129:. As striated muscle is stretched, active tension is created by altering the overlap of thick and thin filaments. The greatest isometric active tension is developed when a muscle is at its optimal length. In most relaxed skeletal muscle fibers, passive elastic properties maintain the muscle fibers length near optimal, as determined usually by the fixed distance between the attachment points of tendons to the bones (or the exoskeleton of arthropods) at either end of the muscle. In contrast, the relaxed
109:), when all other factors remain constant. As a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood stretches cardiac muscle, leading to an increase in the force of contraction. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return, arterial blood supply and humoral length, without depending upon external regulation to make alterations. The physiological importance of the mechanism lies mainly in maintaining left and right ventricular output equality.
27:
134:
human heart, maximal force is generated with an initial sarcomere length of 2.2 micrometers, a length which is rarely exceeded in a normal heart. Initial lengths larger or smaller than this optimal value will decrease the force the muscle can achieve. For longer sarcomere lengths, this is the result of there being less overlap of the thin and thick filaments; for shorter sarcomere lengths, the cause is the decreased sensitivity for calcium by the
214:. Since the next ventricular contraction occurs at its regular time, the filling time for the LV increases, causing an increased LV end-diastolic volume. Due to the Frank–Starling mechanism, the next ventricular contraction is more forceful, leading to the ejection of the larger than normal volume of blood, and bringing the LV end-systolic volume back to baseline.
133:
length of cardiac muscle cells, in a resting ventricle, is lower than the optimal length for contraction. There is no bone to fix sarcomere length in the heart (of any animal) so sarcomere length is very variable and depends directly upon blood filling and thereby expanding the heart chambers. In the
189:
that is responsible for the Frank-Starling mechanism, the heart can automatically accommodate an increase in venous return, at any heart rate. The mechanism is of functional importance because it serves to adapt left ventricular output to right ventricular output. If this mechanism did not exist and
262:
of muscle contraction and the understanding of the relationship between active tension and sarcomere length, Starling hypothesized in 1914, "the mechanical energy set free in the passage from the resting to the active state is a function of the length of the fiber." Starling used a volume-pressure
253:
Otto Frank's contributions are derived from his 1895 experiments on frog hearts. In order to relate the work of the heart to skeletal muscle mechanics, Frank observed changes in diastolic pressure with varying volumes of the frog ventricle. His data was analyzed on a pressure-volume diagram, which
225:
is associated with a reduced compliance, or increased stiffness, of the ventricle wall. This reduced compliance results in an inadequate filling of the ventricle and a decrease in the end-diastolic volume. The decreased end-diastolic volume then leads to a reduction in stroke volume because of the
177:
to form. The force that any single cardiac muscle cell generates is related to the sarcomere length at the time of muscle cell activation by calcium. The stretch on the individual cell, caused by ventricular filling, determines the sarcomere length of the fibres. Therefore the force (pressure)
190:
the right and left cardiac outputs were not equivalent, blood would accumulate in the pulmonary circulation (were the right ventricle producing more output than the left) or the systemic circulation (were the left ventricle producing more output than the right).
257:
Starling experimented on intact mammalian hearts, such as from dogs, to understand why variations in arterial pressure, heart rate, and temperature do not affect the relatively constant cardiac output. More than 30 years before the development of the
173:, as shown by an increase in Ca spark rate upon axial stretch of single cardiac myocytes. Finally, there is thought to be a decrease in the spacing between thick and thin filaments, when a cardiac muscle is stretched, allowing an increased number of
1306:
242:. However, neither Frank nor Starling was the first to describe the relationship between the end-diastolic volume and the regulation of cardiac output. The first formulation of the law was theorized by the Italian physiologist
423:
West, J. M.; Humphris, D. C.; Stephenson, D. G. (1992). "Differences in maximal activation properties of skinned short- and long-sarcomere muscle fibres from the claw of the freshwater crustacean Cherax destructor".
263:
diagram to construct a length-tension diagram from his data. Starling's data and associated diagrams, provided evidence that the length of the muscle fibers, and resulting tension, altered the systolic pressure.
73:. A blood volume increase would cause a shift along the line to the right, which increases left ventricular end diastolic volume (x axis), and therefore also increases stroke volume (y axis).
371:
138:. An increase in filling of the ventricle increases the load experienced by each cardiac muscle cells, stretching their sarcomeres toward their optimal length.
1350:
640:
Huxley, H.; Hanson, J. (1954-05-22). "Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation".
409:
699:
Huxley, A. F.; Niedergerke, R. (1954-05-22). "Structural changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibres".
857:
Iribe, G; Ward, CW; Camelliti, P; Bollensdorff, C; Mason, F; Burton, RAB; Garny, A; Morphew, MK; Hoenger, A; Lederer, WJ; Kohl, P (2009-03-27).
989:
957:
1573:
1003:
971:
1845:
1343:
483:
926:
351:
322:
539:"Dissociation of force from myofibrillar MgATPase and stiffness at short sarcomere lengths in rat and toad skeletal muscle"
101:. The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the
1942:
1336:
1316:
58:
203:
1947:
593:"Effects of sarcomere length on the force-pCa relation in fast- and slow-twitch skinned muscle fibres from the rat"
859:"Axial stretch of rat single ventricular cardiomyocytes causes an acute and transient increase in Ca2+ spark rate"
372:"Functional significance of the Frank-Starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions"
1486:
1863:
1618:
1596:
182:
of the left and right ventricles as determined by complexities of the force-sarcomere length relationship.
847:
Klabunde, Richard E. "Cardiovascular
Physiology Concepts". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, p. 74.
813:
Allen, D.G.; Kentish, J.C. (1985). "The cellular basis of the length-tension relation in cardiac muscle".
169:. In addition, stretch of cardiac myocytes increases the releasability of Ca from the internal store, the
1858:
1603:
277:
1684:
1888:
1835:
1711:
1691:
1655:
1578:
1538:
1359:
235:
1706:
1696:
1586:
70:
1893:
1825:
1770:
1671:
1591:
1475:
1453:
259:
222:
174:
1471:
1830:
1820:
1734:
1480:
1438:
254:
resulted in his description of peak isovolumic pressure and its effects on ventricular volume.
170:
166:
30:
246:, who on December 13, 1914, started the first of 19 experiments that led him to formulate the
1679:
403:
54:
1428:
1411:
708:
649:
179:
106:
98:
62:
50:
1328:
8:
1775:
1613:
1608:
1443:
1416:
1010:
343:
336:
712:
653:
1883:
1748:
1501:
983:
951:
891:
858:
740:
681:
617:
592:
563:
538:
500:
457:
142:
826:
1519:
1491:
1312:
1287:
1260:
1233:
1206:
1179:
1152:
1125:
1098:
1071:
1044:
922:
896:
878:
830:
792:
784:
732:
724:
673:
665:
622:
568:
505:
449:
441:
391:
387:
347:
318:
272:
102:
20:
513:
461:
1868:
1463:
886:
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822:
774:
744:
716:
685:
657:
612:
608:
604:
558:
554:
550:
495:
433:
383:
61:. The three curves illustrate that shifts along the same line indicate a change in
921:(13th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 169–178 (Ch. 14).
874:
1718:
1448:
1308:
Medical
Physiology, 2e Updated Edition E-Book: with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
243:
239:
122:
1878:
1803:
1795:
1389:
1376:
207:
126:
46:
1936:
1496:
1406:
1399:
1384:
882:
788:
728:
669:
445:
94:
38:
1910:
1900:
1873:
1762:
1753:
1550:
1524:
1291:
1264:
1237:
1210:
1183:
1156:
1129:
1102:
1075:
1048:
900:
796:
736:
677:
509:
834:
626:
572:
453:
395:
165:
for binding Ca increases and there is an increased release of Ca from the
161:
cross-bridges to form within the muscle. Specifically, the sensitivity of
1915:
1905:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1534:
135:
82:
42:
779:
762:
26:
1853:
1638:
1528:
1511:
1394:
437:
186:
1785:
1556:
1423:
720:
661:
484:""Ernest Henry Starling, His Predecessors, and the "Law of the Heart"
150:
130:
66:
369:
1813:
1544:
162:
841:
1808:
146:
1648:
1643:
158:
856:
342:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
1780:
1367:
234:
The Frank–Starling law is named after the two physiologists,
211:
154:
65:, while shifts from one line to another indicate a change in
1358:
16:
Relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume
315:
Vander's Human
Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function
313:
Widmaier, E. P., Hershel, R., & Strang, K. T. (2016).
178:
generated by the cardiac muscle fibres is related to the
117:
The Frank-Starling mechanism occurs as the result of the
217:
536:
1169:
761:
Moss, Richard L.; Fitzsimons, Daniel P. (2002-01-11).
537:
Stephenson, D.G.; Stewart, A.W.; Wilson, G.J. (1989).
422:
996:
198:
1305:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2012-01-13).
1170:PENNACCHIO, L.; D. MAESTRINI (September 1952). "".
121:observed in striated muscle, including for example
590:
335:
333:
1271:
1244:
1217:
1190:
698:
317:(14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
1934:
327:
919:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
760:
1344:
1304:
481:
370:Jacob R., Dierberger B., Kissling G. (1992).
1009:(in Italian). pp. 29–31. Archived from
815:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
812:
639:
426:Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility
408:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
141:The stretching sarcomeres augments cardiac
1351:
1337:
988:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
956:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1277:
1250:
1223:
1196:
1142:
1115:
1088:
1061:
1034:
941:
890:
778:
616:
591:Stephenson, D.G.; Williams, D.A. (1982).
562:
499:
25:
1360:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
23:that describes transcapillary exchange.
1935:
93:) represents the relationship between
1332:
970:
942:Spadolini, Igino (1946). UTET (ed.).
912:
910:
808:
806:
756:
754:
218:Diastolic dysfunction – heart failure
916:
586:
584:
582:
532:
530:
477:
475:
473:
471:
365:
363:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
193:
1251:MAESTRINI, D. (February 1959). "".
1224:MAESTRINI, D. (December 1958). "".
1089:MAESTRINI, D. (November 1951). "".
1035:MAESTRINI, D. (February 1951). "".
13:
1278:MAESTRINI, D. (October 1959). "".
1197:MAESTRINI, D. (January 1958). "".
907:
803:
751:
501:10.1161/01.CIR.0000040594.96123.55
59:pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
14:
1959:
579:
527:
468:
360:
290:
204:Premature ventricular contraction
199:Premature ventricular contraction
185:Due to the intrinsic property of
37:, the y-axis often describes the
1298:
1163:
1136:
1116:MAESTRINI, D. (June 1952). "".
1109:
1082:
1062:MAESTRINI, D. (July 1951). "".
1055:
1028:
964:
935:
850:
35:Frank–Starling law of the heart
33:. In diagrams illustrating the
692:
633:
609:10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014473
555:10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017537
416:
388:10.1093/eurheartj/13.suppl_E.7
153:, causing a greater number of
1:
1487:Aortic valve area calculation
875:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.193334
827:10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80097-3
763:"Frank-Starling Relationship"
283:
206:causes early emptying of the
112:
49:. The x-axis often describes
1311:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
1604:Effective refractory period
1483:) / End-diastolic dimension
334:Costanzo, Linda S. (2007).
278:Total peripheral resistance
266:
119:length-tension relationship
10:
1964:
1143:MAESTRINI, D. (1947). "".
974:(2004). Ambrosiana (ed.).
229:
226:Frank-Starling mechanism.
105:, before contraction (the
18:
1943:Cardiovascular physiology
1889:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1844:
1836:Critical closing pressure
1794:
1761:
1747:
1727:
1664:
1656:Hexaxial reference system
1579:Cardiac electrophysiology
1566:
1510:
1462:
1375:
1366:
1864:Renin–angiotensin system
91:Frank–Starling mechanism
1948:Mathematics in medicine
1894:Cerebral autoregulation
1859:Kinin–kallikrein system
1826:Jugular venous pressure
1476:End-diastolic dimension
1454:Pressure volume diagram
125:, arthropod muscle and
1831:Portal venous pressure
1821:Mean arterial pressure
1735:Ventricular remodeling
1481:End-systolic dimension
1439:Cardiac function curve
946:. Vol. 2. Torino.
944:Trattato di Fisiologia
482:Katz Arnold M (2002).
376:European Heart Journal
260:sliding filament model
171:sarcoplasmic reticulum
167:sarcoplasmic reticulum
127:cardiac (heart) muscle
74:
31:Cardiac function curve
1472:Fractional shortening
1205:(3–4): Varia, 28–36.
597:Journal of Physiology
543:Journal of Physiology
240:Ernest Henry Starling
223:Diastolic dysfunction
55:right atrial pressure
29:
1412:End-diastolic volume
1226:Minerva Cardioangiol
863:Circulation Research
767:Circulation Research
180:end-diastolic volume
107:end diastolic volume
99:end diastolic volume
51:end-diastolic volume
1776:Vascular resistance
1614:Electrocardiography
1609:Pacemaker potential
1539:Conduction velocity
1444:Venous return curve
1417:End-systolic volume
1004:"www.ancecardio.it"
917:Hall, John (2016).
780:10.1161/res.90.1.11
713:1954Natur.173..971H
654:1954Natur.173..973H
149:sensitivity of the
1884:Myogenic mechanism
1502:Left atrial volume
1434:Frank–Starling law
438:10.1007/BF01738256
248:"legge del cuore"
145:by increasing the
143:muscle contraction
79:Frank–Starling law
75:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1743:
1742:
1583:Action potential
1574:Conduction system
1520:Cardiac pacemaker
1492:Ejection fraction
928:978-1-4160-4574-8
707:(4412): 971–973.
648:(4412): 973–976.
494:(23): 2986–2992.
353:978-0-7817-7311-9
323:978-1-259-29409-9
273:Starling equation
194:Clinical examples
21:Starling equation
1955:
1869:Vasoconstrictors
1846:Regulation of BP
1759:
1758:
1692:pulmonary artery
1665:Chamber pressure
1373:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1280:Policlinico Prat
1275:
1269:
1268:
1253:Policlinico Prat
1248:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1172:Policlinico Prat
1167:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1118:Policlinico Prat
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1064:Policlinico Prat
1059:
1053:
1052:
1037:Policlinico Prat
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
979:
972:Berne, Robert M.
968:
962:
961:
955:
947:
939:
933:
932:
914:
905:
904:
894:
854:
848:
845:
839:
838:
810:
801:
800:
782:
758:
749:
748:
721:10.1038/173971a0
696:
690:
689:
662:10.1038/173973a0
637:
631:
630:
620:
588:
577:
576:
566:
534:
525:
524:
522:
521:
512:. Archived from
503:
479:
466:
465:
420:
414:
413:
407:
399:
367:
358:
357:
341:
331:
325:
311:
123:skeletal muscles
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1840:
1790:
1752:
1749:Vascular system
1739:
1723:
1660:
1562:
1547:(Contractility)
1506:
1458:
1449:Wiggers diagram
1362:
1357:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1249:
1245:
1222:
1218:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1137:
1124:(24): 797–814.
1114:
1110:
1087:
1083:
1060:
1056:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1002:
1001:
997:
981:
980:
969:
965:
949:
948:
940:
936:
929:
915:
908:
855:
851:
846:
842:
811:
804:
759:
752:
697:
693:
638:
634:
589:
580:
535:
528:
519:
517:
480:
469:
421:
417:
401:
400:
368:
361:
354:
332:
328:
312:
291:
286:
269:
244:Dario Maestrini
232:
220:
201:
196:
115:
85:(also known as
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1879:Autoregulation
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1804:Pulse pressure
1800:
1798:
1796:Blood pressure
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1672:Central venous
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:(Excitability)
1548:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:Cardiac output
1387:
1381:
1379:
1377:Cardiac output
1370:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1318:978-1455711819
1317:
1297:
1270:
1243:
1232:(12): 657–67.
1216:
1189:
1178:(37): 1223–4.
1162:
1135:
1108:
1097:(80): 857–64.
1081:
1070:(30): 933–45.
1054:
1027:
995:
963:
934:
927:
906:
869:(6): 787–795.
849:
840:
821:(9): 821–840.
802:
750:
691:
632:
578:
526:
467:
432:(6): 668–684.
415:
359:
352:
326:
288:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
275:
268:
265:
231:
228:
219:
216:
210:(LV) into the
208:left ventricle
200:
197:
195:
192:
114:
111:
87:Starling's law
47:cardiac output
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1960:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Cardiac index
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:Stroke volume
1405:
1401:
1400:Stroke volume
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Cardiac cycle
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1259:(7): 224–30.
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1043:(9): 257–68.
1042:
1038:
1031:
1016:on 2013-11-09
1012:
1005:
999:
991:
985:
977:
973:
967:
959:
953:
945:
938:
930:
924:
920:
913:
911:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
844:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
755:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
585:
583:
574:
570:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
531:
516:on 2018-07-13
515:
511:
507:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
476:
474:
472:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
411:
405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
364:
355:
349:
345:
340:
339:
330:
324:
320:
316:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
294:
289:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
264:
261:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
227:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
191:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:cross-bridges
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:stroke volume
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
71:contractility
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:stroke volume
36:
32:
28:
22:
1911:Carotid body
1874:Vasodilators
1754:hemodynamics
1559:(Relaxation)
1551:Bathmotropic
1525:Chronotropic
1433:
1307:
1300:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1151:(5): 162–4.
1148:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:the original
998:
975:
966:
943:
937:
918:
866:
862:
852:
843:
818:
814:
773:(1): 11–13.
770:
766:
704:
700:
694:
645:
641:
635:
600:
596:
546:
542:
518:. Retrieved
514:the original
491:
487:
429:
425:
418:
404:cite journal
379:
375:
337:
329:
314:
256:
252:
247:
233:
221:
202:
184:
140:
136:myofilaments
118:
116:
90:
86:
78:
76:
34:
1916:Glomus cell
1906:Aortic body
1901:Paraganglia
1712:ventricular
1685:ventricular
1634:QT interval
1629:QRS complex
1624:PR interval
1597:ventricular
1535:Dromotropic
1286:: 1409–13.
1199:Minerva Med
1091:Minerva Med
603:: 637–653.
549:: 351–366.
488:Circulation
43:stroke work
1937:Categories
1854:Baroreflex
1771:Compliance
1763:Blood flow
1639:ST segment
1567:Conduction
1557:Lusitropic
1529:Heart rate
1512:Heart rate
1464:Ultrasound
1395:Heart rate
1145:Gazz Sanit
976:Fisiologia
520:2017-05-03
338:Physiology
284:References
236:Otto Frank
187:myocardium
151:myofibrils
113:Physiology
103:ventricles
1814:Diastolic
1786:Perfusion
1545:Inotropic
1424:Afterload
984:cite book
978:. Milano.
952:cite book
883:1524-4571
789:0009-7330
729:0028-0836
670:0028-0836
446:0142-4319
131:sarcomere
67:afterload
1809:Systolic
1587:cardiac
1292:13853750
1265:13645276
1238:13643787
1211:13516733
1184:13026471
1157:18859625
1130:14957592
1103:14919226
1076:14864102
1049:14833944
1020:6 August
901:19197074
797:11786511
737:13165697
678:13165698
510:12460884
462:21089844
382:: 7–14.
267:See also
163:troponin
89:and the
1429:Preload
892:3522525
835:3900426
745:4275495
709:Bibcode
686:4180166
650:Bibcode
627:7182478
618:1197268
573:2529371
564:1190483
454:1491074
396:1478214
230:History
147:calcium
81:of the
63:preload
1719:Aortic
1707:atrial
1680:atrial
1676:Right
1649:U wave
1644:T wave
1619:P wave
1592:atrial
1315:
1290:
1263:
1236:
1209:
1182:
1155:
1128:
1101:
1074:
1047:
925:
899:
889:
881:
833:
795:
787:
743:
735:
727:
701:Nature
684:
676:
668:
642:Nature
625:
615:
571:
561:
508:
460:
452:
444:
394:
350:
321:
159:myosin
1781:Pulse
1728:Other
1703:Left
1697:wedge
1368:Heart
1014:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
741:S2CID
682:S2CID
458:S2CID
212:aorta
155:actin
83:heart
57:, or
45:, or
1313:ISBN
1288:PMID
1261:PMID
1234:PMID
1207:PMID
1180:PMID
1153:PMID
1126:PMID
1099:PMID
1072:PMID
1045:PMID
1022:2010
990:link
958:link
923:ISBN
897:PMID
879:ISSN
831:PMID
793:PMID
785:ISSN
733:PMID
725:ISSN
674:PMID
666:ISSN
623:PMID
569:PMID
506:PMID
450:PMID
442:ISSN
410:link
392:PMID
348:ISBN
319:ISBN
238:and
97:and
77:The
1474:= (
887:PMC
871:doi
867:104
823:doi
775:doi
717:doi
705:173
658:doi
646:173
613:PMC
605:doi
601:333
559:PMC
551:doi
547:410
496:doi
492:106
434:doi
384:doi
69:or
1939::
1284:66
1282:.
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1255:.
1228:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
