1468:
617:
113:
24:
2713:
675:; bract and petaloid bracteoles; monosymmetric calyx of three and two petaloid sepals; monosymmetric corolla of three and two reduced petals; two whorls of stamens, the outer monosymmetric from three fused and two reduced stamens, the inner of 4 reduced and 1 lost stamen; monosymmetric gynoecium of 1 carpel with superior ovary; marginal placentation with 8–10 ovules per gynoecium.
294:
The numbers are inserted after the labels, they may be formatted as sub- or superscript. If an organ is absent, its number is written as "0" or it is omitted, if there are "many" (usually more than 10–12) instances, it can be written as "∞". Whorls of the same organ are separated by "+". Organ counts
104:
Floral formulae were developed at the beginning of the 19th century. The first authors using them were Cassel (1820) who first devised lists of integers to denote numbers of parts in named whorls; and
Martius (1828). Grisebach (1854) used 4-integer series to represent the 4 whorls of floral parts in
476:
or arrangement may be described for the whole flower; in such case the corresponding symbol is usually placed at the beginning of the formula. It may be also outlined separately for different organs, placing it after their labels or numbers, or it may not be included in the formula at all. It is
659:; asymmetric flower; calyx of three free sepals; corolla of three free petals joined with androecium; androecium in two whorls, the outer whorl contains 1–3 staminodes, the inner contains ½ of a stamen and 2 staminodes; gynoecium fused of 3 carpels, inferior ovary
630:
Sexuality of the flower can be highlighted by ☿ or ⚥ for hermaphrodite (bisexual), ♂ for male (staminate) and ♀ for female (pistillate) flower. The symbols are usually placed at the beginning of the formula, after or before the symmetry symbol. Prenner
105:
his textbook to describe characteristics of floral families, stating numbers of different organs separated by commas and highlighting fusion. Sachs (1873) used them together with floral diagrams, he noted their advantage of being composed of "ordinary
173:
The formula expresses counts of different floral organs; these are usually preceded by letters or abbreviations according to the organ type. They are ordered corresponding to the arrangement of the parts of the flower from the outside to the inside:
81:. Such notations use numbers, letters and various symbols to convey significant information in a compact form. They may represent the floral form of a particular species, or may be generalized to characterize higher
295:
within a whorl can be separated by ":", for example when part of the whorl is morphologically different. A range can be given if the number is variable, e.g. when the formula summarizes a taxon.
991:
1113:
635:
recommend to use the corresponding symbols (♀ and ♂) only for flowers of separate sexuality. Ronse De Craene utilizes the words "pistillate" or "staminate" instead of the symbols.
2543:
944:
881:
847:
910:
85:, usually giving ranges of numbers of organs. Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being
325:
The formula can also express organ fusion. Fusion of one organ type can be shown by enclosing the number in a circle, fusion of different organs can be represented by
2548:
2681:
152:
devised an extension of the existing model to broaden the descriptive capability of the formula and argued that formulae should be included in formal
89:. The format of floral formulae differs according to the tastes of particular authors and periods, yet they tend to convey the same information.
399:
Ovary position is shown by alternating the "G" label. Simpson circumvents the intricate formatting by expressing the ovary position by words.
2599:
393:
A1+2° – (Ronse De Craene) androecium in two whorls, first whorl containing a stamen, second whorl containing two stamens in Ovary position
2415:
1344:
1069:
337:
state that this method is difficult to achieve via standard typesetting. Joining of organs can be more readily written using
1365:
948:
2605:
1415:
1390:
1274:
1500:
1027:
Bracts and bracteoles are not considered parts of the flower itself, yet they may be included in the floral formula
1939:
2420:
1440:
1316:
1870:
2589:
2176:
1691:
2671:
2425:
1452:
368:
propose superscript zero for a lost organ, and superscript "r" for a reduced one. Ronse De Craene uses a
1229:
Blüthendiagramme, erster Theil: Enthaltend
Einleitung, Gymnospermen, Monocotylen und sympetale Dicotylen
914:
851:
817:
2405:
886:
156:
descriptions. Ronse De Craene (2010) partially utilized their way of writing the formulae in his book
2742:
2555:
153:
2693:
2538:
1588:
341:"(…)" if instances of the same organ are fused. Fusion between different organs can be achieved by
317:
Groups of organs can be described by writing the number of instances in the group as superscript.
1244:
1227:
1210:
994:
3-4 free sepals, 3-4 free petals (or absent), 2-8 stamens, inferior ovary with 2-4 fused carpels
2523:
2447:
1296:
1294:
2252:
279:
for the number of ovules per gynoecium is followed by lowercase letter describing the type of
2688:
1463:
1458:
1380:
1164:
Morphonomia botanica: sive observationes circa proportionem et evolutionem partium plantarum
2410:
2307:
2262:
1934:
1493:
1910:
8:
2580:
2125:
1193:
390:) androecium in two whorls, first contains 3 stamens and 2 staminodes, second whorl lost
2518:
2383:
2161:
1853:
1639:
1535:
1305:
280:
47:
2676:
1525:
1520:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1340:
1312:
1270:
1133:
1065:
688:
671:
121:
2737:
2462:
2368:
2363:
2317:
2210:
2195:
2156:
2081:
1922:
1846:
1743:
1685:
1300:
1246:
Blüthendiagramme, zweiter Theil: Enthaltend die apetalen und choripetalen
Dicotylen
1125:
616:
326:
2257:
2716:
2698:
2560:
2389:
2339:
2327:
2289:
2225:
2052:
2020:
1981:
1954:
1783:
1778:
1669:
1605:
1486:
1433:
1059:
473:
342:
1459:
Table 2.1. Floral formulae; symbols used in this book. In Ronse De Craene, p. 39
1114:"Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions"
2610:
2575:
2528:
2510:
2474:
2230:
2057:
2035:
2001:
1976:
1959:
1944:
1826:
1644:
1629:
1583:
1578:
1472:
1008:
346:
93:
86:
1434:
N S Subrahmanyam, Modern Plant
Taxonomy, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 2009.
128:, he used floral formulae sparingly, mainly for families with simple flowers.
2731:
2646:
2394:
2312:
2284:
2247:
2215:
2151:
2120:
2071:
1971:
1773:
1756:
1679:
1659:
1600:
1595:
1543:
1137:
369:
112:
2641:
2631:
2533:
2242:
1751:
1718:
804:
655:
129:
2457:
2442:
2437:
2373:
2235:
2015:
1986:
1885:
1880:
1728:
1568:
1563:
1548:
338:
1111:
1061:
Floral
Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution
275:
The labels with darker backgrounds are less common. "V" used by
Prenner
2486:
2479:
2469:
2452:
2135:
2130:
2066:
1858:
1705:
1664:
1558:
1129:
1112:
Prenner, Gerhard; Richard M. Bateman; Paula J. Rudall (February 2010).
794:. Individual species and genera may have more or less derived formulas.
377:
136:(1973) takes advantage of floral formulae and diagrams to describe the
23:
2594:
2491:
2220:
2025:
2006:
1917:
1841:
1761:
1713:
1654:
1634:
1573:
762:
373:
288:
185:
2636:
2626:
2570:
2565:
2332:
2205:
2181:
2098:
1768:
1553:
1212:
Lehrbuch der
Botanik nach dem gegenwaertigen Stand der Wissenschaft
1141:
284:
196:
137:
106:
74:
1821:
1816:
1733:
1723:
63:, the pistil is fused of five carpels, and the ovary is inferior.
2274:
2166:
2086:
2040:
2030:
1991:
1929:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1509:
1311:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass., U.S.A.: Sinauer Associates.
305:– a calyx with six free sepals, arranged as two separate whorls
229:
219:
78:
2498:
2432:
2354:
2322:
2279:
2171:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2091:
2076:
2045:
1966:
1624:
1615:
1177:
239:
209:
201:
180:
140:
of 50 plant species. Newer books containing formulae include
82:
538:↓, arrow orientation depending on symmetry plane orientation
2349:
2344:
1996:
1836:
1811:
1806:
1790:
1649:
1464:
59:, which are fused with androecium. The flower is bisexual,
2269:
1831:
1478:
638:
Floral formula can also incorporate the fruit type, Judd
1455:– a website dedicated to floral formulae (in Slovakian)
518:↓, → or Ø, depending on the symmetry plane orientation
77:
for representing the structure of particular types of
951:
917:
889:
854:
820:
1198:. Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.
1267:
Organogenesis of flowers; a photographic text-atlas
1304:
985:
938:
904:
875:
841:
1269:. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
51:. Polysymmetric flower. The perianth consists of
2729:
986:{\displaystyle \mathrm {G} ^{\overline {(2-4)}}}
1057:
358:– corolla fused from 5 petals, fused to stamens
1494:
2600:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1378:
311:P3–12 – perianth from three to twelve petals
92:A floral formula is often used along with a
168:
1501:
1487:
1339:. Oxford (Great Britain): Academic Press.
1330:
1328:
1307:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
1295:Judd, Walter S.; Christopher S. Campbell;
1249:. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
1232:. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
1166:. Colonia Agrippina : M. DuMont-Schauberg.
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
615:
1385:. Jangpura, New Delhi: South Asia Books.
1360:
1358:
1356:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1191:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1064:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2544:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1185:
1058:Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04).
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
163:
111:
16:Notation representing flowers' structure
1405:
1399:
1334:
1325:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1264:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1176:
2730:
1372:
1353:
1253:
1170:
1161:
1078:
1482:
1208:
1155:
1040:
592:% in median plane, ÷ in lateral plane
1283:
1202:
1195:Grundriss der systematischen Botanik
716:Perianth: 6 tepals in 2 whorls of 3
148:(2002) and Simpson (2010). Prenner
124:widely used floral diagrams in his
13:
1379:Subrahmanyam, N. S. (1997-01-01).
954:
939:{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} ^{2-8}}
920:
892:
876:{\displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{3-4}}
857:
842:{\displaystyle \mathrm {K} ^{3-4}}
823:
713:Bracteate, Actinomorphic, Bisexual
14:
2754:
2549:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1446:
724:Ovary: Superior - 3 fused carpels
2712:
2711:
1335:Simpson, Michael George (2010).
1243:Eichler, August Wilhelm (1878).
1226:Eichler, August Wilhelm (1875).
905:{\displaystyle \mathrm {C} ^{0}}
477:described by following symbols:
22:
1427:
1021:
663:B Bt K3:(2)↓ C3:2↓ A(3):2↓+4:1
1303:; Michael J. Donoghue (2002).
973:
961:
678:
1:
1034:
2590:History of plant systematics
2177:Thorns, spines, and prickles
977:
625:
7:
1406:Rosypal, Stanislav (2003).
1002:
645:
468:
321:A5² – 5 groups of 2 stamens
10:
2759:
2406:Alternation of generations
1508:
642:place it at the very end.
291:, the letter "k" is used.
99:
2707:
2655:
2619:
2556:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2519:Biological classification
2509:
2382:
2298:
2194:
2144:
1869:
1799:
1742:
1704:
1678:
1614:
1534:
1516:
812:
803:
770:and hermaphrodite with 6
696:
687:
574:
560:
540:
424:
355:A(5) – five fused stamens
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
189:
44:
30:
21:
2416:Evolutionary development
1471:– a website to generate
1469:Floral Diagram Generator
1014:
169:Organ numbers and fusion
134:Organogenesis of Flowers
2067:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
772:undifferentiated tepals
2682:by author abbreviation
2606:Plant taxonomy systems
2524:Botanical nomenclature
1265:Sattler, Rolf (1973).
1192:Grisebach, A. (1854).
1162:Cassel, F. P. (1820).
987:
940:
906:
877:
843:
780:number and arrangement
720:Stamens: 2 whorls of 3
376:(infertile stamen) or
117:
2689:Botanical expeditions
1475:from floral formulae.
1408:Nový přehled biologie
1382:Modern Plant Taxonomy
1215:. Leipzig: Engelmann.
988:
941:
907:
878:
844:
768:Flowers actinomorphic
164:Contained information
115:
61:it contains 5 stamens
2421:Evolutionary history
2411:Double fertilization
2263:Cellular respiration
1297:Elizabeth A. Kellogg
949:
915:
887:
852:
818:
413:half-inferior ovary
380:(infertile carpel).
1640:Non-vascular plants
1410:. Praha: Scientia.
776:two whorls of three
501:spiral arrangement
2145:Surface structures
1940:Flower development
1209:Sachs, J. (1873).
1130:10.1002/tax.591022
983:
936:
902:
873:
839:
462:G…, half-inferior
422:, Ronse De Craene
386:A3:2+5 – (Prenner
329:, as e.g. in Judd
118:
48:Anagallis arvensis
45:Floral formula of
2725:
2724:
2364:Herbaceous plants
2190:
2189:
1346:978-0-12-374380-0
1337:Plant Systematics
1071:978-0-521-49346-8
998:
997:
980:
729:
728:
672:Tamarindus indica
669:– the formula of
653:– the formula of
623:
622:
466:
465:
308:A∞ – many stamens
273:
272:
142:Plant Systematics
67:
66:
2750:
2743:Plant morphology
2715:
2714:
2694:Individual trees
2369:Secondary growth
2340:Succulent plants
2328:Prostrate shrubs
2211:Apical dominance
2196:Plant physiology
2157:Epicuticular wax
1702:
1701:
1695:
1686:Plant morphology
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1422:
1421:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:"Floral formula"
1362:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1301:Peter F. Stevens
1292:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1140:. Archived from
1109:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1028:
1025:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
982:
981:
976:
959:
957:
945:
943:
942:
937:
935:
934:
923:
911:
909:
908:
903:
901:
900:
895:
882:
880:
879:
874:
872:
871:
860:
848:
846:
845:
840:
838:
837:
826:
801:
800:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
725:
721:
717:
711:
710:
708:
704:
701:
685:
684:
666:
619:
529:Ronse De Craene
487:(actinomorphic)
480:
479:
443:
427:
402:
401:
177:
176:
126:Blüthendiagramme
62:
58:
54:
40:
38:
35:
26:
19:
18:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2703:
2672:Botanical terms
2665:
2651:
2615:
2561:Citrus taxonomy
2539:Author citation
2505:
2399:
2378:
2300:
2294:
2290:Turgor pressure
2198:
2186:
2140:
1955:Floral symmetry
1873:
1865:
1795:
1784:Vascular bundle
1779:Vascular tissue
1738:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1645:Vascular plants
1610:
1606:Plant pathology
1530:
1512:
1507:
1473:floral diagrams
1449:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1110:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1005:
1000:
999:
960:
958:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
924:
919:
918:
916:
913:
912:
896:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
861:
856:
855:
853:
850:
849:
827:
822:
821:
819:
816:
815:
813:
807:
798:
797:
796:
795:
792:3 fused carpels
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
760:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
730:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
712:
706:
705:
702:
699:
697:
691:
681:
668:
664:
652:
648:
628:
494:
486:
471:
441:
425:
410:inferior ovary
407:superior ovary
345:"", eventually
304:
171:
166:
158:Floral Diagrams
102:
87:floral diagrams
60:
57:5 joined petals
56:
52:
36:
33:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Related topics
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2611:Taxonomic rank
2608:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Botanical name
2521:
2515:
2513:
2511:Plant taxonomy
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2487:Megasporangium
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:Microsporangia
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2313:Cushion plants
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2248:Plant hormones
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2231:Photosynthesis
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Floral formula
1947:
1945:Floral diagram
1942:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1874:(incl. Flower)
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1824:
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1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
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1776:
1774:Storage organs
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1748:
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1740:
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1699:
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1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Spermatophytes
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:Archaeplastida
1627:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1609:
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1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1584:Phytogeography
1581:
1579:Phytochemistry
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1536:Subdisciplines
1532:
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1447:External links
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1181:(21): 522–529.
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1124:(1): 241–250.
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1009:Floral diagram
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859:
836:
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808:Floral formula
799:
788:superior ovary
765:Floral formula
761:
734:
733:
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731:
727:
726:
694:
693:
692:Floral formula
683:
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595:not mentioned
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561:not mentioned
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524:not mentioned
522:
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495:(zygomorphic)
491:
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116:Cassel formula
101:
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94:floral diagram
71:floral formula
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27:
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9:
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2647:Phytochemical
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2285:Transpiration
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2105:
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2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
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2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:Inflorescence
2070:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
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1757:Ground tissue
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1693:
1687:
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1683:
1681:
1680:Plant anatomy
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
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1623:
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1620:
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1613:
1607:
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1602:
1601:Plant ecology
1599:
1597:
1596:Plant anatomy
1594:
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1577:
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1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Archaeobotany
1542:
1541:
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1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
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1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
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1470:
1467:
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1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:Kvetné vzorce
1451:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1417:80-7183-268-5
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1392:9780706993462
1388:
1384:
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1359:
1357:
1348:
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1298:
1291:
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1276:0-8020-1864-5
1272:
1268:
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1259:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1144:on 2018-03-29
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
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1123:
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1115:
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618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
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598:
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591:
588:
586:Subrahmanyam
585:
584:
580:
577:
575:not mentioned
571:
569:
565:
564:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
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489:
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392:
389:
385:
384:
383:
382:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:degree symbol
367:
357:
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344:
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131:
127:
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114:
110:
108:
97:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
53:5 free sepals
50:
49:
43:
29:
25:
20:
2642:Horticulture
2632:Floriculture
2534:Correct name
2384:Reproduction
2374:Woody plants
2299:Plant growth
2258:Gas Exchange
2243:Phytomelanin
2121:Plant embryo
1949:
1871:Reproductive
1719:Phragmoplast
1428:Bibliography
1407:
1401:
1381:
1374:
1336:
1306:
1266:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1121:
1117:
1060:
1023:
805:Haloragaceae
700:P3+3+Corolla
670:
661:
656:Canna indica
654:
649:
639:
637:
632:
629:
567:
507:
493:monosymmetry
485:polysymmetry
472:
459:G…, inferior
456:G…, superior
446:
419:
398:
387:
365:
363:
334:
330:
324:
316:
293:
281:placentation
276:
274:
233:
223:
213:
205:
195:
191:
172:
157:
149:
145:
141:
133:
125:
119:
103:
91:
70:
68:
46:
2458:Pollen tube
2453:Pollinators
2443:Pollination
2438:Germination
2253:Respiration
2236:Chlorophyll
2082:Pedicellate
2016:Gametophyte
1935:Aestivation
1886:Antheridium
1881:Archegonium
1729:Plasmodesma
1706:Plant cells
1569:Paleobotany
1564:Ethnobotany
1549:Astrobotany
1179:Isis (Oken)
778:, the same
679:Using boxes
490:disymmetry
339:parentheses
2732:Categories
2480:Microspore
2470:Sporangium
2448:Artificial
2136:Sporophyte
2131:Sporophyll
2126:Receptacle
2021:Gynandrium
1891:Androecium
1800:Vegetative
1670:Angiosperm
1665:Gymnosperm
1559:Dendrology
1441:0706993462
1318:0878934030
1148:2014-02-06
1035:References
651:↯ K3 Ğ(3)
498:asymmetry
378:pistillode
372:to mark a
224:androecium
186:Bracteoles
2677:Botanists
2595:Herbarium
2492:Megaspore
2390:Evolution
2333:Subshrubs
2301:and habit
2226:Nutrition
2221:Cellulose
2216:Bulk flow
2199:Materials
2162:Epidermis
2026:Gynoecium
2007:Endosperm
2002:Dispersal
1918:Staminode
1854:Sessility
1842:Cataphyll
1762:Mesophyll
1714:Cell wall
1655:Lycophyte
1635:Bryophyte
1589:Geobotany
1574:Phycology
1138:0040-0262
978:¯
968:−
929:−
866:−
832:−
763:Liliaceae
689:Narcissus
667:1↓ Vm8–10
626:Sexuality
374:staminode
289:calyculus
252:P or CaCo
234:gynoecium
154:taxonomic
120:Although
2717:Category
2637:Forestry
2627:Agronomy
2620:Practice
2571:Cultivar
2566:Cultigen
2426:timeline
2318:Rosettes
2206:Aleurone
2182:Trichome
2099:Perianth
1911:Filament
1769:Meristem
1692:glossary
1554:Bryology
1003:See also
786:, and a
646:Examples
600:Rosypal
549:Sattler
506:Prenner
474:Symmetry
469:Symmetry
453:Simpson
438:Sattler
418:Prenner
364:Prenner
333:Prenner
285:epicalyx
269:C or Co
197:perianth
190:Tepals (
144:by Judd
138:ontogeny
107:typeface
75:notation
2738:Flowers
2395:Ecology
2152:Cuticle
1982:Capsule
1972:Anatomy
1923:Tapetum
1847:Petiole
1822:Rhizome
1817:Rhizoid
1744:Tissues
1734:Vacuole
1724:Plastid
1526:Outline
1521:History
784:stamens
698:Br ✶ ☿
349:"{…}".
266:K or Ca
261:V or O
230:Carpels
220:Stamens
214:corolla
192:perigon
130:Sattler
122:Eichler
100:History
79:flowers
2699:Plants
2602:(IAPT)
2355:Lianas
2323:Shrubs
2275:Starch
2167:Nectar
2087:Raceme
2053:Stigma
2041:Locule
2031:Carpel
1992:Pyrena
1930:Flower
1906:Anther
1901:Stamen
1896:Pollen
1618:groups
1510:Botany
1439:
1414:
1389:
1343:
1315:
1273:
1136:
1068:
640:et al.
633:et al.
568:et al.
508:et al.
420:et al.
388:et al.
366:et al.
343:square
335:et al.
331:et al.
283:. For
277:et al.
240:Ovules
210:petals
208:) and
202:sepals
200:), or
181:Bracts
150:et al.
146:et al.
2659:Lists
2576:Group
2499:Spore
2433:Flora
2350:Vines
2345:Trees
2308:Habit
2280:Sugar
2172:Stoma
2114:Sepal
2109:Petal
2104:Tepal
2092:Umbel
2077:Bract
2058:Style
2046:Ovule
2036:Ovary
1977:Berry
1967:Fruit
1960:Whorl
1827:Shoot
1625:Algae
1616:Plant
1118:Taxon
1015:Notes
790:with
566:Judd
206:calyx
73:is a
2581:Grex
2463:Self
1997:Seed
1859:Stem
1837:Leaf
1812:Root
1807:Bulb
1791:Wood
1752:Cork
1650:Fern
1437:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1134:ISSN
1066:ISBN
703:A3+3
433:-G-
430:Ĝ, Ğ
327:ties
109:".
83:taxa
55:and
2270:Sap
1987:Nut
1832:Bud
1126:doi
883:or
782:of
774:in
757:(3)
749:3+3
743:3+3
709:(3)
581:$
558:∙|∙
303:3+3
194:or
132:'s
39:(5)
2734::
1355:^
1327:^
1299:;
1285:^
1255:^
1132:.
1122:59
1120:.
1116:.
1080:^
1042:^
544:↺
249:Bt
160:.
96:.
69:A
34:K5
32:✶
1694:)
1690:(
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1420:.
1395:.
1368:.
1349:.
1321:.
1279:.
1151:.
1128::
1074:.
974:)
971:4
965:2
962:(
955:G
932:8
926:2
921:A
898:0
893:C
869:4
863:3
858:C
835:4
829:3
824:K
814:✶
753:G
746:A
740:P
737:✶
707:G
665:G
612:↯
609:↓
606:⤧
603:✳
589:⊕
578:X
572:*
555:+
552:✳
541:↯
535:↔
532:✶
521:∂
515:┼
512:*
447:G
442:G
426:G
301:K
287:/
258:G
255:A
246:B
236:)
232:(
226:)
222:(
216:)
212:(
204:(
37:G
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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