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330:, including new roots, leaves, and flowers. In the flowering plants, the gynoecium develops in the central region of the flower as a carpel or in groups of fused carpels. After fertilization, the gynoecium develops into a fruit that provides protection and nutrition for the developing seeds, and often aids in their dispersal. The gynoecium has several specialized tissues. The tissues of the gynoecium develop from genetic and hormonal interactions along three-major axes. These tissue arise from
728:) carpels are fused by their styles or stigmas but possess distinct ovaries. In a syncarpous gynoecium, the "fused" ovaries of the constituent carpels may be referred to collectively as a single compound ovary. It can be a challenge to determine how many carpels fused to form a syncarpous gynoecium. If the styles and stigmas are distinct, they can usually be counted to determine the number of carpels. Within the compound ovary, the carpels may have distinct locules divided by walls called
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of flowering plants. Some processes that have been considered congenital (phylogenetic) fusions appear to be non-fusion processes such as, for example, the de novo formation of intercalary growth in a ring zone at or below the base of primordia. Therefore, "it is now increasingly acknowledged that the term 'fusion,' as applied to phylogeny (as in 'congenital fusion') is ill-advised."
530:, inside which egg cells ultimately form. A pistil may consist of one carpel (with its ovary, style and stigma); or it may comprise several carpels joined together to form a single ovary, the whole unit called a pistil. The gynoecium may present as one or more uni-carpellate pistils or as one multi-carpellate pistil. (The number of carpels is denoted by terms such as
770:, a carpel begins as a shallow cup where the ovules develop with laminar placentation, on the upper surface of the carpel. The carpel eventually forms a folded, leaf-like structure, not fully sealed at its margins. No style exists, but a broad stigmatic crest along the margin allows pollen tubes access along the surface and between hairs at the margins.
846:
flowers, in which a hypanthium is present, but is either free from the gynoecium (in which case it may appear to be a cup or tube surrounding the gynoecium) or connected partly to the gynoecium (with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached to the hypanthium part of the way up the ovary). Perigynous
773:
Two kinds of fusion have been distinguished: postgenital fusion that can be observed during the development of flowers, and congenital fusion that cannot be observed i.e., fusions that occurred during phylogeny. But it is very difficult to distinguish fusion and non-fusion processes in the evolution
548:
Although many flowers satisfy the above definition of a carpel, there are also flowers that do not have carpels because in these flowers the ovule(s), although enclosed, are borne directly on the floral apex. Therefore, the carpel has been redefined as an appendage that encloses ovule(s) and may or
964:
804:
does not correspond to the ontogenetic processes that can actually be observed. All that can be seen is an intercalary growth in a broad circular zone that changes the shape of the floral axis (receptacle)." And what happened during evolution is not a phylogenetic fusion but the formation of a
995:
resulting in one to four megaspores. These develop into a megagametophyte (often called the embryo sac) within the ovule. The megagametophyte typically develops a small number of cells, including two special cells, an egg cell and a binucleate central cell, which are the
933:), or near the center of the ovary. In the latter case, separate terms are used depending on whether or not the ovary is divided into separate locules. If the ovary is divided, with the ovules born on a line of placentation at the inner angle of each locule, this is
723:
The degree of connation ("fusion") in a syncarpous gynoecium can vary. The carpels may be "fused" only at their bases, but retain separate styles and stigmas. The carpels may be "fused" entirely, except for retaining separate stigmas. Sometimes (e.g.,
732:. If a syncarpous gynoecium has a single style and stigma and a single locule in the ovary, it may be necessary to examine how the ovules are attached. Each carpel will usually have a distinct line of placentation where the ovules are attached.
941:, on the other hand, consists of a single compartment without septae and the ovules are attached to a central column that arises directly from the floral apex (axis). In some cases a single ovule is attached to the bottom or top of the locule (
823:. In an epigynous flower, the stamens, petals, and sepals are attached to the hypanthium at the top of the ovary or, occasionally, the hypanthium may extend beyond the top of the ovary. Epigynous flowers are often referred to as having an
793:
The relationship of the other flower parts to the gynoecium can be an important systematic and taxonomic character. In some flowers, the stamens, petals, and sepals are often said to be "fused" into a "floral tube" or
929:. In monocarpous or apocarpous gynoecia, there is typically a single line of placentation in each ovary. In syncarpous gynoecia, the lines of placentation can be regularly spaced along the wall of the ovary (
334:
that produce cells that differentiate into the different tissues that produce the parts of the gynoecium including the pistil, carpels, ovary, and ovules; the carpel margin meristem (arising from the carpel
884:
903:
3122:
800:. However, as Leins & Erbar (2010) pointed out, "the classical view that the wall of the inferior ovary results from the "congenital" fusion of dorsal carpel flanks and the
412:). The placentas and/or ovule(s) may be born on the gynoecial appendages or less frequently on the floral apex. The chamber in which the ovules develop is called a
3127:
925:
Within the ovary, each ovule is born by a placenta or arises as a continuation of the floral apex. The placentas often occur in distinct lines called lines of
740:
Pistils begin as small primordia on a floral apical meristem, forming later than, and closer to the (floral) apex than sepal, petal and stamen primordia.
1336:"Expression of gynoecium patterning transcription factors in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) and their contribution to gynostemium development"
3260:
812:, and the stamens, petals, and sepals are all attached to the receptacle below the gynoecium. Hypogynous flowers are often referred to as having a
805:
unitary intercalary meristem. Evolutionary developmental biology investigates such developmental processes that arise or change during evolution.
1716:
549:
may not bear them. However, the most unobjectionable definition of the carpel is simply that of an appendage that encloses an ovule or ovules.
1036:
Stigmas can vary from long and slender to globe-shaped to feathery. The stigma is the receptive tip of the carpel(s), which receives pollen at
1044:. The stigma is adapted to catch and trap pollen, either by combining pollen of visiting insects or by various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings.
364:
A syncarpous gynoecium in context. The gynoecium (whether composed of a single carpel or multiple "fused" carpels) is typically made up of an
1279:
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do not have a sex, only gametophytes do. Gynoecium development and arrangement is important in systematic research and identification of
2026:
1985:
1308:
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The gynoecium is often referred to as female because it gives rise to female (egg-producing) gametophytes; however, strictly speaking
2994:
545:), which evolved to form a closed structure containing the ovules. This structure is typically rolled and fused along the margin.
441:, do not have a distinct style, and the stigma sits directly on the ovary. The style is a hollow tube in some plants, such as
376:
The gynoecium may consist of one or more separate pistils. A pistil typically consists of an expanded basal portion called an
2048:
1998:
1965:
1928:
1869:
1538:
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1321:
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526:, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) —and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called
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showing multiple connate carpels (a compound pistil) fused along the placental line where the ovules form in each locule
3316:
1448:
983:
meaning small egg) is a complex structure born inside ovaries. The ovule initially consists of a stalked, integumented
552:
422:
1334:
Peréz-Mesa, Pablo; Ortíz-Ramírez, Clara Inés; González, Favio; Ferrándiz, Cristina; Pabón-Mora, Natalia (2020-02-17).
3184:
1710:
1418:
451:
2079:
2518:
460:, meaning mark or puncture) is usually found at the tip of the style, the portion of the carpel(s) that receives
755:, but typically includes a stigma, and is fused, with ovules enclosed in the enlarged lower portion, the ovary.
185:
2999:
1048:
2449:
237:
1016:. The gap in the integuments through which the pollen tube enters to deliver sperm to the egg is called the
909:
Illustration showing longitudinal sections through hypogynous (a), perigynous (b), and epigynous (c) flowers
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2755:
2270:
3250:
3004:
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1808:"Morpho evo-devo of the gynoecium: heterotopy, redefinition of the carpel, and a topographic appraoch"
1757:"Morpho evo-devo of the gynoecium: heterotopy, redefinition of the carpel, and a topographic appraoch"
343:, ovary septum, and the transmitting track, and plays a role in fusing the apical margins of carpels.
168:
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3134:
3326:
3272:
3117:
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1276:
1004:. The central cell, once fertilized by a sperm cell from the pollen becomes the first cell of the
926:
1557:
Sattler, R. & Lacroix, C. (1988). "Development and evolution of basal cauline placentation:
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35:
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Basal angiosperm groups tend to have carpels arranged spirally around a conical or dome-shaped
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1982:
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Leins, P. and Erbar, C. 2010. Flower and Fruit. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart
Science Publishers
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by pollen from the same plant or from genetically similar plants, and ensures outcrossing.
1001:
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1736:
Greyson, R. I. 1994. The
Development of Flowers. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30:
8:
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562:(creeping buttercup) flower showing multiple unfused carpels surrounded by longer stamens
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2016:
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Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. (2007).
610:. A syncarpous gynoecium can sometimes appear very much like a monocarpous gynoecium.
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carpel (also carpophyl)—Gr. καρπός (karpós, "fruit") + Gr. φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") .
748:
studies of pistil ontogeny reveal that carpels are most likely homologous to leaves.
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1989:
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514:. A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower—usually composed of the
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68:
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within the androecium. Flowers that bear a gynoecium but no stamens are called
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and any associated modified leaves or stems present on a gametophyte shoot in
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2030:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–573.
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763:
606:. If a gynoecium has multiple carpels "fused" into a single structure, it is
365:
287:. The corresponding terms for the male parts of those plants are clusters of
1394:
79:
Moss plants with gynoecia, clusters of archegonia at the apex of each shoot.
44:
showing the many pistils making up the gynoecium in the middle of the flower
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1824:
1792:
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If the hypanthium is present up to the base of the style(s), the flower is
1058:
The primitive development of carpels, as seen in such groups of plants as
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2814:
2594:
2565:
2464:
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2147:
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2127:
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1037:
1020:. The stalk attaching the ovule to the placenta is called the funiculus.
828:
801:
767:
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265:
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385:
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252:" portion of the flower, although rather than directly producing female
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2437:
2284:
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2137:
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681:
602:. If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is
336:
307:
303:
272:
245:
1885:
Sattler, R. (1978). "'Fusion' and 'continuity' in floral morphology".
271:
The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of
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The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of one or more
261:
191:
174:
1574:
1515:
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310:, but can be the most challenging of the floral parts to interpret.
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1248:
Recent
Advances and Challenges on Big Data Analysis in Neuroimaging
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1897:
1498:
Macdonald, A.D. & Sattler, R. (1973). "Floral development of
1115:
1047:
The style and stigma of the flower are involved in most types of
992:
656:
445:, or has transmitting tissue through which the pollen tubes grow.
319:
206:) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a
48:
2853:
2745:
2665:
2619:
2609:
2570:
2508:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2088:
1200:"Gynoecium formation: an intimate and complicated relationship"
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480:
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354:
323:
253:
249:
241:
233:
207:
75:
1395:"Female reproductive organ formation: A multitasking endeavor"
1179:
Sattler, R. (1974). "A new approach to gynoecial morphology".
137:
104:
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2015:
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340:
215:
211:
1596:
Sattler, R. & Perlin, L. (1982). "Floral development of
1470:
Fruit
Ripening: From Present Knowledge to Future Development
400:, meaning egg) is the enlarged basal portion which contains
2928:
2923:
2575:
2415:
2390:
2385:
2369:
2228:
870:
Occasionally, the gynoecium is born on a stalk, called the
276:
219:
149:
143:
116:
110:
95:
1153:
140:
125:
2848:
2410:
2057:
1531:
Organogenesis of
Flowers : a Photographic Text-Atlas
1158:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
431:, meaning a pillar) is a pillar-like stalk through which
128:
92:
483:. A sterile pistil in a male flower is referred to as a
435:
grow to reach the ovary. Some flowers, such as those of
991:). Typically, one cell in the megasporangium undergoes
468:). It is commonly sticky or feathery to capture pollen.
1993:. Springer Science & Business Media; 6 July 2009.
1937:
1628:
1051:
reactions. Self-incompatibility, if present, prevents
541:
derived from ovule-bearing leaves or leaf homologues (
1956:
Blackmore, Stephen & Toothill, Elizabeth (1984).
1862:
Morphology and
Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.)
672:
Multiple distinct ("unfused") carpels
134:
107:
101:
1197:
859:). This arrangement is particularly frequent in the
299:. Flowers lacking a gynoecium are called staminate.
890:Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid,
816:. This is the typical arrangement in most flowers.
152:
131:
119:
98:
2036:
1392:
1198:Moubayidin, Laila; Østergaard, Lars (2017-08-01).
701:Multiple connate ("fused") carpels
1955:
1651:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
598:If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called
353:"Pistil" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3308:
1497:
971:showing ovary, ovules, stigma, style, and petals
827:. Plant families with epigynous flowers include
1923:. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart Science Publishers.
1025:
1675:The Century Dictionary: The Century dictionary
1556:
1462:
1008:, and the egg cell once fertilized become the
2073:
1974:
1887:Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
1859:
1855:
1853:
1595:
1204:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
967:Longitudinal section of carpellate flower of
248:. The gynoecium is often referred to as the "
3179:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1298:
1240:
1502:and the controversy over floral theories".
1128:
808:If the hypanthium is absent, the flower is
786:. In later lineages, carpels tend to be in
146:
113:
2080:
2066:
1949:
1918:
1850:
1156:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
847:flowers are often referred to as having a
614:Comparison of gynoecium terminology using
226:of a flower; it consists of (one or more)
1860:Gifford, E.M. & Foster, A.S. (1989).
1833:
1823:
1782:
1772:
1702:The Anther: Form, Function, and Phylogeny
1552:
1550:
1393:Simonini, Sara; Østergaard, Lars (2019).
1369:
1351:
1215:
55:flowers showing stamens, style and stigma
3123:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1914:
1912:
1610:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
962:
579:
565:
551:
494:
359:
74:
58:
47:
29:
2034:
1943:
1903:
1884:
1805:
1754:
1634:
1528:
1399:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1178:
404:, ridges of tissue bearing one or more
264:, each of which develops into a female
14:
3309:
2013:
1878:
1677:. Century Company. 1914. p. 832.
1589:
1547:
1522:
1491:
1480:. Frontiers Media SA; 12 August 2019.
650:Monocarpous (unicarpellate) gynoecium
2061:
1909:
1316:. Frontiers Media SA; 26 March 2014.
1172:
1147:
777:
751:A carpel has a similar function to a
1699:D'Arcy, W.G.; Keating, R.C. (1996).
1646:
1640:
1306:Molecular basis of fruit development
675:Apocarpous (choricarpous) gynoecium
1864:. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co.
1258:. Frontiers Media SA; 17 May 2017.
570:Cross-section through the ovary of
232:and is typically surrounded by the
199:
24:
1919:Leins, P. & Erbar, C. (2010).
1622:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00532.x
1287:. Elsevier Science; 29 June 2018.
181: 'woman, female' and
25:
3343:
3128:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
897:, illustrating an inferior ovary.
522:(sometimes having its individual
222:. The gynoecium is the innermost
3291:
3290:
1958:The Penguin Dictionary of Botany
1091:
1075:
902:
883:
380:, an elongated section called a
214:and ultimately develop into the
88:
2007:
1799:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1719:from the original on 2023-01-19
1692:
1681:from the original on 2023-01-19
1663:
1533:. University of Toronto Press.
1451:from the original on 2023-01-19
914:
842:Between these two extremes are
448:The stigma (from Ancient Greek
372:as in the center of the flower.
313:
268:which then produces egg cells.
2014:Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911).
1705:. Cambridge University Press.
1386:
1327:
1269:
1191:
1040:and on which the pollen grain
421:The style (from Ancient Greek
13:
1:
1141:
472:The word "pistil" comes from
3169:History of plant systematics
2756:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1277:Encyclopedia of Reproduction
1026:Role of the stigma and style
952:
7:
2043:. Oxford University Press.
1411:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.10.004
1109:
735:
228:
10:
3348:
2985:Alternation of generations
2087:
2039:The Development of Flowers
1563:American Journal of Botany
1504:Canadian Journal of Botany
1353:10.1186/s13227-020-00149-8
1029:
956:
918:
537:Carpels are thought to be
490:
450:
352:
260:), the gynoecium produces
244:, collectively called the
184:
167:
3317:Plant reproductive system
3286:
3234:
3198:
3135:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3098:Biological classification
3088:
2961:
2877:
2773:
2723:
2448:
2378:
2321:
2283:
2257:
2193:
2113:
2095:
1906:, p. 67–69, 142–145.
1598:Bougainvillea spectabilis
1217:10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.005
1086:held in a pair of forceps
975:In flowering plants, the
939:free central placentation
348:
27:Female organs of a flower
2995:Evolutionary development
1121:
593:
2646:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2035:Greyson, R. I. (1994).
2027:Encyclopædia Britannica
1012:that develops into the
3261:by author abbreviation
3185:Plant taxonomy systems
3103:Botanical nomenclature
1825:10.3390/plants13050599
1774:10.3390/plants13050599
972:
626:Gynoecium composition
590:
577:
563:
505:
504:with five free carpels
396:The ovary (from Latin
392:that receives pollen.
373:
326:grow new organs after
80:
72:
56:
45:
3268:Botanical expeditions
1608:L. (Nyctaginaceae)".
1082:Stigmas and style of
966:
931:parietal placentation
704:Syncarpous gynoecium
583:
569:
555:
498:
363:
78:
62:
51:
33:
3000:Evolutionary history
2990:Double fertilization
2842:Cellular respiration
1806:Sattler, R. (2024).
1755:Sattler, R. (2024).
1529:Sattler, R. (1973).
1049:self incompatibility
1002:double fertilization
707:A pistil (compound)
663:sp.), most legumes (
418:(or sometimes cell).
2219:Non-vascular plants
947:apical placentation
849:half-inferior ovary
717:sp.), most flowers
622:
388:structure called a
238:reproductive organs
2724:Surface structures
2519:Flower development
1988:2023-01-19 at the
1602:Boerhaavia diffusa
1475:2023-01-19 at the
1311:2023-01-19 at the
1282:2023-01-19 at the
1253:2023-01-19 at the
973:
935:axile placentation
853:partially inferior
778:Gynoecium position
653:A pistil (simple)
613:
591:
578:
564:
534:(three carpels).)
506:
501:Aquilegia vulgaris
374:
81:
73:
57:
46:
3304:
3303:
2943:Herbaceous plants
2769:
2768:
2050:978-0-19-506688-3
1999:978-1-4020-9609-9
1980:Armen Takhtajan.
1967:978-0-14-051126-0
1960:. Penguin Books.
1930:978-3-510-65261-7
1871:978-0-7167-1946-5
1647:Esau, K. (1965).
1540:978-0-8020-1864-9
1510:(10): 1965–1975.
1486:978-2-88945-919-3
1322:978-2-88919-460-5
1293:978-0-12-815145-7
1264:978-2-88945-128-9
1165:978-0-87893-407-2
987:(also called the
949:, respectively).
837:evening primroses
721:
720:
678:Pistils (simple)
559:Ranunculus repens
16:(Redirected from
3339:
3322:Plant morphology
3294:
3293:
3273:Individual trees
2948:Secondary growth
2919:Succulent plants
2907:Prostrate shrubs
2790:Apical dominance
2775:Plant physiology
2736:Epicuticular wax
2281:
2280:
2274:
2265:Plant morphology
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2031:
2019:
2002:
1983:Flowering Plants
1978:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1921:Flower and Fruit
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1606:Mirabilis jalapa
1593:
1587:
1586:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1495:
1489:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1302:
1296:
1273:
1267:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1135:
1132:
1095:
1079:
937:. An ovary with
906:
887:
876:Isomeris arborea
851:(or, sometimes,
760:basal angiosperm
623:
612:
539:phylogenetically
455:
454:
201:
195:
188:
178:
171:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
21:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3327:Plant sexuality
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3282:
3251:Botanical terms
3244:
3230:
3194:
3140:Citrus taxonomy
3118:Author citation
3084:
2978:
2957:
2879:
2873:
2869:Turgor pressure
2777:
2765:
2719:
2534:Floral symmetry
2452:
2444:
2374:
2363:Vascular bundle
2358:Vascular tissue
2317:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2253:
2224:Vascular plants
2189:
2185:Plant pathology
2109:
2091:
2086:
2051:
2010:
2005:
1990:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1851:
1804:
1800:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1594:
1590:
1575:10.2307/2444012
1555:
1548:
1541:
1527:
1523:
1516:10.1139/b73-251
1496:
1492:
1477:Wayback Machine
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1421:
1391:
1387:
1332:
1328:
1313:Wayback Machine
1303:
1299:
1284:Wayback Machine
1274:
1270:
1255:Wayback Machine
1245:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1181:Phytomorphology
1177:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1084:Cannabis sativa
1080:
1034:
1032:Stigma (botany)
1028:
961:
955:
923:
917:
910:
907:
898:
888:
780:
738:
632:
596:
587:Begonia grandis
543:megasporophylls
493:
358:
351:
339:) produces the
316:
198: 'house';
124:
91:
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:Related topics
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3190:Taxonomic rank
3187:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Botanical name
3100:
3094:
3092:
3090:Plant taxonomy
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3066:Megasporangium
3063:
3062:
3061:
3054:Microsporangia
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2892:Cushion plants
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2827:Plant hormones
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2810:Photosynthesis
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Floral formula
2526:
2524:Floral diagram
2521:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2453:(incl. Flower)
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2353:Storage organs
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Spermatophytes
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Archaeplastida
2206:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2163:Phytogeography
2160:
2158:Phytochemistry
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2115:Subdisciplines
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2032:
2022:Chisholm, Hugh
2017:"Flower"
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1973:
1966:
1948:
1946:, p. 142.
1936:
1929:
1908:
1896:
1877:
1870:
1849:
1798:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1711:
1691:
1662:
1639:
1637:, p. 130.
1627:
1616:(3): 161–182.
1588:
1569:(6): 918–927.
1546:
1539:
1521:
1490:
1461:
1419:
1385:
1326:
1297:
1268:
1239:
1190:
1171:
1164:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
985:megasporangium
957:Main article:
954:
951:
919:Main article:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
901:
899:
889:
882:
825:inferior ovary
814:superior ovary
779:
776:
753:megasporophyll
737:
734:
719:
718:
708:
705:
702:
698:
697:
679:
676:
673:
669:
668:
654:
651:
648:
647:Single carpel
644:
643:
640:
634:
627:
595:
592:
492:
489:
470:
469:
446:
419:
408:(integumented
350:
347:
318:Unlike (most)
315:
312:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3226:Phytochemical
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Transpiration
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:Inflorescence
2649:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:Ground tissue
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:Plant anatomy
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Plant ecology
2178:
2176:
2175:Plant anatomy
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Archaeobotany
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1712:9780521480635
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Plant Anatomy
1643:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Basella rubra
1553:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:9780128098042
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:fertilization
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
965:
960:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
922:
905:
900:
896:
894:
893:Spathoglottis
886:
881:
880:
879:
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868:
866:
862:
858:
857:half-superior
854:
850:
845:
840:
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815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
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785:
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771:
769:
765:
764:Degeneriaceae
761:
756:
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749:
747:
743:
742:Morphological
733:
731:
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546:
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532:tricarpellate
529:
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410:megasporangia
407:
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387:
383:
379:
371:
368:, style, and
367:
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333:
329:
328:embryogenesis
325:
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311:
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210:that produce
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162:Ancient Greek
157:
85:
77:
70:
67:
66:
61:
54:
50:
43:
42:
38:
32:
19:
3221:Horticulture
3211:Floriculture
3113:Correct name
2963:Reproduction
2953:Woody plants
2878:Plant growth
2837:Gas Exchange
2822:Phytomelanin
2700:Plant embryo
2604:
2450:Reproductive
2298:Phragmoplast
2038:
2025:
2008:Bibliography
1981:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1944:Greyson 1994
1939:
1920:
1904:Greyson 1994
1899:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1701:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1648:
1642:
1635:Greyson 1994
1630:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1530:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1402:
1398:
1388:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1304:
1300:
1275:
1271:
1246:
1242:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1155:
1149:
1130:
1099:
1098:Stigma of a
1083:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1035:
1022:
1000:involved in
988:
984:
980:
979:(from Latin
976:
974:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:placentation
924:
915:Placentation
891:
875:
869:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
824:
820:
818:
813:
809:
807:
795:
792:
781:
772:
757:
750:
739:
729:
722:
714:
693:
685:
660:
639:terminology
636:
633:terminology
629:
619:
615:
607:
603:
599:
597:
585:
571:
557:
556:Centre of a
547:
536:
531:
509:
507:
499:
484:
476:
471:
466:gametophytes
457:
436:
433:pollen tubes
428:
423:
413:
401:
397:
375:
345:
317:
314:Introduction
301:
296:
292:
270:
227:
203:
192:
189:
182:
175:
172:
165:
83:
82:
63:
52:
40:
36:
3037:Pollen tube
3032:Pollinators
3022:Pollination
3017:Germination
2832:Respiration
2815:Chlorophyll
2661:Pedicellate
2595:Gametophyte
2514:Aestivation
2465:Antheridium
2460:Archegonium
2308:Plasmodesma
2285:Plant cells
2148:Paleobotany
2143:Ethnobotany
2128:Astrobotany
1671:"Carpophyl"
1500:Myrica gale
1405:: 337–371.
1038:pollination
861:rose family
802:floral axis
768:Winteraceae
726:Apocynaceae
600:monocarpous
308:angiosperms
304:sporophytes
266:gametophyte
236:-producing
160:; from
65:Hippeastrum
53:Hippeastrum
3332:Sex organs
3311:Categories
3059:Microspore
3049:Sporangium
3027:Artificial
2715:Sporophyte
2710:Sporophyll
2705:Receptacle
2600:Gynandrium
2470:Androecium
2379:Vegetative
2249:Angiosperm
2244:Gymnosperm
2138:Dendrology
1893:: 397–405.
1818:(5): 599.
1767:(5): 599.
1723:2015-10-27
1685:2018-02-05
1488:. p. 155–.
1455:2020-12-27
1266:. p. 158–.
1142:References
1042:germinates
865:saxifrages
844:perigynous
810:hypogynous
797:hypanthium
784:receptacle
762:lineages,
694:Ranunculus
682:Strawberry
608:syncarpous
604:apocarpous
584:Pistil of
485:pistillode
337:primordium
297:carpellate
293:pistillate
289:antheridia
281:liverworts
273:archegonia
262:megaspores
246:androecium
34:Flower of
3256:Botanists
3174:Herbarium
3071:Megaspore
2969:Evolution
2912:Subshrubs
2880:and habit
2805:Nutrition
2800:Cellulose
2795:Bulk flow
2778:Materials
2741:Epidermis
2605:Gynoecium
2586:Endosperm
2581:Dispersal
2497:Staminode
2433:Sessility
2421:Cataphyll
2341:Mesophyll
2293:Cell wall
2234:Lycophyte
2214:Bryophyte
2168:Geobotany
2153:Phycology
2001:. p. 22–.
1657:263092258
1429:1557-8933
1362:2041-9139
1324:. p. 27–.
1226:0959-437X
1210:: 15–21.
1067:Degeneria
1061:Tasmannia
1018:micropyle
1006:endosperm
953:The ovule
872:gynophore
821:epigynous
746:molecular
690:Buttercup
642:Examples
573:Narcissus
477:pistillum
402:placentas
332:meristems
285:hornworts
258:egg cells
84:Gynoecium
71:and style
41:wieseneri
3296:Category
3216:Forestry
3206:Agronomy
3199:Practice
3150:Cultivar
3145:Cultigen
3005:timeline
2897:Rosettes
2785:Aleurone
2761:Trichome
2678:Perianth
2490:Filament
2348:Meristem
2271:glossary
2133:Bryology
1986:Archived
1844:38475445
1835:10935004
1793:38475445
1784:10935004
1717:Archived
1679:Archived
1600:Willd.,
1473:Archived
1449:Archived
1445:58606227
1437:30612622
1380:32095226
1346:(1): 4.
1309:Archived
1295:. p. 2–.
1280:Archived
1251:Archived
1234:28242478
1187:: 22–34.
1110:See also
989:nucellus
874:, as in
758:In some
686:Fragaria
665:Fabaceae
479:meaning
204:gynoecia
37:Magnolia
2974:Ecology
2731:Cuticle
2561:Capsule
2551:Anatomy
2502:Tapetum
2426:Petiole
2401:Rhizome
2396:Rhizoid
2323:Tissues
2313:Vacuole
2303:Plastid
2105:Outline
2100:History
2024:(ed.).
1604:L. and
1583:2444012
1371:7027301
1340:EvoDevo
1116:Chalaza
1104:flower.
998:gametes
993:meiosis
895:plicata
829:orchids
657:Avocado
511:carpels
491:Carpels
384:and an
320:animals
254:gametes
242:stamens
229:pistils
69:stigmas
3278:Plants
3181:(IAPT)
2934:Lianas
2902:Shrubs
2854:Starch
2746:Nectar
2666:Raceme
2632:Stigma
2620:Locule
2610:Carpel
2571:Pyrena
2509:Flower
2485:Anther
2480:Stamen
2475:Pollen
2197:groups
2089:Botany
2047:
1997:
1964:
1927:
1868:
1842:
1832:
1812:Plants
1791:
1781:
1761:Plants
1709:
1655:
1581:
1537:
1484:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1378:
1368:
1360:
1320:
1291:
1262:
1232:
1224:
1162:
1101:Crocus
1014:embryo
1010:zygote
981:ovulum
969:squash
835:, and
833:asters
788:whorls
736:Pistil
715:Tulipa
688:sp.),
661:Persea
637:Pistil
630:Carpel
620:pistil
616:carpel
528:ovules
520:stigma
518:, and
481:pestle
464:(male
462:pollen
458:stigma
452:στίγμα
443:lilies
438:Tulipa
429:stylos
424:στῦλος
415:locule
406:ovules
390:stigma
386:apical
370:stigma
355:Pistol
349:Pistil
341:ovules
324:plants
283:, and
277:mosses
256:(i.e.
250:female
240:, the
234:pollen
212:ovules
208:flower
18:Carpel
3238:Lists
3155:Group
3078:Spore
3012:Flora
2929:Vines
2924:Trees
2887:Habit
2859:Sugar
2751:Stoma
2693:Sepal
2688:Petal
2683:Tepal
2671:Umbel
2656:Bract
2637:Style
2625:Ovule
2615:Ovary
2556:Berry
2546:Fruit
2539:Whorl
2406:Shoot
2204:Algae
2195:Plant
2020:. In
1579:JSTOR
1441:S2CID
1122:Notes
977:ovule
959:Ovule
943:basal
921:Ovule
730:septa
711:Tulip
696:sp.)
594:Types
524:ovary
516:style
474:Latin
382:style
378:ovary
366:ovary
224:whorl
220:seeds
216:fruit
193:oîkos
186:οἶκος
164:
3160:Grex
3042:Self
2576:Seed
2438:Stem
2416:Leaf
2391:Root
2386:Bulb
2370:Wood
2331:Cork
2229:Fern
2045:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1840:PMID
1789:PMID
1707:ISBN
1653:OCLC
1535:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1433:PMID
1425:ISSN
1415:ISBN
1376:PMID
1358:ISSN
1318:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1230:PMID
1222:ISSN
1160:ISBN
1064:and
863:and
766:and
744:and
618:and
398:ovum
218:and
176:gunḗ
169:γυνή
2849:Sap
2566:Nut
2411:Bud
1830:PMC
1820:doi
1779:PMC
1769:doi
1618:doi
1571:doi
1561:".
1512:doi
1407:doi
1403:131
1366:PMC
1348:doi
1212:doi
945:or
855:or
295:or
200:pl.
3313::
1911:^
1891:36
1889:.
1852:^
1838:.
1828:.
1816:13
1814:.
1810:.
1787:.
1777:.
1765:13
1763:.
1759:.
1715:.
1673:.
1614:84
1612:.
1577:.
1567:75
1565:.
1549:^
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1506:.
1447:.
1439:.
1431:.
1423:.
1413:.
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1374:.
1364:.
1356:.
1344:11
1342:.
1338:.
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1208:45
1206:.
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1185:24
1183:.
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1970:.
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1771::
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1659:.
1624:.
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1543:.
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