738:
124:
274:
432:
defended as worthy models all the various forms and authors. Antoni de
Bofarull defended sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Catalan authors and the Barcelonese dialect as the best models for Catalan poetry. Finally, there was a "third way" that upheld a unique nineteenth-century Catalan poetry in
337:, the prizes for which were provided by the municipal government of Barcelona. There is no record of the names of the winners, the prizes, or their poems. With the death of John two months later and his conflict with the city, the floral games and their source of prize money came to an end.
427:
The intellectual and political classes swiftly patronised the Jocs
Florals and their support lent renewed prestige to Catalan poetry. Several different positions soon became apparent with respect to the models to be used for the creation of a Catalan literature.
433:
Barcelonese dialect, but it had few defenders among the supporters of the Jocs
Florals. In the end, the Jocs attracted persons of a wide variety of ideologies: republicans, conservatives, the young people. Eventually,
507:
437:
and his followers would participate in the majority of contests. The Jocs
Florals went a long way to re-asserting the Catalan language after centuries of decline with respect to Castilian.
761:. A total of seventeen prizes were awarded annually; the three top prizes were identical to those of the Barcelonan games. On top of the usual contests that included theatre and
477:
586:
265:. This contest was the first Catalan attempt to emulate the Toulouse games and it may have been part of a pattern of isolated events, though no other records have reached us.
644:
568:
501:
525:
716:
182:
616:
471:
459:
628:
495:
686:
547:
353:
1130:
580:
556:
537:
562:
483:
465:
622:
194:
Initially the floral games were intended to keep alive the poetic language and style of the
Occitan troubadours, but in time this aim was forgotten. In 1471 the
489:
344:(MartĂ l'HumĂ , MartĂn I d'AragĂłn), agreed to subsidise the annual festival and cover the cost of the gold and silver prizes for the winners, to be chosen by
650:
865:
Proper floral games lasted up until
Antoine D'Abbadie's death in 1897, but their legacy was taken over by like initiatives, such as the Basque Festival in
692:
381:
429:
199:
846:
celebration, improving the social status of Basque culture, and encouraging literary production at either side of the French-Spanish border (especially
668:
704:
574:
710:
513:
434:
253:, at which awards were given to those poems judged the best. A panel of judges was designated in advance by the king. The winning poets received a
205:: notwithstanding that he was French, because he composed in the language of Toulouse. In 1554 the Constistori, now the Collège, awarded a silver
420:) to the greatest religious poem. There were other lesser prizes. A person winning all three great prizes was given the honorific title of
1086:
The poetic academy of
Toulouse is well known, that of Paris is only mentioned here, and the other unspecified cities remain unidentified.
155:, annually from 1324, traditionally on 1 May. It is considered the oldest literary society in Europe. One contestant would receive the
1009:
167:), and the other prizes, awarded for particular poetic forms, were similarly floral. The first prize was awarded on 3 May 1324 to
1125:
185:. From this period of 160 years survive the record of around a hundred prizes. These contests were judged in accordance with the
1120:
1195:
1145:
314:(15 May) or the following Sunday in Barcelona. The festival included a Catalan poetry contest, modelled on those held in
788:
have acted as maintainers, i.e. presidents and judges of the Jocs, and in 1914 and 1999 the maintainers were women. The
168:
991:
963:
737:
1230:
1185:
843:
827:
37:
815:
1215:
1210:
1150:
531:
1205:
1190:
835:
656:
230:
1220:
1180:
1155:
333:
is believed to have taken place on 28 March 1395, with the king in attendance. This festival is called a
1235:
1225:
1160:
909:
in 1909. The games were the most prestigious
Esperanto event in the era before the Second World War.
1165:
1135:
894:
888:
146:
801:
1240:
1175:
330:
128:
785:
222:
1140:
638:
610:
598:
592:
1200:
930:
765:
as well as poetry, there were extraordinary contests held by institutions all throughout the
361:
722:
123:
1170:
935:
805:
357:
218:
1017:
838:(Anton Abbadia), an outstanding Basque French scholar and man of science settling down in
412:(natural flower, the prize of honour, an actual rose) for the greatest love poem, and the
8:
766:
998:
604:
758:
519:
250:
181:. The contests were held intermittently until 1484, when the last prize was awarded to
970:
Paden, William D. (1995). "The
Troubadours and the Albigensian Crusade: A Long View."
453:
385:
322:, and other illustrious cities, and the poems submitted would be judged by a panel of
987:
959:
698:
341:
278:
210:
112:
926:
295:
71:
62:
53:
47:
31:
27:
866:
781:
662:
417:
206:
160:
99:
86:
955:
The Origin and
Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship
875:("Seven provinces make one (territory)") was first coined in the context of the
273:
680:
405:
364:, who had succeeded Martin, confirmed that the floral games occurred on 1 May.
187:
753:
two decades after the ones in Barcelona. The games were traditionally held by
1114:
674:
195:
159:, golden violet, for the poem judged the best. The second prize was a silver
796:(golden chair) is elected alternatingly from the three Valencian provinces (
377:
943:
she infrequently used her given name of Lucila Godoy for her publications.
818:
with the attendance of the highest dignitaries of the Valencian Community.
754:
742:
311:
871:
373:
307:
178:
140:
906:
810:
762:
298:(Joan I el Caçador / Chuan lo Cazataire) founded an annual festival (
242:
173:
859:
922:
855:
797:
750:
315:
291:
277:
Location of the medieval Catalan games, the square in front of the
226:
203:
n'ostan qu'el fos Frances, per so que dictec el lengatge de Tholosa
152:
132:
104:
400:(Country, Faith, Love), alluding to the three typical prizes: the
22:
were any of a series of historically related poetry contests with
851:
847:
839:
246:
23:
869:(presently held in early September). The coat of arms of the
319:
258:
103:). The original contests may have been inspired by the Roman
396:) in Barcelona on the first Sunday in May with the theme of
191:, a grammatical and literary treatise on Occitan poetry.
144:
842:. The festival aimed at providing a gathering point for
348:(maintainers) named by the king. Under Martin a great
213:, the greatest French poet of his generation, for his
356:âa recent addition the royal palace complexâand the
229:
the Collège bestowed on him. The Consistori, as the
131:(16th century) is the seat of the Floral Games of
1131:Recurring events established in the 14th century
1112:
893:The Barcelonan games inspired an imitation, the
335:bella festa ... an honor de la dita gaya ciencia
745:, which organises the Valencian games annually
257:(golden rose) and a piece of expensive golden
408:) given for the greatest patriotic poem, the
352:was held in 1408 beneath the walls where the
985:, Vol. I. Fascicles de l'Avui: Edicions 62.
245:, 31 May 1338, a poetic contest was held at
957:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
772:The Jocs of Valencia witnessed thirty-five
929:, who took her pen name from Occitan poet
780:(top prize, an actual rose). Figures like
329:The first recorded contest held by John's
749:In 1879 Jocs Florals were established at
1098:
1089:
736:
272:
122:
917:A national literary contest called the
830:, the renaissance of the floral games (
440:
1113:
634:
543:
449:
98:
85:
70:
61:
52:
46:
1005:, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel.
360:meet in Barcelona. On 17 March 1413
306:) to be celebrated in honour of the
814:. Today the Jocs take place in the
13:
1003:Història de la Literatura Catalana
983:Història de la Literatura Catalana
14:
1252:
821:
388:re-established the floral games (
340:On 1 May 1398, John's successor,
139:The original floral games of the
508:Francesc d'AssĂs Ubach i Vinyeta
899:Juegos Florales Internacionales
490:Francesc-Pelai Briz i FernĂ ndez
424:("Master of the Gay Science").
285:
169:Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari
30:, their original language, and
1126:1320s establishments in France
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1041:
858:). It was first celebrated in
776:and two female winners of the
1:
1121:1324 establishments in Europe
946:
367:
75:). In French they became the
882:
587:Guillem August Tell i Lafont
552:1887 â Terenci Thos i Codina
376:in 1859, during the Catalan
268:
7:
1196:Medieval Catalan literature
1146:Catalan-language literature
981:Prado, Joan Manuel (1989).
978::2 (Nov.), pp. 168â91.
903:Jocs Florals Internacionals
732:
478:Josep LluĂs Pons i Gallarza
300:la festa de la Gaya Ciencia
281:(plaça del Rei), Barcelona.
225:received his name from the
118:
10:
1257:
886:
717:Ramon Muntanyola i Llorach
532:Jacint Verdaguer i SantalĂł
183:Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon
645:Felip GraugĂŠs i Camprodon
569:Anicet de Pagès i de Puig
236:
233:, continues to function.
231:AcadĂŠmie des Jeux floraux
145:
1034:
933:, won top prize for her
925:in 1914. On 22 December
912:
895:Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj
889:Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj
792:(queen) who sits in the
629:Ramon Garriga i Boixader
526:Damas Calvet de BudallĂŠs
496:Jaume Collell i Bancells
147:Consistori del Gay Saber
63:[ËdĘÉksfluËÉžals]
54:[ËdĘÉksfloËÉžals]
16:Historic poetry contests
1231:Annual events in France
657:Mercè Rodoreda i GurguĂ
617:Llorenç Riber i Campins
581:Francesc Badenes Dalmau
557:Joaquim Riera i Bertran
538:Josep Franquesa i Gomis
394:Jocs de la Gaia Ciència
331:Consistori de Barcelona
48:[ËĘÉksfluËÉžals]
1186:Old Occitan literature
746:
639:Josep Maria de Sagarra
611:Joan Alcover i Maspons
599:Joan Maragall i Gorina
593:Miquel Costa i Llobera
563:Josep Marti i Folguera
502:Tomàs Forteza i Cortès
484:Adolf Blanch i Cortada
472:Marian AguilĂł i Fuster
460:Jeroni RossellĂł Ribera
362:Ferdinand of Antequera
282:
136:
1014:Enciclopèdia Catalana
953:Boase, Roger (1977).
740:
687:NarcĂs Lunes i Boloix
623:Manuel Folch i Torres
548:Ramon PicĂł i Campamar
354:Mirador del rei MartĂ
294:on 20 February 1393,
276:
126:
1216:Valencian literature
1211:History of Barcelona
1151:Esperanto literature
939:. After winning the
936:Sonetos de la Muerte
786:Niceto AlcalĂĄ-Zamora
774:Mestres en Gai Saber
442:Mestres en Gai Saber
358:Palau del Lloctinent
111:) held in honour of
100:[loÉžejokoak]
1206:History of Valencia
1191:History of Toulouse
466:Joaquim RubiĂł i Ors
422:Mestre en Gai Saber
414:Viola d'or i argent
398:Patria, Fides, Amor
209:to none other than
1221:Flowers in culture
1181:Literary societies
1156:Occitan literature
834:) was fostered by
759:Valencian language
747:
723:Olga Xirinacs DĂaz
693:Carles Pi i Sunyer
382:Antoni de Bofarull
283:
251:Peter IV of Aragon
137:
72:[fluËÉžaws]
57:, modern Occitan:
34:they are known as
1236:Arts competitions
1226:Flora (mythology)
1161:Basque literature
1047:Archaic spelling
995:
972:Romance Philology
967:
836:Antoine D'Abbadie
730:
729:
699:Manuel de Pedrolo
416:(gold and silver
372:At the height of
342:Martin the Humane
279:Palau Reial Major
223:Fabre d'Ăglantine
211:Pierre de Ronsard
200:Peire de Janilhac
177:in praise of the
143:were held by the
90:), and in Basque
87:[ĘøflÉĘo]
1248:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:. Archived from
999:Riquer, MartĂ de
986:
958:
931:FrĂŠdĂŠric Mistral
927:Gabriela Mistral
816:Teatro Principal
767:Land of Valencia
651:Domènec Perramon
605:Apel¡les Mestres
447:
446:
296:John I of Aragon
150:
149:
102:
97:
89:
84:
74:
65:
56:
50:
45:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1166:Medieval poetry
1136:May observances
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1020:on 18 July 2010
1008:
949:
923:Santiago, Chile
919:Juegos Florales
915:
891:
885:
824:
808:) and from the
735:
705:Ambrosi Carrion
575:Frederic Rahola
454:VĂctor Balaguer
445:
402:Englantina d'or
386:VĂctor Balaguer
370:
288:
271:
239:
198:was awarded to
129:HĂ´tel d'AssĂŠzat
121:
95:
82:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1241:Verse contests
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Catalan poetry
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1010:"Jocs florals"
1006:
996:
979:
968:
950:
948:
945:
914:
911:
887:Main article:
884:
881:
828:Basque Country
823:
822:Basque Country
820:
734:
731:
728:
727:
726:
725:
719:
713:
711:Albert Junyent
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
681:Ventura Gassol
677:
671:
669:Joaquim BoixĂŠs
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
633:
632:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
550:
542:
541:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
514:Frederic Soler
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
444:
439:
435:Frederic Soler
369:
366:
310:on the day of
287:
284:
270:
267:
238:
235:
207:eglantine rose
120:
117:
109:Ludi Floreales
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Annual events
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1049:Jochs Florals
1044:
1040:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
992:84-8332-596-9
989:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:0-87471-950-X
961:
956:
952:
951:
944:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
880:
878:
874:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Blasco IbaĂąez
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
739:
724:
720:
718:
714:
712:
708:
706:
702:
700:
696:
694:
690:
688:
684:
682:
678:
676:
675:Albert Manent
672:
670:
666:
664:
663:AgustĂ Bartra
660:
658:
654:
652:
648:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
624:
620:
618:
614:
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606:
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600:
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588:
584:
582:
578:
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566:
564:
560:
558:
554:
551:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
533:
529:
527:
523:
521:
520:Ăngel GuimerĂ
517:
515:
511:
509:
505:
503:
499:
497:
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491:
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
461:
457:
455:
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450:
448:
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431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
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365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
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317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
280:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Enlightenment
217:. During the
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
196:golden violet
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:violeta d'aur
154:
148:
142:
134:
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
93:
88:
80:
79:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
51:, Valencian:
49:
41:
40:
39:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1104:Riquer, 571.
1100:
1095:Riquer, 567.
1091:
1082:
1077:Riquer, 565.
1073:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1013:
1002:
982:
975:
971:
954:
940:
934:
921:was held in
918:
916:
902:
898:
892:
876:
870:
864:
831:
825:
809:
793:
789:
778:Flor Natural
777:
773:
771:
755:Lo Rat Penat
748:
743:Lo Rat Penat
741:The seat of
441:
430:MariĂ AguilĂł
426:
421:
413:
410:Flor Natural
409:
401:
397:
393:
390:jocs florals
389:
371:
349:
345:
339:
334:
328:
323:
312:Annunciation
304:Gaia Ciència
303:
299:
289:
286:Medieval era
262:
254:
240:
214:
202:
193:
186:
172:
164:
156:
138:
108:
91:
78:Jeux floraux
77:
76:
67:
59:Jòcs florals
58:
38:Jocs florals
36:
35:
20:Floral Games
19:
18:
1171:Troubadours
1059:Paden, 183.
877:Lore Jokoak
872:Zazpiak Bat
832:Lore Jokoak
794:Cadira d'Or
374:romanticism
346:mantenidors
308:Virgin Mary
188:Leys d'amor
179:Virgin Mary
141:troubadours
92:Lore jokoak
26:prizes. In
1201:Renaixença
1115:Categories
1024:22 October
947:References
378:Renaixença
368:Modern era
1068:Boase, 6.
907:Esperanto
883:Esperanto
811:comarques
802:CastellĂłn
763:narrative
406:eglantine
269:Barcelona
263:diasprell
255:rosa d'or
243:Pentecost
174:sirventes
165:eglantina
161:wild rose
1001:(1964).
867:Donostia
862:(1851).
856:Gipuzkoa
806:Valencia
798:Alicante
751:Valencia
733:Valencia
404:(golden
324:literati
316:Toulouse
292:Valencia
227:dog rose
153:Toulouse
133:Toulouse
119:Toulouse
105:Floralia
44:Catalan:
941:Juegos,
852:Navarre
848:Labourd
840:Hendaia
826:In the
757:in the
721:1978 â
715:1973 â
709:1971 â
703:1971 â
697:1967 â
691:1963 â
685:1961 â
679:1961 â
673:1959 â
667:1958 â
661:1953 â
655:1949 â
649:1941 â
643:1936 â
637:1931 â
627:1926 â
621:1914 â
615:1910 â
609:1909 â
603:1908 â
597:1903 â
591:1902 â
585:1900 â
579:1898 â
573:1897 â
567:1896 â
561:1892 â
555:1890 â
546:1885 â
536:1883 â
530:1880 â
524:1878 â
518:1877 â
512:1875 â
506:1874 â
500:1873 â
494:1871 â
488:1869 â
482:1868 â
476:1867 â
470:1866 â
464:1863 â
458:1862 â
452:1861 â
261:called
249:before
96:Basque:
83:French:
68:floraus
32:Catalan
28:Occitan
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860:UrruĂąa
844:Basque
804:, and
790:Regina
418:violet
247:Lleida
237:Lleida
215:Amours
171:for a
24:floral
1035:Notes
913:Chile
350:festa
320:Paris
259:satin
113:Flora
66:, or
1026:2008
988:ISBN
960:ISBN
784:and
384:and
127:The
901:or
392:or
302:or
290:At
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151:in
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