281:, amines, ammonia, sulfite, thioether, crown ether. Examples of compounds that reduces the solubility include many organic thiols and nitrogen compounds that do not possess solubilizing group other than mercapto group or the nitrogen site, such as mercaptooxazoles, mercaptotetrazoles, especially 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole, benzimidazoles, especially 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, benzotriazole, and these compounds further substituted by hydrophobic groups. Compounds such as thiocyanate and thiosulfate enhance solubility when they are present in a sufficiently large quantity, due to formation of highly soluble complex ions, but they also significantly depress solubility when present in a very small quantity, due to formation of sparingly soluble complex ions.
239:
273:
of halides. The three main silver halide compounds have distinctive colours that can be used to quickly identify halide ions in a solution. The silver chloride compound forms a white precipitate, silver bromide a creamy coloured precipitate and silver iodide a yellow coloured precipitate.
165:
Silver bromide and silver chloride may be used separately or combined, depending on the sensitivity and tonal qualities desired in the product. Silver iodide is always combined with silver bromide or silver chloride, except in the case of some historical processes such as the
161:
which turns the entire crystal into metallic silver. Areas of the emulsion receiving larger amounts of light (reflected from a subject being photographed, for example) undergo the greatest development and therefore results in the highest optical density.
289:
Silver halide can be used to deposit fine details of metallic silver on surfaces, such as film. Because of the chemical stability of metallic silver, this film can be used for archival purposes. For example, the
178:
method, in which exposure to strong red light, which affects only the crystals bearing latent image specks, is substituted for exposure to mercury fumes). Silver fluoride is not used in photography.
277:
Some compounds can considerably increase or decrease the solubility of AgX. Examples of compounds that increase the solubility include: cyanide, thiocyanate, thiosulfate,
80:
As a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo-chemical notation AgX. Although most silver halides involve silver atoms with
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uses film developed with silver halides to store data of historical and cultural interest, such as a snapshot of the Open Source code in all active
157:). If the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered developable - meaning that it can undergo
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174:, in which the iodide is sometimes used alone (generally regarded as necessary if a daguerreotype is to be developed by the
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473:
131:
209:), or combination thereof, and then combined with an interstitial silver ion to form a silver metal speck.
84:
of +1 (Ag), silver halides in which the silver atoms have oxidation states of +2 (Ag) are known, of which
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on the surface of the crystal is turned into a speck of metallic silver (these comprise the invisible or
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of appropriate physical and chemical properties. The gelatin may also contain trace elements (such as
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263:
91:
Silver halides are light-sensitive chemicals, and are commonly used in photographic film and paper.
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105:
387:"An Improvement of the Amperometric Titration of Thiols at the Rotating Platinum Electrode"
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17:
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201:, which is a shallow electron trap, which may be a crystalline defect or a cluster of
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Silver-based salt used in photographic film and traditional photographic paper
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Silver halides, except for silver fluoride, are very insoluble in water.
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146:, although modern practice uses gelatin without such components.
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118:, including graphic art film and paper, where silver halide
350:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 689–703,
134:. The gelatin is a vital part of the emulsion as the
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When a silver halide crystal is exposed to light, a
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455:
426:"Piql. Long-term preservation technology study"
344:"Titrimetric Methods Involving a Precipitation"
424:Sabliński, Jędrzej; Trujillo, Alfredo (2021).
142:) which increase the light sensitivity of the
242:The three common silver halide precipitates:
61:(F) may each combine with silver to produce
16:"AgX" redirects here. For other uses, see
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348:Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry
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212:Silver halides are also used to make
185:cause electrons to be promoted to a
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13:
14:
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181:When absorbed by an AgX crystal,
443:10.4467/26581264ARC.21.011.14491
385:Borresen, H. C. (July 1, 1963).
269:; this application is useful in
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94:
30:(or silver salt) is one of the
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378:
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205:, gold, other trace elements (
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88:is the only known stable one.
1:
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356:10.1007/978-1-4419-8382-4_37
227:
7:
342:Burgot, Jean-Louis (2012),
110:Silver halides are used in
10:
495:
317:"Chemistry of Photography"
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193:with higher energy than a
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34:that can form between the
15:
298:repositories as of 2020.
73:(AgI), and four forms of
216:darken when exposed to
474:Photographic chemicals
315:Myers, Dr. Drew.
255:
106:Gelatin silver process
271:quantitative analysis
241:
391:Analytical Chemistry
292:Arctic World Archive
41:(Ag) and one of the
18:AGX (disambiguation)
403:10.1021/ac60201a056
168:collodion wet plate
126:are coated on to a
86:silver(II) fluoride
256:
136:protective colloid
116:photographic paper
32:chemical compounds
365:978-1-4419-8381-7
218:ultraviolet light
214:corrective lenses
199:sensitivity speck
151:sensitivity speck
130:, glass or paper
112:photographic film
100:Light sensitivity
45:. In particular,
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464:Silver compounds
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447:
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421:
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397:(8): 1096–1097.
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321:Cheresources.com
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191:electron orbital
82:oxidation states
77:, respectively.
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479:Optical devices
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262:can be used to
254:(left to right)
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187:conduction band
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75:silver fluoride
67:silver chloride
24:
21:
12:
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5:
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260:Silver nitrate
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203:silver sulfide
189:(de-localized
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63:silver bromide
22:
9:
6:
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2:
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222:photochromism
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71:silver iodide
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28:silver halide
19:
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429:
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394:
390:
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369:, retrieved
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337:
325:. Retrieved
323:. GlobalSpec
320:
310:
288:
285:Archival use
276:
257:
234:Argentometry
211:
195:valence band
180:
164:
155:latent image
148:
109:
95:Applications
90:
79:
27:
25:
371:December 4,
327:January 25,
264:precipitate
159:development
458:Categories
302:References
232:See also:
104:See also:
436:: 13–32.
411:0003-2700
228:Chemistry
176:Becquerel
132:substrate
128:film base
430:Archeion
279:thiourea
144:emulsion
120:crystals
69:(AgCl),
65:(AgBr),
59:fluorine
57:(I) and
51:chlorine
43:halogens
267:halides
183:photons
124:gelatin
47:bromine
36:element
409:
362:
296:GitHub
250:&
207:dopant
140:sulfur
55:iodine
53:(Cl),
49:(Br),
39:silver
220:(see
407:ISSN
373:2023
360:ISBN
329:2009
252:AgCl
248:AgBr
170:and
114:and
438:doi
434:122
399:doi
352:doi
244:AgI
224:).
122:in
460::
432:.
428:.
405:.
395:35
393:.
389:.
358:,
346:,
319:.
246:,
26:A
446:.
440::
413:.
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354::
331:.
20:.
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