426: 363: 341:Cathedral of Tyre (bones) 319: 285: 263: 259: 249: 239: 231: 224: 213: 205: 198: 190: 182: 171: 163: 156: 148: 138: 127: 119: 112: 102: 92: 79: 71: 64: 48: 39: 34: 8719:Christman Genipperteinga 7792:(title disputed 887–933) 7241:Archduke John of Austria 6187:Opll, Ferdinand (1990). 6159:Opll, Ferdinand (1978). 6029:(in German). F. Pustet. 6016:Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis 5678:Cardini, Franco (1990). 5467:(in French). p. 62. 5227:Petke, Wolfgang (1994). 5047:Görich & Wihoda 2017 4621:. Lulu.com. p. 74. 4040:Ottone and Acerbo Morena 3157:Iba & Johnson (2015) 3145:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3046: 2975:Richard, Count of Poitou 2415:Sid Meier's Civilization 2198:In medieval Europe, the 2086:Historia Hierosolymitana 1965:Cathedral of Saint Peter 1442:Louis VII of France 1438:Henry II of England 1322:Louis VII of France 1083:William I of Sicily 934:prince-bishop of Bamberg 849:constant Turkish attacks 355:(heart and inner organs) 18:Frederick I (Barbarossa) 9065:Legends and fairy tales 8873:Kunigunde von Orlamünde 8831:Heinrich von Winkelried 5800:The Holy Roman Republic 5755:. New York: Perennial. 5729:Encyclopædia Britannica 5431:Gislebertus (of Mons), 5148:Schütte, Bernd (2009). 5059:Schütte, Bernd (2009). 5037:, pp. xxxi–xxxiii. 4759:Goethe-Institut Libanon 4119:Reprint of B. Arthaud. 3805:Encyclopædia Britannica 2701:Welf I, Duke of Bavaria 2383:The German broadcaster 2269:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht 2265:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht 2029:Investiture controversy 1526:Investiture controversy 981:investiture controversy 655:Investiture controversy 623:. Frederick joined the 469:Philip, King of Germany 8950:Rüdiger von Bechelaren 8733:Eppelein von Gailingen 5592:Italy and Its Invaders 5568:13 August 2014 at the 5544:The "Bergamo Master". 5273:France, Peter (1995). 4937:1.2, a description of 4147:, pp. 332 et seq. 3732:"Pope Adrian IV" 3542:, pp. 218 et seq. 3090:'s diary, the dean of 2821:Magnus, Duke of Saxony 2405: 2392: 2374:Barbarossa: Siege Lord 2307: 2152: 2136: 2089: 1982:, who had traveled to 1945: 1904:Godfrey of Spitzenberg 1856: 1836: 1824: 1728: 1674:Godfrey of Spitzenberg 1634: 1563: 1470: 1426:Battle of Monte Porzio 1400: 1266: 1171: 1157:Pro Petro, non Adriano 1151: 1022: 968: 928:1152 Imperial election 887: 871:. He took part in the 646: 583: 576: 561: 523: 519: 9122:Venusberg (mythology) 8929:Pied Piper of Hamelin 8775:Götz von Berlichingen 8691:Arnold von Winkelried 6295:House of Hohenstaufen 6290:Frederick Barbarossa 6271:for the bishopric of 6267:26 March 2023 at the 6165:(in German). Böhlau. 6144:. Orlando: Harcourt. 5896:Görich, Knut (2011). 5868:Görich, Knut (2001). 5859:Görich, Knut (2015). 5645:The Holy Roman Empire 5618:Brady, Cyrus Townsend 5540:Otto of Sankt Blasien 4753:Altaner, Jan (2019). 4726:Jacques de Vitry 2013 3738:Catholic Encyclopedia 2305: 2150: 2131: 2083: 2025:divine right of kings 1915: 1842: 1830: 1821:Saxon World Chronicle 1813: 1784:Battle of Philomelium 1726: 1632: 1557: 1477:Tafelgüterverzeichnis 1463: 1393:Barbarossa Chandelier 1390: 1362:Archbishop of Cologne 1260: 1169: 1142: 1091:successfully besieged 1039:Valdemar I of Denmark 1014: 989:Conrad III of Germany 963: 926:Further information: 885: 780:, another in 1142 in 663:Wilhelmine government 42:Emperor of the Romans 9291:People from Haguenau 9241:Frederick Barbarossa 9013:Walram of Thierstein 8887:Matthias Klostermayr 8768:Giselher of Burgundy 8761:Genevieve of Brabant 8747:Frederick Barbarossa 8002:Lothair III (or II) 7355:between 476 and 1556 7254:German Confederation 7208:German Confederation 6190:Friedrich Barbarossa 5965:Jarausch, K. H. 5807:Freed, John (2016). 5433:Chronicle of Hainaut 5201:. pp. 114–115. 5049:, pp. 191, 192. 4931:Sidonius Apollinaris 4669:The Complete History 3036:Operation Barbarossa 2941:Beatrice of Burgundy 2663:Frederick Barbarossa 2393:Kyffhäuser-Kaserne, 2325:Cyrus Townsend Brady 2281:Friedrich Barbarossa 2021:Corpus Juris Civilis 1955:. Barbarossa's son, 1731:On 15 April 1189 in 1302:(see Legend below). 1235:Beatrice of Burgundy 1233:, Frederick married 1049:, on the grounds of 966:Strasbourg Cathedral 648:Corpus Juris Civilis 599:. He was the son of 546:on 24 April 1155 in 512:Frederick Barbarossa 389: 1147; 35:Frederick Barbarossa 9073:Grimms' Fairy Tales 9020:Walter of Aquitaine 8992:The Smith of Kochel 6793:Carolingian dynasty 6780:Monarchs of Germany 6489:Holy Roman emperors 5126:, pp. 299–308. 4885:, pp. 370–374. 4728:, pp. 110–111. 4607:, pp. 511–512. 4498:, pp. 494–504. 4421:, pp. 480–481. 4406:, p. 626 n.44. 4382:, pp. 473–474. 4358:, pp. 472–473. 4182:Yale Avalon project 3706:. 29 December 1998. 2934:Adelheid of Vohburg 2847:Wulfhilde of Saxony 2727:Henry IX of Bavaria 2605:Agnes of Waiblingen 2298:Artistic depictions 2189:Kyffhäuser Monument 2065:Cultural depictions 1969:Saint Paul's Church 1896:Otto of Wittelsbach 1833:Johann Nepomuk Sepp 1757:Béla III of Hungary 1655:Philip II of France 1594:Constance of Sicily 1577:Henry II of England 1180:St Peter's Basilica 1126:Pope Adrian IV 1108:on 24 April in the 1063:Treaty of Constance 1047:Adelheid of Vohburg 1001:Henry II of England 869:Knights Hospitaller 853:Louis VII of France 844:the following day. 824:seven weeks later. 818:Adelaide of Vohburg 675:legacy of Frederick 554:on 18 June 1155 in 552:Pope Adrian IV 375:Adelheid of Vohburg 345:Saint Paul's Church 281:(modern-day France) 209:1152 – 10 June 1190 123:1155 – 10 June 1190 75:1155 – 10 June 1190 9276:Deaths by drowning 9027:Werner Stauffacher 8943:Punker of Rohrbach 8859:Knight of the Swan 6878:Kingdom of Germany 6842:Kingdom of Germany 6380:Holy Roman Emperor 6281:Marburg University 6088:Ashgate Publishing 5798:Falco, G. (1964). 5653:Cantor, N. F. 5530:Romuald of Salerno 4909:, pp. 359–360 4834:, pp. 340–342 4567:Hickman, Kennedy. 4268:, pp. 102–103 4256:, pp. 433–434 4159:, pp. 164–165 3890:, pp. 326–327 3699:The Avalon Project 3616:, pp. 368–369 3588:Elliott, Gillian. 3468:, pp. 318–319 3433:, pp. 428–429 3418:, pp. 302–303 3315:, pp. 300–302 2759:Judith of Flanders 2462:Frederick of Büren 2362:In the 2009 movie 2341:L. Sprague de Camp 2308: 2206:Jacopo da Voragine 2204:became refined by 2153: 2119:Augustine of Hippo 2090: 2076:Charismatic leader 1888:The writer of the 1857: 1837: 1825: 1755:, brother of King 1729: 1680:on 23 April 1189. 1635: 1564: 1560:Petersberg Citadel 1534:Peace of Constance 1522:Concordat of Worms 1471: 1450:King of the Romans 1401: 1296:Pope Alexander III 1267: 1243:County of Burgundy 1229:On 9 June 1156 at 1176:Holy Roman Emperor 1172: 1152: 1067:Roger II of Sicily 1023: 969: 951:King of the Romans 908:Roger II of Sicily 888: 528:Holy Roman Emperor 328:Church of St Peter 278:Kingdom of Germany 66:Holy Roman Emperor 9201:Holy Roman Empire 9170: 9169: 9055:Xaver Hohenleiter 8999:Till Eulenspiegel 8866:Konrad Baumgarten 8852:Klaus Störtebeker 8726:Dietrich von Bern 8344:Feuermann (ghost) 8101: 8100: 7912:Holy Roman Empire 7319: 7318: 7245: 7244:(Imperial Regent) 6883:Holy Roman Empire 6812:Louis the Younger 6746: 6745: 6456: 6455: 6447:Succeeded by 6433:Count of Burgundy 6428: 6406:Succeeded by 6338:Succeeded by 6220:Cox, John Charles 6200:978-3-534-04131-2 6172:978-3-205-08715-1 6036:978-3-7917-2167-5 5937:978-3-412-50454-0 5909:978-3-406-62149-9 5881:978-3-534-15168-4 5762:978-0-06-112005-3 5691:978-3-222-11971-2 5602:978-0-674-01870-9 5587:Arnaldi, Girolamo 5579:Secondary sources 5382:. Deutsche Wells. 4785:stauferstelen.net 3365:, pp. 51–53. 3342:, pp. 43–45. 3280:978-3-11-061913-3 3246:978-3-412-52094-6 3212:978-3-86309-385-3 3010:Emeric of Hungary 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2879:Sophia of Hungary 2401:Bad Frankenhausen 2315:'s romantic play 2191:, which declared 2157:Kyffhäuser legend 1806:Death and burials 1788:Battle of Iconium 1702:Henry II of Dietz 1651:Philip of Cologne 1609:Pope Gregory VIII 1598:Kingdom of Sicily 1596:, heiress to the 1590:Diet of Pentecost 1498:Battle of Legnano 1467:Historia Welforum 1378:Cologne cathedral 1366:Rainald of Dassel 1292:Diet of Roncaglia 1247:Peace of the Land 1224:Privilegium Minus 1130:Arnold of Brescia 1104:and the title of 1043:Manuel I Comnenus 947:princely electors 904:Manuel I Komnenos 892:Siege of Damascus 810:Duke Frederick II 700:Judith of Bavaria 615:, from the rival 601:Duke Frederick II 509: 508: 504:Judith of Bavaria 267:Mid-December 1122 16:(Redirected from 9303: 9223: 9222: 9211: 9210: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9178: 9163: 9156: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9006:Volker von Alzey 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8908:Otto the Younger 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8705:Baron Munchausen 8700: 8693: 8686: 8684:Albrecht Gessler 8668: 8661: 8654: 8652:Will-o'-the-wisp 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8533:Nixie (folklore) 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8414:Jack o' the bowl 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8281:Dwarf (folklore) 8276: 8269: 8267:Drak (mythology) 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8104: 8093: 8085: 8077: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7906:Kingdom of Italy 7896: 7888: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7844: 7830: 7822: 7808: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7717: 7709: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7664: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7486: 7478: 7457: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7401: 7383: 7371: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7323: 7322: 7243: 6802:Louis the German 6773: 6766: 6759: 6750: 6749: 6736: 6735: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6422: 6416:Preceded by 6389:Preceded by 6359:Preceded by 6321:Preceded by 6311: 6304: 6286: 6285: 6235: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6155: 6143: 6132: 6110: 6101: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6019: 6007: 5986: 5974: 5960: 5953:Jacques de Vitry 5948: 5946: 5944: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5864: 5855: 5841: 5822: 5818:978-0-300-122763 5803: 5794: 5792: 5778: 5766: 5747: 5733: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5674: 5662: 5659:Medieval History 5648: 5636: 5635:. Boydell Press. 5627: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5511:Otto of Freising 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5457: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5429: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5313:Land of Unreason 5308: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4674:Ali ibn al-Athir 4664: 4658: 4657: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4230:Friedrich (2003) 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4196:, pp. 96–97 4191: 4185: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4090:Kampers, Franz. 4088: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3927:Storia di Torino 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3366: 3360: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3327:, pp. 9–33. 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3134: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092:Passau Cathedral 3080: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3057: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2408: 2398: 2336:Land of Unreason 2222:Empress Beatrice 2193:Kaiser Wilhelm I 2093:Otto of Freising 2013:Pope Gregory VII 1943: 1911:Jacques de Vitry 1792:Cilician Armenia 1613:Papal Chancellor 1541:King of Burgundy 1510:Pope Gregory VII 1397:Aachen Cathedral 1300:Empress Beatrice 1264: 1031:Otto I the Great 829:Byzantine Empire 814:Otto of Freising 651: 586: 579: 568:King of Burgundy 564: 437: 419: 417: 394: 392: 388: 300:Cilician Armenia 292: 200:King of Burgundy 57:Cappenberg Abbey 53: 32: 31: 21: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9281:Dukes of Swabia 9231: 9230: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9173: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9154:German folklore 9152: 9141: 9136:Walpurgis Night 9134: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8824:Hans von Trotha 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8491:Mare (folklore) 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8449:Knecht Ruprecht 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8379:Heinzelmännchen 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8232:Buschgroßmutter 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8149: 8137: 8135:German folklore 8132: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8059: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7947: 7939: 7931: 7923: 7914: 7909: 7900: 7894: 7886: 7872: 7864: 7856: 7842: 7828: 7820: 7806: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7692: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7630: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7484: 7476: 7461: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7407: 7399: 7384: 7375: 7369: 7356: 7350: 7320: 7315: 7286: 7267: 7248: 7226: 7202: 7183: 7050:Frederick (III) 6881: 6872: 6840: 6831: 6827:Louis the Child 6817:Charles the Fat 6791: 6782: 6777: 6747: 6742: 6724: 6491: 6486: 6452: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6383: 6372: 6364: 6353: 6343: 6334: 6331:King of Germany 6326: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6269:Wayback Machine 6243: 6238: 6216:Walford, Edward 6205: 6203: 6201: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6152: 6114:Manselli, Raoul 6098: 6084:Farnham, Surrey 6064:Leyser, Karl J. 6041: 6039: 6037: 6004: 5983: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5838: 5819: 5763: 5722:, ed. (1911). " 5707: 5705: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5671: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5576: 5570:Wayback Machine 5560:Gelasius Dobner 5504:Primary sources 5501: 5496: 5492:, p. xvii. 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5458: 5454: 5444:Erwin Assmann: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5099: 5094:Loud, Graham A. 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4983:Jarausch (1997) 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4796: 4792: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3951: 3950: 3938: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3704:Yale Law School 3693: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3487:Chisholm (1911) 3485: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3369: 3361: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3177:www.treccani.it 3171: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3081: 3077: 3070:Kilij Arslan II 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3022: 3003:King of Germany 2930: 2925: 2637:Bertha of Savoy 2431: 2421:Civilization VI 2300: 2258: 2145: 2114:The City of God 2078: 2073: 2067: 2054: 2052:Economic policy 2037:Pepin the Short 2005: 1993:Treaty of Ramla 1944: 1942: 1808: 1690:Henry of Kalden 1685:Jews of Germany 1639:Crusader states 1627: 1621: 1503:Peace of Venice 1484:(now joined by 1458: 1255: 1239:Renaud III 1219:Duke of Austria 1215:House of Guelph 1132:, a student of 1075: 1059:Pope Eugene III 1009: 930: 924: 896:Gilbert of Mons 873:council of Acre 802: 754:and his wives, 736:Bertha of Savoy 688: 683: 621:prince-electors 550:and emperor by 532:King of Germany 473: 431: 430: 422: 421: 413: 409: 406: 396: 393: 1153) 384: 380: 377: 359: 358: 302: 294: 290: 280: 274:Duchy of Swabia 268: 158:King of Germany 131:24 April 1155, 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9309: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9228: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9191: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9161:Swiss folklore 9157: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9101:Nibelungenlied 9097: 9094:Gespensterbuch 9090: 9083: 9080:Deutsche Sagen 9076: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8964:Schinderhannes 8960: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8817:Hans von Sagan 8813: 8806: 8803:Hagen (legend) 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8540:Ork (folklore) 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8498:Mephistopheles 8494: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8295:Ekke Nekkepenn 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8169:Alp (folklore) 8165: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8087: 8082:Frederick III 8079: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7927: 7918: 7916: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7890: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7846: 7832: 7824: 7810: 7795: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 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Vol. I. 5734: 5720:Chisholm, Hugh 5703: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5649: 5637: 5628: 5614: 5601: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5574: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5482: 5478:Kershaw (2001) 5470: 5452: 5437: 5411: 5385: 5371: 5354: 5328: 5321: 5303: 5292: 5285: 5265: 5219: 5186: 5174: 5160: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5085: 5071: 5051: 5039: 5022: 5011: 4999: 4995:Le Goff (2000) 4987: 4975: 4973:; last chapter 4959: 4947: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4897:, p. 369. 4887: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4810: 4790: 4772: 4745: 4743:, p. 181. 4730: 4718: 4716:, p. 512. 4703: 4679: 4676:. p. 194. 4659: 4652: 4634: 4627: 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 626. 4585: 4559: 4542: 4530: 4528:, p. 111. 4518: 4513:turkishhan.org 4500: 4488: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4438: 4436:, p. 482. 4423: 4408: 4396: 4394:, p. 355. 4384: 4372: 4370:, p. 479. 4360: 4345: 4343:, p. 471. 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4266:Le Goff (2000) 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4194:Le Goff (2000) 4186: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4123:, Paris, 1964. 4112: 4108:Le Goff (2000) 4100: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4031: 4016: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3936: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3721: 3709: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3635: 3618: 3606: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3470: 3458: 3447: 3435: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3392:Le Goff (2000) 3384: 3367: 3344: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3279: 3259: 3245: 3225: 3211: 3190: 3161: 3149: 3141:Heiliges Reich 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3075: 3068:Seljuk Sultan 3061: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2410: 2388: 2385:Deutsche Welle 2381: 2360: 2348: 2345:Fletcher Pratt 2332: 2322: 2299: 2296: 2257: 2256:Historiography 2254: 2231:"Ecco la fica" 2144: 2141: 2077: 2074: 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2050: 2046:Pope Adrian IV 2009:Justinian Code 2004: 2001: 1989:Angevin Empire 1940: 1908: 1907: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1871:According to " 1865:Silifke Castle 1807: 1804: 1718:John Kamateros 1710:Stefan Nemanja 1643:Henry of Marcy 1623:Main article: 1620: 1617: 1611:, who even as 1602:Pope Urban III 1490:Constantinople 1482:Lombard League 1457: 1454: 1318:excommunicated 1314:siege of Crema 1310:Victor IV 1284:Henry the Lion 1254: 1251: 1211:Duke of Saxony 1207:Henry the Lion 1074: 1071: 1055:Constantinople 1008: 1005: 993:Henry the Lion 971:The reigns of 923: 920: 842:Constantinople 806:Second Crusade 801: 800:Second Crusade 798: 752:Otto the Great 687: 684: 682: 679: 611:, daughter of 593:Duke of Swabia 584:Kaiser Rotbart 507: 506: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 475: 474: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 438: 424: 423: 411: 407: 402: 401: 400: 399: 382: 378: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 342: 339: 324: 323: 321: 317: 316: 293:(aged 67) 287: 283: 282: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 226:Duke of Swabia 222: 221: 217:30 June 1178, 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 175:9 March 1152, 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 85:18 June 1155, 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9308: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978:Stauffacherin 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8936:Princess Ilse 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8554:Petermännchen 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435:King Goldemar 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8421:Klabautermann 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8064: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8042:Frederick II 8040: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7712: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7306:Frederick III 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292:German Empire 7289: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232:German Empire 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Ferdinand III 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114:Maximilian II 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094:Frederick III 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6739: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Ferdinand III 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Maximilian II 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640:Frederick III 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6425:as sole ruler 6420: 6414: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6393: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369:King of Arles 6363: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6350:King of Italy 6346: 6342: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6233: 6229: 6228:The Antiquary 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6151:9780156011495 6147: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6097:9780754665755 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6003:9783980871488 5999: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5982:1-57181-041-2 5978: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5738:Comyn, Robert 5735: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5715:public domain 5704: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5670:9780023190704 5666: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. 335 5479: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5381: 5380:"The Germans" 5375: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5322:0-440-14736-0 5318: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5286:9780198661252 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5163: 5161:9783791721675 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5074: 5072:9783791721675 5068: 5065:. F. Pustet. 5064: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5009:, p. 119 5008: 5003: 4997:, p. 190 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4957:, p. 172 4956: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4921:, p. 360 4920: 4919:Cantor (1969) 4915: 4908: 4907:Cantor (1969) 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4870:, p. 325 4869: 4864: 4858:, p. 324 4857: 4852: 4846:, p. 332 4845: 4840: 4833: 4832:Cantor (1969) 4828: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4675: 4672:(in Arabic). 4671: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4653:9780435312831 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4628:9780359508723 4624: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4540:, p. 64. 4539: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4460:J. Phillips, 4457: 4451:, p. 19. 4450: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4328:, p. 266 4327: 4322: 4316:, p. 265 4315: 4310: 4304:, p. 240 4303: 4302:Dahmus (1969) 4298: 4292:, p. 262 4291: 4286: 4280:, p. 429 4279: 4278:Cantor (1969) 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4254:Cantor (1969) 4250: 4244:, p. 264 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 333 4219: 4214: 4208:, p. 263 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4171:, p. 260 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 257 4134: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4110:, p. 104 4109: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4078:, p. 157 4077: 4076:Leyser (1988) 4072: 4066:, p. 253 4065: 4060: 4054:, p. 252 4053: 4048: 4041: 4035: 4029:, p. 251 4028: 4023: 4021: 4014:, p. 250 4013: 4008: 4006: 3999:, p. 249 3998: 3993: 3987:, p. 248 3986: 3981: 3975:, p. 247 3974: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937:88-06-18123-8 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3914:, p. 246 3913: 3908: 3902:, p. 245 3901: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3878:, p. 228 3877: 3872: 3866:, p. 328 3865: 3864:Madden (2016) 3860: 3854:, p. 243 3853: 3848: 3846: 3839:, p. 242 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 241 3826: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3790:, p. 240 3789: 3784: 3778:, p. 238 3777: 3772: 3766:, p. 236 3765: 3760: 3754:, p. 235 3753: 3748: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719:, p. 234 3718: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3684:, p. 319 3683: 3678: 3672:, p. 203 3671: 3666: 3660:, p. 233 3659: 3654: 3648:, p. 232 3647: 3642: 3640: 3633:, p. 231 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3614:Cantor (1969) 3610: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3578:, p. 229 3577: 3572: 3566:, p. 228 3565: 3560: 3554:, p. 227 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3530:, p. 230 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3513:, p. 201 3512: 3507: 3501:, p. 202 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3445:, p. 359 3444: 3443:Dahmus (1969) 3439: 3432: 3431:Cantor (1969) 3427: 3425: 3417: 3416:Cantor (1969) 3412: 3406:, p. 166 3405: 3400: 3394:, p. 266 3393: 3388: 3382:, p. 200 3381: 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Retrieved 6189: 6176:. Retrieved 6161: 6139: 6128: 6117: 6106: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6040:. Retrieved 6025: 6015: 6012:Kershaw, Ian 5992: 5970: 5956: 5941:. Retrieved 5926: 5913:. Retrieved 5898: 5885:. Retrieved 5870: 5860: 5850: 5837:37954-6473-0 5827: 5808: 5799: 5788: 5774: 5752: 5742: 5727: 5695:. Retrieved 5680: 5658: 5647:. MacMillan. 5644: 5641:Bryce, James 5632: 5622: 5606:. Retrieved 5591: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5533: 5525:Ibn al-Athir 5514: 5485: 5473: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5402:. Retrieved 5397: 5388: 5374: 5362: 5357: 5345:. Retrieved 5342:The Guardian 5341: 5331: 5312: 5306: 5300:Brady (1901) 5295: 5275: 5268: 5256:. Retrieved 5236: 5233:Mediaevistik 5232: 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5177: 5165:. Retrieved 5150: 5143: 5136:Laudage 2009 5131: 5119: 5103: 5088: 5076:. 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Retrieved 3179:(in Italian) 3176: 3159:, p. 29 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3108: 3099: 3083: 3078: 3064: 3055: 3040:Soviet Union 2938: 2931: 2662: 2419: 2413: 2378:Rutger Hauer 2373: 2370:Sword of War 2369: 2363: 2354: 2334: 2328: 2316: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2259: 2250:Soviet Union 2242:Nazi Germany 2238:Adolf Hitler 2235: 2230: 2219: 2199: 2197: 2181:Frederick II 2154: 2137: 2132: 2127:Theodoric II 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2059: 2055: 2033: 2006: 1977: 1957:Frederick VI 1946: 1916: 1909: 1889: 1883:Ibn al-Athir 1858: 1819: 1781: 1737: 1730: 1699: 1682: 1667: 1636: 1606: 1586: 1582: 1565: 1538: 1507: 1475: 1472: 1465: 1448:was crowned 1405:canonization 1402: 1347: 1327: 1304: 1268: 1228: 1200: 1173: 1156: 1153: 1076: 1024: 997: 970: 931: 900:Thessaloniki 889: 846: 826: 803: 792:and 1145 in 767: 704:Hohenstaufen 689: 659:Risorgimento 644: 637: 607:dynasty and 605:Hohenstaufen 590: 581: 559: 515: 511: 510: 484:Hohenstaufen 432: 303:(modern-day 291:(1190-06-10) 289:10 June 1190 254:Frederick IV 244:Frederick II 40: 29: 9251:1190 deaths 9246:1122 births 9225:Middle Ages 8915:Peter Klaus 8659:Witte Wiwer 8589:Santa Claus 8561:Poltergeist 8505:Moss people 8442:King Laurin 8351:Feldgeister 8302:Elwetritsch 8092:(1530–1556) 8084:(1452–1493) 8076:(1431–1437) 8068:(1355–1378) 8066:Charles IV 8060:(1327–1347) 8052:(1311–1313) 8044:(1212–1250) 8036:(1209–1212) 8028:(1186–1197) 8020:(1154–1186) 8012:(1138–1152) 8010:Conrad III 8004:(1125–1137) 7996:(1106–1125) 7988:(1093–1101) 7980:(1056–1105) 7972:(1039–1056) 7964:(1026–1039) 7956:(1004–1024) 7948:(1002–1014) 7871:Lothair II 7805:Berengar I 7800:Unruochings 7746:Charles II 7685:Desiderius 7661:Hildeprand 7637:Aripert II 7492:Interregnum 7294:(1871–1918) 7275:(1867–1871) 7256:(1850–1866) 7234:(1848/1849) 7222:Ferdinand I 7210:(1815–1848) 7191:(1806–1813) 7159:Charles VII 7109:Ferdinand I 6991:Henry (VII) 6966:Frederick I 6700:Charles VII 6655:Ferdinand I 6600:Frederick I 6595:Lothair III 6525:Charles III 6500:Charlemagne 6362:Lothair III 6253:2009-10-31) 6206:22 February 6178:14 February 6125:Munz, Peter 6076:Loud, G. A. 6052:Le Goff, J. 6042:22 February 5943:23 February 5915:19 February 5887:19 February 5846:Giesebrecht 5793:. Longmans. 5753:Little, Big 5697:11 February 5608:22 February 5400:(in German) 5258:20 February 5239:: 351–354. 5212:20 February 5182:Görich 2001 5167:22 February 5078:19 February 4967:Kantorowicz 4761:(in German) 4486:Loud, p. 47 4232:, p. 5 3876:Munz (1969) 3325:Görich 2015 3286:22 February 3252:22 February 3218:22 February 3137:Peter Moraw 3086:, based on 2351:Umberto Eco 2339:(1941), by 2313:Victor Hugo 2252:after him. 2109:Civitas Dei 1777:Dardanelles 1753:Prince Géza 1494:Alessandria 1456:Later years 1409:Charlemagne 1382:Paschal III 1370:Christendom 1356:) from the 1354:Three Kings 1081:under King 1027:Charlemagne 985:Lothair III 712:Ghibellines 669:), and the 526:), was the 522:; Italian: 520:Friedrich I 516:Frederick I 305:Göksu River 240:Predecessor 183:Predecessor 139:Predecessor 97:Lothair III 93:Predecessor 9235:Categories 9108:Freischütz 8985:Tannhäuser 8838:Hildebrand 8796:Gundomar I 8754:Friar Rush 8603:Tatzelwurm 8568:Rasselbock 8519:Nachzehrer 8512:Nachtkrapp 8484:Lutzelfrau 8393:Hinzelmann 8358:Frau Holle 8246:Christkind 8239:Changeling 8204:Belsnickel 8090:Charles V 8074:Sigismund 8050:Henry VII 7986:Conrad II 7970:Henry III 7962:Conrad II 7940:(996–1002) 7915:(962–1556) 7730:Lothair I 7653:Liutprand 7629:Raginpert 7589:Perctarit 7565:Perctarit 7549:Aripert I 7414:Theodahad 7406:Athalaric 7398:Theodoric 7390:Ostrogoths 7311:William II 7198:Napoleon I 7179:Francis II 7174:Leopold II 7154:Charles VI 7067:Wenceslaus 7055:Charles IV 6961:Henry (VI) 6956:Conrad III 6885:(962–1806) 6880:within the 6790:during the 6720:Francis II 6715:Leopold II 6695:Charles VI 6665:Rudolph II 6630:Charles IV 6520:Charles II 6442:Beatrice I 6419:Beatrice I 6403:1147–1152 6384:1155–1190 6373:1152–1190 6354:1155–1190 6335:1152–1190 6324:Conrad III 6234:: 119–123. 6018:. Penguin. 5863:. Bamberg. 5771:Dahmus, J. 5490:Freed 2016 5363:Barbarossa 5347:18 January 5154:. Pustet. 5035:Freed 2016 4895:Freed 2016 4883:Freed 2016 4811:0060170336 4714:Freed 2016 4605:Freed 2016 4593:Freed 2016 4578:3 December 4496:Freed 2016 4434:Freed 2016 4419:Freed 2016 4404:Freed 2016 4392:Freed 2016 4380:Freed 2016 4368:Freed 2016 4356:Freed 2016 4341:Freed 2016 3363:Freed 2016 3340:Freed 2016 3301:Freed 2016 3183:28 October 3120:References 2395:Bundeswehr 2365:Barbarossa 2210:Antichrist 2169:Untersberg 2161:Kyffhäuser 2019:described 1765:Adrianople 1763:, then in 1678:Regensburg 1647:Strasbourg 1102:Iron Crown 833:Adrianople 822:Regensburg 788:, 1144 in 784:, 1143 in 778:Strasbourg 774:Conrad III 716:Waiblingen 686:Early life 640:superhuman 577:Barbarossa 524:Federico I 214:Coronation 186:Conrad III 172:Coronation 143:Conrad III 128:Coronation 81:Coronation 9189:Biography 8880:Lohengrin 8638:Wild Hunt 8428:Klagmuhme 8211:Bergmönch 8183:Aufhocker 8058:Louis IV 8026:Henry VI 7978:Henry IV 7954:Henry II 7946:Arduin I 7938:Otto III 7932:(980–983) 7924:(962–973) 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8470:Lindworm 8372:Heimchen 8309:Erdhenne 8225:Bogeyman 8218:Bieresel 8197:Beerwolf 8176:Askafroa 8162:Alberich 8034:Otto IV 7994:Henry V 7930:Otto II 7850:Bosonids 7841:Rudolph 7827:Lambert 7738:Louis I 7722:Bernard 7677:Aistulf 7669:Ratchis 7541:Rodoald 7533:Rothari 7525:Arioald 7509:Agilulf 7501:Authari 7467:Lombards 7430:Ildibad 7422:Vitiges 7368:Odoacer 7149:Joseph I 7124:Matthias 7045:Louis IV 7035:Albert I 7025:Rudolf I 6971:Henry VI 6922:Henry IV 6907:Henry II 6902:Otto III 6851:Conrad I 6807:Carloman 6738:Category 6690:Joseph I 6670:Matthias 6625:Louis IV 6605:Henry VI 6585:Henry IV 6570:Henry II 6565:Otto III 6550:Berengar 6515:Louis II 6341:Henry VI 6265:Archived 6251:Archived 6127:(1969). 6078:(2010). 6066:(1988). 6054:(2000). 6014:(2001). 5967:(1997). 5848:(1895). 5785:(1957). 5773:(1969). 5740:(1851). 5655:(1969). 5643:(1913). 5620:(1901). 5566:Archived 5368:AllMovie 5253:42584249 5108:Archived 4935:Epistles 4695:Archived 3073:Iconium. 3020:See also 3005:in 1198. 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Frederick Barbarossa

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