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636:, which made it practical to use glass instead of paper as the support for making the camera negative. The lack of detail often criticised in prints made from calotype negatives was overcome, and sharp images, comparable in detail to daguerreotypes, could finally be provided by convenient paper prints. The collodion process soon replaced the calotype in commercial use, and by the end of the decade, the daguerreotype was virtually extinct as well.
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677:, and that using the collodion process did not infringe the calotype patent in any case, because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not infringing upon it by using the collodion process. Disappointed by the outcome, Talbot chose not to extend his patent.
429:, it was a "printing out" process, meaning that the exposure had to continue until the desired degree of darkening had been produced. In the case of camera images, that could require an exposure of an hour or two if something more than a silhouette of objects against a bright sky was wanted. Earlier experimenters such as
602:
hindrance to scientific freedom and further progress, Talbot's behaviour was widely criticised. On the other hand, many scientists supported his patent and they gave expert evidence in later trials. In addition, the calotype method was free for scientific uses, an area that Talbot himself pioneered, such as
560:
Talbot's later photographic work was concentrated on photomechanical reproduction methods. In addition to making the mass reproduction of photographic images more practical and much less expensive, rendering a photograph into ink on paper, known to be permanent on a scale of hundreds if not thousands
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for scientific applications, and he himself published the first known photomicrograph of a mineral crystal. Another photomicrograph shows insect wings as seen in the "solar microscope" he and others developed for projecting images onto a large screen of tiny objects using sunlight as a light source.
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Daguerre's work on his process had commenced at about the same time as Talbot's earliest work on his salted paper process. In 1839, Daguerre's agent applied for
English and Scottish patents only a matter of days before France, having granted Daguerre a pension for it, declared his invention "free to
437:
had captured shadows and camera images with silver salts years before, but they could find no way to prevent their photographs from fatally darkening all over when exposed to daylight. Talbot devised several ways of chemically stabilizing his results, making them sufficiently insensitive to further
401:
on 25 January 1839, Talbot exhibited several paper photographs he had made in 1835. Within a fortnight, he communicated the general nature of his process to the Royal
Society, followed by more complete details a few weeks later. Daguerre did not publicly reveal any useful details until mid-August,
511:
was an opaque direct positive that could be reproduced only by being copied with a camera. On the other hand, the calotype, despite waxing of the negative to make the image clearer, still was not pin-sharp like the metallic daguerreotype, because the paper fibres blurred the printed image. The
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for £20 each; later, he lowered the fee for amateur use to £4. Professional photographers, however, had to pay up to £300 annually. In a business climate where many patent holders were attacked for enforcing their rights, and an academic world that viewed the patenting of new discoveries as a
700:
The distinctive curls identify Talbot's half sister
Henrietta Horatia Fielding standing to his left. Eliza Frayland, the nursemaid at the far left, had come into the family's employ with the birth of Charles Henry Talbot in 1842. Arranged in the front are Matilda Caroline (later
625:, for mass-producing salted paper prints from his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment, as it was known, also offered services to the public, making prints from others' negatives, copying artwork and documents, and taking portraits at its studio. The enterprise was not a success.
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of years, was clearly one sure way to avoid the problems with fading that had soon become apparent in early types of silver image paper prints. Talbot created the photoglyphic (or "photoglyptic") engraving process, later perfected by others as the photogravure process.
660:, who called on Talbot to relieve the patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography. Talbot agreed to waive licensing fees for amateurs, but he continued to pursue professional portrait photographers, having filed several lawsuits.
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Talbot was very keen on applying the calotype method to recording natural phenomena, such as plants for example, as well as buildings and landscapes. The calotype technique was offered free by Talbot for scientific and amateur use. He was aware that the
1262:
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states that his
January 1839 Royal Institution exhibit included "...various pictures, representing the architecture of my house in the country ... made with the Camera Obscura in the summer of 1835." A basis for naming this famous image as
242:. He was the holder of a controversial patent that affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium. He published
1083:& State Library of Victoria (1989). The new art : photographs by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877), La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria : Fox Talbot and the invention of photography. State Library of Victoria,
606:. One reason Talbot later gave for vigorously enforcing his rights was that he had spent, according to his own reckoning, about £5,000 on his various photographic endeavours over the years and wanted to at least recoup his expenses.
590:, therefore became the only places where a licence was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes. This exception is now usually regarded as both an expression of old national animosities, still smouldering just 24 years after
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in 1821. From 1822 to 1872, he communicated papers to the Royal
Society, many of them on mathematical subjects. At an early period, he began optical research, which later bore fruit in connection with photography. To the
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processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to
1258:
594:, and a reaction to Talbot's patent. Talbot never attempted to patent any part of his printed-out silver chloride "photogenic drawing" process and his calotype patent was not registered in Scotland.
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was announced in early
January 1839, without details, Talbot asserted priority of invention based on experiments he had begun in early 1834. At a Friday Evening Discourse at the
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Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of
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The "calotype", or "talbotype", was a "developing out" process, Talbot's improvement of his earlier photogenic drawing process by the use of a different silver salt (
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382:
Talbot invented a process for creating reasonably light-fast and permanent photographs that was the first made available to the public; however, his was neither
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Asserting a very broad interpretation of his patent rights, Talbot declared that anyone using the collodion process would still need to get a calotype licence.
1589:
744:. Such analysis was to become important in examining the light from distant stars, and hence inferring their atomic composition. He also investigated the
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exposure that direct sunlight could be used to print the negative image produced in the camera onto another sheet of salted paper, creating a positive.
956:
701:
Gilchrist-Clark, age 5); Ela
Theresa (age 9); Rosamond Constance Talbot (age 7). The woman at the right is possibly Moore's wife Bessy.
1859:
1018:
Joanna Martin, 'Porter, (Ann) Agnes (c.1752–1814)', Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
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on the exposed paper. This reduced the required exposure time in the camera to only a minute or two for subjects in bright sunlight. The
316:
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2195:
807:, and that powerful and invisible light beyond the violet was capable of inducing chemical effects, a type of radiation we now call
229:; 11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the
2150:
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Talbot's early "salted paper" or "photogenic drawing" process used writing paper bathed in a weak solution of ordinary table salt (
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While engaged in his scientific researches, Talbot devoted much time to archaeology. He had a 20-year involvement in the field of
1808:
1738:
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case proved to be pivotal. Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process had been invented earlier by
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In
February 1841, Talbot obtained an English patent for his developed-out calotype process. At first, he sold individual patent
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In 1854, Talbot applied for an extension of the 14-year patent. At that time, one of his lawsuits, against photographer
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1627:
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519:, the miniature painter, as the first professional calotypist. The most celebrated practitioners of the process were
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Talbot materials in the
Digital Collections of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Mass.
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697:. Dated April 1844, Talbot made a calotype of Moore as a visitor standing with members of his own household.
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by placing objects on it and setting it out in the sunlight, or to capture the dim images formed by a
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in 1839, is made less soluble by exposure to light. This later provided the basis for the important
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1919:
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764:, now widely used by geologists for examining thin rock sections to identify minerals within them.
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The large projections could then be photographed by exposure to sensitized paper. He studied the
1733:
1380:
Greenwood, Douglas (1999). "5: Scientists, Doctors, Businessmen, Engineers and Industrialists".
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2019:
1954:
1944:
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although by the spring it had become clear that his process and Talbot's were very different.
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simpler salted paper process was normally used when making prints from calotype negatives.
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calotype negative made it possible to produce as many positive prints as desired by simple
244:
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8:
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by William Henry Fox Talbot British & (likely) Sebastiano Tassinari (metmuseum.org)
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370:
257:
248:(1844–1846), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his calotype
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In 1844, Talbot helped set up an establishment in Russell Terrace (now Baker Street),
2004:
1979:
1934:
1909:
1904:
1844:
1753:
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Talbot was active in politics, being a moderate Reformer who generally supported the
669:
633:
520:
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272:
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process and related technologies. Dichromated gelatine is still used for some laser
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1989:
1959:
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737:
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200:
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between 1832 and 1835 when he retired from parliament. He also held the office of
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Talbot was a friend and neighbour in Wiltshire of the famed Irish poet and writer
609:
1964:
1695:
1551:
Singular Images, Failed Copies: William Henry Fox Talbot and the Early Photograph
1354:
881:
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was unique and that it was possible to identify the chemical elements from their
722:
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that darkened where it was exposed to light. Whether used to create shadow image
414:
406:
292:
49:
1749:
1233:"Talbot Correspondence Project: MOORE Thomas (poet) to TALBOT William Henry Fox"
689:
Moore stands centre in a photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot dated April 1844
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1924:
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1527:
1019:
664:
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426:
410:
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378:, August 1835. A positive from what may be the oldest existing camera negative.
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in 1826 he contributed a paper on "Some Experiments on Coloured Flame"; to the
1109:
2119:
2094:
2059:
2014:
1994:
1974:
1949:
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1929:
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328:
304:
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176:
1767:
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oldest among the surviving camera negatives of similar date is not apparent.
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papers on chemical subjects, including one on "Chemical Changes of Colour".
2009:
1969:
1831:
1823:
1795:
1771:
1720:
1705:
1134:
753:
733:
694:
550:
546:
516:
496:
375:
336:
320:
308:
239:
2171:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
1259:"William Henry Fox Talbot and the Foundations of Spectrochemical Analysis"
569:
2104:
1899:
851:
847:
784:
680:
515:
Talbot announced his calotype process in 1841, and in August he licensed
500:
492:
324:
315:, Wiltshire, and his wife Lady Elisabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the
171:
1478:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 368.
866:
he shares the honour of having been one of the first decipherers of the
1776:
749:
554:
312:
230:
1146:
BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)
1110:"Talbot's Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 3 of 12"
460:
1701:
The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche, 1854, by R. D. Wood
771:
685:
644:
617:, c. 1845, a modern positive from Talbot's original calotype negative
418:
288:
284:
280:
109:
43:
819:
741:
538:
447:
264:
234:
1587:
Schaaf, Larry J. (2004). "Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877)".
1459:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
456:
Horatia Feilding, half-sister of Talbot, playing the harp, c. 1842
1675:
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in Dorset and was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of
87:
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1663:
824:
452:
276:
105:
83:
1200:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
732:
Talbot was one of the earliest researchers into the field of
409:), dried, then brushed on one side with a strong solution of
209:
1198:
Online label for a diptych view of the Reading Establishment
1092:
Album of Photogenic Drawings (1839-1840) (in Italian :
413:, which created a tenacious coating of very light-sensitive
855:
713:
218:
191:
1716:"William Henry Fox Talbot's Open Door: Picture of the day"
1685:
1148:
323:
who had also educated his mother. Talbot was educated at
1384:(Third ed.). London: Constable. pp. 197–199.
850:, the study of the history, archaeology and culture of
534:
of the Royal Society for his photographic discoveries.
1874:
1618:
Who's Who of Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885
1047:
1045:
937:(c. 1845) Salt print from calotype negative | 8x9 in.
681:
1844 calotype of Thomas Moore and the Talbot household
1526:
1133:
Talbot regarded the two names as interchangeable—see
917:
Illustrations of the Antiquity of the Book of Genesis
495:
and silver nitrate) to bring out an invisibly slight
356:
in 1827 a paper on "Monochromatic Light"; and to the
491:
instead of silver chloride) and a developing agent (
221:
215:
212:
206:
1042:
983:'s bird's-eye view of the City of York in the 1850s
803:comprised a very small part of what we now know as
203:
1615:
1530:; Dean, Katrina; Ramalingam, Chitra, eds. (2013).
791:and discovered a new phenomenon, now known as the
760:crystals, and pioneered the design and use of the
1727:
1681:contributions in Parliament by William Fox Talbot
1406:"The talented Mr Fox Talbot Part 4 – Assyriology"
957:International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum
835:Ministers. He served as member of parliament for
2117:
1779:: online exhibit created by the Bodleian Library
1570:The Photographic Art of William Henry Fox Talbot
1162:"The Reading establishment's 'hidden mysteries'"
1777:The William Henry Fox Talbot Catalogue Raisonné
1636:
1520:William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography
911:Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches
876:Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches
1691:The correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot
1352:
1256:
339:in Classics in 1820, and graduated as twelfth
1860:
1186:"Early photography processes – daguerreotype"
736:. He showed that the spectrum of each of the
1593:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1532:William Henry Fox Talbot: beyond photography
1494:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1867:
1853:
1534:. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art.
1309:"Facts relating to optical science. No. 1"
1188:. Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
652:, the president of the Royal Society, and
365:
42:
1572:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1379:
1212:"Thomas Moore & the Ladies of Lacock"
1030:
995:"Melbury Sampford Parish Records, Dorset"
950:
283:, electricity and other subjects such as
1637:Watson, Roger; Rappaport, Helen (2013).
1501:Fox Talbot and the Reading Establishment
1464:
1359:. Harvard University Press. p. 22.
1051:
891:
818:
766:
717:
714:Spectroscopic and optical investigations
684:
608:
568:
564:
475:
459:
451:
369:
1739:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1613:
1590:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1498:
1032:"Talbot, William Henry Fox (TLBT817WH)"
628:In 1851, the year of Daguerre's death,
27:English photography pioneer (1800–1877)
14:
2118:
1586:
1567:
1548:
1428:International Photography Hall of Fame
1329:
1306:
1283:
1210:Schaaf, Larry J. (16 September 2016).
1209:
1159:
880:Illustrations of the Antiquity of the
386:nor the first one publicly announced.
1848:
1517:
1286:"Some experiments on coloured flames"
1265:from the original on 20 November 2014
955:In 1966 Talbot was inducted into the
2221:Members of Parliament for Chippenham
2201:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1160:Schaaf, Larry J. (9 December 2016).
814:
24:
2216:19th-century English photographers
1875:19th-century English photographers
1759:Works by or about Henry Fox Talbot
1203:
885:(1839). He was also the author of
725:of insect wings by Talbot using a
25:
2247:
2040:William Eastman Palmer & Sons
1656:
1485:"Talbot, William Henry Fox"
904:
523:. Another notable calotypist was
2206:Fox family (English aristocracy)
2196:People educated at Harrow School
1787:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1662:
1553:. Minneapolis: Minnesota Press.
1491:Dictionary of National Biography
1452:
1290:The Edinburgh Journal of Science
537:In 1852, Talbot discovered that
199:
2151:Archaeologists of the Near East
1445:
1416:
1398:
1373:
1356:Hydrogen: The Essential Element
1346:
1323:
1300:
1277:
1250:
1225:
1191:
1179:
1153:
1139:
1127:
1064:A contemporary letter by Talbot
778:Talbot allowed free use of the
525:Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson
441:
384:the first such process invented
347:Edinburgh Philosophical Journal
1614:Stenton, Michael, ed. (1976).
1102:
1086:
1074:
1057:
1024:
1012:
987:
969:
13:
1:
1706:Talbot and Photogenic Drawing
1622:. Hassocks: Harvester Press.
1382:Who's buried where in England
1257:Volker Thomsen (1 May 2013).
1166:The Talbot Catalogue Raisonné
573:The photographic workshop in
545:, a sensitiser introduced by
530:In 1842, Talbot received the
298:
53:
2226:Photographers from Wiltshire
2181:Fellows of the Royal Society
1607:UK public library membership
896:Talbot, William Henry Fox –
648:published an open letter by
353:Quarterly Journal of Science
271:in 1831 for his work on the
267:, Talbot was elected to the
7:
1890:William Makepeace Thackeray
1885:William de Wiveleslie Abney
1095:Album di disegni fotogenici
1036:A Cambridge Alumni Database
335:, where he was awarded the
10:
2252:
2176:High sheriffs of Wiltshire
1424:"William Henry Fox Talbot"
1038:. University of Cambridge.
667:, was heard in court. The
445:
333:Trinity College, Cambridge
1880:
1828:
1807:Member of Parliament for
1805:
1792:
1785:
1768:Works by Henry Fox Talbot
1750:Works by Henry Fox Talbot
1696:`Talbot' vs. `Fox Talbot'
1568:Schaaf, Larry J. (2000).
1518:Booth, Arthur H. (1965).
1470:Talbot, William Henry Fox
841:High Sheriff of Wiltshire
805:electromagnetic radiation
483:image of plants (c. 1860)
167:
161:William Davenport Talbot
157:
143:
133:
125:
117:
94:
61:
41:
34:
2080:Francis Meadow Sutcliffe
1920:Robert Jefferson Bingham
1744:University of St Andrews
1522:. London: Arthur Barker.
1499:Andrews, Martin (2014).
1332:"On the nature of light"
962:
939:Birmingham Museum of Art
929:Sun pictures in Scotland
252:and made some important
186:William Henry Fox Talbot
163:Elisabeth Fox Strangways
66:William Henry Fox Talbot
2131:Pioneers of photography
1503:. Reading: Two Rivers.
1475:Encyclopædia Britannica
1353:John S. Rigden (2003).
823:Talbot family grave in
656:, the president of the
366:Photographic inventions
2191:People from Chippenham
2156:English Assyriologists
2146:Independent scientists
2020:William Edward Kilburn
1955:Philip Henry Delamotte
1945:Julia Margaret Cameron
1599:10.1093/ref:odnb/26946
1549:Maimon, Vered (2015).
1336:Philosophical Magazine
1313:Philosophical Magazine
951:Posthumous recognition
901:
828:
809:ultra-violet radiation
775:
729:
690:
630:Frederick Scott Archer
618:
578:
484:
473:
464:Salted paper print of
457:
379:
359:Philosophical Magazine
287:, the decipherment of
129:Pioneering photography
121:Scientist and inventor
2000:Alfred Horsley Hinton
1895:Sarah Angelina Acland
1641:. London: Macmillan.
1330:Talbot, H.F. (1835).
1307:Talbot, H.F. (1834).
1284:Talbot, H.F. (1826).
895:
822:
774:seeds (1858 or later)
770:
762:polarizing microscope
746:polarization of light
721:
688:
654:Charles Lock Eastlake
634:wet collodion process
612:
572:
565:Patenting controversy
479:
463:
455:
373:
317:2nd Earl of Ilchester
2085:Constance Fox Talbot
2075:Jane Martha St. John
2055:Henry Peach Robinson
2035:Farnham Maxwell-Lyte
2030:Richard Cockle Lucas
1837:Henry George Boldero
1801:Henry George Boldero
1730:Robertson, Edmund F.
1671:at Wikimedia Commons
1020:accessed 11 Aug 2017
923:The Pencil of Nature
707:The Pencil of Nature
543:potassium dichromate
481:Photoglyptic gravure
393:'s invention of the
319:. His governess was
275:, and researched in
245:The Pencil of Nature
149:Rosamond (1837–1906)
2186:Royal Medal winners
2100:Henry Van der Weyde
2065:Alice Seeley Harris
1728:O'Connor, John J.;
1639:Capturing the Light
1237:foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk
944:English Etymologies
887:English Etymologies
468:from a calotype by
466:David Octavius Hill
374:Latticed window at
303:Talbot was born in
153:Charles (1842–1916)
151:Matilda (1839–1927)
1734:"Henry Fox Talbot"
1724:, 10 December 2012
1081:Boddington, Jennie
981:Nathaniel Whittock
902:
829:
776:
730:
691:
619:
579:
521:Hill & Adamson
485:
474:
458:
380:
256:of Oxford, Paris,
2126:English inventors
2113:
2112:
2005:Frederick Hollyer
1980:Peter Wickens Fry
1960:Elliott & Fry
1935:Sarah Anne Bright
1910:Alexander Bassano
1905:William Bambridge
1843:
1842:
1829:Succeeded by
1754:Project Gutenberg
1686:Fox Talbot Museum
1667:Media related to
1648:978-1-4472-1258-4
1605:(Subscription or
1560:978-0-8166-9471-6
1541:978-0-300-17934-7
1510:978-1-901677-98-0
1366:978-0-674-01252-3
900:(Zeno Fotografie)
738:chemical elements
734:spectral analysis
670:Talbot v. Laroche
586:, along with the
399:Royal Institution
273:integral calculus
254:early photographs
183:
182:
98:17 September 1877
48:Daguerreotype by
16:(Redirected from
2243:
2166:UK MPs 1832–1835
2090:Henry Fox Talbot
2070:Charles Shepherd
2045:William Pumphrey
1990:Norman Heathcote
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1793:Preceded by
1783:
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1669:Henry Fox Talbot
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1261:. Spectroscopy.
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898:Die drei Grazien
874:. He published
870:inscriptions of
827:village cemetery
815:Other activities
801:visible spectrum
780:calotype process
727:solar microscope
642:In August 1852,
604:photomicrography
582:the world." The
505:contact printing
435:Nicéphore Niépce
228:
227:
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138:Constance Talbot
101:
80:Melbury Sampford
76:11 February 1800
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36:Henry Fox Talbot
32:
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2161:Spectroscopists
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2050:James Robertson
1965:William England
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882:Book of Genesis
878:(1838–39), and
860:Henry Rawlinson
817:
787:of light using
723:Photomicrograph
716:
683:
632:publicised the
613:London Street,
567:
551:carbon printing
450:
444:
431:Thomas Wedgwood
415:silver chloride
407:sodium chloride
368:
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293:ancient history
202:
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147:Ela (1835–1893)
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50:Antoine Claudet
37:
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2025:Martin Laroche
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2017:
2012:
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1338:. 3rd series.
1322:
1319:(20): 112–114.
1315:. 3rd series.
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682:
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665:Martin Laroche
588:British Empire
584:United Kingdom
566:
563:
507:, whereas the
497:"latent" image
470:Robert Adamson
446:Main article:
443:
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411:silver nitrate
391:Louis Daguerre
389:Shortly after
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999:opcdorset.org
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541:treated with
540:
535:
533:
532:Rumford Medal
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
509:daguerreotype
506:
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498:
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489:silver iodide
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329:Harrow School
326:
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305:Melbury House
296:
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196:
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177:Rumford Medal
173:
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118:Occupation(s)
116:
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97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
64:
60:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2089:
2010:Alice Hughes
1970:Roger Fenton
1832:Joseph Neeld
1824:Joseph Neeld
1822:
1806:
1796:Joseph Neeld
1772:Open Library
1737:
1721:The Guardian
1719:
1674:
1638:
1617:
1588:
1569:
1550:
1531:
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1500:
1489:
1473:
1446:Bibliography
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1302:
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1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1155:
1141:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1093:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1035:
1026:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
989:
979:
971:
954:
943:
935:Loch Katrine
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
897:
886:
879:
875:
845:
830:
797:
777:
754:iceland spar
731:
705:
703:
699:
695:Thomas Moore
692:
675:Joseph Reade
668:
662:
643:
641:
638:
627:
620:
596:
580:
559:
547:Mungo Ponton
536:
529:
517:Henry Collen
514:
486:
480:
442:The Calotype
404:
388:
381:
376:Lacock Abbey
357:
351:
345:
337:Porson Prize
321:Agnes Porter
309:Lacock Abbey
302:
262:
260:, and York.
243:
240:photogravure
231:salted paper
185:
184:
100:(1877-09-17)
29:
2141:1877 deaths
2136:1800 births
2105:Carl Vandyk
1900:Anna Atkins
1679:1803–2005:
1410:blogs.bl.uk
1269:20 November
1171:24 December
976:Hugh Murray
852:Mesopotamia
848:Assyriology
785:diffraction
501:translucent
493:gallic acid
325:Rottingdean
172:Royal Medal
2120:Categories
1809:Chippenham
1609:required.)
1391:0094793107
1342:: 113–118.
1004:10 January
837:Chippenham
750:tourmaline
650:Lord Rosse
555:holography
419:photograms
313:Chippenham
299:Early life
72:1800-02-11
18:Fox Talbot
925:(1844–46)
913:(1838–39)
868:cuneiform
843:in 1840.
772:Dandelion
645:The Times
472:, c. 1845
289:cuneiform
285:etymology
281:chemistry
250:negatives
158:Parent(s)
112:, England
110:Wiltshire
1296:: 77–81.
1263:Archived
1242:23 March
1217:23 March
1119:23 April
889:(1846).
858:). With
789:gratings
599:licences
592:Waterloo
539:gelatine
448:Calotype
341:wrangler
265:polymath
235:calotype
144:Children
2236:Nineveh
1761:at the
1676:Hansard
1463::
1433:22 July
872:Nineveh
758:calcite
742:spectra
623:Reading
615:Reading
575:Reading
331:and at
311:, near
258:Reading
88:England
1821:With:
1645:
1626:
1603:
1576:
1557:
1538:
1507:
1457:
1388:
1363:
946:(1846)
931:(1845)
919:(1839)
825:Lacock
748:using
577:, 1846
427:camera
291:, and
277:optics
179:(1842)
174:(1838)
168:Awards
134:Spouse
106:Lacock
84:Dorset
963:Notes
425:in a
1818:1835
1814:1832
1643:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1435:2022
1386:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1271:2014
1244:2021
1219:2021
1173:2017
1121:2024
1006:2023
862:and
856:Iraq
833:Whig
433:and
423:lens
233:and
195:FRAS
192:FRSE
95:Died
62:Born
56:1844
1834:and
1798:and
1770:at
1752:at
1595:doi
1472:".
1149:BBC
1069:the
756:or
189:FRS
2122::
1742:,
1736:,
1732:,
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1488:.
1426:.
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279:,
263:A
210:ɔː
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225:/
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219:ə
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213:l
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70:(
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