French Army in World War I

2009:, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive. The mutinies started on 17 April and ended on 30 June 1917. They involved units from nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. The mutinies were kept secret at the time, and their full extent and intensity were not revealed for a half-century. The more serious episodes involved only a few units; the mutinies did not threaten complete military collapse, but did make the high command reluctant to launch another offensive. The popular cry was to wait for the arrival of millions of fresh U.S. troops. The mutinous soldiers were motivated by despair, not by politics or pacifism. They feared that mass infantry offensives would never prevail over machine guns and artillery. General Pétain restored morale in the summer of 1917 through a combination of rest rotations for front-line units, furloughs home, and stricter discipline. However, Smith has argued that the mutinies were akin to labour strikes and can be considered political. The soldiers demanded not only peace, leave, and better food, and objected to the use of colonial workers on the home front; they were also concerned about the welfare of their families. The 2235: 2646: 2634: 1842:, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British. The French, using combined arms tactics, were successful in their attacks against the Germans on 1 and 2 July. Between Belloy and the Somme, an area measuring more than 10 kilometres, the enemy had been destroyed, driven back or taken prisoner. On 3 July, Joffre ordered the attack to stop. Five days later, he ordered an attack in the south, but in the mean time, the Germans had used this time to regroup. The offensive lasted a week, and failed. A renewed French assault took place on 3 September, with fierce fighting around the towns of Combles and Bouchavesnes. By 20 September, French forces had entered into the worst phase of fighting. 2036: 235: 2193: 844: 154: 1185: 2466: 963: 1971: 951: 2064:

launched against the German positions in France. The French First Army helped the British troops in the north, while eight French field armies formed the center of the offensive. An additional army was sent to help the Americans. The French forces were the most numerous of all the allied troops, and during the last stage of the war, they took about 140,000 prisoners. British troops spearheaded the main attack by attacking in Flanders and Western Belgium where they first smashed the Hindenburg line. Meanwhile, the more exhausted French army managed to liberate most of northern France and to enter Belgian territory.

2077: 1021: 1340: 1735: 2458: 97: 2250:. The Saint-Etienne machine gun was gradually abandoned because it was considered too fragile for use in trench warfare and disappeared from the front lines in 1917. It was replaced by the Hotchkiss machine gun, which was gas actuated and air-cooled. This machine gun allows two types of fire, intermittent fire or automatic fire, it has a rate of fire of 450 rounds/min, it is fed by metal cartridge magazines of 24 rounds or by flexible belts of 300 rounds. At the start of the war, each infantry battalion's 1771: 1173: 2089: 1680:, lasting from 20 December 1914, until 17 March 1915; it was a German victory. Joffre felt that the failure of the offensive was due to inadequate artillery support and too few infantry. Attacks had been made on narrow fronts of a few hundred yards, despite the offensive taking place on a 12 mi (19 km) front and left infantry far too vulnerable to massed artillery-fire. De Langle was ordered quickly to make several limited attacks but Joffre told 1029: 35: 1818: 2534: 769: 2206:

used for training, in the colonies or in the reserves). This homogeneity had the advantage of facilitating logistics and maintenance. This endowment was completed by 128 65 mm M model 1906 guns (M for "mountain") intended for Alpine troops, as well as by a few 75 mm model 1912 guns for the horse artillery. It had a rate of fire of 12 to 18 rounds per minute and a maximum range of between 6-10 kilometres.

1599:'. The First Battle of Albert was fought on 25–29 September 1914, after the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of the Aisne. It occurred after both sides realized that a breakthrough was not possible. It was evident that both the French Plan XVII and the German Schlieffen Plan had failed. Both sides then proceeded to attempt to outmanoeuvre the other, and the battle ended indecisively. The 1747: 784: 1509: 2315:. In September 1917 the French under-secretary of state for inventions sent a circular letter requesting inventors to design a better projectile for the successful Stokes mortar, and Brandt scaled his 60 mm projectile up to 81 mm. Both British and French military adopted the scaled-up design except for the grooves (apparently, their importance wasn't realized at the time) in 1918 as 1715:, from 9 May – 18 June, the most important part of the Allied spring offensive of 1915, was not the success the allies had hoped for. Despite the change from attempts at continuous battle to methodical attacks, with pauses to reorganise and consolidate, the French took less ground, fewer prisoners and suffered more casualties. Vimy Ridge would not be in Allied hands again until 1917. 2307:(CIAT) was created the same year in Bourges. Given the contempt of the other artillerymen for these units, the personnel assigned to the trench artillery (TA) initially included convicts with suspended sentences from courts-martial coming from all the branches of the army. Later in the war, having ordered 1000 examples in July 1917, the French improved upon the design of the British 2645: 2275:

slow-burning fuse that caused the explosion 5 seconds after being triggered, or, the percussion type whose explosion was caused by the impact of the firing pin. After much trial and error, percussion grenades were abandoned, with the exception of the Citron-Foug, because of their dangerous use. In 1916, Citron-Foug percussion grenades and

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steel helmets. In April 1915, Colonel Adrian proposed a helmet made of three pieces of rolled steel 7 mm thick. The helmet was ordered in June 1915 and distributed from September onwards. The French Army was the first to introduce steel helmets for protection against shrapnel, and by December 1915 more than three million

2051:, 40 French divisions were sent to help them. Those troops finally took part in the battle. Then, the third German offensive was launched against French positions in Champagne. The French troops began to lose ground but eventually, the Germans were stopped by a counterattack led by General Charles Mangin. 3660:

Over one million people of all nationalities were left dead, wounded or missing during the Battle of the Somme – the deadliest conflict of World War I. But a century later, France's involvement in the five-month long offensive has been all but forgotten. To mark the centenary of the battle, FRANCE 24

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The heavy field artillery was rather limited in 1914, especially compared to its German counterpart: the fault lies in the disagreements between the services, the lack of financing and the domination of the 75 mm. The armies nevertheless took with them 84 howitzers of 120 mm C model 1890 (C

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in December 1915. The fighting at Verdun impacted upon the French plans, consequently Army Group North had only 22 divisions and 555 pieces of artillery, instead of the 39 divisions and 1,700 pieces of artillery initially planned. The British held positions in the sector north of the river Somme, the

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was hastily developed at the start of the war. From February 1915 onwards, the high-powered trench mortars were entrusted exclusively to the artillery (organised in batteries of twelve pieces), while the low-powered ones were left to the infantry. The Centre d'instruction de l'artillerie de tranchée

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to obtain significant firepower while being mobile. In 1916, the Chauchat machine gun was put into service, this lighter weapon had less staff to crew the weapon, semi-circular magazines of 20 cartridges with a potential rate of fire of 250 rounds/min. It had the possibility of firing by shot (60 to

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The armament of the French field artillery in 1914 consisted almost entirely of one gun model, the 75 mm model 1897: the total allocation was 4,986 75 mm guns, of which 3,680 were part of the battle corps deployed in France and 364 were in the fortifications (the other 75 mm guns were

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by French artillerymen (in midnight blue uniform) to Scottish infantry officers (in khaki), at Bas Mesnil on the fringes of the Battle of Armentières on 21 October 1914. This relatively light and fast-firing gun was by far the most widely used by the French artillery (several thousand units) before,

1802:, facing only about 200,000 French soldiers. The following day, the French were forced to withdraw to their second line of trenches, and on 24 February, they were pushed back to their third line, only 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Verdun. The newly appointed commander of the Verdun sector, General 911:

After 1870, the European powers began gaining settlements in Africa, with colonialism on that continent hitting its peak between 1895 and 1905. However, colonial disputes were only a minor cause of World War I, as most had been settled by 1914. Economic rivalry was not only a source for some of the

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The first months of the conflict show that 77% of the wounds received by soldiers were head wounds and in 80% of cases these wounds were fatal. To limit these injuries, skull caps were distributed from December 1914 to be placed under the kepi. On 21 February 1915, the War Ministry decided to order

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propulsive cartridge made it possible to send the grenade (475 grams, including 60 grams of explosives) in good safety conditions to 190 metres. It is then possible to produce a barrage during a defensive phase, to destroy battlements during harassment battles or to reach hidden machine guns during

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The French army initially used stocks of model 1882 hand grenades, initially intended for the defence of forts. During 1915, many prototypes of explosive, suffocating, tear gas, incendiary and smoke grenades were tested on the front. These different grenades were categorised as the fuse type with a

1423:'s retreat probably saved the French Army, but Joffre blamed him for the failure of Plan XVII, even though the withdrawal had been permitted. The Fifth Army retreat after the Battle of Charleroi, arguably saved the French army from decisive defeat, as it prevented the much sought envelopment of the 992:

The peacetime army consisted of 173 infantry regiments, 79 cavalry regiments, and 87 artillery regiments. All were substantially under strength and would be filled out on mobilization by the first three classes of the Reserve (that is, men between 24 and 26). Each regiment would also leave behind a

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In common with most other continental European powers, the French Army was organized on the basis of universal conscription. Each year, the "class" of men turning twenty in the upcoming year would be inducted into the French Army and spend three years in active service. After leaving active service

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The Stokes mortar.. an order for 1000 was made by France from Great Britain in July 1917 . It made its combat debut when 96 were used during the attack of La Malmaison by the 21st and 11th Army Corps (October 1917). They were then modified by France and designated "modèle 1918". This and the 75 mm

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The very heavy French losses during the Battle of the Frontiers could be attributed in part to the high visibility of the French uniforms, combined with peacetime training which placed emphasis on attacking in massed formations. The shortcomings of the uniforms were quickly realized and during the

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During the summer of 1918, General Ferdinand Foch was appointed supreme commander of the allied forces. After the decisive defeat of the Germans at the second Battle of the Marne, Foch ordered an offensive against Amiens. Some French units participated in this battle. Then, a general offensive was

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affected, but fewer than 3,000 men were punished. Following a series of courts-martial, there were 49 documented executions and 2,878 sentences to penal servitude with hard labour. Of the 68 divisions affected by mutinies, 5 had been "profoundly affected"’ 6 had been "very seriously affected", 15

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The German attacking forces were not able to enter the city of Verdun itself and by December 1916 had been forced back beyond the original French trench lines of February. The sector again became a relatively inactive one as the allied focus shifted to the Somme and the Germans adopted a defensive

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on 11 November 1918, the French had called up 8,817,000 men, including 900,000 colonial troops. The French army suffered around 6 million casualties, including 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, roughly 71% of those who fought. Out of the one million French infantrymen who died in the war,

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The initial response was to improvise and use pads soaked with bicarbonate of soda or urine. The French adopted the M2 gas mask from March 1916 onwards. This was superseded by the ARS (appareil respiratoire spécial), a copy of the German GM15 gas mask, with charcoal filter, which was adopted in

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that had begun during that period. He had asked for moderation in dealing with the mutiny and, against military tradition, tried to replace the military hierarchy with a system based on mutual trust. He also rejected large-scale attacks until more allied soldiers arrived, and improved the living

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wore plumed helmets and breastplates almost unchanged from the Napoleonic period. From 1903 on several attempts had been made to introduce a more practical field dress but these had been opposed by conservative opinion both within the army and amongst the public at large. In particular, the red

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sent its last three Zouave battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the Worcestershire Regiment restored the situation. On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the

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By 1918, towards the end of the war, the composition and structure of the French army had changed. Forty percent of all French soldiers on the Western Front were operating artillery and 850,000 French troops were infantry in 1918, compared to 1.5 million in 1915. Causes for the drop in infantry

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grenades against the German army in August 1914; however, the Germans were the first to seriously research chemical warfare. The first deadly gases used were made from halogens ( chlorine, bromine, iodine) for the production of which Germany enjoyed a virtual European monopoly in 1914. German

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stance. While generally regarded as a tactical victory for the French, the battle caused massive losses on both sides. French casualties had been higher but the original German objective of taking Verdun while destroying the defending army through a battle of attrition had not succeeded.

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80 rounds/min) or machine gun fire. This weapon allowed for mowing and rapid changes of target, and had an accuracy equivalent to a machine gun up to 600 or 700 metres, after which the dispersion of fire was greater. Each infantry company was equipped with 8 of these light machine guns.

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In addition to providing troops for combat in overseas theatres of war, the French were to assist other allies with training teams to train other nations soldiers, in particular the reconstituted Serbs and the American army. The biggest French training deployment to help an ally was the

2421:. It was a painful experience. Their losses had indeed been heavy: 76 of the 128 combat tanks engaged had been lost. Many of these had burnt: 57 in total; most had been set on fire by German artillery. A quarter of the losses were where the tanks had broken down on the battlefield. 4287:

Jouhandeau-Deslandres mortar were the two principal mortars providing fire support (as "engins d'accompagnement")... In November 1918, the French army had 809 Stokes mortars (of which 716 were at the front)... The Brandt mortars superseded both the Stokes and the J.D in the 1930s.

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tried to respond to day-to-day fighting and long-term strategic and operational agendas. In particular, many problems caused the French high command to re-evaluate standard procedures, revise its command structures, re-equip the army, and to develop different tactical approaches

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were merely symbolic, designed to demonstrate the absolute authority of the high command. The British government was alarmed, for it interpreted the mutinies as a sign of deep malaise in French society, and tried to reinvigorate French morale by launching an offensive at

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first quarter of 1915 general distribution of horizon-blue clothing in simplified patterns had been undertaken. The long established infantry practice of wearing greatcoats for field service, buttoned back when on the march, was continued in the trenches. British-style

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colonial conflicts but also a minor cause for the start of World War I. For France, the rivalry was mostly with the rapidly industrializing Germany, which had seized the coal-rich region of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870, and later struggled with France over mineral-rich

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cadre of training personnel to conduct refresher courses for the older reservists, who were organized into 201 Reserve Regiments and 145 Territorial Regiments. Above the regimental level, France was divided into 22 Military Regions, each of which would become an

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was executed. After a few weeks, the battle became a series of local actions. For the French, the battle signified the strength and fortitude of the French Army. Many military historians consider Verdun the "most demanding" and the "greatest" battle in history.

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that from July 1916 he would initiate the study of a light tank, faster but with a lighter armament. 150 of these machines were ordered on 22 February 1917, increased to 1,000 on the following 9 April after the first tests: mass production of the 6.7 tonne

1217:, his refusal to accept negative news in the later months caused numerous strategic errors, leading to the loss of as many as 300 000 men in the opening months of the war. By 1915, confidence in Joffre was quickly dropping, however he was appointed 1638:, started on 19 October, marked the formation of a bond between the British and French armies. The battle was an Allied victory and ended, according to France, Britain, and Germany, on 13, 22 or 30 November, respectively. The formations of the 2279:

grenades were adopted in defensive combat phases. In offensive combat mode, short-range explosive OF grenades, suffocating grenades, incendiary grenades and smoke grenades model 1916 were preferred. At the end of 1915, the first trials of the

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The order for mobilization was given on 1 August 1914, the same day that Germany declared war on Russia. Immediately called to their regiments were the classes of 1896 to 1910, comprising almost three million reservists of 24 to 38 years old.

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These numerous offensives left the German army on the verge of disaster and when Germany sought for an armistice, British, French and American troops were ready to launch an important offensive in Lorraine, where the Germans were collapsing.

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conditions of front-line soldiers, increasing fresh food and rest times. A cautious commander and trusted by troops, Petain stuck to a defensive strategy, with limited attacks. Due to his success in defending against German attacks the

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Execution reportedly at Verdun at the time of the mutinies. The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914/15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the

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In July, a last German assault was launched against the French on the Marne. The German troops were crushed by about 40 French divisions helped by British and American troops. This was a turning point in the war on the Western Front.

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participated in this battle. On 23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but on 30 October the

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in the nineteenth, had extended French power over most of Europe through skillful diplomacy and military prowess. The Treaty of Vienna in 1815 confirmed France as a European power broker. By the early 1850s, Prussian Chancellor

1933:". Lyautey resigned after being shouted down in the Chamber of Deputies for refusing to discuss military aviation secrets. For the offensive in April 1917, one million French soldiers were deployed on a front between Royle and 888:, and the payment of heavy indemnities, left the French seething and placed the reacquisition of lost territory as a primary goal at the end of the 19th century; the defeat also ended French preeminence in Europe. Following 2509:

cloth", resulting in a drab purple-brown colour. Unfortunately the red thread could only be produced with a dye made in Germany, so only the blue and white threads were used. The adoption of the blue-grey uniform (known as

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The horizon-blue uniform and Adrian helmet proved sufficiently practical to be retained unchanged for the remainder of the war, although khaki of a shade described as "mustard" was introduced after December 1914 for the

1555:. The First Battle of the Marne was a French victory, but was a bloody one: the French suffered 250,000 casualties, of which 80,000 died, with similar numbers believed for the Germans, and over 12,700 for the British. 5500: 1233:, Joffre was replaced by Robert Nivelle and effectively relieved of his duties on 12 December 1916. Due to his popularity, it was not presented to the public as a dismissal and he became the first Marshal under the 1114:

men up to the age of 45. This was done by the mobilization in 1914 of the Territorial Army and its reserves, comprising men who had completed their peacetime service with the active and reserve armies (ages 20–34).

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At the beginning of World War I, the German Army had a stockpile of 150 mortars, which was a surprise to the French and British. The French were able to use modèle 1838 Coehorn mortars dating from just after the

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for "court" meaning short, nicknamed 120 mm Baquet; 126 other howitzers were in the rear) and 104 howitzers of 155 mm C TR model 1904 (C TR for "short rapid-fire", nicknamed 155 mm Rimailho.

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started on 25 August. The fortress was surrendered on 7 September by General Fournier, who was later court-martialed, but exonerated, for the capitulation. In a 2006 web article, Didier Lodier wrote that

1722:, from 25 September – 6 November, was a general failure, with the French only advancing about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), and not capturing the German's second line. The French Official History recorded 1122:, Italy, Serbia and Russia agreed to coordinate their attacks but the attempts were frustrated by German offensives on the Eastern Front and spoiling offensives at Ypres and in the hills west of Verdun. 2323:) and Mk. II HE bomb respectively. At the conclusion of the war, French infantry made use of both 81mm Stokes and 75 mm Jouhandeau-Deslandres mortars, their two principle fire support mortars. 2669:

Writers and historians have criticised the term Race to the Sea and used several date ranges for the period of mutual attempts to outflank the opposing armies, on their northern flanks. In 1925,

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Over the course of the First World War another five field armies would be raised. The war scare led to another 2.9 million men being mobilized in the summer of 1914 and the costly battles on the

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At the outbreak of war the French Army retained the colourful traditional uniforms of the nineteenth century for active service wear. These included conspicuous features such as blue coats and

1250:, was appointed Commander-in-Chief in December, 1916, following Joffre's fall from grace. The decision to promote Nivelle was due to several factors, including his identity as a Protestant, his 2112:

While the French Army's main commitment was inevitably to the Western Front, significant forces were deployed in other theatres of war. These included the occupation of the German colonies of

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Forty ancient Coehorn mortars, firing spherical ammunition using black powder charges,were obtained from the French, and were actually fired at the battles at Neuve Chapelle and Aubers Ridge.

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section had two guns, but this increased fourfold as the war continued. Machine gun companies were grouped at regimental and brigade level, with a similar practice being undertaken by the

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January 1917, but was only issued in significant numbers from February 1918 onwards. By 11 November 1918, France had suffered 190,000 chemical warfare casualties, including 8,000 dead.

2597:(mountain troops) since 1889. From early 1915 to 1916 it was also issued to other units, in the same colour as their tunics, but was not popular, with most men preferring their trusty 1998:

had been "seriously affected", 25 were affected by "repeated incidents" and 17 had been affected by "one incident only", according to statistics compiled by French military historian

4842:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. 2234: 927:

between the powers. As a result of the arms race, all European powers were ready for war and had time tables that would send millions of reserves into combat in a matter of days.

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started a system of alliances designed to assert Prussian dominance over Central Europe. Bismarck's diplomatic maneuvering, and France's maladroit response to such crises as the

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forts, making him a national hero. Nivelle formulated a plan using his "creeping barrage" tactics that would supposedly end the war in 48 hours with only 10,000 casualties.

4679:. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Vol. Les préliminaires, La bataille des frontières. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1936. 2498:

in 1911-1912 stated that "This stupid blind attachment to the most visible of colours will have cruel consequences"; however, in the following year, one of his successors,

1603:, which was another attempt on the part of the French to outflank the Germans, was started on 1 October. Despite heavy attacks by three corps from the First, Second, and 1254:

at Verdun, his ability to speak fluent English and his belief in his ability to break the deadlock. Having previously served in an artillery regiment, he championed the

938:, which used it as a pretext for a war with Serbia that many in the Austrian and Hungarian governments had long advocated. France was brought into the war by a German 7474: 1619:, fought between 18 October and 30 November, was the northernmost battle in the 'Race to the Sea'. The battle was a German victory, and fighting continued along the 1806:, stated that there would be no more withdrawals, and eventually had every French soldier that was available fighting in the Verdun sector; 259 out of 330 infantry 8329: 7111: 6935: 6275: 1639: 7553: 5130:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Fünfte Band, Der Herbst-Feldzug 1914: Im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westen bis zum Stellungskrieg

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forests, was sparked by unsuspecting French and German forces meeting, and resulted in a French defeat, forfeiting to the Germans a source of iron-ore. The

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Instruction du 20 juin 1919 sur le Mortier Stokes de 81 m/M modèle 1918 (Mise à jour le 15 avril 1922) / Ministère de la guerre, Direction de l'Infanterie

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The World War 1914–1918: Military Land Operations, Volume Five, The Autumn Campaign In the East and in the West, until the Withdrawal to Position Warfare

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In 2010 Sheldon placed the beginning of the "erroneously named" race from the end of the Battle of the Marne to the beginning of the Battle of the Yser.

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Upon mobilization, Joffre became Commander-in-Chief of the French Army. Most of his forces were concentrated in the northeast of France, both to attack

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Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome X. 1er Volume. Ordres de bataille des grandes unités - Groupes D'Armées, Armées, Corps d'Armées

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was the longest of the war, lasting from 21 February 1916, until 18 December of the same year. The battle started after a plan by German General

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French soldiers at the beginning of World War I. They retain the peacetime blue coats and red trousers worn during the early months of the war

8199: 6315: 1008:. Using the railroad network, the Army would be shifted from their peacetime garrisons throughout France to the eastern border with Germany. 635: 8254: 7524: 7454: 7093: 6305: 6216: 4604:"Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915)" 4300:"Revue des sociétés : Recueil mensuel de jurisprudence, doctrine, législation française et étrangère... / M. A. Vavasseur, fondateur" 7548: 6439: 5893: 2651:

French general inspecting troops before they take up positions near the trenches occupied by American troops in the Vosges, France, 1918.

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each other through the north, resulting in a northward movement of the front lines, eventually stopping when they reached the 'sea'. The

5218: 3074: 1445:, whose true significance lay within its forts. Maubeuge was a major railway junction and was consequently a protected city. The German 8066: 6116: 3666: 1209:. He played a significant role in the development and subsequent failure of France's mobilisation and deployment plan against Germany, 4593:

Clayton, 2003, pg 73.'From the end of 1914, bleu horizon uniforms, with khaki for , were introduced together with puttees and kepis.'

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for each of the French military forces utilised in the West African, Dardanelles and Palestine campaigns, a sizeable proportion were

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comprising (1) 23rd Division, 24th Division, (2) 46th Division, 47th Division and (3) 64th Division, 65th Division respectively.

805: 4699:. Michelin's Illustrated Guides to the Battlefields (1914–1918) (English ed.). Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie. 1919. 7898: 7888: 7756: 2163:, amounting to the two remaining divisions stationed in Italy, and helped to repulse in June the Austrian offensive during the 2155:

were drawn from mainland metropolitan French units, marking a diversion of resources from the Western Front. On 29 March 1918,

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From 17 September to mid-October, Franco-British and German forces engaged in a series of flanking maneuvers now known as the '

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was launched at the end of the year, with a single weapon mounted in the turret, a Hotchkiss model 1914 machine gun or a

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consisted of five offensives, commanded and planned by French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre and German Chief-of-Staff

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Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

1861:. It was fought between 1 July and 18 November and involved over 2 million men. The French suffered 202,567 casualties. 153: 7815: 7105: 6507: 6265: 5841: 5827: 5794: 5743: 5592: 5459: 5396: 5377: 4955: 4839:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

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was made Commander-in-Chief on 15 May 1917 after a few weeks as Army Chief of Staff. He is credited with resolving the

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151st Line Infantry Regiment – A living-history organization dedicated to the remembrance of the Great War (1914-1918)

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This was also the case for the machine gun section of British infantry battalions, and German infantry battalions too.

1944:, started on 16 April 1917, the French had 134,000 casualties including 30,000 killed in the first nine days. In 1962 8319: 7690: 7384: 7200: 6472: 5943: 5809: 5415: 5263: 4913: 4566: 4352: 3910: 734: 140: 118: 78: 111: 8076: 6870: 5908: 5566:(2016) argues that the extremely high casualty rate in very first month of fighting permanently transformed France. 2140: 1301:, France's third highest military honour. Following the end of the war on 19 November 1918, Pétain was promoted to 905: 687: 2402: 1184: 8178: 7941: 7746: 7726: 7513: 7449: 7272: 7141: 6045: 5965: 5903: 5645: 876:

and the Hohenzollern Candidature led to the French declaration of war in 1870. France's subsequent defeat in the

756: 474: 6606: 4929:

Flesh and Steel during the Great War - The Transformation of the French Army and the Invention of Modern Warfare

8395: 8143: 8138: 7997: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7415: 6060: 6035: 5933: 2505:

In order to appease traditionalists, a new cloth was devised woven from red, white and blue threads, known as "

2356:

conglomerate in 1925) had been making chlorine as a by-product of their dye manufacturing. In cooperation with

1352: 5544:

Buffetaut, Yves (2003). "Ypres, 22 novembre 1915 : Bretons, coloniaux et Normands dans l'enfer des gaz".

4677:

Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome I. 1er Volume. Les préliminaires, La bataille des frontières

8299: 8279: 8158: 7716: 7711: 7675: 7609: 7501: 7347: 6930: 6782: 6320: 6248: 6179: 5948: 5918: 5913: 2514:" because it was thought to prevent soldiers from standing out against the skyline) had been approved by the 2429: 2284:

began. In 1916, this weapon was in general issued: the use of a cup discharger at the end of the rifle and a

834: 751: 744: 729: 717: 702: 504: 3688:"The French Army at the Somme – Inside France's Important (But Often-Overlooked) Role in the 1916 Offensive" 2393: 8259: 8163: 8133: 8107: 8102: 8046: 7665: 7292: 7232: 7129: 7034: 6797: 6583: 6287: 6126: 6025: 1799: 1309:, French Army mutinies and reputation as a "soldier's soldier," he was considered a French hero, until his 45: 5427:

Les Matériels de l'Armée Française: Les canons de la victoire, 1914–1918. Tome 1: L'Artillerie de Campagne

427: 8289: 8209: 7903: 7340: 7325: 7183: 7135: 6900: 6451: 6325: 6238: 6233: 6002: 5990: 5985: 2581:

for other ranks during the remainder of the First World War, because of its greater convenience when the

2247: 2148: 1990: 1980: 1673: 1404: 1259: 1107: 724: 194: 6512: 5200:

Military Fashion: A Comparative History of the Great Armies From the 17th Century to the First World War

5003:

Huré, Robert; De Nanteuil, Hugues de La Barre; Devautour, Paul; de Pradel de Lamaze, Jean-Marie (1977).

4864:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

4742:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed

2465: 1441:

as part of the Schlieffen Plan to invade France, and by 23 August had reached the French border town of

8324: 8269: 8219: 8214: 8071: 7883: 7840: 7117: 6875: 6860: 6762: 6631: 6111: 6068: 2699:, described the progress of German outflanking attempts without labelling them. In 2001, Strachan used 2614: 2515: 2418: 2006: 1941: 1885:

They total fourteen divisions in line, four in reserve and four cavalry along a of 15 kilometre front.

1719: 1294: 1271: 1230: 739: 707: 682: 242: 214: 8314: 8239: 8092: 8036: 7825: 7593: 7177: 7165: 6920: 6905: 6626: 6517: 6211: 6189: 5938: 5928: 5861: 5524: 2446: 2164: 1970: 1866: 1677: 1653: 1568: 1528: 1275: 1214: 962: 308: 251: 6772: 60: 8309: 8153: 8128: 7800: 7287: 7277: 7206: 7159: 7147: 7087: 6895: 6890: 6812: 6221: 6194: 5898: 2745: 2737: 2565:

of the French Revolutionary Wars was reintroduced for undress or fatigue wear in 1891. In 1915 the

2518:

on 10 July 1914 but new issues had not been possible before the outbreak of war a few weeks later.

2495: 2361: 2160: 1657: 1604: 1544: 1512: 1497: 1090: 1086: 930:

France was bound by treaty to defend Russia. Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia due to the

270: 105: 5776: 1810:. A single road remained open for trucks, enabling a continual flow of supplies to the defenders. 966:

Colorized photograph of an infantryman drafted in August 1914, note the red trousers still in use.

8337: 8333: 8249: 8051: 7871: 7863: 7805: 7565: 7260: 7023: 6850: 6845: 6777: 6636: 6621: 6616: 6596: 6477: 6354: 5650: 5584: 5128: 2551: 2097: 2044: 2015: 1712: 1644: 1592: 1348: 1000:

At the apex of the French Army was the General Staff, since 1911 under the leadership of General

712: 692: 385: 6817: 5697:]. Officers and Soldiers #11. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. 5040:]. Officers and Soldiers #12. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. 2838: 2605:, was introduced to the British Army in the Second World War, and similarly fell out of favour. 2243: 417: 8294: 8244: 8204: 8194: 8056: 7989: 7638: 7362: 7297: 7153: 6880: 6807: 6757: 6742: 6724: 6697: 6611: 6578: 6243: 6204: 6184: 5995: 5888: 5178:

The French Army in the First World War Volume II - 1914 to 1918 Uniforms - Equipment - Armament

5137:]. Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 4041: 2441:(SA for "semi-automatic"). The first engagement of the Renault FT tanks took place in front of 2413:

was soon placed. Their combat debut was when the French deployed 128 tanks on 16 April 1917 at

2377: 2219: 2093: 2076: 1697: 1600: 1408: 1205:, a former engineer officer who had served in West Africa. He was appointed in 1911 during the 1131: 972: 697: 645: 524: 122: 5293: 3792: 2303: 2255: 2156: 1213:. While earning praise for his role in slowing the German advance, especially in the decisive 1198: 1118:

In June 1915, the Allied countries met in the first inter-Allied conference. Britain, France,

56: 8274: 8148: 8097: 7628: 7282: 7171: 6947: 6910: 6840: 6787: 6709: 6677: 6651: 6601: 6532: 6434: 6387: 6171: 6040: 5923: 5235: 5021: 3736: 2019: 1831: 1635: 1234: 950: 838: 655: 582: 544: 484: 181:. Although fighting occurred worldwide, the bulk of the French Army's operations occurred in 174: 170: 5755:

Les Désorientés: Expériences des soldats français aux Dardanelles et en Macédoine, 1915-1919

4885:. Les Canons de la Victoire 1914-1918 volume 3 (in French). Paris: Histoire et Collections. 4274: 2242:

When war broke out in August 1914, the French models of machine gun in existence were the

1962:

men. The Allies eventually suffered over 350,000 casualties fighting the Nivelle Offensive.

1298: 8380: 7978: 7893: 6573: 6547: 6497: 5854: 5314:. Ministère de la Guerre (in French). Vol. 332. Paris: Henri Charles-Lavauzelle. 1920. 4313: 4299: 3842:

David French, "Watching the Allies: British Intelligence and the French Mutinies of 1917,"

2670: 2197: 1783: 1734: 1419:, which started on 20 August and ended on 23 August, resulted in a German victory. General 1289: 1274:, was largely unsuccessful, extremely costly in terms of manpower and lead directly to the 1082: 1062: 534: 260: 6522: 2414: 8: 8168: 7960: 7099: 6963: 6915: 6792: 6752: 6747: 6692: 6375: 6369: 6270: 4837: 2499: 2457: 2276: 2152: 1994: 1846: 1839: 1685: 1612: 1536: 1532: 1516: 1416: 1226: 1099: 1072: 1048: 931: 877: 848: 494: 403: 342: 332: 7913: 5445: 4720: 2693:. In 1929, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, the fifth volume of the German official history 1830:

The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the

1681: 1403:, 14–25 August, was an indecisive French invasion of that region by General Pau and his 1339: 1020: 7920: 7835: 7194: 7058: 7040: 7005: 6969: 6802: 6767: 6719: 6704: 6591: 6542: 6381: 6340: 6020: 5659: 5574: 5096: 5088: 2741: 2442: 2251: 2144: 2081: 1945: 1876: 1616: 1400: 1384: 1360: 1004:. The General Staff was responsible for drawing up the plan for mobilization, known as 939: 889: 3224: 2405:

persuaded Joffre to begin production of French tanks ("land ships"). An order for 400

1918: 1803: 1285: 1279: 8123: 7953: 7947: 7908: 7810: 7643: 7226: 7081: 7064: 6865: 6687: 6667: 6502: 6487: 6417: 6405: 6106: 6083: 6030: 5837: 5823: 5805: 5790: 5786: 5758: 5739: 5717: 5698: 5624: 5603: 5588: 5549: 5530: 5478: 5474: 5455: 5451: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5373: 5354: 5335: 5278: 5259: 5227: 5203: 5181: 5162: 5138: 5113: 5100: 5041: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4932: 4909: 4886: 4867: 4843: 4824: 4805: 4797: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4726: 4700: 4694: 4562: 4348: 4342: 3906: 3662: 3624: 3598: 3116: 3080: 2410: 2262: 2048: 1986: 1930: 1791: 1623:

until the final Allied advance that won the war. A Brigade of French naval infantry (

1588: 1531:

was fought between 6 and 12 September. It started when retreating French forces (the

1446: 1302: 1267: 1094: 955: 869: 464: 363: 223: 4461:

Louis Delperier, pages 60-70 "Les Cuirassiers 1845-1918", Argout-Editions Paris 1981

3645:"World War I: Remembering the French soldiers who fought in the Battle of the Somme" 3195: 2147:. However the French reinforcements, comprising six infantry divisions, sent to the 8304: 7011: 6981: 6975: 6885: 6714: 6682: 6672: 6411: 6335: 6330: 6258: 6078: 5978: 5655: 5505: 5110:

1914: Fight the Good Fight: Britain, the Army and the Coming of the First World War

5078: 5070: 3963: 2674: 2506: 2470: 2332: 2312: 2281: 2129: 2105: 1779: 1628: 1624: 1571:

on 12 September. It lasted until 28 September, it was indecisive, partially due to

1420: 1306: 1255: 1251: 1222: 856: 437: 5501:

Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology

5317: 5027:. Casualty table for the Chemin des Dames 1917 (in French) – via CRID 14-18. 4682: 4091:

Until 1915 it also had a Machine Gun Section..... These men made up two gun teams.

3989: 1660:

was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised.

1387:, on 7–10 August 1914, was envisioned by Joffre to anchor the French recapture of 604: 409: 48:

of a non-free copyrighted source, from various articles at this source (see talk)

7820: 7660: 6999: 6552: 6527: 6226: 6134: 5973: 5671: 4986:

The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World

4603: 2491: 2299: 2176: 2136: 1926: 1738:

Soldiers of the 87th Regiment, 6th Division at Côte 304 (Hill 304), northwest of

1596: 1584: 1489: 1435: 1424: 1380: 1041: 1033: 893: 885: 593: 190: 5783:

The First Battle of the Marne: The French 'Miracle' Halts the Germans (Campaign)

2473:

for the line infantry. They were never adopted, but the blue-grey coats and the

1872:

The 6th Army ( Fayolle ) with three army corps ( 1st , 20th and 35th CA ) ;

555: 7653: 7633: 7304: 7017: 6855: 6646: 6537: 6393: 6297: 6280: 5632: 5621:, The Elmfield Press (1975) UK translation; reprinted by Pen & Sword (2014) 4533:

Barbara W. Tuchman, page 274 "The Guns of August", Constable & Co. Ltd 1962

2482: 2223: 1999: 1914: 1899: 1669: 1372: 1240: 901: 897: 788: 374: 198: 178: 5564:

August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever

1774:

French soldiers storming out of their trench during the Battle of Verdun, 1916

8374: 7764: 7052: 7046: 6482: 6399: 6310: 5731: 5142: 5074: 5012: 4847: 4704: 3816:

Bentley B.; Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917,"

2824:

pages 215, 217 and 218, Vol. XXX, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12th Edition, 1922

2582: 2543: 2438: 2406: 2308: 2010: 1858: 1758: 1704:

gas attack and the only major German offensive on the Western Front in 1915.

1668:

The first major Allied attack against German forces since the incarnation of

1520: 1471: 1428: 1218: 1206: 1202: 1065:(9th, 15th, 16th, 18th and 20th Army Corps), with the objective of capturing 1051:(7th, 8th, 13th, 14th, and 21st Army Corps), with the objective of capturing 1001: 881: 773: 514: 5771:

Shapiro, Ann‐Louise. "Fixing History: Narratives of World War I in France."

5231: 4828: 1500:'s invasion of France, but also hurt Lanrezac's already damaged reputation. 1282:

was appointed to replace him, though Nivelle refused to leave until 19 May.

1278:. As a result of his failures, Nivelle was urged to resign. On 15 May 1917, 7214: 6641: 2511: 2043:

The French army was heavily involved in the allies' line of defense during

1922: 1911: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1138:

usage, as well as the increasing significance of the French air force, the

1111: 873: 622: 353: 3968: 3829:

Leonard V. Smith, "War and 'Politics': The French Army Mutinies of 1917,"

2566: 2368:, they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy 2222:, it had a three-round magazine. Later this rifle is also modified into a 2088: 1770: 1375:, were launched almost simultaneously. They were the result of the French 49: 8021: 7425: 7330: 7028: 6456: 5877: 2486: 2357: 1850: 1572: 1564: 1540: 1395:

Louis Bonneau responsible for its failure and replacing him with General

1172: 1127: 617: 202: 166: 158: 5258:(in French). Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli & Ministère de la Défense. 5092: 3669:

in western France, who recounted the French army's role in the fighting.

1427:. Lanrezac was sacked by Joffre on 3 September (four days after General 5639:

Race and war in France: Colonial subjects in the French army, 1914–1918

5513: 5195: 5083: 5057: 2639:

A French regiment on the march near the battlefield of the Oisne, 1918.

2434: 2345: 1620: 1056: 920: 864: 290: 186: 3919: 1652:

arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the

8061: 7220: 6987: 5275:

L'histoire des Troupes de Marine au travers de L'uniforme 1622 - 2020

4344:

German Industry and Global Enterprise, BASF: The History of a Company

4229: 4156: 4144: 3665:

Michaël Bourlet, head of the history and geography department at the

2353: 1903: 1563:

The German retreat after the First Battle of the Marne halted at the

1492:, launched on 29 August, was an attempt by the Fifth Army to capture 1376: 1368: 1210: 1044:

and to meet the expected German offensive through the Low Countries.

1028: 1005: 924: 892:, Bismarck attempted to isolate France diplomatically by befriending 860: 5509: 4168: 4132: 4059: 1849:, fought along a 30 kilometres (19 mi) front from north of the 1496:, they succeeded, but later withdrew on 30 August. This delayed the 7480: 5389:

They Shall Not Pass: The French Army on the Western Front 1914–1918

4511:(in French) (358). Paris: Histoire & Collections: 64. May 2015. 2474: 2373: 2336: 1817: 1807: 1701: 1552: 1482:

when Maubeuge was surrendered on 6 September; the Germans suffered

1442: 1412: 1396: 1364: 1356: 1244: 1147:

more than half died between the outbreak of war and November 1915.

1066: 1052: 880:, including the loss of its army and the capture of its emperor at 4931:]. Translated by Uffindell, Andrew. Pen & Sword Military. 3854: 3852: 3229:

Chtimiste – mon site consacré aux parcours de régiments en 1914–18

2533: 1798:

The German attack on Verdun began with one million troops, led by

1102:(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 10th and 11th Army Corps), defending the Ardennes. 5322: 5034:

Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918

4687: 3884: 3882: 3502: 3351: 2490:

trousers worn by the infantry became a political debating point.

2399: 2238:

French machine gunners defend a ruined cathedral, late in the war

2117: 1948:, the Canadian official historian, recorded German casualties of 1438: 1392: 1247: 1119: 913: 317: 182: 8019: 5629:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

5159:

The French Army in the First World War Volume I - to battle 1914

4802:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

1160: 3849: 3514: 2585:

was issued. A black floppy beret, known in soldier slang as a "

2527: 2523: 2369: 2365: 2101: 1907: 1787: 1750: 1739: 1587:'. The 'race' was the result of attempts by opposing armies to 1388: 321: 5846: 5020:

Jagielski, Jean-François (9 October 2014). Loez, André (ed.).

4275:"Mortier Stockes[sic] de 81 mm en dotation au 48e BCP" 3879: 1746: 7648: 5517: 4905: 4378: 4376: 4010:"Comment ne pas adopter une innovation militaire essentielle" 3303: 2349: 1934: 1854: 1705: 1608: 1548: 1508: 1493: 994: 5691:

Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914

4654: 4189:"The British Trench Mortar Batteries in the First World War" 3487:"Les pompons rouges à Dixmude : l'envers d'une légende" 2593:", given its similarity in appearance, had been worn by the 5038:

Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18

4642: 4361: 4268: 4266: 3599:"The Great War , Maps & Battles , The Battle of Verdun" 3363: 2578: 2461:

French cuirassiers on their way to the front in August 1914

2341: 2113: 1700:, from 22 April – 25 May, was the site of the first German 1135: 1076: 1075:(4th, 5th and 6th Army Corps), defending the region around 280: 5804:. Men-at-Arms 315. Illustrated by Gerry Embleton. Osprey. 5548:. Un jour de la Grande guerre (in French). Louvier: Ysec. 4373: 4322: 3526: 3339: 3054: 3006: 2839:"Second Battle of Champagne, 25 September-6 November 1915" 855:

France had been the major power in Europe for most of the

5152:– via Die Digitale Landesbibliothek Oberösterreich. 5022:"Dossier pédagogique pour une visite au Chemin des Dames" 4464: 4443: 4205: 3952:"La mémoire roumaine de la mission Berthelot (1918-2007)" 3869: 3867: 3327: 3291: 3267: 3218: 3216: 2960: 2958: 2933: 2931: 2428:

as well as by industrialists, he obtained agreement from

5498:

Arnold, Joseph C, "French tactical doctrine 1870–1914",

4902:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

4630: 4412: 4388: 4263: 4021: 3977: 3766: 3538: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3426: 3402: 3380: 3378: 3255: 3158: 3146: 1993:. Over 35,000 soldiers were involved with 68 out of 112 1355:. It was fought in August 1914. These five offensives, 5695:

Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914

4950:. Armies of the Great War. Cambridge University Press. 4575: 4561:. Service historique de l'armée de Terre. p. 205. 4108: 3134: 2832: 2830: 2218:

From 1915, the Berthier Mle 1907/15 rifle replaced the

1575:

beating back infantry sent to capture enemy positions.

1431:, the Third Army commander) and replaced by d'Espèrey. 975:, each of which involved a lower degree of commitment. 8386:

Military units and formations of France in World War I

5310: 4618: 4235: 4217: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4065: 3864: 3754: 3717: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3315: 3213: 3042: 3018: 2994: 2982: 2955: 2928: 2806: 2104:, which they entered on 19th September 1918 after the 2005:

Mutinies began in April 1917 after the failure of the

4778:

Crocé, Eliane; Lefevre, Eric; Mabire, Ingrid (1986).

4536: 4515: 4488: 4476: 3462: 3390: 3375: 3279: 3243: 3170: 3030: 2970: 2943: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2868: 2794: 2782: 2335:

in World War I was not Germany, but France, who used

2331:

Contrary to popular belief, the first country to use

2132:

carried out in conjunction with other Allied forces.

5058:"The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army" 4400: 3931: 3414: 3093: 2880: 2827: 2770: 2552:

troops of the (North African) 19th Military District

1551:, unaware the French government had already fled to 1093:

and Colonial Army Corps) held in reserve around the

945: 5126: 4596: 4120: 4096: 3729: 3705: 3357: 2424:Given that General Estienne was listened to by the 5334:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 5056: 4071: 3623:John Keegan, pages 300-308 "The First World War", 3485: 3438: 3110: 3108: 2856: 5736:The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 5127:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann Ritter, ed. (1929). 3076:The War to End All Wars: The Story of World War I 1221:on 2 December. Following the heavy losses at the 8372: 5424: 4883:L'Artillerie de Côte Et l'Artillerie de Tranchée 4606:(in French). Paris: Ministère de la Guerre. 1915 4033: 3995: 3189: 3187: 3185: 2723:and Foley from 17 September to a period between 2477:-style leather helmets influenced later uniforms 2261:In January 1915, Joffre ordered research into a 2196:The displaying of a 75mm gun model 1897 and its 1656:front from 14 November. Between 15–22 November, 1631:, distinguished themselves during the fighting. 603: 6823:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4507:"1914, la véritable histoire du bleu horizon". 4259:– via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918. 3638: 3636: 3105: 1634:The last of the 'Race to the Sea' battles, the 1266:, drew up plans for an offensive, known as the 5581:From Marne to Verdun: A French Officer's Diary 5253: 3309: 2302:, some of which were lent to the British. The 1940:The main action of the Nivelle Offensive, the 1627:), identifiable by their red pompoms on their 1567:, and the Allies soon caught up, starting the 1015: 971:they would progress through various stages of 8005: 5862: 5600:La Bataille de la Somme juillet-novembre 1916 5425:Touzin, Pierre; Vauvillier, François (2009). 5254:Ortholan, Henri; Verney, Jean-Pierre (2004). 4614:– via Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 3681: 3679: 3677: 3605:. Community Television of Southern California 3182: 3117:"Battles – The Battle of the Frontiers, 1914" 2537:Modèle 1915 Adrian Helmet with infantry badge 2394:History of the tank § French development 1688:, that a war of movement was a long way off. 954:Photograph shows reservists and crowd at the 806: 5752: 5526:Batailles de Flandres et d'Artois, 1914-1918 5447:The First World War: the war to end all wars 4777: 4180: 3858: 3633: 3593: 3591: 3589: 2694: 2587: 2571: 2559: 2145:colonial units, both European and indigenous 1663: 1558: 1503: 1258:as a key to French success. In 1917, he and 7313: 5664:Herwig, Holger H. and Neil Heyman. (1982). 5002: 4696:Arras, Lens–Douai and the Battles of Artois 4340: 4007: 3956:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 3888: 3492:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 2326: 2128:campaigns against the Ottoman Empire and a 2047:. When British troops were attacked during 1757:posing in a trench, 16 June 1917. Note the 958:, Paris during the beginning of World War I 8012: 7998: 5869: 5855: 5836:(Images of War), Pen & Sword Military 5822:(Images of War), Pen & Sword Military 5471:The Battle of the Frontiers: Ardennes 1914 5277:. Histoire & collections. p. 78. 4945: 4739: 4382: 4250:"Surviving Stokes mortar at Les Invalides" 3949: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3674: 3642: 3544: 3297: 2502:, declared "Abolish red trousers? Never!" 2376:) was first used on 22 April 1915, at the 2317:projectile BM (Brandt-Maurice) modèle 1918 2045:the final German offensives in spring 1918 2039:The 114th infantry in Paris, 14 July 1917. 1334: 813: 799: 5688: 5644:Gilbert, Bentley B. and Bernard, Paul P. 5543: 5522: 5292:Pompé, Daniel; et al., eds. (1924). 5216: 5107: 5082: 5031: 5019: 4675: 4660: 4636: 4581: 4367: 4027: 3983: 3967: 3772: 3760: 3586: 3456: 2485:for the infantry and cavalry. The French 1726:in the fighting in Champagne and Artois. 1411:, fought between 21 and 23 August in the 919:Another cause of World War I was growing 141:Learn how and when to remove this message 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 7112:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5348: 5272: 5007:(in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. 4880: 4782:(in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. 4758: 4693: 4272: 4247: 4223: 4211: 4114: 3873: 3471: 3369: 2532: 2464: 2456: 2256:Infantry Branch of the Machine Gun Corps 2233: 2191: 2087: 2075: 2034: 1985:In the spring of 1917, after the failed 1969: 1816: 1769: 1745: 1733: 1507: 1338: 1321:, for which he was tried and convicted. 1027: 1019: 961: 949: 842: 152: 104:This article includes a list of general 55:Relevant discussion may be found on the 7489:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5676:The French Army and Politics, 1870–1970 5597: 5443: 5329: 5175: 5156: 4948:The French Army and the First World War 4899: 4835: 4818: 4796: 4763:. Cassell Military Paperback. Cassell. 4722:Paths of glory: the French Army 1914-18 4718: 4648: 4624: 4470: 4449: 4039: 3778: 3723: 3711: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3432: 3420: 3396: 3384: 3345: 3333: 3261: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2949: 2937: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2836: 2800: 2788: 2776: 1925:were all opposed to the plan, although 1595:was the first battle in the so-called ' 988:Reserve of the Territorial Army (42–48) 50:https://www.firstworldwar.com/index.htm 14: 8373: 5834:The French Army in the First World War 5799: 5711: 5666:Biographical Dictionary of World War I 5641:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008) 5619:A French Soldier's War Diary 1914-1918 5405: 5391:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 5386: 5367: 5220:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 5054: 4983: 4554: 4542: 4521: 4482: 4328: 3900: 3643:TROUILLARD, Stéphanie (29 June 2016). 3483: 3285: 3273: 3249: 3222: 3176: 3072: 2812: 2058: 1825: 1270:. The main part of the offensive, the 1150: 1036:and the French offensives of Plan XVII 157:French infantry pushing through enemy 7993: 7442:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6778:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5850: 5730: 5468: 5291: 5194: 4861: 4494: 4248:Jalabert, Jean-Luc (14 August 2008). 4186: 3937: 3925: 3685: 3667:Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan military academy 3408: 3225:"La bataille et le siège de MAubeuge" 3193: 3114: 3099: 2179:, during the second half of the war. 2130:diversionary offensive in the Balkans 2120:in West Africa, participation in the 7846:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5654:(1959) Volume 22 Issue 1, pp 24–41, 4922: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4126: 4102: 3844:Intelligence & National Security 2862: 1893: 90: 28: 7775:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 6569:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4964: 4080:"What was a battalion of infantry?" 3444: 3321: 2715:. In 2005, Doughty used the period 2707:and in 2003, Clayton gave dates of 2226:rifle to use five-round magazines. 1879:( Micheler ) with five army corps . 1765: 1197:The Chief of the General Staff and 884:, the loss of territory, including 193:along what came to be known as the 24: 6508:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5757:(in French). Presses de l’Inalco. 5660:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1959.tb01641.x 5646:"The French Army Mutinies of 1917" 5492: 5429:. Paris: Histoire et Collections. 5005:L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962 4198:– via The long, long trail. 4089:– via The long, long trail. 3223:Lodier, Didier (13 January 2006). 2620:French Army order of battle (1914) 2426:Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) 2071: 1578: 982:Reserve of the Active Army (24–34) 863:, in the seventeenth century, and 110:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8407: 4077: 3998:, p. 10, 13, 16-17 & 19. 3928:, pp. 508–511, 730–731, 826. 3686:Chenu, Benoît (8 December 2022). 3194:Duffy, Michael (6 October 2002). 3115:Duffy, Michael (12 August 2001). 2469:Test uniforms created in 1912 by 2292: 2030: 1708:was devastated after the battle. 1391:, but resulted in Joffre holding 946:The pre-war army and mobilization 6871:Second Battle of the Piave River 6493:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5716:(in French). Paris: Tallandier. 5529:(in French). Paris: Tallandier. 4804:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 4587: 4548: 4527: 4500: 4455: 4424: 4334: 4306: 4292: 4241: 4008:Michel Goya (16 November 2017). 3484:Fichou, Jean-Christophe (2010). 3073:Batten, Jack (13 October 2009). 2644: 2632: 2526:were issued in place of leather 1835:French were south of the river. 1324: 1183: 1171: 1159: 782: 767: 233: 95: 33: 7942:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 7142:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5876: 5753:Saint-Ramond, Francine (2019). 5683:The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916 5256:L'armée française de l'été 1914 4780:Les Troupes de Marine 1622-1984 4042:"Berthier model 1907/15 (8 mm)" 4001: 3943: 3894: 3836: 3823: 3810: 3617: 3477: 3066: 2751: 2730: 2663: 2229: 2135:When looking at the respective 1869:, commanded by Foch, comprised 7765:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 7624:Deportations from East Prussia 7421:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5738:. Cambridge University Press. 5410:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. 5406:Thomas, Nigel (25 July 2001). 5176:Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2008). 5157:Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2007). 4946:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014). 4347:. Cambridge University Press. 4273:François, Guy (8 April 2013). 3950:Grandhomme, Jean-Noël (2007). 3905:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. 3901:Thomas, Nigel (25 July 2001). 2818: 2321:FA (fonte aciérée) modèle 1921 2201:during and after the conflict. 1898:In October 1916, troops under 1821:66th Infantry Regiment in 1917 1607:armies, the French held on to 1539:armies), stopped south of the 1178:Robert Georges Nivelle in 1917 13: 1: 7676:Ukrainian Canadian internment 5408:Armies in the Balkans 1914-18 5332:The German Army at Ypres 1914 4967:1914 The year the world ended 4187:Baker, Chris (24 July 2015). 3903:Armies in the Balkans 1914-18 2837:Rickard, J (16 August 2007). 2764: 2430:Louis Renault (industrialist) 2403:Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne 2282:Viven-Bessières rifle grenade 2092:Horsemen of the 4th Regiment 1956: 1949: 1547:was given orders to surround 1305:. Due to his role during the 835:French entry into World War I 828: 7831:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 7130:Estonian War of Independence 6798:Southern Palestine offensive 5602:(in French). Paris: Perrin. 5353:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 5351:The First World War: To Arms 5217:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). 5180:. Vienna: Verlag Militaria. 5161:. Vienna: Verlag Militaria. 4744:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 4740:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 4341:Abelshauser, Werner (2003). 3996:Touzin & Vauvillier 2009 2187: 2182: 1543:. Victory seemed close, the 1474:wrote that the Germans took 197:, which consisted mainly of 7: 7785:USA against Austria-Hungary 7184:Turkish War of Independence 7136:Latvian War of Independence 6861:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 6452:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5546:La Première attaque aux gaz 5473:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: 5372:. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey. 4040:Bracken, Johnathan (2005). 3793:"Mutiny in the French Army" 2608: 2452: 2445:on 31 May 1918, during the 2269: 1991:mutinies in the French army 1981:French Army Mutinies (1917) 1965: 1454:troops had been killed and 1264:British Expeditionary Force 1016:Organization during the war 59:. Please help Knowledge by 10: 8412: 8391:Military history of France 7868:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 7416:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6876:Second Battle of the Marne 6763:Second battle of the Aisne 6632:Second Battle of Champagne 6473:German invasion of Belgium 5689:Jouineau, André (2009a) . 5032:Jouineau, André (2009b) . 4988:. New York: Random House. 4761:Mud, Blood & Poppycock 4759:Corrigan, Gordon (2012) . 4669: 3511:, pp. xviii, 278–301. 3310:Ortholan & Verney 2004 3079:. Tundra. pp. 98–99. 2736:The French units were (i) 2625: 2615:Military history of France 2577:") generally replaced the 2516:French Chamber of Deputies 2419:Second Battle of the Aisne 2391: 2007:Second Battle of the Aisne 1978: 1942:Second Battle of the Aisne 1720:Second Battle of Champagne 1295:Second Battle of the Marne 1272:Second Battle of the Aisne 832: 177:powers allied against the 8347: 8187: 8116: 8085: 8029: 7974: 7933: 7854: 7793: 7755: 7699: 7688: 7649:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 7592: 7564: 7512: 7434: 7408: 7360: 7253: 7246: 7178:Irish War of Independence 7074: 6956: 6921:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6906:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6831: 6733: 6660: 6561: 6518:First Battle of the Marne 6465: 6427: 6362: 6353: 6296: 6170: 6159: 6125: 6097: 6059: 6011: 5964: 5957: 5884: 5820:The French Army at Verdun 5579:(translator Ian Sumner). 5273:Phillipi, Didier (2020). 5108:Mallinson, Allan (2014). 5055:Krause, Jonathan (2013). 4719:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 4014:lavoiedelepee.blogspot.fr 3797:historylearningsite.co.uk 3741:historylearningsite.co.uk 2601:. A similar garment, the 2447:Third Battle of the Aisne 2213: 2165:Battle of the Piave River 1989:, there were a series of 1955:and French casualties of 1678:First Battle of Champagne 1664:First Battle of Champagne 1569:First Battle of the Aisne 1559:First Battle of the Aisne 1529:First Battle of the Marne 1504:First Battle of the Marne 1462:were captured along with 1276:1917 French Army mutinies 1243:, who began the war as a 1166:Joseph Joffre before 1918 7801:Constantinople Agreement 7094:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6957:Co-belligerent conflicts 6926:Second Romanian campaign 6896:Third Transjordan attack 6607:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 6513:Battle of Grand Couronné 5802:The French Army: 1914–18 5585:Pen & Sword Military 5523:Buffetaut, Yves (1992). 5202:. Barrie & Jenkins. 5075:10.1177/0968344513494659 4284:– via pages14-18. 3523:, pp. xxi, 447–460. 3358:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929 2746:31st Army Corps (France) 2738:12th Army Corps (France) 2656: 2387: 2362:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 2327:Chemical weapons and gas 2159:became commander of the 1513:Renault Taxi de la Marne 1434:Germany marched through 985:Territorial Army (35–41) 592: 554: 384: 373: 352: 7864:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7816:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 7124:Greater Poland Uprising 7024:National Protection War 6901:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6851:German spring offensive 6846:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6622:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 6597:Second Battle of Artois 6478:Battle of the Frontiers 5714:Les Oubliés de la Somme 5712:Miquel, Pierre (2001). 5633:excerpt and text search 5598:Denizot, Alain (2002). 5444:Simkins, Peter (2013). 4900:Fromkin, David (2004). 4836:Edmonds, J. E. (1925). 4819:Edmonds, J. E. (1926). 4555:Bertin, Pierre (1988). 4236:Revue d'infanterie 1920 4175:Revue d'infanterie 1920 4163:Revue d'infanterie 1920 4151:Revue d'infanterie 1920 4139:Revue d'infanterie 1920 4066:Revue d'infanterie 1920 3833:(1995( 2#2 pp 180-201). 3737:"The Nivelle Offensive" 3196:"The Siege of Maubeuge" 2546:had been manufactured. 2098:5th Light Horse Brigade 2080:French troops going to 2025: 1888: 1867:Groupe d'Armées du Nord 1790:and induce a battle of 1729: 1713:Second Battle of Artois 1691: 1349:Battle of the Frontiers 1335:Battle of the Frontiers 1329: 1190:Philippe Pétain in 1919 847:French army during the 125:more precise citations. 7889:Paris Peace Conference 7877:Ukraine–Central Powers 7671:Massacres of Albanians 7639:Late Ottoman genocides 7446:Bulgarian occupations 7154:Third Anglo-Afghan War 7118:Hungarian–Romanian War 6936:Naval Victory Bulletin 6931:Armistice with Germany 6881:Hundred Days Offensive 6808:Battle of La Malmaison 6758:Second battle of Arras 6725:Battle of Transylvania 6579:Second Battle of Ypres 6447:Sarajevo assassination 6336:South African Republic 5775:36.4 (1997): 111–130. 5112:. London: Transworld. 4969:. London: Transworld. 4923:Goya, Michel (2018) . 4881:François, Guy (2010). 4862:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 4558:Le Fantassin de France 4436:www.chars-francais.net 2695: 2588: 2572: 2560: 2538: 2478: 2462: 2380:, by the German army. 2378:Second Battle of Ypres 2239: 2220:Lebel Model 1886 rifle 2202: 2161:12th French Army Corps 2151:in 1917 following the 2109: 2085: 2040: 1976: 1822: 1775: 1762: 1743: 1698:Second Battle of Ypres 1593:First Battle of Albert 1524: 1409:Battle of the Ardennes 1344: 1343:Bayonet charge in 1914 1037: 1025: 967: 959: 852: 428:Valois-Angoulême kings 162: 61:rewriting this article 8396:France in World War I 8024:by region and country 7899:Treaty of St. Germain 7872:Russia–Central Powers 7826:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7654:Pontic Greek genocide 7629:Destruction of Kalisz 7605:Eastern Mediterranean 7166:Polish–Lithuanian War 6948:Armistice of Belgrade 6911:Armistice of Salonica 6841:Operation Faustschlag 6788:Third Battle of Oituz 6710:Baranovichi offensive 6678:Lake Naroch offensive 6652:Battle of Robat Karim 6627:Vistula–Bug offensive 6602:Battles of the Isonzo 6533:First Battle of Ypres 5832:Sumner, Ian. (2016). 5818:Sumner, Ian. (2016). 5349:Strachan, H. (2001). 5312:La revue d'infanterie 3969:10.3917/gmcc.228.0023 3846:(1991) 6#3 pp 573-592 2536: 2468: 2460: 2319:(later simplified to 2258:in the British Army. 2237: 2195: 2091: 2079: 2038: 2020:Third Battle of Ypres 1973: 1820: 1773: 1749: 1737: 1636:First Battle of Ypres 1511: 1470:casualties. In 2009, 1342: 1297:, he was awarded the 1252:battlefield successes 1031: 1023: 965: 953: 846: 839:Causes of World War I 833:Further information: 156: 18:France in World War I 7894:Treaty of Versailles 7610:Mount Lebanon famine 7525:in the United States 7493:Russian occupations 7207:Turkish–Armenian War 7148:Polish–Ukrainian War 7088:Ukrainian–Soviet War 7035:Central Asian Revolt 6818:Armistice of Focșani 6548:Battle of Sarikamish 6498:Battle of Tannenberg 5894:Military engagements 5800:Sumner, Ian (1995). 5637:Fogarty, Richard S. 5387:Sumner, Ian (2012). 5370:French Poilu 1914–18 5368:Sumner, Ian (2009). 5330:Sheldon, J. (2010). 4725:. Cassell Military. 3820:(1959) 22#1 pp 24-41 3692:Military History Now 2244:St. Étienne Mle 1907 2100:, in the village of 1902:'s command captured 1832:Chantilly Conference 1800:Crown Prince Wilhelm 1784:Erich von Falkenhayn 1650:British 8th Division 1290:French Army mutinies 1140:Service Aéronautique 1032:Obsolete map of the 934:'s assassination of 636:Provisional Republic 418:Valois-Orléans kings 63:with your own words. 7961:They shall not pass 7884:Treaty of Bucharest 7841:Treaty of Bucharest 7780:USA against Germany 7757:Declarations of war 7461:German occupations 7374:British casualties 7233:Soviet–Georgian War 7160:Egyptian Revolution 7100:Armeno-Georgian War 6964:Somaliland campaign 6916:Armistice of Mudros 6793:Battle of Caporetto 6783:Battle of Mărășești 6753:Zimmermann telegram 6748:February Revolution 6693:Battle of the Somme 6617:Bug-Narew Offensive 6592:Battle of Gallipoli 6584:Sinking of the RMS 6376:Scramble for Africa 6370:Franco-Prussian War 6026:Sinai and Palestine 5617:Desagneaux, Henri. 5469:Zuber, T. (2009) . 4984:Herwig, H. (2009). 4925:La chair et l'acier 4651:, pp. 284–285. 4421:, pp. 212–213. 4397:, pp. 205–206. 4331:, pp. 545–546. 3535:, pp. 133–134. 3411:, pp. 101–102. 3372:, pp. 266–273. 3348:, pp. 400–408. 3324:, pp. 557–560. 3276:, pp. 226–229. 3200:First World War.com 3121:First World War.com 2603:General Service Cap 2583:Adrian steel helmet 2554:serving in France. 2530:from October 1914. 2340:chemical companies 2157:Jean César Graziani 2153:Battle of Caporetto 2094:Chasseurs d'Afrique 2059:The Grand Offensive 2018:(also known as the 1847:Battle of the Somme 1840:Sixth Army (France) 1826:Battle of the Somme 1517:Army Museum (Paris) 1466:(most damaged) for 1417:Battle of Charleroi 1215:Battle of the Marne 1151:Commanders-in-Chief 979:Active Army (20–23) 878:Franco-Prussian War 849:Franco-Prussian War 7921:Treaty of Lausanne 7836:Paris Economy Pact 7770:UK against Germany 7700:Entry into the war 7666:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 7385:Ottoman casualties 7195:Franco-Turkish War 7075:Post-War conflicts 7059:Russian Revolution 7041:Invasion of Darfur 7006:Kelantan rebellion 6994:Kurdish rebellions 6970:Mexican Revolution 6803:October Revolution 6768:Kerensky offensive 6743:Capture of Baghdad 6720:Monastir offensive 6705:Brusilov offensive 6543:Battle of Kolubara 6382:Russo-Japanese War 5773:History and Theory 5685:, Macmillan (1962) 5678:, Macmillan (1984) 5625:Doughty, Robert A. 4965:Ham, Paul (2014). 4866:. Cambridge: CUP. 4663:, pp. 43, 63. 4509:Militaria Magazine 3891:, p. 309-310. 3861:, p. 178-183. 3336:, pp. 27–100. 3063:, p. 220-221. 3015:, p. 146-147. 2742:10th Army (France) 2719: – 2711: – 2703: – 2689: – 2681: – 2675:official historian 2539: 2479: 2463: 2443:Saint-Pierre-Aigle 2352:(which formed the 2289:offensive phases. 2252:medium machine gun 2240: 2203: 2173:mission to Romania 2110: 2086: 2041: 1977: 1823: 1776: 1763: 1744: 1724:191,795 casualties 1617:Battle of the Yser 1615:on 4 October. The 1525: 1515:on display at the 1498:German Second Army 1401:Battle of Lorraine 1385:Battle of Mulhouse 1353:Helmuth von Moltke 1345: 1299:Médaille militaire 1199:Commander-in-Chief 1126:include increased 1038: 1026: 968: 960: 942:on 3 August 1914. 940:declaration of war 936:Archduke Ferdinand 890:German Unification 853: 789:History portal 285: until 50 BC 163: 46:close paraphrasing 8368: 8367: 8077:Southern Rhodesia 8072:South West Africa 7987: 7986: 7970: 7969: 7954:The Golden Virgin 7948:Mutilated victory 7929: 7928: 7909:Treaty of Trianon 7904:Treaty of Neuilly 7811:Damascus Protocol 7684: 7683: 7644:Armenian genocide 7601:Allied blockades 7573:Belgian refugees 7356: 7355: 7266:Strategic bombing 7242: 7241: 7227:Franco-Syrian War 7201:Greco-Turkish War 7189:Anglo-Turkish War 7172:Polish–Soviet War 7106:German Revolution 7082:Russian Civil War 7065:Finnish Civil War 6891:Battle of Megiddo 6866:Battle of Goychay 6813:Battle of Cambrai 6773:Battle of Mărăști 6688:Battle of Jutland 6668:Erzurum offensive 6523:Siege of Przemyśl 6503:Siege of Tsingtao 6488:Battle of Galicia 6418:Second Balkan War 6406:Italo-Turkish War 6363:Pre-War conflicts 6349: 6348: 6239:Portuguese Empire 6155: 6154: 6117:German New Guinea 6099:Asian and Pacific 5787:Osprey Publishing 5764:978-2-85-831299-3 5723:978-2-23-502090-9 5704:978-2-35250-104-6 5681:Horne, Alistair. 5609:978-2-262-02426-0 5555:978-2-84-673020-4 5536:978-2-23-502090-9 5504:. (1978): 61–67, 5484:978-0-7524-5255-5 5475:The History Press 5452:Osprey Publishing 5436:978-2-35250-022-3 5360:978-0-19-926191-8 5341:978-1-84884-113-0 5284:979-10-380-1001-7 5241:on 26 August 2011 5209:978-0-21-465349-0 5187:978-3-90-252620-5 5168:978-2-9515171-0-3 5119:978-0-85-750059-5 5047:978-2-35250-105-3 4995:978-1-4000-6671-1 4976:978-0-85-752236-8 4938:978-1-4738-8696-4 4892:978-2-35250-161-9 4873:978-0-521-04436-3 4811:978-0-674-01880-8 4789:978-2-70-250142-9 4770:978-0-3043-6659-0 4751:978-1-47-662585-0 4732:978-0-30-435949-3 4473:, pp. 14–15. 4452:, pp. 49–50. 4432:"1917 Renault FT" 4370:, pp. 61–65. 4214:, pp. 35–36. 3859:Crocé et al. 1986 3663:Commandant (rank) 3435:, pp. 98–99. 3086:978-0-88776-879-8 2815:, pp. 10–11. 2439:37 mm SA 1918 gun 2364:for Chemistry in 2263:light machine gun 2224:Berthier Mle 1916 2049:Operation Michael 1987:Nivelle Offensive 1931:Nivelle Offensive 1894:Nivelle Offensive 1545:First German Army 1484:1,100 casualties. 1447:Siege of Maubeuge 1303:Marshal of France 1268:Nivelle offensive 1231:defeat of Romania 1110:forced France to 1095:Forest of Argonne 997:on mobilization. 956:Gare de Paris-Est 870:Otto von Bismarck 823: 822: 774:France portal 667: 666: 564: 563: 475:Kingdom of France 465:French Revolution 456:Long 19th century 446: 445: 394: 393: 364:Kingdom of France 299: 298: 151: 150: 143: 89: 88: 81: 16:(Redirected from 8403: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7914:Treaty of Sèvres 7806:Treaty of London 7697: 7696: 7475:Northeast France 7406: 7405: 7378:Parliamentarians 7311: 7310: 7273:Chemical weapons 7251: 7250: 7012:Senussi campaign 6982:Muscat rebellion 6976:Maritz rebellion 6944: 6886:Vardar offensive 6715:Battle of Romani 6683:Battle of Asiago 6673:Battle of Verdun 6637:Kosovo offensive 6412:First Balkan War 6360: 6359: 6259:Russian Republic 6168: 6167: 5962: 5961: 5904:Economic history 5871: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5815: 5768: 5749: 5727: 5708: 5613: 5578: 5570:Delvert, Charles 5562:Cabanes Bruno. 5559: 5540: 5488: 5465: 5440: 5421: 5402: 5383: 5364: 5345: 5315: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5288: 5269: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5234:. Archived from 5225: 5213: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5123: 5104: 5086: 5060: 5051: 5028: 5026: 5016: 4999: 4980: 4961: 4942: 4919: 4896: 4877: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4832: 4815: 4793: 4774: 4755: 4736: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4680: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3898: 3892: 3889:Huré et al. 1977 3886: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3789: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3672: 3671: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3264:, p. 80-91. 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3191: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167:, p. 64-67. 3162: 3156: 3155:, p. 60-63. 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843:historyofwar.com 2834: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2677:, used dates of 2667: 2648: 2636: 2595:chasseurs alpins 2591: 2575: 2567:bonnet de police 2563: 2561:bonnet de police 2544:"Adrian" helmets 2494:who was briefly 2471:Edouard Detaille 2398:In January 1916 2333:chemical warfare 2313:Brandt Mle 27/31 2198:ammunition wagon 2106:Battle of Sharon 1961: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1946:Gerald Nicholson 1780:Battle of Verdun 1766:Battle of Verdun 1725: 1686:French president 1654:British II Corps 1640:French VIII Army 1625:Fusiliers marins 1611:, albeit losing 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:32,692 prisoners 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1421:Charles Lanrezac 1319:Second World War 1307:Battle of Verdun 1256:creeping barrage 1223:Battle of Verdun 1201:at the time was 1187: 1175: 1163: 923:which led to an 857:Early Modern Era 815: 808: 801: 787: 786: 785: 772: 771: 770: 663: 579: 578: 461: 460: 414: 413: 375:Direct Capetians 314: 313: 257: 256: 237: 227: 209: 208: 146: 139: 135: 132: 126: 121:this article by 112:inline citations 99: 98: 91: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 37: 36: 29: 21: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8343: 8200:Austria-Hungary 8183: 8112: 8081: 8025: 8018: 7988: 7983: 7966: 7925: 7857: 7850: 7821:Treaty of Darin 7789: 7751: 7707:Austria-Hungary 7693: 7680: 7661:Rape of Belgium 7588: 7560: 7508: 7502:Western Armenia 7497:Eastern Galicia 7430: 7404: 7368: 7367:Civilian impact 7366: 7352: 7309: 7238: 7070: 7000:Ovambo Uprising 6952: 6938: 6827: 6729: 6656: 6574:Battle of Łomża 6557: 6553:Christmas truce 6528:Race to the Sea 6461: 6423: 6345: 6316:Austria-Hungary 6292: 6227:Empire of Japan 6164: 6162: 6151: 6135:U-boat campaign 6121: 6093: 6055: 6007: 5953: 5934:Popular culture 5880: 5875: 5812: 5765: 5746: 5724: 5705: 5672:Horne, Alistair 5610: 5572: 5556: 5537: 5510:10.2307/1987399 5495: 5493:Further reading 5485: 5462: 5437: 5418: 5399: 5380: 5361: 5342: 5301: 5299: 5285: 5266: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5223: 5210: 5188: 5169: 5147: 5145: 5120: 5048: 5024: 4996: 4977: 4958: 4939: 4916: 4893: 4874: 4852: 4850: 4812: 4790: 4771: 4752: 4733: 4709: 4707: 4672: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409:, pp. 207. 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4383:Clodfelter 2017 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4302:. January 1937. 4298: 4297: 4293: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3684: 3675: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3634: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3545:Greenhalgh 2014 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3298:Clodfelter 2017 3296: 3292: 3288:, pp. 220. 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3221: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3192: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143:, p. 56-7. 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2611: 2496:Minister of War 2492:Adolphe Messimy 2455: 2417:as part of the 2396: 2390: 2329: 2304:Mortier de 58 T 2300:Napoleonic Wars 2295: 2272: 2248:Hotchkiss M1914 2232: 2216: 2190: 2185: 2177:Henri Berthelot 2137:Order of battle 2096:and Australian 2074: 2072:Other campaigns 2061: 2033: 2028: 1983: 1968: 1959: 1952: 1929:supported the " 1927:Aristide Briand 1919:Philippe Pétain 1896: 1891: 1828: 1804:Philippe Pétain 1768: 1732: 1723: 1696:The indecisive 1694: 1666: 1645:French IX Corps 1601:Battle of Arras 1597:Race to the Sea 1585:Race to the Sea 1581: 1579:Race to the Sea 1561: 1506: 1490:Battle of Guise 1483: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1425:Schlieffen plan 1383:colliding. The 1379:and the German 1337: 1332: 1327: 1286:Philippe Pétain 1280:Philippe Pétain 1262:, commander of 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1153: 1042:Alsace-Lorraine 1034:Schlieffen Plan 1018: 948: 894:Austria-Hungary 886:Alsace-Lorraine 841: 831: 825: 819: 783: 781: 768: 766: 761: 669: 668: 661: 646:Fourth Republic 627: 594:Interwar period 576: 566: 565: 525:Second Republic 458: 448: 447: 406: 396: 395: 311: 301: 300: 254: 225: 218: 191:Alsace-Lorraine 173:was one of the 147: 136: 130: 127: 117:Please help to 116: 100: 96: 85: 74: 68: 65: 54: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8409: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8330:United Kingdom 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8280:Ottoman Empire 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8159:Ottoman Empire 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7994: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7856:Peace treaties 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7742:United Kingdom 7739: 7734: 7732:Ottoman Empire 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7634:Sack of Dinant 7631: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7598: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7582:United Kingdom 7579: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7542: 7536:POW locations 7534: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7491: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7371: 7369: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7336:United Kingdom 7333: 7331:Ottoman Empire 7328: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7308: 7307: 7305:Trench warfare 7302: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7257: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7021: 7018:Volta-Bani War 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Zeebrugge Raid 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6647:Battle of Loos 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6538:Black Sea raid 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6440:Historiography 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6394:Bosnian Crisis 6391: 6388:Tangier Crisis 6385: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321:Ottoman Empire 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6298:Central Powers 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6281:British Empire 6276:United Kingdom 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6254:Russian Empire 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6172:Entente Powers 6165: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6140:North Atlantic 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6051:Central Arabia 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6013:Middle Eastern 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5970: 5968: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Historiography 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842:978-1473856196 5830: 5828:978-1473856158 5816: 5810: 5797: 5795:978-1846035029 5779: 5769: 5763: 5750: 5745:978-0521545921 5744: 5732:Porch, Douglas 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5686: 5679: 5669: 5662: 5642: 5635: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5595: 5593:978-1473823792 5567: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5466: 5461:978-1782002802 5460: 5441: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5403: 5398:978-1848842090 5397: 5384: 5379:978-1846033322 5378: 5365: 5359: 5346: 5340: 5327: 5308: 5289: 5283: 5270: 5264: 5251: 5214: 5208: 5192: 5186: 5173: 5167: 5154: 5124: 5118: 5105: 5069:(4): 545–556. 5063:War in History 5052: 5046: 5029: 5017: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4975: 4962: 4957:978-1107605688 4956: 4943: 4937: 4920: 4914: 4897: 4891: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4833: 4816: 4810: 4798:Doughty, R. A. 4794: 4788: 4775: 4769: 4756: 4750: 4737: 4731: 4716: 4691: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4661:Jouineau 2009b 4653: 4641: 4637:Jouineau 2009b 4629: 4617: 4595: 4586: 4582:Jouineau 2009b 4574: 4567: 4547: 4535: 4526: 4514: 4499: 4497:, p. 227. 4487: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4442: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4385:, p. 423. 4372: 4368:Nicholson 1962 4360: 4353: 4333: 4321: 4305: 4291: 4262: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4179: 4167: 4165:, p. 359. 4155: 4153:, p. 355. 4143: 4131: 4129:, p. 166. 4119: 4117:, p. 129. 4107: 4105:, p. 125. 4095: 4078:Baker, Chris. 4070: 4058: 4032: 4030:, p. 522. 4020: 4000: 3988: 3986:, p. 521. 3976: 3942: 3940:, p. 731. 3930: 3918: 3911: 3893: 3878: 3863: 3848: 3835: 3831:War in History 3822: 3809: 3777: 3775:, p. 243. 3773:Nicholson 1962 3765: 3761:Jagielski 2014 3753: 3728: 3726:, p. 309. 3716: 3704: 3673: 3632: 3616: 3585: 3583:, p. 201. 3573: 3571:, p. 202. 3561: 3559:, p. 156. 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3476: 3461: 3459:, p. 492. 3457:Mallinson 2014 3449: 3447:, p. 560. 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 147. 3302: 3300:, p. 419. 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3252:, p. 255. 3242: 3212: 3181: 3179:, p. 195. 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3104: 3102:, p. 253. 3092: 3085: 3065: 3053: 3051:, p. 172. 3041: 3029: 3027:, p. 151. 3017: 3005: 3003:, p. 140. 2993: 2991:, p. 133. 2981: 2969: 2967:, p. 119. 2954: 2942: 2940:, p. 118. 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2877:, p. 247. 2867: 2865:, p. 169. 2855: 2826: 2817: 2805: 2803:, p. 247. 2793: 2791:, p. 264. 2781: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2729: 2725:10–21 October. 2673:, the British 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2500:Eugène Étienne 2454: 2451: 2411:Saint-Chamonds 2407:Schneider CA1s 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2372:. Poison gas ( 2328: 2325: 2294: 2293:Trench Mortars 2291: 2271: 2268: 2231: 2228: 2215: 2212: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2073: 2070: 2060: 2057: 2032: 2031:Kaiserschlacht 2029: 2027: 2024: 2011:courts-martial 2000:Guy Pedroncini 1979:Main article: 1967: 1964: 1960: 187,000 1953: 163,000 1915:Hubert Lyautey 1900:Robert Nivelle 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1827: 1824: 1767: 1764: 1759:Adrian helmets 1731: 1728: 1693: 1690: 1670:trench warfare 1665: 1662: 1580: 1577: 1560: 1557: 1505: 1502: 1460:3,000 wounded) 1405:Army of Alsace 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1241:Robert Nivelle 1235:Third Republic 1189: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1144:end of the war 1104: 1103: 1097: 1080: 1070: 1060: 1017: 1014: 990: 989: 986: 983: 980: 947: 944: 830: 827: 821: 820: 818: 817: 810: 803: 795: 792: 791: 763: 762: 760: 759: 754: 749: 748: 747: 742: 737: 727: 722: 721: 720: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 679: 676: 675: 671: 670: 665: 664: 658: 656:Fifth Republic 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 628: 626: 625: 620: 614: 611: 610: 607: 600: 599: 596: 589: 588: 585: 583:Third Republic 577: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 561: 558: 551: 550: 547: 545:Third Republic 541: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 521: 520: 517: 511: 510: 507: 501: 500: 497: 491: 490: 487: 485:First Republic 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 459: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 430: 424: 423: 420: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 391: 388: 381: 380: 377: 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 356: 349: 348: 345: 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 325: 312: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 296: 295:50 BC – 486 AD 293: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 275:600 BC – 49 BC 273: 271:Greek colonies 267: 266: 263: 255: 250: 249: 246: 245: 239: 238: 230: 229: 220: 219: 212: 199:trench warfare 179:Central Powers 175:Triple Entente 149: 148: 103: 101: 94: 87: 86: 69:September 2023 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8408: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8260:Liechtenstein 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103:United States 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8015: 8010: 8008: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7747:United States 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7687: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7364: 7359: 7349: 7348:United States 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7298:Convoy system 7296: 7295: 7294: 7293:Naval warfare 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7053:Kaocen revolt 7051: 7048: 7047:Easter Rising 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:Great Retreat 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:Battle of Cer 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400:Agadir Crisis 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6288:United States 6286: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6205:French Empire 6203: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6158: 6148: 6147:Mediterranean 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6127:Naval warfare 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6003:Italian Front 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991:Eastern Front 5989: 5987: 5986:Western Front 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Puppet states 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5811:1-85532-516-0 5807: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781:Sumner, Ian. 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5651:The Historian 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5417:1-84176-194-X 5413: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5265:2-909034-48-8 5261: 5257: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4915:9780375411564 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4639:, p. 17. 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 54. 4626: 4621: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4568:2-905393-11-4 4564: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4545:, p. 40. 4544: 4539: 4530: 4524:, p. 86. 4523: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4485:, p. 85. 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4356: 4354:0-521-82726-4 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4288: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4251: 4244: 4238:, p. 50. 4237: 4232: 4226:, p. 37. 4225: 4224:François 2010 4220: 4213: 4212:François 2010 4208: 4201: 4190: 4183: 4177:, p. 46. 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 47. 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4115:Corrigan 2012 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4081: 4074: 4068:, p. 33. 4067: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4028:AFGG 1-1 1936 4024: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3984:AFGG 1-1 1936 3980: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3958:(in French). 3957: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3912:1-84176-194-X 3908: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3876:, p. 78. 3875: 3874:Phillipi 2020 3870: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3547:, p. 91. 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3497: 3494:(in French). 3493: 3488: 3480: 3473: 3472:Michelin 1919 3468: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3399:, p. 98. 3398: 3393: 3387:, p. 59. 3386: 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370:Strachan 2001 3366: 3360:, p. 14. 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3039:, p. 84. 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2979:, p. 88. 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2952:, p. 22. 2951: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2925:, p. 81. 2924: 2919: 2913:, p. 48. 2912: 2907: 2901:, p. 57. 2900: 2895: 2889:, p. 19. 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2779:, p. 96. 2778: 2773: 2769: 2754: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2697: 2696:Der Weltkrieg 2676: 2672: 2671:James Edmonds 2666: 2662: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:Stokes Mortar 2305: 2301: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:Italian Front 2146: 2142: 2141:North African 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2016:Passchendaele 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1972: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 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