92:
118:
20:
73:
972:
114:) is ensured eternal life by the action of water. As shown, if we add the equivalent of a giant funnel to the crack, it becomes the beneficiary of stress corrosion (the progressive weakening of the crack edge by water). If there is a continuing supply of new water, the system does not come to equilibrium, but continues to grow, ever relieving stress from a larger and larger volume.
102:
do not have a following force, and are not associated with mountain building. Thus, there is the puzzling question of how long any interior active zone has to live. For, in a solid stressed plate, every seismic displacement acts to relieve (reduce) stress; the fault zone should come to equilibrium;
84:-shaped crack as first envisioned by Brune. As illustrated, an earthquake zone may start as a single crack, growing to form many individual cracks and collections of cracks along a fault. The key to fault growth is the concept of a "following force", as conveniently provided for
56:
changes in a well defined manner: if it is squeezed by differential stresses greater than its strength, it is capable of large deformations. A band of weak, fractured rock in a competent mass can deform to resemble a classic
125:
Thus the prerequisite for a continuing seismically active interior zone is the presence of water, the ability of the water to get down to the fault source (high
88:, by the motion of tectonic plates. Under a following force, the seismic displacements eventually form a topographic feature, such as a mountain range.
129:), and the usual high horizontal interior stresses of the rock mass. All small earthquake zones have the potential to grow to resemble New Madrid or
175:
309:
270:
41:
is some weak rock. Whether the rock remains weak becomes an important point in determining the potential for bigger earthquakes.
552:
240:
302:
996:
337:
1001:
975:
295:
190:
103:
and all seismic activity cease. One can see this type of arching "lockup" in many natural processes.
637:
642:
418:
906:
408:
342:
44:
On a small scale, fractured rock behaves essentially the same throughout the world, in that the
99:
919:
723:
612:
482:
462:
362:
332:
111:
85:
896:
780:
497:
452:
274:
126:
215:
8:
929:
805:
790:
767:
763:
542:
467:
367:
352:
66:
145: – Geological fault likely to be the source of an earthquake sometime in the future
878:
775:
657:
562:
477:
442:
372:
318:
914:
848:
800:
795:
675:
665:
607:
382:
45:
718:
713:
647:
622:
617:
592:
532:
492:
347:
91:
53:
117:
957:
853:
753:
700:
685:
587:
537:
527:
522:
398:
858:
835:
820:
690:
670:
582:
507:
502:
457:
423:
413:
357:
154:
58:
49:
31:
19:
472:
990:
748:
72:
743:
403:
377:
248:
142:
107:
924:
810:
785:
738:
733:
708:
597:
517:
487:
176:"Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes"
62:
952:
939:
447:
130:
38:
557:
888:
868:
863:
843:
825:
815:
627:
572:
434:
287:
947:
873:
680:
632:
577:
148:
16:
Field of study that investigates the behavior of geologic faults
547:
512:
69:, the requisite pattern of micro-earthquakes can be observed.
567:
81:
602:
52:). A small element of rock in a larger mass responds to
30:
is a field of study that investigates the behavior of
988:
80:For earthquakes, it all starts with an embedded
303:
310:
296:
167:
95:Following forces forming a mountain range
271:"The Charlevoix-Kamouraska Seismic Zone"
151: – The formation of mountain ranges
116:
90:
71:
18:
989:
317:
121:Fresh water continually being injected
291:
173:
553:List of tectonic plate interactions
13:
14:
1013:
971:
970:
183:Journal of Geophysical Research
273:. March 8, 2005. Archived from
23:An element of rock under stress
263:
233:
208:
1:
160:
48:is more or less uniform (see
7:
189:: 4997–5009. Archived from
136:
10:
1018:
76:Penny-shape cracks in rock
966:
938:
905:
887:
834:
762:
699:
656:
638:Thick-skinned deformation
432:
391:
325:
241:"NIRE Annual Report 1998"
643:Thin-skinned deformation
419:Stereographic projection
409:Orthographic projection
392:Measurement conventions
338:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
216:"Arches National Park"
122:
100:Intraplate earthquakes
96:
86:interplate earthquakes
77:
24:
920:Paleostress inversion
613:Strike-slip tectonics
483:Extensional tectonics
463:Continental collision
333:Deformation mechanism
120:
112:New Madrid Fault Zone
94:
75:
22:
997:Fields of seismology
498:Fold and thrust belt
174:Brune, J.N. (1970).
930:Section restoration
806:Rock microstructure
468:Convergent boundary
368:Strain partitioning
353:Overburden pressure
343:Mohr–Coulomb theory
251:on 17 December 2005
67:earthquake location
1002:Structural geology
907:Kinematic analysis
563:Mountain formation
478:Divergent boundary
443:Accretionary wedge
319:Structural geology
123:
97:
78:
37:Behind every good
25:
984:
983:
915:3D fold evolution
801:Pressure solution
796:Oblique foliation
676:Exfoliation joint
666:Columnar jointing
326:Underlying theory
277:on March 8, 2005.
220:Exploratorium.edu
46:angle of friction
1009:
974:
973:
719:Detachment fault
714:Cataclastic rock
648:Thrust tectonics
618:Structural basin
593:Pull-apart basin
533:Horst and graben
312:
305:
298:
289:
288:
279:
278:
267:
261:
260:
258:
256:
247:. Archived from
237:
231:
230:
228:
226:
212:
206:
205:
203:
201:
195:
180:
171:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
987:
986:
985:
980:
962:
934:
901:
883:
854:Detachment fold
830:
758:
754:Transform fault
729:Fault mechanics
695:
652:
588:Plate tectonics
538:Intra-arc basin
428:
399:Brunton compass
387:
321:
316:
285:
283:
282:
269:
268:
264:
254:
252:
239:
238:
234:
224:
222:
214:
213:
209:
199:
197:
196:on 11 June 2011
193:
178:
172:
168:
163:
139:
32:geologic faults
28:Fault mechanics
17:
12:
11:
5:
1015:
1005:
1004:
999:
982:
981:
979:
978:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
944:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
893:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
821:Tectonic phase
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
770:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:Passive margin
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
508:Foreland basin
505:
503:Fold mountains
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:Back-arc basin
455:
450:
445:
439:
437:
430:
429:
427:
426:
424:Strike and dip
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
393:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Rock mechanics
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
329:
327:
323:
322:
315:
314:
307:
300:
292:
281:
280:
262:
245:www.nire.go.jp
232:
207:
165:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
155:Aseismic creep
152:
146:
138:
135:
59:geologic fault
50:Fault friction
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1014:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
977:
969:
968:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
894:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
755:
752:
750:
749:Transfer zone
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
659:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
436:
431:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:Mohr's circle
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
328:
324:
320:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
290:
286:
276:
272:
266:
250:
246:
242:
236:
221:
217:
211:
192:
188:
184:
177:
170:
166:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
134:
132:
128:
119:
115:
113:
110:(such as the
109:
106:In fact, the
104:
101:
93:
89:
87:
83:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
42:
40:
35:
33:
29:
21:
744:Thrust fault
728:
433:Large-scale
404:Inclinometer
378:Stress field
284:
275:the original
265:
253:. Retrieved
249:the original
244:
235:
223:. Retrieved
219:
210:
198:. Retrieved
191:the original
186:
182:
169:
143:Active fault
127:permeability
124:
108:seismic zone
105:
98:
79:
63:seismometers
43:
36:
27:
26:
925:Paleostress
811:Slickenside
786:Crenulation
739:Fault trace
734:Fault scarp
724:Disturbance
709:Cataclasite
598:Rift valley
518:Half-graben
488:Fault block
473:DĂ©collement
991:Categories
953:Pure shear
940:Shear zone
897:Competence
781:Compaction
658:Fracturing
453:Autochthon
448:Allochthon
255:17 January
161:References
131:Charlevoix
39:earthquake
889:Boudinage
869:Monocline
864:Homocline
844:Anticline
826:Tectonite
816:Stylolite
791:Fissility
768:lineation
764:Foliation
628:Syneclise
573:Obduction
543:Inversion
435:tectonics
61:. Using
976:Category
948:Mylonite
879:Vergence
874:Syncline
776:Cleavage
701:Faulting
225:2 August
200:2 August
137:See also
849:Chevron
836:Folding
681:Fissure
633:Terrane
578:Orogeny
558:MĂ©lange
493:Fenster
383:Tension
149:Orogeny
623:Suture
608:Saddle
548:Klippe
513:Graben
373:Stress
363:Strain
54:stress
958:Shear
686:Joint
568:Nappe
528:Horst
523:Horse
194:(PDF)
179:(PDF)
82:penny
859:Dome
766:and
691:Vein
671:Dike
603:Rift
414:Rake
257:2022
227:2019
202:2019
65:and
993::
243:.
218:.
187:75
185:.
181:.
133:.
34:.
311:e
304:t
297:v
259:.
229:.
204:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
