629:
652:
2087:
174:
612:, the U.S. Army engineer in charge of the construction of Fort Wool and its larger companion Fort Monroe, across the channel on the mainland. Lee was given the task of stabilizing the island as his first independent command. He found that the island would not hold the weight of the two tiers of casemates and brought more stone in to stabilize it, but the fort never reached its intended size. Lee found the stone foundation under the fort was the problem and that it could not support the weight of four tiers of the completed fort.
199:
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on long-range carriages was constructed on a rebuilt
Battery Horatio Gates from March 1943 to January 1944. The work was completed, and the shielded carriages were installed; however, the gun tubes were not mounted. On 30 September 1943, installation was completed on an SCR-296A radar to provide
734:
met to recommend improvements to U.S. coast defenses. At Fort Wool the result was the demolition of all but a small part of the western end of the fort to make room for modern gun emplacements. Five gun batteries were constructed after 1902. Fort Wool was armed with relatively small-caliber,
595:
Construction of the fort began in 1826, and after considerable delays caused by subsidence of the island, two-thirds of the first level of casemates was finally completed in 1830. Construction continued through 1834, and only half of the second tier was completed. It was then found that Fort
592:. Construction got underway in 1819 when crews started dumping granite boulders into the water. It took four years to bring the rock pile up to the 6-foot-tall island called for in the plans, and three more years before the foundation was ready to begin the fort's construction.
663:
A long-range experimental cannon, the Sawyer gun, was installed at Fort
Calhoun in mid-1861 during the Civil War. The weapon was rifled, and an illustration in an August 1861 newspaper shows it mounted on a high-angle carriage. The range of this weapon extended all the way to
857:
was constructed next to Fort Wool, with its southern island connected to the fort by an earthen causeway. The HRBT opened to traffic in 1957. In 1967 and again in 1970, the city of
Hampton developed the fort into a park, accessed by the passenger ferry
518:, although it never reached this size. Only two-thirds of the fort's bottom two tiers were completed. Fort Wool was built to maintain a crossfire with Fort Monroe, located directly across the channel, thereby protecting the entrance to the harbor.
600:. Reports to the chief of engineers repeatedly state that the island had stabilized and construction could continue "the next year". In fact, the island continues to settle in the early 21st century. A young second lieutenant and engineer in the
529:
each, plus two batteries totaling six 3-inch (76 mm) guns, remained in place for decades, with modifications made from time to time. Only the six original three-inch guns remained in 1942, when two were sent to nearby
559:
to create or improve fortifications for the protection of vital U.S. ports. Bernard's plan was to build more than forty new forts, including Fort Wool, which he had named Fort
Calhoun. The fort was to have three tiers of
619:
in 1861 brought the fort's construction to a halt, with one complete tier and one open-top tier of casemates on about two-thirds of the designed perimeter. The south-facing "gorge" or back of the fort remained open.
1966:
1921:
1841:
538:. A modern battery of two new long-range six-inch guns was constructed over one of the old Endicott period batteries during World War II but was never armed. The fort was decommissioned by the military in 1953.
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684:; however, none of his designs were widely adopted. A weapon of this type was tested at Fort Monroe in 1859, and two different Sawyer weapons, a 24-pounder rifle and a 3.67-inch, were used in the
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2016:
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580:, as the island had to be built up considerably to accommodate it. The fort was planned as a shallow "V" shape pointing north, with rounded ends. It was to be built on a 15 acres (6.1 ha)
2398:
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1936:
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and three artillery batteries totaling 45 guns. The weapon was a rifled 24-pounder (which would fire a projectile of 42–48 pounds), one of several rifled artillery pieces developed by
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525:, all of the original fort, except for eight casemates at the west end, was demolished and new fortifications were constructed. The new armament, mounted in three batteries of two
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The fort was originally named after John C. Calhoun, President Monroe's secretary of war who was a
Southern politician of secessionist tendencies. In 1862 it was renamed after
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572:
mounted, and was to be manned by a garrison of 1,000 soldiers. With four tiers, it was planned as the first "tower fort" of the third system, resembling the four-tier
1590:
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842:, two each in 1942 and 1943. Anti-submarine nets were stretched across the harbor between Fort Wool and Fort Monroe in both world wars.
877:, continues to settle, and occasionally the casemates of the original fortress are off-limits for safety reasons. On 28 April 2007, a
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743:. Some of the mines (called "torpedoes" at the time) were stored at Fort Wool; the mines were controlled from Fort Monroe.
146:
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198:
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835:
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for
Battery 229. The previous 6-inch guns were scrapped in 1942–43. Battery Lee's four 3-inch guns were transferred to
644:
hero and commander at Fort Monroe. The fort was armed during the Civil War, initially with only 10 guns, and fired on
475:. It is noted on current nautical maps as "Rip Raps" and was sometimes referred to by that name during the Civil War.
1310:
173:
804:, along with their disappearing carriages. The remaining guns were shifted from Battery Claiborne to Battery Gates.
426:
996:
735:
rapid-fire guns because Fort Monroe had numerous large-caliber weapons. The 3-inch guns were intended to defend
1365:
1098:
688:
of 1864–65, although the 24-pounder burst at the tenth round and the 3.67-inch rifle was seldom used. The
1020:
862:. The fort can also be seen by westbound vehicles on approach to the HRBT southern tunnel, which carries
854:
801:
535:
155:
1555:
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1503:
952:
845:
In 1946 Battery
Hindman's pair of 3-inch guns were transferred to Fort Monroe as a saluting battery.
781:
506:
dumped as sailing ships entered
Hampton's harbor and was originally intended to have three tiers of
641:
92:
1044:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American
Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
889:. In 2020 the fort was converted into a bird sanctuary, and routine public access was terminated.
1351:
853:
The fort was decommissioned in 1953 and given to the
Commonwealth of Virginia. In the 1950s, the
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28:
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Battery Horatio Gates: two 6-inch (152 mm) guns on disappearing carriages (1908-1942)
8:
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sailing past the fort, part of the 400th anniversary celebrations of the settlement of
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in New York harbor. Early plans called it "Castle Calhoun". The fort was effectively a
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107:
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were stretched across the harbor between Fort Wool and Fort Monroe in both world wars.
313:
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In 1917 and 1918, all but two of the six-inch guns were removed for potential use as
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was raised over Fort Wool for the first time. This took place during a parade of
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442:
86:
41:
1347:
Siege Artillery in the Campaigns against Richmond, with notes on the 15-inch gun
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422:
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468:
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814:
Battery Jacob Hindman: two 3-inch (76 mm) rapid-fire guns (1905-1946)
787:
Battery Jacob Hindman: two 3-inch (76 mm) rapid-fire guns (1905-1946)
1585:
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722:
693:
494:, an expatriate Frenchman who had served as a general of engineers under
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402:
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882:
839:
811:
Battery Henry Lee: four 3-inch (76 mm) rapid-fire guns (1905-1943)
597:
1523:
797:
773:: two 6-inch (152 mm) guns on disappearing carriages (1908-1942)
766:: two 6-inch (152 mm) guns on disappearing carriages (1908-1917)
874:
615:
Work on the structure began again in 1858, but the outbreak of the
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is a name for rocks used as an embankment to reinforce shorelines.
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1478:"Plan to protect migratory birds" at WSET.com, 15 February 2020
1227:
1225:
1223:
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1219:
1007:
569:
515:
2409:
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
1069:
Permanent Fortifications and Sea-Coast Defenses April 23, 1862
2399:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1418:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. p. 212.
997:
The Civil War in Hampton Roads: Fort Wool at Battlefields.org
677:
672:
is now located), the site of a Confederate earthen fort with
499:
1216:
478:
Fort Wool was one of more than 40 forts developed after the
1072:. pp 330-345 37th Congress, 2nd Session Report No. 86. 1862
659:
for Major General Wool at the Rip Raps (Fort Calhoun), 1861
2389:
National Register of Historic Places in Hampton, Virginia
55:
1330:. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. pp. 173–174.
1184:
See "The First, Second, and Third Systems, 1794–1860"
1172:
See "Harbor Defenses of the United States of America"
229:
island between Willoughby Spit and Old Point Comfort,
1459:
714:, although it did no damage to the ironclad's armor.
1298:
433:, the fort has an elevation of 7 feet and sits near
2333:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1299:Quarstein, John V.; Mroczkowski, Dennis P. (2000).
655:The Sawyer gun being demonstrated by Major General
482:, when British forces sailed the Chesapeake Bay to
1350:. Washington: Government Printing Office. p.
1097:. Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG). Archived from
1276:Famous Leaders and Battle Scenes of the Civil War
692:took place off Sewells Point on March 8–9, 1862.
2360:
1046:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 186–190.
848:
2369:Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
1571:
1416:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
981:Hampton Roads forts at American Forts Network
490:. Designed by Brigadier General of Engineers
1539:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
1366:"CSS Virginia (1862-1862), ex-USS Merrimack"
1124:"Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay Armament"
1368:. U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command
1154:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
1021:"Simon Bernard and America's Coastal Forts"
955:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
1578:
1564:
1387:
1385:
1383:
546:
1587:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1407:
1328:Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1231:
1143:
1141:
1041:
147:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
16:Historic island fortification in Virginia
1149:"Fort Wool National Register Nomination"
1126:. Coast Defense Study Group. 23 May 2016
904:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
721:
668:, more than three miles away (where the
650:
627:
608:was transferred there to assist Captain
568:tier with a total of 216 muzzle-loading
1492:
1393:"The Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay"
1380:
1202:"The Chesapeake Bay: Avenue for Attack"
992:
990:
988:
945:
2361:
1465:
1445:"Fort Wool Holds Spot In U.S. History"
1413:
1325:
1246:
1196:
1194:
1138:
976:
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929:"National Register Information System"
710:in 1862. The Sawyer gun also fired at
486:. This program was later known as the
1559:
1536:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1340:
1174:Short history of US forts at CDSG.org
899:Seacoast defense in the United States
717:
373:United States Army Corps of Engineers
985:
934:National Register of Historic Places
1541:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
1524:Official website at City of Hampton
1191:
967:
921:
782:3-inch (76 mm) rapid-fire guns
488:third system of U.S. fortifications
13:
2384:Virginia in the American Civil War
1530:
1432:
1305:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 41.
855:Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT)
831:6-inch (152 mm) shielded guns
445:, approximately one mile south of
427:Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT)
14:
2420:
1517:
1302:Fort Monroe: The Key to the South
498:, Fort Wool was constructed on a
205:
180:
29:Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay
2092:
2085:
737:controlled underwater minefields
204:
197:
179:
172:
54:
2404:1819 establishments in Virginia
1537:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
1486:
1471:
1447:. Daily Press Hampton Roads, VA
1358:
1334:
1319:
1292:
1280:. USF Clip Art Gallery web site
1266:
1237:
1178:
1166:
1116:
824:
555:was tasked by Secretary of War
551:Brigadier-General of Engineers
2374:Artificial islands of Virginia
1084:
1060:
1035:
1013:
1001:
791:
321:
308:
1:
1414:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
953:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
914:
514:tier with 216 muzzle-loading
467:, the fort was renamed after
213:Show map of the United States
623:
521:In 1902, as a result of the
471:on 18 March 1862 during the
7:
2315:National Historic Landmarks
1042:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
892:
849:Decommissioning and present
632:The battle of the ironclads
417:is a decommissioned island
156:Virginia Landmarks Register
10:
2425:
2394:Parks in Hampton, Virginia
596:Calhoun's foundations had
541:
2323:
2302:
2101:
2083:
1597:
1262:Fort Wool at FortWiki.com
1204:. George Mason University
1092:"Endicott board's report"
753:6-inch (152 mm) guns
638:Maj. Gen. John Ellis Wool
523:Endicott Board's findings
469:Maj. Gen. John Ellis Wool
394:
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307:NRHP reference
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35:
26:
21:
1243:Freeman 1934, Chapter 7.
421:located in the mouth of
93:Commonwealth of Virginia
1504:Charles Scribner's Sons
1326:Ripley, Warren (1984).
1023:. National Park Service
873:The island, now called
708:Battle of the Ironclads
690:Battle of Hampton Roads
648:positions and vessels.
547:Design and construction
441:, Willoughby Beach and
439:Old Point Comfort Light
2328:Keeper of the Register
2240:Poquoson (no listings)
1499:R. E. Lee, A Biography
909:Harbor Defense Command
757:disappearing carriages
727:
660:
633:
429:. Officially known as
277:15 acres (6.1 ha)
2348:Contributing property
939:National Park Service
829:Battery 229 with two
725:
654:
631:
258:36.98667°N 76.30111°W
866:across the mouth of
527:6-inch (152 mm) guns
188:Show map of Virginia
1494:Freeman, Douglas S.
1395:. CDSG. 23 May 2016
1342:Abbot, Henry Larcom
1234:, pp. 186–190.
818:Anti-submarine nets
749:Ferdinand Claiborne
344:Designated VLR
263:36.98667; -76.30111
254: /
728:
718:Endicott batteries
670:Norfolk Naval Base
661:
634:
617:American Civil War
598:continued settling
473:American Civil War
425:, adjacent to the
399:American Civil War
108:United States Army
102:Controlled by
2379:Forts in Virginia
2356:
2355:
2343:Historic district
1548:978-0-929521-11-4
1526:with virtual tour
1425:978-0-9748167-3-9
1053:978-1-7323916-1-1
726:Fort Wool in 1921
686:Siege of Richmond
590:Hampton, Virginia
586:Old Point Comfort
582:artificial island
452:Originally named
435:Old Point Comfort
412:
411:
339:November 25, 1969
331:Significant dates
231:Hampton, Virginia
115:Hampton, Virginia
46:Old Point Comfort
2416:
2136:Colonial Heights
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536:Fisherman Island
532:Fort John Custis
484:burn the Capital
462:Secretary of War
347:November 5, 1968
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76:Site information
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2126:Charlottesville
2103:
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1533:
1531:Further reading
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941:. July 9, 2010.
927:
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895:
860:Miss Hampton II
851:
827:
794:
720:
682:Sylvanus Sawyer
657:Benjamin Butler
626:
574:Castle Williams
557:John C. Calhoun
549:
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465:John C. Calhoun
443:Willoughby Spit
431:Rip Raps Island
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126:the public
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87:U.S. Government
61:
42:Willoughby Spit
40:island between
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2338:Property types
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2279:Virginia Beach
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2171:Fredericksburg
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2186:Harrisonburg
2161:Falls Church
2062:Westmoreland
2027:Spotsylvania
1977:Rappahannock
1947:Pittsylvania
1852:King William
1707:Chesterfield
1697:Charles City
1538:
1507:. Retrieved
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1487:Bibliography
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458:Fort Calhoun
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407:World War II
395:Battles/wars
382:1861–present
356:Site history
124:Open to
2303:Other lists
2121:Buena Vista
2022:Southampton
1917:Northampton
1892:Mecklenburg
1847:King George
1802:Greensville
1466:Berhow 2015
1451:21 December
1372:21 December
1284:20 December
1208:21 December
1108:20 December
1076:21 December
1027:21 December
792:World War I
784:(1905-1943)
759:(1908-1918)
706:during the
646:Confederate
642:Mexican War
480:War of 1812
447:Fort Monroe
403:World War I
379:In use
261: /
237:Coordinates
110:(1818–1953)
89:(1818–1953)
48:, Virginia
2363:Categories
2294:Winchester
2284:Waynesboro
2244:Portsmouth
2236:Petersburg
2131:Chesapeake
2111:Alexandria
2057:Washington
2012:Shenandoah
1997:Rockingham
1992:Rockbridge
1902:Montgomery
1837:James City
1782:Gloucester
1727:Cumberland
1677:Buckingham
1632:Appomattox
1509:2008-05-20
915:References
883:tall ships
840:Fort Story
798:field guns
249:76°18′04″W
246:36°59′12″N
2201:Lynchburg
2196:Lexington
2141:Covington
1897:Middlesex
1877:Lunenburg
1857:Lancaster
1787:Goochland
1772:Frederick
1737:Dinwiddie
1732:Dickenson
1702:Charlotte
1667:Brunswick
1662:Botetourt
1637:Arlington
1617:Alleghany
1612:Albemarle
1600:by county
887:Jamestown
778:Henry Lee
624:Civil War
602:U.S. Army
562:casemates
508:casemates
415:Fort Wool
387:Materials
364:1818–1861
320:VLR
297:Architect
139:Fort Wool
60:Fort Wool
31:1905–1945
22:Fort Wool
2269:Staunton
2254:Richmond
2206:Manassas
2191:Hopewell
2166:Franklin
2146:Danville
2047:Tazewell
2032:Stafford
1982:Richmond
1952:Powhatan
1927:Nottoway
1912:New Kent
1827:Highland
1767:Franklin
1762:Fluvanna
1752:Fauquier
1722:Culpeper
1687:Caroline
1682:Campbell
1672:Buchanan
1607:Accomack
1591:Virginia
1496:(1934).
1399:11 March
1344:(1867).
1130:10 March
959:19 March
893:See also
875:Rip Raps
776:Battery
769:Battery
762:Battery
747:Battery
739:against
712:Virginia
703:Virginia
674:bastions
578:sea fort
566:barbette
512:barbette
496:Napoleon
326:114-0041
314:69000339
227:Rip Raps
223:Location
113:City of
70:Sea fort
38:Rip Raps
27:Part of
2310:Bridges
2274:Suffolk
2259:Roanoke
2249:Radford
2226:Norfolk
2181:Hampton
2156:Fairfax
2151:Emporia
2116:Bristol
2104:by city
2002:Russell
1987:Roanoke
1972:Pulaski
1942:Patrick
1887:Mathews
1882:Madison
1867:Loudoun
1817:Henrico
1812:Hanover
1807:Halifax
1792:Grayson
1747:Fairfax
1692:Carroll
1652:Bedford
1642:Augusta
1627:Amherst
1158:28 July
800:on the
780:: four
696:Monitor
542:History
287: (
2231:Norton
2052:Warren
2042:Sussex
1932:Orange
1907:Nelson
1872:Louisa
1797:Greene
1712:Clarke
1622:Amelia
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1008:Riprap
751:: two
699:faced
676:and a
570:cannon
564:and a
516:cannon
510:and a
460:after
2264:Salem
2176:Galax
2102:Lists
2072:Wythe
2037:Surry
2017:Smyth
2007:Scott
1822:Henry
1777:Giles
1757:Floyd
1742:Essex
1717:Craig
1657:Bland
1598:Lists
1152:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
678:redan
500:shoal
390:Stone
361:Built
282:Built
81:Owner
2077:York
2067:Wise
1937:Page
1647:Bath
1543:ISBN
1453:2012
1420:ISBN
1401:2019
1374:2012
1307:ISBN
1286:2012
1210:2012
1160:2011
1132:2019
1110:2012
1078:2012
1048:ISBN
1029:2012
961:2013
701:CSS
694:USS
640:, a
289:1819
285:1819
274:Area
66:Type
44:and
1862:Lee
1589:in
755:on
588:in
534:on
502:of
456:or
322:No.
309:No.
129:No
2365::
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1434:^
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1352:85
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987:^
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291:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
