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47:
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Normal faults can evolve into listric faults, with their plane dip being steeper near the surface, then shallower with increased depth, with the fault plane curving into the Earth. They can also form where the hanging wall is absent (such as on a cliff), where the footwall may slump in a manner that
261:
body, the miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with the hanging wall above him. These terms are important for distinguishing different dip-slip fault types: reverse faults and normal faults. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall displaces upward, while in a normal fault the hanging wall
228:
of the fault is the horizontal component, as in "Throw up and heave out". The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed by studying any drag folding of strata, which may be visible on either side of the fault. Drag folding is a zone of folding close to a fault that likely arises from frictional
140:
is a cluster of parallel faults. However, the term is also used for the zone of crushed rock along a single fault. Prolonged motion along closely spaced faults can blur the distinction, as the rock between the faults is converted to fault-bound lenses of rock and then progressively crushed.
1052:
Many ore deposits lie on or are associated with faults. This is because the fractured rock associated with fault zones allow for magma ascent or the circulation of mineral-bearing fluids. Intersections of near-vertical faults are often locations of significant ore deposits.
386:
848:
will have many different types of fault rock developed along its surface. Continued dip-slip displacement tends to juxtapose fault rocks characteristic of different crustal levels, with varying degrees of overprinting. This effect is particularly clear in the case of
572:
Due to the curvature of the fault plane, the horizontal extensional displacement on a listric fault implies a geometric "gap" between the hanging and footwalls of the fault forms when the slip motion occurs. To accommodate into the geometric gap, and depending on its
430:(or vice-versa) might occur, and faults may be reactivated with their relative block movement inverted in opposite directions to the original movement (fault inversion). In such a way, a normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa.
159:
and the rigidity of the constituent rocks, the two sides of a fault cannot always glide or flow past each other easily, and so occasionally all movement stops. The regions of higher friction along a fault plane, where it becomes locked, are called
2372:
Hart, E.W.; Bryant, W.A. (1997). Fault rupture hazard in
California: Alquist-Priolo earthquake fault zoning act with index to earthquake fault zone maps (Report). Vol. Special Publication 42. California Division of Mines and
774:
are terms used to describe minor faults associated with a major fault. Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the major fault while the antithetic faults dip in the opposite direction. These faults may be accompanied by
705:. Nearly all faults have some component of both dip-slip and strike-slip; hence, defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to be measurable and significant. Some oblique faults occur within
205:, whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture – instantaneous stress release – resulting in motion along the fault. A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great.
1161:. The fault plane is the steeply leftward-dipping line in the centre of the photo, which is the plane along which the rock layers to the left have slipped downwards, relative to the layers to the right of the fault.
1099:
Faults may not always act as conduits to surface. It has been proposed that deep-seated "misoriented" faults may instead be zones where magmas forming porphyry copper stagnate achieving the right time for—and type
835:
All faults have a measurable thickness, made up of deformed rock characteristic of the level in the crust where the faulting happened, of the rock types affected by the fault and of the presence and nature of any
332:), the fault surface (plane) is usually near vertical, and the footwall moves laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are also known as
1819:
460:
1470:
Childs, Conrad; Manzocchi, Tom; Walsh, John J.; Bonson, Christopher G.; Nicol, Andrew; Schöpfer, Martin P.J. (February 2009). "A geometric model of fault zone and fault rock thickness variations".
670:
formations by forming flats and climbing up sections with ramps. This results in the hanging wall flat (or a portion thereof) lying atop the foot wall ramp as shown in the fault-bend fold diagram.
1586:
Choi, Pom-yong; Lee, Seung Ryeol; Choi, Hyen -Il; Hwang, Jae-ha; Kwon, Seok-ki; Ko, In-sae; An, Gi-o (June 2002). "Movement history of the Andong Fault System: Geometric and tectonic approaches".
655:
has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45°. Thrust faults typically form ramps, flats and fault-bend (hanging wall and footwall) folds.
1002:
Epochs (the last 2.6 million years) may receive consideration, especially for critical structures such as power plants, dams, hospitals, and schools. Geologists assess a fault's age by studying
994:
hazard to infrastructure and people in the vicinity. In
California, for example, new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the
229:
resistance to movement on the fault. The direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of the fault (called a
950:, which infills dilation fractures in the host rock. Pseudotachylyte likely only forms as the result of seismic slip rates and can act as a fault rate indicator on inactive faults.
1104:. At a given time differentiated magmas would burst violently out of the fault-traps and head to shallower places in the crust where porphyry copper deposits would be formed.
1412:
Geological evolution of the
Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs
920:– a fault rock which is cohesive and characterized by a well-developed planar fabric resulting from tectonic reduction of grain size, and commonly containing rounded
1135:
1556:
220:
is defined as the relative motion of the rock on each side of the fault concerning the other side. In measuring the horizontal or vertical separation, the
1702:
2146:
553:
The fault panes of listric faults can further flatten and evolve into a horizontal or near-horizontal plane, where slip progresses horizontally along a
1085:
54:. The two colorful ridges (at bottom left and top right) used to form a single continuous line, but have been split apart by movement along the fault.
751:. Ring faults are the result of a series of overlapping normal faults, forming a circular outline. Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by
713:
regimes, and others occur where the direction of extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults remain active.
1073:
2458:
377:
in New
Zealand. Transform faults are also referred to as "conservative" plate boundaries since the lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed.
1530:
257:. The hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the footwall occurs below it. This terminology comes from mining: when working a tabular
607:
2490:
1642:
1069:
903:
3189:
2350:
1856:
1036:
material buried next to or over a fault shear is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults. From such relationships,
262:
displaces downward. Distinguishing between these two fault types is important for determining the stress regime of the fault movement.
1728:
340:
faults. Each is defined by the direction of movement of the ground as would be seen by an observer on the opposite side of the fault.
233:). In practice, it is usually only possible to find the slip direction of faults, and an approximation of the heave and throw vector.
1371:
1397:
964:
2067:
Troll, V R; Mattsson, T; Upton, B G J; Emeleus, C H; Donaldson, C H; Meyer, R; Weis, F; Dahrén, B; Heimdal, T H (9 October 2020).
1435:
Caine, Jonathan Saul; Evans, James P.; Forster, Craig B. (1 November 1996). "Fault zone architecture and permeability structure".
1886:
1950:
998:
Epoch (the last 11,700 years) of the Earth's geological history. Also, faults that have shown movement during the
Holocene plus
2325:
2185:
1923:
1890:
1767:
1740:
1680:
1331:
900:-grained cataclasite, which may possess a planar fabric and containing <30% visible fragments. Rock clasts may be present
2439:
595:
2381:
1560:
2257:"Structural controls on bedrock weathering in crystalline basement terranes and its implications on groundwater resources"
2733:
1675:, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication, vol. 26, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, p. 132,
1112:
As faults are zones of weakness, they facilitate the interaction of water with the surrounding rock and enhance chemical
658:
A section of a hanging wall or foot wall where a thrust fault formed along a relatively weak bedding plane is known as a
537:
1301:
986:
The level of a fault's activity can be critical for (1) locating buildings, tanks, and pipelines and (2) assessing the
1167:
2423:
2337:
1514:
1419:
685:
zones are a special class of thrusts that form the largest faults on Earth and give rise to the largest earthquakes.
270:
Faults are mainly classified in terms of the angle that the fault plane makes with the Earth's surface, known as the
127:
is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on
2483:
1209:
724:
of the dip angle; it is the angle between the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault.
3182:
807:
and associated fault separates two different rock types on the left (dark gray) and right (light gray). From the
274:, and the direction of slip along the fault plane. Based on the direction of slip, faults can be categorized as:
1564:
1456:
525:
216:
is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane. A fault's
2122:
1116:. The enhanced chemical weathering increases the size of the weathered zone and hence creates more space for
74:
across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within
2518:
2450:
Aerial view of the San
Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, Central California, from "How Earthquakes Happen"
1237:
748:
500:. A block stranded between two grabens, and therefore two normal faults dipping away from each other, is a
3444:
3429:
3407:
3156:
2476:
31:
2123:"Long-lived crustal damage zones associated with fault intersections in the high Andes of Central Chile"
2069:"Fault-Controlled Magma Ascent Recorded in the Central Series of the Rum Layered Intrusion, NW Scotland"
3253:
3175:
506:
38:
3449:
1973:
3439:
3311:
3243:
2818:
1348:
828:
631:
A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault—the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
194:
86:
forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as the megathrust faults of
448:
3306:
2823:
2599:
980:
976:
960:
910:
sequences containing clay-rich layers which are strongly deformed and sheared into the fault gouge.
837:
17:
3087:
3263:
2589:
2523:
1974:"Definition and classification of fault damage zones: A review and a new methodological approach"
1101:
1057:
662:
and a section where the thrust fault cut upward through the stratigraphic sequence is known as a
442:
of most normal faults is at least 60 degrees but some normal faults dip at less than 45 degrees.
1648:
1028:
mineralization, in the case of older soil, and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil.
943:
710:
467:
2354:
1844:
1321:
844:
and the implied mechanism of deformation. A fault that passes through different levels of the
819:
706:
3434:
3217:
3212:
3100:
2904:
2793:
2663:
2643:
2543:
2513:
1913:
1757:
1271:
1254:
1196:
1044:
over the past several hundred years, and develop rough projections of future fault activity.
558:
424:
311:
2415:
2407:
2206:"A new model for the optimal structural context for giant porphyry copper deposit formation"
1670:
967:
that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of
3077:
2961:
2678:
2633:
2268:
2219:
2024:
1985:
1792:
1595:
1479:
1444:
1377:
2255:
Pradhan, Rudra Mohan; Singh, Anand; Ojha, Arun Kumar; Biswal, Tapas Kumar (12 July 2022).
8:
3395:
3321:
3110:
2986:
2971:
2948:
2944:
2723:
2648:
2548:
2533:
1265:
1204:
995:
897:
841:
776:
578:
504:. A sequence of grabens and horsts on the surface of the Earth produces a characteristic
2272:
2223:
2028:
1989:
1796:
1599:
1483:
1448:
1222: – Large blocks of rock created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust
3238:
3059:
2956:
2838:
2743:
2658:
2623:
2553:
2499:
2297:
2256:
2237:
1783:
Peacock, D. C. P.; Knipe, R. J.; Sanderson, D. J. (2000). "Glossary of normal faults".
1611:
1524:
1242:
1029:
1010:
seen in aerial photographs. Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to
427:
366:
167:
67:
2459:
LANDSAT image of the San
Andreas Fault in southern California, from "What is a Fault?"
1804:
1268: – Groove, created by a geological process, on the surface of a rock or a mineral
701:
A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed an
3383:
3331:
3095:
3029:
2981:
2976:
2856:
2846:
2788:
2563:
2419:
2333:
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2210:
2181:
2177:
2100:
1942:
1919:
1763:
1736:
1676:
1615:
1510:
1415:
1327:
1297:
420:
405:
162:
51:
1997:
1879:"How are reverse faults different than thrust faults? In what way are they similar?"
3336:
3326:
2899:
2894:
2828:
2803:
2798:
2773:
2713:
2673:
2528:
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2276:
2227:
2136:
2090:
2080:
2032:
1993:
1800:
1603:
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1452:
1089:
1077:
1033:
1014:
907:
876:
868:
850:
562:
354:
198:
114:
1878:
438:
In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. The
3296:
3258:
3138:
3034:
2934:
2909:
2866:
2768:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2579:
2443:
1231:
1037:
931:
824:
721:
581:, or break into further faults and blocks which fil in the gap. If faults form,
501:
358:
350:
345:
202:
150:
91:
83:
79:
2389:
2121:
Piquer Romo, José Meulen; Yáñez, Gonzálo; Rivera, Orlando; Cooke, David (2019).
2085:
2068:
3301:
3278:
3268:
3248:
3039:
3016:
3001:
2871:
2851:
2763:
2688:
2683:
2638:
2604:
2594:
2538:
2280:
2127:
1972:
Jin-Hyuck, Choi; Paul, Edwards; Kyoungtae, Ko; Kim, Young-Seog (January 2016).
1259:
1214:
1142:
1025:
1011:
939:
886:– a medium- to coarse-grained cataclasite containing >30% visible fragments.
439:
271:
230:
171:
170:
builds up when a fault is locked, and when it reaches a level that exceeds the
103:
71:
3378:
2653:
2036:
1491:
641:
287:, offset is predominantly vertical and/or perpendicular to the fault trace; or
46:
3423:
3316:
2929:
2449:
2288:
2141:
2104:
2012:
1061:
1007:
921:
883:
496:
A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a
306:
Schematic illustration of the two strike-slip fault types, as seen from above
175:
492:
Diagram illustrating the structural relationship between grabens and horsts.
281:, where the offset is predominantly horizontal, parallel to the fault trace;
3341:
2924:
2584:
2558:
2306:
2050:
Brodie, Kate; Fettes, Douglas; Harte, Ben; Schmid, Rolf (29 January 2007),
1373:
Where are the Fault Lines in the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains?
1096:
porphyry copper deposit lie each at the intersection of two fault systems.
1065:
1022:
987:
872:
854:
651:
577:, the hanging wall might fold and slide downwards into the gap and produce
374:
179:
128:
95:
2051:
867:– a fault rock which is cohesive with a poorly developed or absent planar
3233:
3105:
2991:
2966:
2919:
2914:
2889:
2778:
2698:
2668:
1225:
1219:
1117:
1093:
1041:
999:
889:
864:
845:
804:
780:
554:
471:
413:
370:
362:
119:
3273:
3198:
3133:
3120:
2628:
2173:
2095:
1672:
Traveling
America's loneliest road: a geologic and natural history tour
1607:
1400:
Merriam-Webster.com
Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 8 Oct. 2020.
1113:
682:
241:
183:
99:
87:
2738:
3069:
3049:
3044:
3024:
3006:
2996:
2808:
2753:
2615:
2468:
2232:
2205:
1292:
Lutgens, Frederick K.; Tarbuck, E.J.; Tasa, D. (illustrator) (2012).
1245: – Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
1081:
752:
693:
566:
488:
466:
Normal fault with displacement motion from top left to bottom right.
302:
3128:
3054:
917:
812:
574:
190:
156:
37:"Shatter belt" redirects here. For the concept in geopolitics, see
2204:
Piquer, José; Sanchez-Alfaro, Pablo; Pérez-Flores, Pamela (2021).
389:
Vertical cross-sectional view, along a plane perpendicular to the
189:
Strain occurs accumulatively or instantaneously, depending on the
3362:
2861:
2813:
2758:
1509:(Second ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 117, 178.
1248:
1174:
1158:
1121:
1018:
991:
947:
925:
740:
224:
of the fault is the vertical component of the separation and the
59:
2203:
623:
2728:
2693:
2013:"Do faults preserve a record of seismic slip: A second opinion"
972:
934:– ultrafine-grained glassy-looking material, usually black and
744:
678:
497:
3167:
2748:
935:
871:, or which is incohesive, characterised by generally angular
799:
674:
633:
Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of the crust.
75:
791:
3346:
2783:
2462:
2453:
2120:
1852:
1457:
10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025:FZAAPS>2.3.CO;2
1003:
968:
893:
808:
475:
1469:
1262: – Earthquake probability in a specific area and time
385:
2332:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 372–424.
2066:
1971:
1414:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 337.
258:
2349:
Fichter, Lynn S.; Baedke, Steve J. (13 September 2000).
601:
Listric fault (red line), with a resulting rollover fold
2388:, Southern California Earthquake Center, archived from
2049:
412:. The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from
249:
The two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the
2254:
419:
With the passage of time, a regional reversal between
2386:
Investigating Earthquakes through Regional Seismicity
1782:
1622:
416:
in England, where normal faults are the most common.
1296:(11th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 32.
1186:
1703:"What is a fault and what are the different types?"
1228: – Small vertical offset on the ground surface
954:
561:decollements can grow to great dimensions and form
117:that represents the fracture surface of a fault. A
94:. Energy release associated with rapid movement on
1291:
1145:(the coin's diameter is 18 mm (0.71 in))
758:
739:, are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic
565:, which are low-angle normal faults with regional
353:boundary. This class is related to an offset in a
174:threshold, the fault ruptures and the accumulated
2116:
2114:
1817:
1776:
1434:
393:, illustrating normal and reverse dip-slip faults
30:"Fault line" redirects here. For other uses, see
3421:
2380:Marquis, John; Hafner, Katrin; Hauksson, Egill,
2379:
2199:
2197:
1585:
1543:
2324:Davis, George H.; Reynolds, Stephen J. (1996).
2111:
1943:"Structural Geology Notebook – Caldera Faults"
1668:
613:A diagram showing how an imbrication fan forms
336:faults and those with right-lateral motion as
3183:
2484:
2348:
2323:
2194:
924:and rock fragments of similar composition to
483:
2412:Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation
2405:
2351:"A Primer on Appalachian Structural Geology"
2056:, International Union of Geological Sciences
2010:
1640:
1346:
343:A special class of strike-slip fault is the
236:
2053:Structural terms including fault rock terms
1369:
1323:The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes
27:Fracture or discontinuity in displaced rock
3190:
3176:
2491:
2477:
2371:
2353:. James Madison University. Archived from
1811:
1733:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
1529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1319:
1047:
2408:"The Internal Processes: Types of Faults"
2296:
2231:
2140:
2094:
2084:
2011:Rowe, Christie; Griffith, Ashley (2015).
1837:
1735:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1006:features seen in shallow excavations and
144:
1409:
1315:
1313:
1251: – The formation of mountain ranges
938:in appearance, occurring as thin planar
818:
798:
790:
692:
640:
622:
487:
384:
301:
240:
45:
2406:McKnight, Tom L.; Hess, Darrel (2000).
2330:Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions
1887:University of California, Santa Barbara
1370:USGS, Robert Tristram (30 April 2003),
1124:and also assist groundwater transport.
1056:An example of a fault hosting valuable
14:
3422:
2498:
1726:
1628:
1504:
875:and rock fragments in a finer-grained
860:The main types of fault rock include:
840:. Fault rocks are classified by their
688:
361:, or, less common, within continental
102:. Faults may also displace slowly, by
3171:
2472:
2170:Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes
1953:from the original on 19 November 2018
1937:
1935:
1918:(3 ed.). Routledge. p. 15.
1859:from the original on 23 November 2017
1762:(3 ed.). Routledge. p. 11.
1669:Tingley, J.V.; Pizarro, K.A. (2000),
1310:
297:
293:, combining strike-slip and dip-slip.
208:
201:accumulate deformation gradually via
3402:
2167:
1911:
1893:from the original on 27 October 2017
1871:
1755:
1561:University of California, Santa Cruz
1274:– Vertical movement of Earth's crust
942:, injection veins or as a matrix to
548:
2734:List of tectonic plate interactions
645:Thrust fault with a fault-bend fold
24:
2149:from the original on 8 August 2019
1932:
1707:USGS: Science for a Changing World
906:- clay-rich fault gouge formed in
380:
50:Satellite image of a fault in the
25:
3461:
2433:
1818:Oskin, Michael E. (3 June 2019).
1350:Earthquake Glossary – fault trace
971:and rock masses in, for example,
618:
519:creates multiple listric faults.
513:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3152:
3151:
2317:
1915:Foundation of Structural Geology
1759:Foundation of Structural Geology
1234: – Type of fracture in rock
1189:
1166:
1150:
1134:
955:Impacts on structures and people
666:. Typically, thrust faults move
636:
606:
594:
536:
524:
459:
447:
433:
70:or discontinuity in a volume of
2248:
2161:
2060:
2043:
2004:
1998:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.006
1965:
1905:
1749:
1720:
1695:
1662:
1634:
1579:
1549:
1537:
1040:can estimate the sizes of past
759:Synthetic and antithetic faults
543:Listric faults in a cliff wall.
3197:
2382:"The Properties of Fault Slip"
1498:
1463:
1428:
1403:
1391:
1363:
1340:
1326:. Cambridge University Press.
1285:
1107:
265:
13:
1:
2017:Journal of Structural Geology
1805:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)80102-9
1785:Journal of Structural Geology
1727:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2015).
1472:Journal of Structural Geology
1278:
1210:Anderson's theory of faulting
786:
727:
531:A diagram of a listric fault.
1238:Mitigation of seismic motion
749:Chesapeake Bay impact crater
7:
3337:Precession of the equinoxes
2446:(archived 17 February 2005)
1544:SCEC & Education Module
1182:
681:in the large thrust belts.
32:Fault line (disambiguation)
10:
3466:
3254:Geophysical fluid dynamics
2414:. Prentice Hall. pp.
2281:10.1038/s41598-022-15889-x
1127:
831:, Northern Ontario, Canada
507:basin and range topography
484:Basin and range topography
309:
148:
82:result from the action of
39:Shatter belt (geopolitics)
36:
29:
3371:
3355:
3287:
3226:
3205:
3147:
3119:
3086:
3068:
3015:
2943:
2880:
2837:
2819:Thick-skinned deformation
2613:
2572:
2506:
2086:10.1093/petrology/egaa093
2037:10.1016/j.jsg.2015.06.006
1492:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.009
1410:Fillmore, Robert (2010).
1088:. Further south in Chile
237:Hanging wall and footwall
2824:Thin-skinned deformation
2600:Stereographic projection
2142:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3108
1058:porphyry copper deposits
963:, a fault often forms a
961:geotechnical engineering
879:of similar composition.
720:angle is defined as the
3264:Near-surface geophysics
2590:Orthographic projection
2573:Measurement conventions
2519:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
2465:(archived 4 April 2008)
2440:Fault Motion Animations
2168:Robb, Laurence (2007).
1505:Fossen, Haakon (2016).
1102:igneous differentiation
1048:Faults and ore deposits
178:is released in part as
3312:Earth's magnetic field
1644:Hanging wall Foot wall
1557:"Faults: Introduction"
832:
816:
796:
698:
646:
628:
493:
468:La Herradura Formation
394:
307:
246:
245:Hanging & footwall
145:Mechanisms of faulting
131:to represent a fault.
55:
3384:Geophysics portal
3307:Earth's energy budget
3101:Paleostress inversion
2794:Strike-slip tectonics
2664:Extensional tectonics
2644:Continental collision
2514:Deformation mechanism
1978:Earth-Science Reviews
1294:Essentials of geology
1272:Vertical displacement
1255:Paleostress inversion
1197:Earth sciences portal
1141:Microfault showing a
1120:. Fault zones act as
822:
802:
794:
747:strikes, such as the
696:
644:
626:
491:
388:
312:Strike-slip tectonics
310:Further information:
305:
244:
98:is the cause of most
49:
2679:Fold and thrust belt
2073:Journal of Petrology
1889:. 13 February 2012.
1567:on 27 September 2011
1060:is northern Chile's
823:Inactive fault from
795:Structure of a fault
454:Normal fault diagram
3356:Related disciplines
3322:Geothermal gradient
3111:Section restoration
2987:Rock microstructure
2649:Convergent boundary
2549:Strain partitioning
2534:Overburden pressure
2524:Mohr–Coulomb theory
2273:2022NatSR..1211815P
2224:2021Geo....49..597P
2029:2015JSG....78....1R
1990:2016ESRv..152...70C
1912:Park, R.G. (2004).
1849:Earthquake Glossary
1797:2000JSG....22..291P
1756:Park, R.G. (2004).
1729:"Strike-Slip Fault"
1600:2002GescJ...6...91C
1588:Geosciences Journal
1484:2009JSG....31..117C
1449:1996Geo....24.1025S
1380:on 18 November 2009
1320:Ohnaka, M. (2013).
1205:List of fault zones
944:pseudoconglomerates
838:mineralising fluids
783:Structural Style).
777:rollover anticlines
689:Oblique-slip faults
673:Thrust faults form
3445:Tectonic landforms
3430:Structural geology
3239:Geophysical survey
3088:Kinematic analysis
2744:Mountain formation
2659:Divergent boundary
2624:Accretionary wedge
2500:Structural geology
2357:on 12 January 2010
2261:Scientific Reports
2180:Ltd. p. 104.
1608:10.1007/BF03028280
1507:Structural geology
1243:Mountain formation
1157:A normal fault in
1038:paleoseismologists
1030:Radiocarbon dating
833:
817:
797:
703:oblique-slip fault
699:
697:Oblique-slip fault
647:
629:
494:
395:
367:Dead Sea Transform
330:transcurrent fault
308:
298:Strike-slip faults
247:
209:Slip, heave, throw
56:
3417:
3416:
3332:Mantle convection
3165:
3164:
3096:3D fold evolution
2982:Pressure solution
2977:Oblique foliation
2857:Exfoliation joint
2847:Columnar jointing
2507:Underlying theory
2187:978-0-632-06378-9
2178:Blackwell Science
2176:, United States:
1925:978-0-7487-5802-9
1883:UCSB Science Line
1769:978-0-7487-5802-9
1742:978-0-19-965306-5
1682:978-1-888035-05-6
1443:(11): 1025–1028.
1333:978-1-107-35533-0
1064:with deposits at
892:– an incohesive,
851:detachment faults
743:and the sites of
563:detachment faults
549:Detachment faults
320:(also known as a
318:strike-slip fault
193:of the rock; the
52:Taklamakan Desert
16:(Redirected from
3457:
3440:Faults (geology)
3405:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3327:Gravity of Earth
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3154:
2900:Detachment fault
2895:Cataclastic rock
2829:Thrust tectonics
2799:Structural basin
2774:Pull-apart basin
2714:Horst and graben
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2429:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2233:10.1130/G48287.1
2201:
2192:
2191:
2172:(4th ed.).
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1947:maps.unomaha.edu
1939:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1875:
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1715:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1647:, archived from
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1563:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1376:, archived from
1367:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1170:
1154:
1138:
829:Sault Ste. Marie
735:, also known as
610:
598:
583:imbrication fans
579:rollover folding
540:
528:
463:
451:
355:spreading center
349:when it forms a
197:lower crust and
92:transform faults
88:subduction zones
21:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3376:
3367:
3351:
3302:Coriolis effect
3297:Chandler wobble
3289:
3283:
3259:Mineral physics
3222:
3201:
3196:
3166:
3161:
3143:
3115:
3082:
3064:
3035:Detachment fold
3011:
2939:
2935:Transform fault
2910:Fault mechanics
2876:
2833:
2769:Plate tectonics
2719:Intra-arc basin
2609:
2580:Brunton compass
2568:
2502:
2497:
2444:IRIS Consortium
2436:
2426:
2395:
2393:
2392:on 25 June 2010
2360:
2358:
2340:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2253:
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2065:
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2048:
2044:
2009:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1820:"Normal Faults"
1816:
1812:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1721:
1711:
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1188:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1110:
1050:
957:
932:Pseudotachylyte
896:-rich fine- to
803:Salmon-colored
789:
761:
730:
711:transpressional
691:
639:
632:
621:
614:
611:
602:
599:
587:domino faulting
551:
544:
541:
532:
529:
516:
486:
479:
464:
455:
452:
436:
398:Dip-slip faults
383:
381:Dip-slip faults
359:mid-ocean ridge
346:transform fault
314:
300:
268:
239:
211:
153:
151:Fault mechanics
147:
68:planar fracture
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3309:
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3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3279:Tectonophysics
3276:
3271:
3269:Paleomagnetism
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Geomathematics
3246:
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3236:
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3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:Tectonic phase
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
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2959:
2953:
2951:
2941:
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2897:
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2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Passive margin
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Foreland basin
2686:
2684:Fold mountains
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Back-arc basin
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2605:Strike and dip
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Rock mechanics
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2447:
2435:
2434:External links
2432:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2402:
2401:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2247:
2218:(5): 597–601.
2193:
2186:
2160:
2135:(2): 223–239.
2128:Andean Geology
2110:
2059:
2042:
2003:
1964:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1870:
1836:
1810:
1775:
1768:
1748:
1741:
1719:
1694:
1681:
1661:
1633:
1631:, p. 479.
1621:
1578:
1548:
1536:
1515:
1497:
1478:(2): 117–127.
1462:
1427:
1420:
1402:
1398:|“Fault zone.”
1390:
1362:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1303:978-0321714725
1302:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1260:Seismic hazard
1257:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1215:Aseismic creep
1212:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:piercing point
1140:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1109:
1106:
1049:
1046:
983:construction.
956:
953:
952:
951:
929:
922:porphyroclasts
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
887:
788:
785:
760:
757:
737:caldera faults
729:
726:
707:transtensional
690:
687:
638:
635:
620:
619:Reverse faults
617:
616:
615:
612:
605:
603:
600:
593:
569:significance.
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:
523:
515:
514:Listric faults
512:
485:
482:
481:
480:
465:
458:
456:
453:
446:
435:
432:
400:can be either
382:
379:
365:, such as the
299:
296:
295:
294:
288:
282:
267:
264:
238:
235:
231:piercing point
210:
207:
146:
143:
104:aseismic creep
84:plate tectonic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3462:
3451:
3450:Earth's crust
3448:
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3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3218:Geophysicists
3216:
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3210:
3208:
3204:
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2930:Transfer zone
2928:
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2532:
2530:
2529:Mohr's circle
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2425:0-13-020263-0
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2346:
2341:
2339:0-471-52621-5
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:Other reading
2308:
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2290:
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2258:
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2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1651:on 8 May 2009
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:(2): 91–102.
1593:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1546:, p. 14.
1545:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1516:9781107057647
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1421:9781607810049
1417:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1299:
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1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Domeyko Fault
1059:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:geomorphology
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:discontinuity
962:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:
928:in the matrix
927:
923:
919:
916:
909:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
891:
888:
885:
884:fault breccia
881:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
855:thrust faults
852:
847:
843:
839:
830:
826:
821:
814:
810:
806:
801:
793:
784:
782:
778:
773:
772:
767:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
695:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:
643:
637:Thrust faults
634:
627:Reverse fault
625:
609:
604:
597:
592:
591:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
539:
534:
527:
522:
521:
520:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
490:
477:
473:
469:
462:
457:
450:
445:
444:
443:
441:
434:Normal faults
431:
429:
426:
425:compressional
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
387:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
304:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
275:
273:
263:
260:
256:
252:
243:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
218:sense of slip
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
182:, forming an
181:
180:seismic waves
177:
176:strain energy
173:
169:
165:
164:
158:
152:
142:
139:
138:
132:
130:
129:geologic maps
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:active faults
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3435:Stratigraphy
3406:
3394:
3375:
3342:Seismic wave
3244:Geomagnetism
2925:Thrust fault
2881:
2614:Large-scale
2585:Inclinometer
2559:Stress field
2411:
2394:, retrieved
2390:the original
2385:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2329:
2267:(1): 11815.
2264:
2260:
2250:
2215:
2209:
2169:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2132:
2126:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2045:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1914:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1758:
1751:
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1686:, retrieved
1671:
1664:
1653:, retrieved
1649:the original
1643:
1636:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:the original
1551:
1539:
1506:
1500:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1393:
1382:, retrieved
1378:the original
1372:
1365:
1354:, retrieved
1349:
1342:
1322:
1293:
1287:
1111:
1098:
1082:La Escondida
1066:Chuquicamata
1055:
1051:
990:shaking and
985:
958:
882:Tectonic or
859:
834:
770:
769:
764:
763:
762:
736:
732:
731:
717:
715:
702:
700:
672:
667:
663:
659:
657:
652:thrust fault
650:
648:
630:
586:
582:
571:
552:
517:
505:
495:
437:
418:
409:
401:
397:
396:
390:
375:Alpine Fault
357:, such as a
344:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:wrench fault
321:
317:
315:
291:oblique-slip
290:
284:
278:
269:
254:
251:hanging wall
250:
248:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
191:liquid state
188:
161:
154:
136:
135:
133:
124:
118:
110:
108:
63:
57:
43:
3234:Geodynamics
3106:Paleostress
2992:Slickenside
2967:Crenulation
2920:Fault trace
2915:Fault scarp
2905:Disturbance
2890:Cataclasite
2779:Rift valley
2699:Half-graben
2669:Fault block
2654:DĂ©collement
2096:10023/23208
1897:13 December
1863:13 December
1629:Fossen 2016
1226:Fault scarp
1220:Fault block
1118:groundwater
1108:Groundwater
1094:El Teniente
1090:Los Bronces
1086:Potrerillos
1078:El Salvador
1042:earthquakes
1000:Pleistocene
908:sedimentary
890:Fault gouge
865:Cataclasite
846:lithosphere
805:fault gouge
781:Niger Delta
733:Ring faults
559:Extensional
555:decollement
472:Morro Solar
414:coal mining
406:extensional
391:fault plane
371:Middle East
363:lithosphere
279:strike-slip
266:Fault types
120:fault trace
111:fault plane
100:earthquakes
3424:Categories
3274:Seismology
3199:Geophysics
3134:Pure shear
3121:Shear zone
3078:Competence
2962:Compaction
2839:Fracturing
2634:Autochthon
2629:Allochthon
2174:Malden, MA
1845:"dip slip"
1824:LibreTexts
1791:(3): 298.
1712:13 October
1279:References
1177:from Spain
1114:weathering
1070:Collahuasi
1021:clay, and
977:foundation
904:Clay smear
853:and major
787:Fault rock
779:(e.g. the
771:antithetic
753:ring dikes
728:Ring fault
722:complement
683:Subduction
589:may form.
326:tear fault
184:earthquake
163:asperities
149:See also:
137:fault zone
125:fault line
3317:Geodynamo
3290:phenomena
3288:Physical
3227:Subfields
3070:Boudinage
3050:Monocline
3045:Homocline
3025:Anticline
3007:Tectonite
2997:Stylolite
2972:Fissility
2949:lineation
2945:Foliation
2809:Syneclise
2754:Obduction
2724:Inversion
2616:tectonics
2289:2045-2322
2242:234008062
2105:0022-3530
1984:: 70-87.
1616:206832817
1525:cite book
1266:Striation
1012:carbonate
898:ultrafine
765:Synthetic
421:tensional
334:sinistral
3396:Category
3206:Overview
3157:Category
3129:Mylonite
3060:Vergence
3055:Syncline
2957:Cleavage
2882:Faulting
2396:19 March
2373:Geology.
2361:19 March
2307:35821387
2147:Archived
2023:: 1–26.
1951:Archived
1891:Archived
1857:Archived
1571:19 March
1356:10 April
1183:See also
1122:aquifers
996:Holocene
948:breccias
926:minerals
918:Mylonite
842:textures
813:Mongolia
741:calderas
575:rheology
567:tectonic
428:stresses
285:dip-slip
255:footwall
203:shearing
172:strength
157:friction
18:Footwall
3408:Commons
3363:Geodesy
3213:Outline
3030:Chevron
3017:Folding
2862:Fissure
2814:Terrane
2759:Orogeny
2739:MĂ©lange
2674:Fenster
2564:Tension
2326:"Folds"
2298:9276672
2269:Bibcode
2220:Bibcode
2211:Geology
2025:Bibcode
1986:Bibcode
1957:6 April
1829:6 April
1793:Bibcode
1688:2 April
1655:2 April
1596:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1445:Bibcode
1437:Geology
1384:6 March
1249:Orogeny
1175:breccia
1159:Morocco
1128:Gallery
1074:El Abra
1034:organic
1015:nodules
992:tsunami
988:seismic
825:Sudbury
679:klippen
410:reverse
373:or the
369:in the
338:dextral
195:ductile
155:Due to
113:is the
60:geology
2804:Suture
2789:Saddle
2729:Klippe
2694:Graben
2554:Stress
2544:Strain
2422:
2336:
2305:
2295:
2287:
2240:
2184:
2153:9 June
2103:
2079:(10).
1922:
1766:
1739:
1679:
1641:USGS,
1614:
1513:
1418:
1347:USGS,
1330:
1300:
1173:Fault
1019:eroded
973:tunnel
936:flinty
877:matrix
873:clasts
869:fabric
745:bolide
675:nappes
668:within
498:graben
408:") or
402:normal
199:mantle
168:Stress
3139:Shear
2867:Joint
2749:Nappe
2709:Horst
2704:Horse
2416:416–7
2238:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1232:Joint
1026:oxide
981:slope
979:, or
940:veins
502:horst
351:plate
316:In a
226:heave
222:throw
115:plane
80:crust
76:Earth
66:is a
64:fault
3347:Tide
3040:Dome
2947:and
2872:Vein
2852:Dike
2784:Rift
2595:Rake
2463:USGS
2454:USGS
2420:ISBN
2398:2010
2363:2010
2334:ISBN
2303:PMID
2285:ISSN
2182:ISBN
2155:2019
2101:ISSN
1959:2018
1920:ISBN
1899:2017
1865:2017
1853:USGS
1831:2022
1764:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1714:2021
1690:2010
1677:ISBN
1657:2010
1573:2010
1531:link
1511:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1386:2010
1358:2015
1328:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1092:and
1084:and
1023:iron
1004:soil
969:soil
894:clay
809:Gobi
768:and
718:hade
716:The
709:and
677:and
664:ramp
660:flat
476:Peru
423:and
253:and
214:Slip
72:rock
62:, a
2461:at
2452:at
2442:at
2293:PMC
2277:doi
2228:doi
2137:doi
2091:hdl
2081:doi
2033:doi
1994:doi
1982:152
1801:doi
1604:doi
1488:doi
1453:doi
1100:of—
1032:of
959:In
946:or
827:to
811:of
585:or
440:dip
328:or
272:dip
259:ore
123:or
90:or
78:'s
58:In
3426::
2418:.
2410:.
2384:,
2328:.
2301:.
2291:.
2283:.
2275:.
2265:12
2263:.
2259:.
2236:.
2226:.
2216:49
2214:.
2208:.
2196:^
2145:.
2133:46
2131:.
2125:.
2113:^
2099:.
2089:.
2077:61
2075:.
2071:.
2031:.
2021:78
2019:.
2015:.
1992:.
1980:.
1976:.
1949:.
1945:.
1934:^
1885:.
1881:.
1855:.
1851:.
1847:.
1822:.
1799:.
1789:22
1787:.
1731:.
1705:.
1610:.
1602:.
1590:.
1559:.
1527:}}
1523:{{
1486:.
1476:31
1474:.
1451:.
1441:24
1439:.
1312:^
1080:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1017:,
975:,
857:.
755:.
649:A
557:.
510:.
474:,
470:,
404:("
324:,
186:.
166:.
134:A
109:A
106:.
3191:e
3184:t
3177:v
2492:e
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2428:.
2365:.
2342:.
2309:.
2279::
2271::
2244:.
2230::
2222::
2190:.
2157:.
2139::
2107:.
2093::
2083::
2039:.
2035::
2027::
2000:.
1996::
1988::
1961:.
1928:.
1901:.
1867:.
1833:.
1807:.
1803::
1795::
1772:.
1745:.
1716:.
1618:.
1606::
1598::
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1575:.
1533:)
1519:.
1494:.
1490::
1482::
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1455::
1447::
1424:.
1336:.
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41:.
34:.
20:)
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