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174:. First, "iodised paper" was made by brushing one side of a sheet of high-quality writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying it, dipping it in a solution of potassium iodide, then drying it again. At this stage, the balance of the chemicals was such that the paper was practically insensitive to light and could be stored indefinitely. When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution consisting of silver nitrate,
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225:, was normally used for that purpose. It was simpler and less expensive, and Talbot himself considered the appearance of salted paper prints to be more attractive. The longer exposure required to make a salted print was at worst a minor inconvenience when making a contact print by sunlight. Calotype negatives were often impregnated with wax to improve their transparency and make the grain of the paper less conspicuous in the prints.
286:
In addition, the calotype produced a less clear image than the daguerreotype. The use of paper as a negative meant that the texture and fibers of the paper were visible in prints made from it, leading to an image that was slightly grainy or fuzzy compared to daguerreotypes, which were usually sharp
521:
Impressed by light: British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860. Accompanies the exhibition 'Impressed by light – British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860' held at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 24 – December 30, 2007; at the National Gallery of Art,
182:, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera. Development was effected by brushing on more of the "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution while gently warming the paper. When development was complete, the calotype was rinsed, blotted, then either stabilized by washing it in a solution of
274:
his processes in
England and beyond. Unlike Talbot, Daguerre who had been granted a stipend by the French state in exchange for making his process publicly available, did not patent his invention. In Scotland, where the English patent law was not applicable at the time, members of the
236:
in 1839. Talbot was, however, the first to apply it to a paper-based process and to a negative-positive process, thereby pioneering the various developed-out negative-positive processes which have dominated non-electronic photography up to the present.
142:
had to be produced in the camera, which could be done in a minute or two if the subject was in bright sunlight. The paper, shielded from further exposure to daylight, was then removed from the camera and the latent image was chemically
283:, the Calotype Society was organized in London around 1847 attracting a dozen enthusiasts. In 1853, twelve years after the introduction of paper-negative photography to the public, Talbot's patent restriction was lifted.
202:
and commonly called "hypo", which dissolved the silver iodide and allowed it to be entirely washed out, leaving only the silver particles of the developed image and making the calotype completely insensitive to light.
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and on the
European continent outside France in the 1850s, especially among the amateur calotypists, who prized the aesthetics of calotypes and also wanted to differentiate from commercial photographers, until the
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process, i.e., the paper had to be exposed in the camera until the image was fully visible. A very long exposure—typically an hour or more—was required to produce an acceptable
232:
during the 1820s involved the chemical development of a latent image, as did the widely used daguerreotype process introduced to the public by Niépce's partner and successor
218:. This gave it an important advantage over the daguerreotype process, which produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.
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combining the sharpness of a daguerreotype with the replicability of a calotype later in the nineteenth century. British photographers also brought the calotype to
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Despite their flexibility and the ease with which they could be made, calotypes did not displace the daguerreotype. In part, this was the result of Talbot having
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Talbot is sometimes erroneously credited with introducing the principle of latent image development. The bitumen process used in private experiments by
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Although calotype paper could be used to make positive prints from calotype negatives, Talbot's earlier silver chloride paper, commonly called
610:
Photography: The importance of its applications in preserving pictorial records. Containing a practical description of the
Talbotype process.
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1967:
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628:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007. Available online, including a biographical dictionary of 500 calotypists.
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370:"Daguerreotypes – Time Line of the Daguerreian Era – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)"
648:, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on calotype.
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Washington, D.C., February 3 – May 4, 2008; and at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, May 26 – September 7, 2008.
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119:, which darkened in proportion to its exposure to light. This early "photogenic drawing" process was a
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and other
Scottish early photographers successfully adopted the paper-negative photo technology. In
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500:"Photographic Processes: Calotypes (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)"
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W H Fox Talbot: Scientist, photographer, classical scholar 1800 – 1877: A further assessment.
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860: Exhibition Overview
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Talbot made his first successful camera photographs in 1835 using paper sensitised with
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into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the
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process introduced in 1839), in which only an extremely faint or completely invisible
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in a condition such that it would only slightly discolour when exposed to light, or "
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limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures.
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412:, Henry Fox Talbot: "Improvement in Photographic Pictures" filing date Jun 26, 1847
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Nature
Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science by Jennifer Tucker
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London: Hering & Remington; Peterborough, T. Chadwell & J. Clarke, 1855.
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Hutchins, Laura A.; May, Robert E. (2011). "The
Preservation of Finger Ridges".
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263:; medium: calotype print, size: 19.60 x 14.50 cm; from the collection of the
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860.
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Primitive
Photography: A Guide to Making Cameras, Lenses, and Calotypes.
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Basic Photography — a manual for the training of fashion photographers.
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Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860
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The Duleep Singhs: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah
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Photography: including the Daguerreotype, Calotype & Chrysotype
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William Henry Fox Talbot pioneer of photography and man of science.
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New York: Dover Publications, 1978. Translated by Edward Epstean.
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All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860
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Transcript of the opening speech, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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2009:
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399:. NIJ and International Association for Identification.
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
186:, which converted the remaining silver iodide into
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291:that were made from them—remained popular in the
130:In late 1840, Talbot worked out a very different
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524:New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.
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654:Photographic Exhibitions in Britain, 1839–1865
584:. Boston: Gootine, London Scholar Press, 1980.
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582:Fox Talbot & the invention of photography
71:Paper texture effects in calotype photography
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210:original negative image from which multiple
2231:Conservation and restoration of photographs
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287:and clear. Nevertheless, calotypes—and the
1968:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2188:Photographs considered the most important
538:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 24.
431:The Origins of Photojournalism in America
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577:. London: H. Renshaw, 1842, 2nd edition.
244:
25:
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622:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
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519:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
134:process (a concept pioneered by the
2183:Museums devoted to one photographer
639:The Calotype Society (flickr group)
13:
1730:Timeline of photography technology
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14:
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2314:Photography in the United Kingdom
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619:Frankfurt/M.: Jentzen oHG, 1992.
571:The Calotype familiarly explained
435:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
383:
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566:London: Hutchinson Benham, 1977.
206:The calotype process produced a
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455:Roger Taylor, Guest curator of
308:, where, for example, in 1848,
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488:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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427:Carlebach, Michael L. (1992).
403:
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316:, took the first image of the
265:National Galleries of Scotland
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1780:Painted photography backdrops
1712:Golden triangle (composition)
987:35 mm equivalent focal length
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166:, created by the reaction of
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1490:Intentional camera movement
393:The Finger print Sourcebook
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2178:Most expensive photographs
1535:Multi-exposure HDR capture
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23:Early photographic process
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659:1705 records for calotype
2112:Digital image processing
214:could be made by simple
59:William Henry Fox Talbot
36:William Henry Fox Talbot
1785:Photography and the law
601:Lassam, and Seabourne.
589:History of Photography.
277:Edinburgh Calotype Club
194:" in a hot solution of
2132:Gelatin silver process
1156:Science of photography
1141:Photographic processes
1119:Perspective distortion
318:Maharajah Duleep Singh
267:
162:in calotype paper was
57:introduced in 1841 by
43:
1590:Schlieren photography
1129:Photographic printing
1052:Exposure compensation
534:Bance, Peter (2004).
502:. Loc.gov. 2011-08-30
300:enabled both to make
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29:
18:hot metal typesetting
1374:Straight photography
1012:Chromatic aberration
587:Eder, Josef Maria.
200:hyposulphite of soda
158:The light-sensitive
95:), "beautiful", and
55:photographic process
16:For "hot type", see
2241:photographic plates
1926:Digital photography
1104:Hyperfocal distance
1017:Circle of confusion
608:Marshall, F. A. S.
312:, a surgeon in the
289:salted paper prints
196:sodium thiosulphate
42:1843 calotype print
1745:Autochrome Lumière
1740:Analog photography
1565:Pigeon photography
1354:Social documentary
833:discontinued films
651:Research database
598:Focal Press, 2002.
562:Aronold, H. J. P.
314:East India Company
268:
254:Hill & Adamson
44:
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2097:Collodion process
2033:Chromogenic print
2020:Color photography
1530:Multiple exposure
1505:Lo-fi photography
1032:Color temperature
340:Collodion process
298:collodion process
184:potassium bromide
155:process in 1841.
107:), "impression".
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2152:Print permanence
2102:Cross processing
2060:CMYK color model
2045:Color management
1998:Foveon X3 sensor
1993:Three-CCD camera
1637:Miniature faking
1595:Sabattier effect
1207:Astrophotography
1062:Zebra patterning
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132:developing-out
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605:Lacock, 1977.
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580:Buckland, G.
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330:Albumen print
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250:Thomas Duncan
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164:silver iodide
161:
160:silver halide
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137:
136:daguerreotype
133:
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83:
82:Ancient Greek
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:silver iodide
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
37:
33:
28:
19:
2253:Polaroid art
2147:K-14 process
2142:Instant film
2137:Gum printing
2092:C-41 process
2077:Photographic
1978:Image sensor
1973:Film scanner
1754:
1627:Sun printing
1560:Print toning
1347:space selfie
1317:Pictorialism
1247:Ethnographic
1227:Conservation
1099:Guide number
1094:Focal length
653:
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504:. Retrieved
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392:
385:
374:. Retrieved
364:
285:
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227:
223:salted paper
222:
220:
205:
199:
157:
152:
148:
140:latent image
131:
129:
121:printing-out
120:
114:
77:
75:
65:coated with
53:is an early
50:
46:
45:
2258:Stereoscopy
2122:E-6 process
2117:Dye coupler
2050:color space
1963:Digiscoping
1956:camera back
1871:Philippines
1800:Visual arts
1790:Glass plate
1775:Heliography
1674:Composition
1649:Ultraviolet
1605:Stereoscopy
1600:Slow motion
1585:Scanography
1500:Kite aerial
1440:Contre-jour
1332:Post-mortem
1322:Pornography
1302:Neues Sehen
1237:Documentary
1171:Zone System
1146:Reciprocity
1072:Film format
1002:Backscatter
980:Terminology
850:beauty dish
749:rangefinder
714:light-field
695:Photography
594:Greene, A.
310:John McCosh
261: 1844
208:translucent
180:gallic acid
176:acetic acid
111:The process
2303:Categories
2248:Lomography
2079:processing
2028:Print film
1944:comparison
1911:Uzbekistan
1861:Luxembourg
1821:Bangladesh
1770:Dufaycolor
1750:Box camera
1707:Simplicity
1664:Zoom burst
1659:Xerography
1654:Vignetting
1644:Time-lapse
1632:Tilt–shift
1525:Mordançage
1515:Luminogram
1480:Holography
1475:High-speed
1455:Fill flash
1435:Burst mode
1413:Techniques
1394:Vernacular
1389:Underwater
1384:Toy camera
1364:Still life
1292:Monochrome
1282:High-speed
1232:Cloudscape
1222:Conceptual
1124:Photograph
1109:Lens flare
1089:Film speed
971:Zone plate
917:wide-angle
902:long-focus
545:0750934883
506:2013-08-18
376:2013-08-18
356:References
241:Popularity
2198:Norwegian
2162:Stop bath
2107:Developer
1735:Ambrotype
1697:Lead room
1620:Slit-scan
1555:Photogram
1550:Panoramic
1460:Fireworks
1445:Cyanotype
1287:Landscape
932:telephoto
880:reflector
875:monolight
870:lens hood
855:cucoloris
791:safelight
702:Equipment
372:. Loc.gov
335:Ambrotype
212:positives
153:talbotype
145:developed
76:The term
51:talbotype
2277:Category
1983:CMOS APS
1881:Slovenia
1809:Regional
1755:Calotype
1692:Headroom
1570:Redscale
1485:Infrared
1430:Brenizer
1404:Wildlife
1327:Portrait
1272:Forensic
1262:Fine-art
1197:Aircraft
1187:Abstract
1067:F-number
1047:Exposure
1022:Clipping
997:Aperture
865:hot shoe
786:enlarger
781:Darkroom
474:, p. 20.
324:See also
272:patented
149:calotype
125:negative
78:calotype
61:, using
47:Calotype
2288:Outline
2224:Related
1916:Vietnam
1901:Ukraine
1836:Denmark
1816:Albania
1795:Tintype
1722:History
1687:Framing
1580:Rollout
1545:Panning
1495:Kirlian
1399:Wedding
1277:Glamour
1257:Fashion
1242:Eclipse
1212:Banquet
1134:Albumen
944:Monopod
922:fisheye
890:softbox
739:pinhole
729:instant
719:digital
350:Tintype
281:England
2286:
2275:
2208:street
2203:Polish
1896:Turkey
1891:Taiwan
1876:Serbia
1866:Norway
1841:Greece
1826:Canada
1420:Afocal
1379:Street
1359:Sports
1342:Selfie
1297:Nature
1252:Erotic
1217:Candid
1192:Aerial
1180:Genres
1082:medium
959:Tripod
927:swivel
840:Filter
818:holder
813:format
709:Camera
542:
439:
2213:women
2171:Lists
2127:Fixer
2010:Pixel
1939:D-SLR
1886:Sudan
1856:Korea
1851:Japan
1846:India
1831:China
1615:Strip
1540:Night
1520:Macro
1425:Bokeh
1369:Stock
1337:Ruins
1077:large
907:prime
885:snoot
845:Flash
823:stock
798:Drone
759:still
744:press
734:phone
724:field
397:(PDF)
306:India
252:, by
192:fixed
170:with
104:typos
98:τύπος
92:kalos
86:καλός
63:paper
34:, by
2236:film
1951:MILC
1450:ETTR
1307:Nude
1267:Fire
1166:Sync
964:head
912:zoom
897:Lens
860:gobo
808:base
803:Film
774:view
540:ISBN
437:ISBN
178:and
1988:CCD
769:toy
764:TLR
754:SLR
151:or
49:or
2305::
573:,
486:,
459:,
417:^
320:.
258:c.
256:,
127:.
69:.
40:c.
38:,
687:e
680:t
673:v
548:.
509:.
445:.
379:.
101:(
89:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
