6026:; Quote from source (German original): "'Jetzt werden die Deutschen erfahren, was das Prinzip der kollektiven Verantwortung bedeutet', hatte das Organ der polnischen Geheimarmee im Juli 1944 geschrieben. Und der Befehlshaber der 2. Polnischen Armee wies seine Soldaten am 24. Juni 1945 an, mit den Deutschen 'so umzugehen, wie diese es mit uns getan haben', so daß 'die Deutschen von selbst fliehen und Gott danken, daß sie ihren Kopf gerettet haben'. Politiker jeglicher Couleur, Flugblätter und Zeitungen beider Staaten riefen nach Vergeltung für die brutale deutsche Besatzungspolitik" (English translation: "'Now the Germans will get to know the meaning of the principle of collective responsibility', the outlet of the Polish secret army wrote in July 1944. And the commander of the 2nd Polish Army instructed his soldiers on 24 June 1945, to 'treat' the Germans 'how they had treated us', causing 'the Germans to flee on their own and thank God for having saved their lives'. Politicians of all political wings, leaflets and newspapers of both states called for revenge for the brutal occupation policy.")
6052:, 2001; Quote: "By 1943, for example, Polish and Czech politicians across the political spectrum were convinced of the desirability of the postwar expulsion of Germans. After 1945 a democratic Czechoslovak government and a Communist Polish government pursued broadly similar policies toward their German minorities. (...) Taken together, and in comparison to the chapters on the Polish expulsion of the Germans, these essays remind us of the importance of politics in the decision to engage in ethnic cleansing. It will not do, for example, to explain the similar Polish and Czechoslovak policies by similar experiences of occupation. The occupation of Poland was incomparably harsher, yet the Czechoslovak policy was (if anything) more vengeful. (...) Revenge is a broad and complex set of motivations and is subject to manipulation and appropriation. The personal forms of revenge taken against people identified as Germans or collaborators were justified by broad legal definitions of these groups..."
3228:
people, natural deaths and births after the war in
Eastern Europe are unreliable because the Communist governments in Eastern Europe did not extend full cooperation to West German efforts to trace people in Eastern Europe; the reports given by eyewitnesses surveyed are not reliable in all cases. In particular, Overmans maintains that the figure of 1.9 million missing people was based on incomplete information and is unreliable. Overmans found the 1958 demographic study to be unreliable because it inflated the figures of ethnic German deaths by including missing people of doubtful German ethnic identity who survived the war in Eastern Europe; the figures of military deaths is understated; the numbers of surviving people, natural deaths and births after the war in Eastern Europe are unreliable because the Communist governments in Eastern Europe did not extend full cooperation to West German efforts to trace people in Eastern Europe.
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2018:
40:
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supported Nazi
Germany, and the United States had not yet entered the war). Consequently, Britain had to incur additional debt to the US, and the US had to spend more for the survival of its zone, while the Soviets gained applause among Eastern Europeans—many of whom were impoverished by the war and German occupation—who plundered the belongings of expellees, often before they were actually expelled. Since the Soviet Union was the only power among the Allies that allowed and/or encouraged the looting and robbery in the area under its military influence, the perpetrators and profiteers blundered into a situation in which they became dependent on the perpetuation of Soviet rule in their countries to not be dispossessed of the booty and to stay unpunished. With ever more expellees sweeping into post-war Germany, the Allies moved towards a policy of
1900:
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researched only military deaths; his project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths; he merely noted the difference between the 2.2 million dead estimated in the 1958 demographic study, of which 500,000 have so far have been verified. He found that German military deaths from areas in
Eastern Europe were about 1.444 million, and thus 334,000 higher than the 1.1 million figure in the 1958 demographic study, lacking documents available today included the figures with civilian deaths. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilian deaths in the expulsions. Overmans further pointed out that the 2.225 million number estimated by the 1958 study would imply that the casualty rate among the expellees was equal to or higher than that of the military, which he found implausible.
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3636:. West Germany established a ministry dedicated to the problem, and several laws created a legal framework. The expellees established several organisations, some demanding compensation. Their grievances, while remaining controversial, were incorporated into public discourse. During 1945 the British press aired concerns over the refugees' situation; this was followed by limited discussion of the issue during the Cold War outside West Germany. East Germany sought to avoid alienating the Soviet Union and its neighbours; the Polish and Czechoslovakian governments characterised the expulsions as "a just punishment for Nazi crimes". Western analysts were inclined to see the Soviet Union and its satellites as a single entity, disregarding the national disputes that had preceded the Cold War. The
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Europe featured a jumble of various ethnic groups aside from
Germans, and that it was the destructive role played by ethnic Germans as instruments of Nazi Germany that led to their expulsion after the war. Evans concluded by positing that the expulsions were justified as they put an end to a major problem that plagued Europe before the war; that gains to the cause of peace were a further benefit of the expulsions; and that if the Germans had been allowed to remain in Eastern Europe after the war, West Germany would have used their presence to make territorial claims against Poland and Czechoslovakia, and that given the Cold War, this could have helped cause World War III.
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2706:. Life in the special settlements was harsh and severe, food was limited, and the deported population was governed by strict regulations. Shortages of food plagued the whole Soviet Union and especially the special settlements. According to data from the Soviet archives, by October 1945, 687,300 Germans remained alive in the special settlements; an additional 316,600 Soviet Germans served as labour conscripts during World War II. Soviet Germans were not accepted in the regular armed forces but were employed instead as conscript labour. The labor army members were arranged into worker battalions that followed camp-like regulations and received
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ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in
Eastern Europe. The Hahns maintain that most of the reported 473,013 deaths occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps. They put the postwar losses in eastern Europe at a fraction of the total losses: Poland –15,000 deaths from 1945 to 1949 in internment camps; Czechoslovakia – 15,000–30,000 dead, including 4,000–5,000 in internment camps and ca. 15,000 in the
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and another 1,994 perished in Soviet labour camps. Those
Germans still considered Yugoslav citizens were employed in industry or the military, but could buy themselves free of Yugoslav citizenship for the equivalent of three months' salary. By 1950, 150,000 of the Germans from Yugoslavia were classified as "expelled" in Germany, another 150,000 in Austria, 10,000 in the United States, and 3,000 in France. According to West German figures 82,000 ethnic Germans remained in Yugoslavia in 1950. After 1950, most emigrated to Germany or were assimilated into the local population.
2405:
3384:
2292:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he was a Nazi Party member. During the war, he was an officer in the SS and was directly implicated in the plundering of cultural artifacts in eastern Europe. After the war, he was chosen to author the sections of the demographic report on the expulsions from Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The figure of 57,000 "unresolved cases" in Hungary is included in the figure of 2 million dead expellees, which is often cited in official German and historical literature.
3471:(a basic material for fertiliser), timber, clay products, petroleum products, etc. The Western deliveries started in 1946, but this turned out to be a one-way street. The Soviet deliveries—desperately needed to provide the expellees with food, warmth, and basic necessities and to increase agricultural production in the remaining cultivation area—did not materialize. Consequently, the US stopped all deliveries on 3 May 1946, while the expellees from the areas under Soviet rule were deported to the West until the end of 1947.
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Affairs
Commissioner, and the inhabitants had to perform forced labor until the end of 1955. They were released from the special settlements by an amnesty decree of 13 September 1955, and the Nazi collaboration charge was revoked by a decree of 23 August 1964. They were not allowed to return to their former homes and remained in the eastern regions of the USSR, and no individual's former property was restored. Since the 1980s, the Soviet and Russian governments have allowed ethnic Germans to emigrate to Germany.
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3439:, so it felt free to approve some of the Potsdam Agreements and dismiss others. France maintained the position that it had not approved the expulsions and therefore was not responsible for accommodating and nourishing the destitute expellees in its zone of occupation. While the French military government provided for the few refugees who arrived before July 1945 in the area that became the French zone, it succeeded in preventing entrance by later-arriving ethnic Germans deported from the East.
3271:
27,000 German Jews who were Nazi victims are included in the West German figures. He rejects the statement by the German government that the figure of 500–600,000 deaths omitted those people who died of disease and hunger, and has stated that this is a "mistaken interpretation" of the data. He maintains that deaths due to disease, hunger and other conditions are already included in the lower numbers. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for decades, for postwar political reasons.
3339:(a public-broadcasting radio station in Germany) saying that the numbers presented by the German government and others are not contradictory to the numbers cited by Haar and that the below 600,000 estimate comprises the deaths directly caused by atrocities during the expulsion measures and thus only includes people who were raped, beaten, or else killed on the spot, while the above two million estimate includes people who on their way to postwar Germany died of epidemics, hunger, cold,
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war-related refugees and post-war expellees. In
December 1946 it absorbed into its zone German refugees from Denmark, where 250,000 Germans had traveled by sea between February and May 1945 to take refuge from the Soviets. These were refugees from the eastern parts of Germany, not expellees; Danes of German ethnicity remained untouched and Denmark did not expel them. With this humanitarian act the French saved many lives, due to the high death toll German refugees faced in Denmark.
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3099:, range from 500,000 to a maximum of 3 million people. Although the German government's official estimate of deaths has stood at 2 million since the 1960s, the publication in 1987–89 of previously classified West German studies has led some historians to the conclusion that the actual number was much lower—in the range of 500,000–600,000. English-language sources have put the death toll at 2–3 million based on West German government figures from the 1960s.
2385:. Early expulsions were undertaken by the Polish Communist military authorities even before the Potsdam Conference placed them under temporary Polish administration pending the final Peace Treaty, in an effort to ensure later territorial integration into an ethnically homogeneous Poland. The Polish Communists wrote: "We must expel all the Germans because countries are built on national lines and not on multinational ones." The Polish government defined Germans as either
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one-way and two-way transfers, since the rights of each individual are regarded as independent of the experience of others. Although the signatories to the
Potsdam Agreements and the expelling countries may have considered the expulsions to be legal under international law at the time, there are historians and scholars in international law and human rights who argue that the expulsions of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe should now be considered as episodes of
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94:
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2739:, while those deemed to be of "questionable racial value" were sent to work in Germany. The Red Army captured these areas in early 1945, and 200,000 Soviet Germans had not yet been evacuated by the Nazi authorities, who were still occupied with their 'racial evaluation'. They were regarded by the USSR as Soviet citizens and repatriated to camps and special settlements in the Soviet Union. 70,000 to 80,000 who found themselves in the
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redistributed among the citizens. Of the many post-war forced migrations, the largest was the expulsion of ethnic
Germans from Central and Eastern Europe, primarily from the territory of 1937 Czechoslovakia (which included the historically German-speaking area in the Sudeten mountains along the German-Czech-Polish border (Sudetenland)), and the territory that became post-war Poland. Poland's post-war borders were moved west to the
2436:. By early 1946, 550,000 Germans had already been expelled from there, and 932,000 had been verified as having Polish nationality. In the February 1946 census, 2,288,000 people were classified as Germans and subject to expulsion, and 417,400 were subject to verification action, to determine nationality. The negatively verified people, who did not succeed in demonstrating their "Polish nationality", were directed for resettlement.
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757:
2102:
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foreign ethnic Germans and their descendants were displaced from their homes. The exact number of casualties is still unknown and is difficult to establish due to the chaotic nature of the last months of the war. Census figures placed the total number of ethnic Germans still living in Eastern Europe in 1950, after the major expulsions were complete, at approximately 2.6 million, about 12 percent of the pre-war total.
2915:. In 1931, the total number of ethnic Germans in Slovenia was around 28,000: around half of them lived in Styria and in Prekmurje, while the other half lived in the Gottschee County and in Ljubljana. In April 1941, southern Slovenia was occupied by Italian troops. By early 1942, ethnic Germans from Gottschee/Kočevje were forcefully transferred to German-occupied Styria by the new German authorities. Most resettled to the
2541:. The Germans had recently expelled more than a million Poles from territories they annexed during the war. Some Poles engaged in looting and various crimes, including murders, beatings, and rapes against Germans. On the other hand, in many instances Poles, including some who had been made slave laborers by the Germans during the war, protected Germans, for instance by disguising them as Poles. Moreover, in the
771:
3298:; Yugoslavia – 5,777 deliberate killings and 48,027 deaths in internment camps; Denmark – 17,209 dead in internment camps; Hungary and Romania – no postwar losses reported. The Hahns point out that the official 1958 figure of 273,000 deaths for Czechoslovakia was prepared by Alfred Bohmann, a former Nazi Party member who had served in the wartime SS. Bohmann was a journalist for an ultra-nationalist
3506:, for instance, the average living space per capita, reduced by air raids from 13.6 square metres (146 sq ft) in 1939 to 8.3 in 1945, was further reduced to 5.4 square metres (58 sq ft) in 1949 by billeting refugees and expellees. In May 1947, Hamburg trade unions organized a strike against the small rations, with protesters complaining about the rapid absorption of expellees.
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advanced into the areas to be evacuated. The abandonment of millions of ethnic Germans in these vulnerable areas until combat conditions overwhelmed them can be attributed directly to the measures taken by the Nazis against anyone suspected of 'defeatist' attitudes (as evacuation was considered) and the fanaticism of many Nazi functionaries in their execution of Hitler's 'no retreat' orders.
2843:. The approximately 200,000 ethnic Germans remaining in Yugoslavia suffered persecution and sustained personal and economic losses. About 7,000 were killed as local populations and partisans took revenge for German wartime atrocities. From 1945 to 1948 ethnic Germans were held in labour camps where about 50,000 perished. Those surviving were allowed to emigrate to Germany after 1948.
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that remained to be clarified. The figure of 101,000 "unresolved cases" in Romania is included in the total German expulsion dead of 2 million which is often cited in historical literature. 355,000 Germans remained in Romania in 1977. During the 1980s, many began to leave, with over 160,000 leaving in 1989 alone. By 2002, the number of ethnic Germans in Romania was 60,000.
3180:
inhumanities (Unmenschlichkeiten) and do not include post-war deaths due to malnutrition and disease. Also not included are those who were raped or suffered mistreatment and did not die immediately. They estimated 600,000 deaths (150,000 during flight and evacuations, 200,000 as forced labour in the USSR and 250,000 in post-war internment camps. By region 400,000 east of the
3666:("Prudnik Weekly") magazine, was met with criticism from some Polish residents of Prudnik, but also with praise, because it revealed to many local citizens that there had been a post-war German ghetto in the town and addressed the tensions between Poles and Soviets in post-war Poland. The serialization was followed by an exhibition on Thurk's life in Prudnik's town museum.
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assets left by expellees in Poland and Czechoslovakia were successfully used to reward cooperation with the new governments, and support for the Communists was especially strong in areas that had seen significant expulsions. Settlers in these territories welcomed the opportunities presented by their fertile soils and vacated homes and enterprises, increasing their loyalty.
8520:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he was Nazi party member, during the war he was an officer in the SS who was directly implicated in the plundering of cultural artifacts in eastern Europe . After the war he was rehabilitated and chosen to author the sections of the demographic report on the expulsions from Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia.
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of the USSR in 1941 the Germans occupied the western regions of the USSR that had German settlements. A total of 370,000 ethnic Germans from the USSR were deported to Poland by Germany during the war. In 1945 the Soviets found 280,000 of these resettlers in Soviet-held territory and returned them to the USSR; 90,000 became refugees in Germany after the war.
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the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to the war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions. For example, Eberhardt points out that "the total number of Germans in Poland is given as equal to 1,371,000. According to the Polish census of 1931, there were altogether only 741,000 Germans in the entire territory of Poland."
3739:, and thus a violation of human rights. For example, Timothy V. Waters argues in "On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing" that if similar circumstances arise in the future, the precedent of the expulsions of the Germans without legal redress would also allow the future ethnic cleansing of other populations under international law.
1452:
question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agreed that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner." The major motivations revealed were:
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political attitudes or their activities. Even in the few cases when this happened and expellees were proven to have been bystanders, opponents or even victims of the Nazi regime, they were rarely spared from expulsion. Polish Communist propaganda used and manipulated hatred of the Nazis to intensify the expulsions.
3362:("Black Book of Expulsion"). Nawratil claimed the death toll was 2.8 million: he includes the losses of 2.2 million listed in the 1958 West German study, and an estimated 250,000 deaths of Germans resettled in Poland during the war, plus 350,000 ethnic Germans in the USSR. In 1987, German historian
984:—only partially completed before the Nazi defeat—to remove Jews and many Slavic people from Eastern Europe and settle the area with Germans. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from 500,000 up to 2.5 million according to the German government.
2959:. The government nationalized their property on a "decision on the transition of enemy property into state ownership, on state administration over the property of absent people, and on sequestration of property forcibly appropriated by occupation authorities" of 21 November 1944 by the Presidency of the
3609:
The exact number of Germans expelled after the war is still unknown, because most recent research provides a combined estimate which includes those who were evacuated by the German authorities, fled or were killed during the war. It is estimated that between 12 and 14 million German citizens and
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Overmans maintains that the 600,000 deaths found by the German Federal Archives in 1974 is only a rough estimate of those killed, not a definitive figure. He pointed out that some deaths were not reported because there were no surviving eyewitnesses of the events; also there was no estimate of losses
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In a 2006 interview, Overmans maintained that new research is needed to clarify the fate of those reported as missing. He found the 1965 figures of the Search Service to be unreliable because they include non-Germans; the figures according to Overmans include military deaths; the numbers of surviving
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after the war were also returned to the USSR, based on an agreement with the Western Allies. The death toll during their capture and transportation was estimated at 15–30%, and many families were torn apart. The special "German settlements" in the post-war Soviet Union were controlled by the Internal
2718:
The calculations of the West German researcher Gerhard Reichling do not agree to the figures from the Soviet archives. According to Reichling a total of 980,000 Soviet ethnic Germans were deported during the war; he estimated that 310,000 died in forced labour. During the early months of the invasion
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or were believed to have collaborated with the Nazis, were considered "traitors of the nation" and sentenced to forced labor prior to being expelled. By 1950, 3,155,000 German civilians had been expelled and 1,043,550 were naturalized as Polish citizens. 170,000 Germans considered "indispensable" for
1477:
of the respective countries. The Western allies also saw the threat of a potential German 'fifth column', especially in Poland after the agreed-to compensation with former German territory. In general, the Western allies hoped to secure a more lasting peace by eliminating the German minorities, which
1451:
Given the complex history of the affected regions and the divergent interests of the victorious Allied powers, it is difficult to ascribe a definitive set of motives to the expulsions. The respective paragraph of the Potsdam Agreement only states vaguely: "The Three Governments, having considered the
8409:
Overy, ibid. as: from East Prussia – 1.4 million to West Germany, 609,000 to East Germany; from West Prussia – 230,000 to West Germany, 61,000 to East Germany; from the former German provinces east of the Oder-Neisse line, encompassing most of Silesia, Pomerania and East Brandenburg – 3.2 million to
3861:
wrote that although the expulsions of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe was done in an extremely brutal manner that could not be defended, the basic aim of expelling the ethnic German population of Poland and Czechoslovakia was justified by the subversive role played by the German minorities before
3698:
could take no enforcement actions regarding measures taken against World War II "enemy states", defined as enemies of a Charter signatory in WWII. The Charter did not preclude action in relation to such enemies "taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for
3509:
The US and Britain had to import food into their zones, even as Britain was financially exhausted and dependent on food imports having fought Nazi Germany for the entire war, including as the sole opponent from June 1940 to June 1941 (the period when Poland and France were defeated, the Soviet Union
2970:
West German government figures from 1958 put the death toll at 135,800 civilians. A recent study published by the ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia based on an actual enumeration has revised the death toll down to about 58,000. A total of 48,447 people had died in the camps; 7,199 were shot by partisans,
2850:
for forced labour; about 20% (5,683) were reported dead or missing. Data from Russian archives published in 2001, based on an actual enumeration, put the number of German civilians deported from Yugoslavia to the USSR in early 1945 for reparation labour at 12,579, where 16% (1,994) died. After March
2714:
According to J. Otto Pohl, 65,599 Germans perished in the special settlements. He believes that an additional 176,352 unaccounted for people "probably died in the labor army". Under Stalin, Soviet Germans continued to be confined to the special settlements under strict supervision, in 1955 they were
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maintains that in early 1945, 165,000 Germans were transported to the Soviet Union. According to Gerhardt Reichling, an official in the German Finance office, 520,000 German civilians from the Oder–Neisse region were conscripted for forced labor by both the USSR and Poland; he maintains that 206,000
2420:
in part had already expropriated the property of the German Silesians on 26 January 1945, another decree of 2 March expropriated that of all Germans east of the Oder and Neisse, and a subsequent decree of 6 May declared all "abandoned" property as belonging to the Polish state. Germans were also not
2352:
Throughout 1944 until May 1945, as the Red Army advanced through Eastern Europe and the provinces of eastern Germany, some German civilians were killed in the fighting. While many had already fled ahead of the advancing Soviet Army, frightened by rumors of Soviet atrocities, which in some cases were
2287:
In 1958, the West German government estimated, based on a demographic analysis, that by 1950, 270,000 Germans remained in Hungary; 60,000 had been assimilated into the Hungarian population, and there were 57,000 "unresolved cases" that remained to be clarified. The editor for the section of the 1958
1798:
The first exodus of German civilians from the eastern territories was composed of both spontaneous flight and organized evacuation, starting in mid-1944 and continuing until early 1945. Conditions turned chaotic during the winter when kilometers-long queues of refugees pushed their carts through the
1522:
The creation of ethnically homogeneous nation states in Central and Eastern Europe was presented as the key reason for the official decisions of the Potsdam and previous Allied conferences as well as the resulting expulsions. The principle of every nation inhabiting its own nation state gave rise to
9464:
Pistohlkors, Gert : Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den. Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße. Published in Schulze, Rainer, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die
3311:
In 1995, research by a joint German and Czech commission of historians found that the previous demographic estimates of 220,000 to 270,000 deaths in Czechoslovakia to be overstated and based on faulty information. They concluded that the death toll was at least 15,000 people and that it could range
3284:
in postwar Germany. Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt found that, "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses." He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of
3279:
In 2001, Polish researcher Bernadetta Nitschke puts total losses for Poland at 400,000 (the same figure as the German Federal Archive study). She noted that historians in Poland have maintained that most of the deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportations to the
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that were converted into labour camps. All furniture was removed, straw placed on the floor, and the expellees housed like animals under military guard, with minimal food and rampant, untreated disease. Families were divided into the unfit women, old, and children, and those fit for slave labour. A
2697:
was considered a security risk by the Soviet government, and they were deported during the war in order to prevent their possible collaboration with the Nazi invaders. In August 1941 the Soviet government ordered ethnic Germans to be deported from the European USSR, by early 1942, 1,031,300 Germans
2622:
In 1958, the West German government estimated, based on a demographic analysis, that by 1950, 253,000 were counted as expellees in Germany or the West, 400,000 Germans still remained in Romania, 32,000 had been assimilated into the Romanian population, and that there were 101,000 "unresolved cases"
2515:
German civilians were held as "reparation labor" by the USSR. Data from the Russian archives, newly published in 2001 and based on an actual enumeration, put the number of German civilians deported from Poland to the USSR in early 1945 for reparation labor at 155,262; 37% (57,586) died in the USSR.
2009:
The Three Governments, having considered the question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected
3902:, requested forgiveness on his country's behalf, using the term expulsion rather than transfer. Public approval for Havel's stance was limited; in a 1996 opinion poll, 86% of Czechs stated they would not support a party that endorsed such an apology. The expulsion issue surfaced in 2002 during the
3689:
of German Nazi leaders declared forced deportation of civilian populations to be both a war crime and a crime against humanity, and this opinion was progressively adopted and extended through the remainder of the century. Underlying the change was the trend to assign rights to individuals, thereby
2520:
had estimated in 1964 that 233,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR from Poland as forced laborers and that 45% (105,000) were dead or missing. The West German Red Cross estimated at that time that 110,000 German civilians were held as forced labor in the Kaliningrad Oblast, where 50,000
1794:
Plans to evacuate the ethnic German population westward into Germany, from Poland and the eastern territories of Germany, were prepared by various Nazi authorities toward the end of the war. In most cases, implementation was delayed until Soviet and Allied forces had defeated the German forces and
1750:
Stalin, who had earlier directed several population transfers in the Soviet Union, strongly supported the expulsions, which worked to the Soviet Union's advantage in several ways. The satellite states would now feel the need to be protected by the Soviets from German anger over the expulsions. The
1591:
One of the reasons given for the population transfer of Germans from the former eastern territories of Germany was the claim that these areas had been a stronghold of the Nazi movement. Neither Stalin nor the other influential advocates of this argument required that expellees be checked for their
11448:
A reappraisal of the German expulsions from Eastern Europe became possible after 1989 and the collapse of communism. This contributed to a willingness on the part of Eastern European societies to remember the events of 1944 to 1948. An increasing and fruitful collaboration between Germany and the
3734:
There is now general consensus about the legal status of involuntary population transfers: "Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law." No legal distinction is made between
3605:
With at least 12 million Germans directly involved, possibly 14 million or more, it was the largest movement or transfer of any single ethnic population in European history and the largest among the post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe (which displaced 20 to 31 million
3450:
Britain and the US protested against the actions of the French military government but had no means to force France to bear the consequences of the expulsion policy agreed upon by American, British and Soviet leaders in Potsdam. France persevered with its argument to clearly differentiate between
2966:
After March 1945, ethnic Germans were placed in so-called "village camps". Separate camps existed for those able to work and for those who were not. In the latter camps, containing mainly children and the elderly, the mortality rate was about 50%. Most of the children under 14 were then placed in
2735:
Warthegau or to Silesia, where they were to settle. Between 250,000 and 320,000 had reached Nazi Germany by the end of 1944. On their arrival, they were placed in camps and underwent 'racial evaluation' by the Nazi authorities, who dispersed those deemed 'racially valuable' as farm workers in the
2614:
The roughly 400,000 ethnic Germans who remained in Romania were treated as guilty of collaboration with Nazi Germany and were deprived of their civil liberties and property. Many were impressed into forced labour and deported from their homes to other regions of Romania. In 1948, Romania began a
2610:
report of 1957, 75,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR as forced labour and 15% (approximately 10,000) did not return. Data from the Russian archives which were based on an actual enumeration put the number of ethnic Germans registered by the Soviets in Romania at 421,846 civilians, of
2063:
After Potsdam, a series of expulsions of ethnic Germans occurred throughout the Soviet-controlled Eastern European countries. Property and materiel in the affected territory that had belonged to Germany or to Germans was confiscated; it was either transferred to the Soviet Union, nationalised, or
3866:
the vast majority of ethnic Germans in Poland and Czechoslovakia made it clear that they were not loyal to the states they happened to live under, and under Nazi rule, the German minorities in Eastern Europe were willing tools of German foreign policy. Evans also wrote that many areas of eastern
3403:
Those who arrived were in bad condition – particularly during the harsh winter of 1945–46, when arriving trains carried "the dead and dying in each carriage (other dead had been thrown from the train along the way)". After experiencing Red Army atrocities, Germans in the expulsion
3293:
German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions that is sharply critical of German accounts of the Cold War era. The Hahns regard the official German figure of 2 million deaths as an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the
2488:
Note: The indigenous population were former German citizens who declared Polish ethnicity. Historian R. M. Douglas describes a chaotic and lawless regime in the former German territories in the immediate postwar era. The local population was victimized by criminal elements who arbitrarily seized
2483:
resulted in numerous deaths, which cannot be accurately determined because of lack of statistics or falsification. At certain periods, they could be in the tens of percent of the inmate numbers. Those interned are estimated at 200–250,000 German nationals and the indigenous population and deaths
2136:
250,000 persons who had declared German nationality in the 1939 Nazi census remained in Czechoslovakia; however the Czechs counted 165,790 Germans remaining in December 1955. Male Germans with Czech wives were expelled, often with their spouses, while ethnic German women with Czech husbands were
1648:
in 1944, "Expulsion is the method which, insofar as we have been able to see, will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble... A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed by the prospect of disentanglement of populations, not even of
957:. The West German government put the total at 14.6 million, including a million ethnic Germans who had settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II, ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950, and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from
3579:
In countries occupied by Nazi Germany during the war, sexual relations between Wehrmacht soldiers and local women resulted in the birth of significant numbers of children. Relationships between German soldiers and local women were particularly common in countries whose population was not dubbed
3270:
and domestic German politics, and he maintains that the 2.225 million number relies on improper statistical methodology and incomplete data, particularly in regard to the expellees who arrived in East Germany. Haar questions the validity of population balances in general. He maintains that
3217:
published a study of German military casualties; his research project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths. In 1994, Overmans provided a critical analysis of the previous studies by the German government which he believes are unreliable. Overmans maintains that the studies of expulsion
3197:
The West German figure of 2 million deaths in the flight and expulsions was widely accepted by historians in the West prior to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War. The recent disclosure of the German Federal Archives study and the Search Service figures have
3179:
such as deliberate killings, which according to the report included deaths caused by military activity in the 1944–45 campaign, forced labor in the USSR and civilians kept in post-war internment camps. The authors maintained that the figures included only those deaths caused by violent acts and
2734:
Those ethnic Germans who remained in the 1939 borders of the Soviet Union occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 remained where they were until 1943, when the Red Army liberated Soviet territory and the Wehrmacht withdrew westward. From January 1943, most of these ethnic Germans moved in treks to the
2144:
The West German government estimated the expulsion death toll at 273,000 civilians, and this figure is cited in historical literature. However, in 1995, research by a joint German and Czech commission of historians found that the previous demographic estimates of 220,000 to 270,000 deaths to be
3116:
In 1953 the West German government ordered a survey by the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches to trace the fate of 16.2 million people in the area of the expulsions; the survey was completed in 1964 but kept secret until 1987. The search service was able to confirm 473,013
2231:
In 1945, official Hungarian figures showed 477,000 German speakers in Hungary, including German-speaking Jews, 303,000 of whom had declared German nationality. Of the German nationals, 33% were children younger than 12 or elderly people over 60; 51% were women. On 29 December 1945, the postwar
1864:
In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, at the end of 1945—wrote Hahn & Hahn—4.5 million Germans who had fled or been expelled were under the control of the Allied governments. From 1946 to 1950 around 4.5 million people were brought to Germany in organized mass transports from
3187:
A 1986 study by Gerhard Reichling "Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen" (the German expellees in figures) concluded 2,020,000 ethnic Germans perished after the war including 1,440,000 as a result of the expulsions and 580,000 deaths due to deportation as forced labourers in the Soviet Union.
2552:
The attitude of Soviet soldiers was ambiguous. Many committed atrocities, most notably rape and murder, and did not always distinguish between Poles and Germans, mistreating them equally. Other Soviets were taken aback by the brutal treatment of the German civilians and tried to protect them.
2421:
permitted to hold Polish currency, the only legal currency since July, other than earnings from work assigned to them. The remaining population faced theft and looting, and also in some instances rape and murder by the criminal elements, crimes that were rarely prevented nor prosecuted by the
2357:
estimated that during the final months of the war, 4 to 5 million German civilians fled with the retreating German forces, and in mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans remained in the territories under Polish control. By 1950, 3,155,000 had been transported to Germany, 1,043,550 were
1118:
after losing their privileged status in those foreign lands, where they had maintained minority communities. In 1919 ethnic Germans became national minorities in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Romania. In the following years, the Nazi ideology encouraged them to demand local
3466:
The Soviets, who encouraged and partly carried out the expulsions, offered little cooperation with humanitarian efforts, thereby requiring the Americans and British to absorb the expellees in their zones of occupation. In contradiction with the Potsdam Agreements, the Soviets neglected their
3370:
in Munich) described Nawratil's writings as "polemics with a nationalist-rightist point of view and exaggerates in an absurd manner the scale of 'expulsion crimes'." Broszat found Nawratil's book to have "factual errors taken out of context." German historian Thomas E. Fischer calls the book
2060:, one of the drafters of the cited Potsdam article, stated that the "purpose of this article was not to encourage or legalize the expulsions, but rather to provide a basis for approaching the expelling states and requesting them to co-ordinate transfers with the Occupying Powers in Germany."
3302:
newspaper in postwar West Germany. The Hahns believe the population figures of ethnic Germans for eastern Europe include German-speaking Jews killed in the Holocaust. They believe that the fate of German-speaking Jews in Eastern Europe deserves the attention of German historians. ("Deutsche
3235:
Overmans conducted a research project that studied the casualties of the German military during the war and found that the previous estimate of 4.3 million dead and missing, especially in the final stages of the war, was about one million short of the actual toll. In his study Overmans
12372:(PDF file, direct download), EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1; Florence: European University Institute. Contributors: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, Piotr Pykel, Tomasz Kamusella, Balazs Apor, Stanislav Sretenovic, Markus Wien, Tillmann Tegeler, and Luigi Cajani. Accessed 26 May 2015.
1814:
Refugee treks which came within reach of the advancing Soviets suffered casualties when targeted by low-flying aircraft, and some people were crushed by tanks. The German Federal Archive has estimated that 100–120,000 civilians (1% of the total population) were killed during the flight and
8262:"Efektem były liczne zgony, których nie można dokładnie określic z powodu brak statystyk lub ich fałszowania. Okresowo mogly one sięgać kilkudziesięciu procent osadzonych. Szacunki mówią o 200–250 tys internowanych Niemców i ludności rodzimej, a czego zginąć moglo od 15 do aż 60tys. osób."
3849:) under the auspices of the Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung (SFVV). Several members of two consecutive international Advisory (scholar) Councils criticised some activities of the foundation and the new Director Winfried Halder resigned. Dr Gundula Bavendamm is a current Director.
2412:
At the Potsdam Conference (17 July – 2 August 1945), the territory to the east of the Oder–Neisse line was assigned to Polish and Soviet Union administration pending the final peace treaty. All Germans had their property confiscated and were placed under restrictive jurisdiction. The
2935:
had been expelled. Gottschee Germans were generally unhappy about their forced transfer from their historical home region. One reason was that the agricultural value of their new area of settlement was perceived as much lower than the Gottschee area. As German forces retreated before the
3835:
A Centre Against Expulsions was to be set up in Berlin by the German government based on an initiative and with active participation of the German Federation of Expellees. The centre's creation has been criticized in Poland. It was strongly opposed by the Polish government and president
2549:, citizens who claimed Polish ethnicity were allowed to remain, even though some, not all, had uncertain nationality, or identified as ethnic Germans. Their status as a national minority was accepted in 1955, along with state subsidies, with regard to economic assistance and education.
1109:
pronounced the formation of several independent states in Central and Eastern Europe, in territories previously controlled by these imperial powers. None of the new states were ethnically homogeneous. After 1919, many ethnic Germans emigrated from the former imperial lands back to the
3644:
opened the door to a renewed examination of the expulsions in both scholarly and political circles. A factor in the ongoing nature of the dispute may be the relatively large proportion of German citizens who were among the expellees and/or their descendants, estimated at 20% in 2000.
3108:
In 1950 the West German Government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million missing people (1.5 million in prewar Germany and 1.5 million in Eastern Europe) whose fate needed to be clarified. These figures were superseded by the publication of the 1958 study by the
5853:
if they had declared their native language to be German in the census of 1930. In 1945 Czechoslovakian nationalists and communists regarded this entry in the forms as an act of disloyalty against the republic. Cf. Reuven Assor, ""Deutsche Juden" in der Tschechoslowakei 1945–1948",
4353:
Hans-Walter Schmuhl. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945: crossing boundaries. Volume 259 of Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Coutts MyiLibrary. SpringerLink Humanities, Social Science & LawAuthor. Springer, 2008.
2124:
Transfers of population under the Potsdam agreements lasted from January until October 1946. 1.9 million ethnic Germans were expelled to the American zone, part of what would become West Germany. More than 1 million were expelled to the Soviet zone, which later became
2689:
and temporarily gained control of those areas. These returnees were employed by the Nazi occupation forces to establish a link between the German administration and the local population. Those resettled elsewhere shared the fate of the other Germans in their resettlement area.
1786:
Late in the war, as the Red Army advanced westward, many Germans were apprehensive about the impending Soviet occupation. Most were aware of the Soviet reprisals against German civilians. Soviet soldiers committed numerous rapes and other crimes. News of atrocities such as the
3662:. It depicted the maltreatment of Germans while also acknowledging German guilt, as well as Polish animosity toward Germans and, in specific instances, friendships between Poles and Germans despite the circumstances. Thürk's novel, when serialized in Polish translation by the
3467:
obligation to provide supplies for the expellees. In Potsdam, it was agreed that 15% of all equipment dismantled in the Western zones—especially from the metallurgical, chemical and machine manufacturing industries—would be transferred to the Soviets in return for food, coal,
2055:
In late 1945 the Allies requested a temporary halt to the expulsions, due to the refugee problems created by the expulsion of Germans. While expulsions from Czechoslovakia were temporarily slowed, this was not true in Poland and the former eastern territories of Germany. Sir
3789:, in particular, the Hague Regulations, Articles 42–56, which limited the rights of occupying powers—and obviously occupying powers have no rights to expel the populations—so there was the clear violation of the Hague Regulations." He argued that the expulsions violated the
2715:
rehabilitated but were not allowed to return to the European USSR. The Soviet-German population grew despite deportations and forced labor during the war; in the 1939 Soviet census the German population was 1.427 million. By 1959 it had increased to 1.619 million.
2120:
Between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by irregular expulsions between May and August 1945. The expulsions were encouraged by Czechoslovak politicians and were generally executed by order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers and the army.
1896:, based on an order issued by Hitler on 4 February 1945. When the war ended, the German refugee population in Denmark amounted to 5% of the total Danish population. The evacuation focused on women, the elderly and children—a third of whom were under the age of fifteen.
2787:
or fled in panic as the Red Army approached. The remaining Germans were conscripted for forced labor. Ethnic Russians and the families of military staff were settled in the area. In June 1946, 114,070 Germans and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered as living in the
5472:: The Soviet Union and the new Communist governments of the countries where these Germans had lived tried between 1945 and 1947 to eliminate the problem of minority populations that in the past had formed an obstacle to the development of their own national identity.
9795:
Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste – Zur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung – Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte; Gerlingen : Bleicher
1692:
The expulsions were also driven by a desire for retribution, given the brutal way German occupiers treated non-German civilians in the German-occupied territories during the war. Thus, the expulsions were at least partly motivated by the animus engendered by the
1415:
of the USSR, had agreed in principle before the end of the war that the border of Poland's territory would be moved west (though how far was not specified) and that the remaining ethnic German population were subject to expulsion. They assured the leaders of the
2203:
report of 1956, in early 1945 between 30 and 35,000 ethnic German civilians and 30,000 military POW were arrested and transported from Hungary to the Soviet Union as forced labourers. In some villages, the entire adult population was taken to labor camps in the
1057:
generally lacked clearly delineated ethnic settlement areas. There were some ethnic-majority areas, but there were also vast mixed areas and abundant smaller pockets settled by various ethnicities. Within these areas of diversity, including the major cities of
1007:, which redefined the Central European borders and approved expulsions of ethnic Germans from the former German territories transferred to Poland, Russia and Czechoslovakia. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labour camps where they were used as
2710:
rations. In 1945 the USSR deported to the special settlements 203,796 Soviet ethnic Germans who had been previously resettled by Germany in Poland. These post-war deportees increased the German population in the special settlements to 1,035,701 by 1949.
2365:
of 1953, 5,650,000 Germans remained in what would become Poland's new borders in mid-1945, 3,500,000 had been expelled and 910,000 remained in Poland by 1950. According to the Schieder commission, the civilian death toll was 2 million; in 1974, the
2792:, with an unknown number of unregistered Germans ignored. Between June 1945 and 1947, roughly half a million Germans were expelled. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948, 21 transports with a total of 42,094 Germans left the Kaliningrad Oblast for the
2267:. Other research indicates that, between 1945 and 1950, 150,000 were expelled to western Germany, 103,000 to Austria, and none to eastern Germany. During the expulsions, numerous organized protest demonstrations by the Hungarian population took place.
2152:) confirmed the deaths of 18,889 people during the expulsions from Czechoslovakia. (Violent deaths 5,556; Suicides 3,411; Deported 705; In camps 6,615; During the wartime flight 629; After wartime flight 1,481; Cause undetermined 379; Other misc. 73.)
2270:
Acquisition of land for distribution to Hungarian refugees and nationals was one of the main reasons stated by the government for the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from Hungary. The botched organization of the redistribution led to social tensions.
3680:
International law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. Before World War II, several major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties and had the support of international bodies such as the
8775:
Conseil de l'Europe Assemblée parlementaire Session Strasbourg (Council of the European Union in Straßburg), Documents, Document 7172: Report on the situation of the German ethnic minority in the former Soviet Union, Council of Europe, 1995, p. 8;
12453:, Foreign relations of the United States: diplomatic papers, Volume II (1945) pp. 1227–1327 (Note: p. 1227 begins with a Czechoslovak document dated 23 November 1944, several months before Czechoslovakia was "liberated" by the Soviet Army.) (
3188:
Reichling was an employee of the Federal Statistical Office who was involved in the study of German expulsion statistics since 1953. The Reichling study is cited by the German government to support their estimate of 2 million expulsion deaths
1368:
as one of the justifications for the expulsion of the Germans. The contemporary position of the German government is that, while the Nazi-era war crimes resulted in the expulsion of the Germans, the deaths due to the expulsions were an injustice.
8756:
Conseil de l'Europe Assemblée parlementaire Session Strasbourg (Council of the European Union in Straßburg), Documents, Document 7172: Report on the situation of the German ethnic minority in the former Soviet Union, Council of Europe, 1995, p.
3167:
put losses at 2,225,000 (1.339 million in prewar Germany and 886,000 in Eastern Europe). In 1961 the West German government published slightly revised figures that put losses at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 in prewar Germany and 886,000 in Eastern
2274:
22,445 people were identified as German in the 1949 census. An order of 15 June 1948 halted the expulsions. A governmental decree of 25 March 1950 declared all expulsion orders void, allowing the expellees to return if they so wished. After the
3033:. Subsequent investigations showed many of the internees to be harmless, and three-quarters of them were returned to Germany during the war in exchange for citizens of the Americas, while the remainder returned to their homes in Latin America.
2211:
Data from the Russian archives, which were based on an actual enumeration, put the number of ethnic Germans registered by the Soviets in Hungary at 50,292 civilians, of whom 31,923 were deported to the USSR for reparation labor implementing
2326:. About 3,691 Germans (less than 15% of the total number of German expatriates in the Netherlands) were expelled. The Allied forces occupying the Western zone of Germany opposed this operation, fearing that other nations might follow suit.
2306:
After World War II, the Dutch government decided to expel the German expatriates (25,000) living in the Netherlands. Germans, including those with Dutch spouses and children, were labelled as "hostile subjects" ("vijandelijke onderdanen").
3420:(Lamsdorf), where interned Germans were exposed to sadistic practices and at least 1,000 died. Many expellees had experienced hunger and disease, separation from family members, loss of civil rights and familiar environment, and sometimes
1530:
In view of the desire for ethnically homogeneous nation-states, it did not make sense to draw borders through regions that were already inhabited homogeneously by Germans without any minorities. As early as 9 September 1944, Soviet leader
4454:
3253:
Haar maintains that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000, based on the information of Red Cross Search Service and German Federal Archives. Harr pointed out that some members of the
8400:: "The Poles began driving Germans out of their houses with a brutality that had by then almost become commonplace: People were beaten, shot and raped. Even Soviet soldiers were taken aback, and some protected the German civilians."
2967:
state-run homes, where conditions were better, though the German language was banned. These children were later given to Yugoslav families, and not all German parents seeking to reclaim their children in the 1950s were successful.
6613:
US Department of State, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Bureau of Public Affairs, Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of the Historian, Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History, 1937–1945, The Potsdam Conference,
9703:
Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung" (a parallel Polish summary translation was also included; this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw in 1994),
3549:(out of a total loss of German property due to the border changes and expulsions of 355.3 billion Deutschmarks). Administrative organisations were set up to integrate the expellees into post-war German society. While the
3427:
Once they arrived, they found themselves in a country devastated by war. Housing shortages lasted until the 1960s, which along with other shortages led to conflicts with the local population. The situation eased only with the
7590:]. Monografie/Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN (in Polish). Vol. 5. Warsaw: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN.
7233:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he belonged to the Nazi Party. During the war he was an officer in the SS, and was directly implicated in the mass murder of Jews as a member of Einsatzgruppe D in
3454:
Until mid-1945, the Allies had not reached an agreement on how to deal with the expellees. France suggested immigration to South America and Australia and the settlement of 'productive elements' in France, while the Soviets'
2373:
During the 1945 military campaign, most of the male German population remaining east of the Oder–Neisse line were considered potential combatants and held by Soviet military in detention camps subject to verification by the
9238:
Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung". A parallel Polish-language summary translation was also included. This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in
6701:, authored by Arbeitskreis Dokumentation im Bundesverband der Landsmannschaft der Donauschwaben aus Jugoslawien, Sindelfingen, and by Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung, Munich: Die Stiftung, 1991–1995, vol. 4, pp. 1018–19.
2590:, as well as 80,000 from Romania. 140,000 of these Germans were resettled in German-occupied Poland; in 1945, they were caught up in the flight and expulsion from Poland. Most of the ethnic Germans in Romania resided in
2279:
in the early 1990s, German victims of expulsion and Soviet forced labor were rehabilitated. Post-Communist laws allowed expellees to be compensated, to return, and to buy property. There were reportedly no tensions
9720:
Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung" (a parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in
11790:
2071:
Polish refugees expelled from the Soviet Union were resettled in the former German territories that were awarded to Poland after the war. During and after the war, 2,208,000 Poles fled or were expelled from the
8834:
Conseil de l'Europe Assemblée parlementaire Session Strasbourg (Council of the European Union in Straßburg), Documents, Document 7172: Report on the situation of the German ethnic minority in the former Soviet
2240:, or any other armed German organisation. Accordingly, mass expulsions began. The rural population was affected more than the urban population or those ethnic Germans determined to have needed skills, such as
1077:
in an attempt to ensure its territorial integrity. It was also the first modern European state to propose population transfers as a means of solving "nationality conflicts", intending the removal of Poles and
3844:
restricted his comments to a recommendation that Germany pursue a neutral approach at the museum. The museum apparently did not materialize. The only project along the same lines in Germany is "Visual Sign"
3729:
Protocol No 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Securing Certain Rights and Freedoms Other than Those Already Included in the Convention and in the First Protocol
2196:. Three percent of the German pre-war population (about 20,000 people) had been evacuated by the Volksbund before that. They went to Austria, but many had returned. Overall, 60,000 ethnic Germans had fled.
1713:, asked for retribution for wartime German activities. Responsibility of the German population for the crimes committed in its name was also asserted by commanders of the late and post-war Polish military.
2563:
cites estimates of 7 million expelled in total during both the "wild" and "legal" expulsions from the recovered territories from 1945 to 1948, plus an additional 700,000 from areas of pre-war Poland.
9486:
Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 pp. 38, 45–46
1502:: Stalin saw the expulsions as a means of creating antagonism between Germany and its Eastern neighbors, who would thus need Soviet protection. The expulsions served several practical purposes as well.
2314:, when German expatriates and their families were arrested at their homes in the middle of the night and given one hour to pack 50 kg (110 lb) of luggage. They were only allowed to take 100
2251:
About 180,000 German-speaking Hungarian citizens were stripped of their citizenship and possessions, and expelled to the Western zones of Germany. By July 1948, 35,000 others had been expelled to the
1709:, he blamed all Germans as responsible for the actions of the German state. In Poland and Czechoslovakia, newspapers, leaflets and politicians across the political spectrum, which narrowed during the
4861:
Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 pp. 45–46
3723:
regulated expulsions, yet only in respect to expulsions of individuals of the states who signed the convention. The first international treaty condemning mass expulsions was a document issued by the
11378:'s indication that in World War II, "3 million German civilians died, perhaps two-thirds of them in forced expulsions from Eastern Europe" (22 May 1995, p. 30) must seem surprising to many readers.
3711:'s legal adviser Jean-Marie Henckaerts posited that the contemporary expulsions conducted by the Allies of World War II themselves were the reason why expulsion issues were included neither in the
2335:
181:
4461:
3719:
in 1950, and says it "may be called 'a tragic anomaly' that while deportations were outlawed at Nuremberg they were used by the same powers as a 'peacetime measure'". It was only in 1955 that the
10490:
5086:
Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 p. 276
12251:(Statistical and graphical data illustrating German population movements in the aftermath of the Second World War published in 1966 by the West German Ministry of Refugees and Displaced Persons)
2014:
The agreement further called for equal distribution of the transferred Germans for resettlement among American, British, French and Soviet occupation zones comprising post–World War II Germany.
1395:
The expulsion policy was part of a geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of postwar Europe. In part, it was retribution for Nazi Germany's initiation of the war and subsequent atrocities and
12478:"Unsere Heimat ist uns ein fremdes Land geworden..." Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße 1945–1950. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven. Band 1: Zentrale Behörden, Wojewodschaft Allenstein
3658:—a German author who left Upper Silesia annexed by Poland shortly after the war had ended—contained graphic depictions of the treatment of Germans by Soviets and Poles in Thürk's hometown of
1624:
To Poles, expulsion of Germans was seen as an effort to avoid such events in the future. As a result, Polish exile authorities proposed a population transfer of Germans as early as 1941. The
6188:
Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn. Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010, pp. 679–81, 839: ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010;
2471:
estimated in 1974 that more than 200,000 German civilians were interned in Polish camps; they put the death rate at 20–50% and estimated that over 60,000 probably died. Polish historians
12466:
1274:
According to the national census figures the percentage of ethnic Germans in the total population was: Poland 2.3%; Czechoslovakia 22.3%; Hungary 5.5%; Romania 4.1% and Yugoslavia 3.6%.
3541:
When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, a law was drafted on 24 August 1952 that was primarily intended to ease the financial situation of the expellees. The law, termed the
2464:. Besides these large camps, numerous other forced labor, punitive and internment camps, urban ghettos and detention centers, sometimes consisting only of a small cellar, were set up.
2319:
1660:
in 1943 of the possibility of Polish reprisals, describing them as "unavoidable" and "an encouragement for all the Germans in Poland to go west, to Germany proper, where they belong."
2800:", had been left orphaned and unattended or died with their parents during the harsh winter without food. Between 1945 and 1947, around 600,000 Soviet citizens settled in the oblast.
3201:
The German government continues to maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct. The issue of the "expellees" has been a contentious one in German politics, with the
12503:
11806:
10684:
10072:
Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
9881:
Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
5987:, probably short-lived, but it will be unavoidable. And I think this will be a sort of encouragement for all the Germans in Poland to go west, to Germany proper, where they belong.
3929:
decided that the exemption was "no longer relevant" and that the withdrawal of the opt-out "would help improve Prague's position with regard to other EU international agreements."
3514:, which was believed to be the best way to stabilise Germany and ensure peace in Europe by preventing the creation of a marginalised population. This policy led to the granting of
5095:
Alfred Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen Band 1: Strukturwandel der deutschen Bevolkerung im polnischen Staats – und Verwaltungsbereich, Köln, Wissenschaft und Politik, 1969 p. 117–21
5983:
I would rather be frank with you, Mr. President. Nothing on earth will stop the Poles from taking some kind of revenge on the Germans after the Nazi collapse. There will be some
1946:
began refusing medical treatment to German refugees starting in March 1945. The last refugees left Denmark on 15 February 1949. In the Treaty of London, signed 26 February 1953,
9807:
Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
9631:
Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
7075:
2602:, allowed Germany to enlist the German population in Nazi-sponsored organizations. During the war, 54,000 of the male population was conscripted by Nazi Germany, many into the
10885:
1823:
maintain that civilian deaths in the flight and evacuation were "between 600,000 and 1.2 million. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing." The mobilized
12477:
14453:
12636:
4118:
4045:
3553:
regime in the Soviet occupation zone did not allow the expellees to organise, in the Western zones expellees over time established a variety of organizations, including the
3008:
17:
3502:, the British zone already harbored a great number of refugees who had come by sea, and the already modest rations had to be further shortened by a third in March 1946. In
13993:
12389:
3090:
114:
12495:
17923:
17888:
16348:
13807:
13790:
10433:"Hier spricht Hamburg". Hamburg in der Nachkriegszeit: Rundfunkreportagen, Nachrichtensendungen, Hörspiele und Meldungen des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunks (NWDR) 1945–1949
10412:"Hier spricht Hamburg". Hamburg in der Nachkriegszeit: Rundfunkreportagen, Nachrichtensendungen, Hörspiele und Meldungen des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunks (NWDR) 1945–1949
16093:
3925:
to ensure that the descendants of expelled Germans could not press legal claims against the Czech Republic. Five years later, in 2014, the government of Prime Minister
1478:
they thought could be done in a humane manner. The proposals from the Polish and Czech governments-in-exile to expel ethnic Germans after the war received support from
1325:
The national census figures for Germans include German-speaking Jews. Poland (7,000) Czech territory not including Slovakia (75,000) Hungary 10,000, Yugoslavia (10,000)
17928:
15701:
14014:
7725:; "From June until mid-July, Polish military and militia expelled (the 'wild expulsions') nearly all of the residents of the districts immediately east of the rivers "
7005:
Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte (Hg.) Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei Band 1, 2004, pp. 132–33.
3554:
3518:
to the ethnic German expellees who had held citizenship of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, etc. before World War II. This effort was led by the
2846:
According to West German figures in late 1944 the Soviets transported 27,000 to 30,000 ethnic Germans, a majority of whom were women aged 18 to 35, to Ukraine and the
2694:
1975:
1024:
17699:
15717:
5856:
Odsun: Die Vertreibung der Sudetendeutschen; Dokumentation zu Ursachen, Planung und Realisierung einer 'ethnischen Säuberung' in der Mitte Europas, 1848/49 – 1945/46
210:
10033:, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions on Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006.
5254:
1069:
in the 19th century, the ethnicity of citizens became an issue in territorial claims, the self-perception/identity of states, and claims of ethnic superiority. The
9805:
Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".
9629:
Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".
1705:, justified the expulsions on 28 October 1945 by stating that the majority of Germans had acted in full support of Hitler; during a ceremony in remembrance of the
16037:
3731:, stating in Article 4: "collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited." This protocol entered into force on 2 May 1968, and as of 1995 was ratified by 19 states.
15640:
15612:
14756:
4050:
3975:
3250:. Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions.
930:
and from lands which from May 1945 fell inside the Soviet occupation zones. In 1941, his government had already transported Germans from Crimea to Central Asia.
11825:
Germany has provoked anger in Poland over plans to build a museum dedicated to German refugees who fled or were expelled from Poland after the Second World War.
11232:
10070:
Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch".
9879:
Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch".
5849:
Tragic was the fate of Czechoslovaks of German ethnicity and Jewish religion. They were clearly victims of the Nazi occupation but nevertheless qualified to be
5214:
17853:
17678:
16357:
16044:
15178:
7113:
2573:
2145:
overstated and based on faulty information. They concluded that the death toll was between 15,000 and 30,000 dead, assuming that not all deaths were reported.
194:
9116:
4073:
16660:
16023:
15332:
14957:
14230:
12115:
2318:
with them. The remainder of their possessions were seized by the state. They were taken to internment camps near the German border, the largest of which was
2188:
to compile lists of all ethnic Germans living in the country. Initially the Census Bureau refused to divulge information on Hungarians who had registered as
1523:
a series of expulsions and resettlements of Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and others who after the war found themselves outside their supposed home states. The
1388:, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943. The final agreement for the transfer of the Germans was not reached until the
7976:
1621:
alongside operational groups of German military and police, in addition to such activities as identifying Poles for execution and illegally detaining them.
15673:
15619:
14805:
14286:
3244:
In 2006, Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2 million expulsion deaths in an article in the German newspaper
3198:
caused some scholars in Germany and Poland to question the validity of the figure of 2 million deaths; they estimate the actual total at 500–600,000.
802:
215:
7581:
1385:
16130:
15626:
15242:
14310:
14274:
13872:
12490:
1011:
to countries in Eastern Europe. The major expulsions were completed in 1950. Estimates for the total number of people of German ancestry still living in
11839:
1147:. However, by 1939 more than half of Polish Germans lived outside of the formerly German territories of Poland due to improving economic opportunities.
14652:
14247:
11258:
3519:
3218:
deaths by the German government lack adequate support; he maintains that there are more arguments for the lower figures than for the higher figures. ("
9786:
Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14 November 2006.
8333:
3632:
The expulsions created major social disruptions in the receiving territories, which were tasked with providing housing and employment for millions of
16016:
15463:
15339:
14332:
14264:
14252:
4035:
2615:
gradual rehabilitation of the ethnic Germans: they were not expelled, and the communist regime gave them the status of a national minority, the only
1939:
1760:
988:
911:
155:
11871:
8817:
Heinemann posits that 250,000 is the number given by primary sources, but dismisses as too high the 320,000 estimate given by Ingeborg Fleischmann,
7841:
3699:
such action." Thus, the Charter did not invalidate or preclude action against World War II enemies following the war. This argument is contested by
17828:
15316:
14696:
14470:
7931:
4532:
4258:
15753:
12646:
12450:
11967:
7624:
3136:
to colonize eastern Europe. The commission estimated a total death toll of about 2.3 million civilians including 2 million east of the
3486:
2796:. The last remaining Germans were expelled between November 1949 (1,401 people) and January 1950 (7). Thousands of German children, called the "
15572:
14874:
7208:
5020:
4753:
4372:
1723:, briefed his soldiers to "exact on the Germans what they enacted on us, so they will flee on their own and thank God they saved their lives."
257:
17571:
10283:
9148:
5898:
3819:. José Ayala Lasso recognized the "expellees" as victims of gross violations of human rights. De Zayas, a member of the advisory board of the
1942:, these deaths were partially due to denial of medical care by Danish medical staff, as both the Danish Association of Doctors and the Danish
17873:
17843:
17833:
16364:
16327:
16304:
15825:
14747:
14717:
13008:
12024:
5794:
2840:
2041:). They were conducted by military and civilian authorities in Soviet-occupied post-war Poland and Czechoslovakia in the first half of 1945.
1524:
16079:
12368:
11421:
11279:
10612:
9096:
9061:
9002:
8936:
8535:
8110:
8046:
7913:
7796:
7740:
7422:
7363:
7338:
7309:
7284:
7158:
6860:
5603:
5554:
4709:
3545:
granted partial compensation and easy credit to the expellees; the loss of their civilian property had been estimated at 299.6 billion
1062:, people in various ethnic groups had interacted every day for centuries, while not always harmoniously, on every civic and economic level.
17848:
16457:
16313:
16297:
16269:
15517:
14724:
12460:
12096:
11462:
4797:
3529:
3096:
2370:
estimated the death toll at about 400,000. (The controversy regarding the casualty figures is covered below in the section on casualties.)
949:
from Central and Eastern Europe. By 1950, a total of about 12 million Germans had fled or been expelled from east-central Europe into
11341:
10373:
9506:
Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte
8230:
Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte
7667:
Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte
6628:
6264:
Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte
4586:
17868:
17214:
16281:
16193:
16137:
16100:
15382:
14066:
12500:
9903:
Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".
9828:
Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".
6024:
4405:
Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".
3690:
limiting the rights of nation-states to impose fiats which could adversely affect such individuals. The Charter of the then-newly formed
1770:
129:
101:
39:
9596:(a parallel Polish translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994; see
7093:
5702:
2496:
2344:
2052:
villages were turned into internment camps where over 50,000 perished from deliberate starvation and direct murders by Yugoslav guards.
17933:
16186:
14918:
11703:
Alfred M. de Zayas, "The Right to One's Homeland, Ethnic Cleansing and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia",
7643:, Theodor Schieder (compiler) in collaboration with A. Diestelkamp , Bonn, Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), 1953, pp. 78, 155.
6067:
3328:
1702:
1008:
10748:, 2007, p. 419: "largest population movement between European countries in the twentieth century and one of the largest of all time";
8064:
7072:
3151:, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste (The German Expulsion Casualties). The authors of the report included former Nazi party members,
2378:. Members of Nazi party organizations and government officials were segregated and sent to the USSR for forced labour as reparations.
17692:
16320:
14710:
14668:
4218:
3456:
93:
10979:
10901:
9931:
9905:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung
9830:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung
4407:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung
2236:
agreements, ordered the expulsion of anyone identified as German in the 1941 census, or who had been a member of the Volksbund, the
17903:
17541:
15360:
15134:
14897:
14763:
14574:
13294:
12534:
10952:
10034:
9688:
5763:
4519:
4436:
puts the figure at 600,000, maintaining that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.
3708:
3498:
In the British and US zones the supply situation worsened considerably, especially in the British zone. Due to its location on the
2089:
2045:
2017:
1971:
884:
795:
176:
5233:Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha, 1999;
16436:
16233:
15270:
14770:
14682:
14618:
13475:
12444:
12082:
11994:
11765:
11647:
4135:
4015:
2722:
2512:. They also estimated that more than 100,000 people surviving the Soviet occupation were evacuated to Germany beginning in 1947.
2440:
2426:
1540:
354:
7803:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 26: confirms motivation to create an ethnically homogeneous Poland
2005:
between 17 July and 2 August 1945. Article XII of the agreement is concerned with the expulsions to post-war Germany and reads:
1899:
17878:
16639:
16151:
15001:
14539:
11668:
10458:
Soziologie und Politik: Sozialwissenschaftliches Expertenwissen im Dritten Reich und in der frühen westdeutschen Nachkriegszeit
6292:
Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys. a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych. Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno, stres i bombardowania
5353:
Der Weg zur Vertreibung 1938–1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen zum "Transfer" der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen
3922:
2945:
134:
12451:
Interest of the United States in the transfer of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Austria
11939:
11310:
10672:
9020:
6835:
5534:
5370:
3675:
3391:
3303:
Vertreibungshistoriker haben sich mit der Geschichte der jüdischen Angehörigen der deutschen Minderheiten kaum beschäftigt.")
2444:
the Polish economy were retained until 1956, although almost all had left by 1960. 200,000 Germans in Poland were employed as
17883:
17235:
17140:
16667:
16413:
16288:
15374:
15348:
15205:
14911:
14828:
14184:
12768:
12419:
12278:
12008:
11977:
11753:
11499:
11472:
11405:
11391:
11355:
11324:
11293:
11188:
11160:
11131:
11102:
10474:
10440:
10419:
10238:
10157:
10079:
9991:
9912:
9888:
9837:
9814:
9654:""Haar"-sträubende Zahlenklitterung des Historikers Ingo Haar". Bund der Vertriebenen, Pressemitteilung vom 17 November 2006.
9638:
9618:
9213:
8894:
7944:
7765:
7722:
7595:
7184:
6763:
6680:
6193:
6146:
6077:
5976:
5962:
5912:
5808:
5777:
5712:
5656:
5583:
5579:
5469:
5396:
4417:
4271:
4040:
3720:
2534:
2505:
2397:" Poles. Of these, most were not expelled; but many chose to migrate to Germany between 1951 and 1982, including most of the
1595:
With German communities living within the pre-war borders of Poland, there was an expressed fear of disloyalty of Germans in
958:
946:
876:
735:
666:
599:
7521:
2824:. During the final months of World War II a majority of the ethnic Germans fled Yugoslavia with the retreating Nazi forces.
2747:
17893:
17468:
16875:
16761:
15926:
15393:
15389:
15367:
14971:
14422:
13978:
13075:
10100:
9860:
5432:
4745:
Kati Tonkin reviewing Jurgen Tampke's "Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe: From Bohemia to the EU",
3586:) by the Nazis. After the Wehrmacht's withdrawal, these women and their children of German descent were often ill-treated.
2736:
2587:
2559:
cites an approximate total of 7.5 million Germans evacuated, migrated, or expelled from Poland between 1944 and 1950.
1911:
After the war, the Germans were interned in several hundred refugee camps throughout Denmark, the largest of which was the
1299:
9183:
Transatlantic relations series. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia
17938:
17898:
17383:
16847:
16179:
16165:
15378:
14427:
14028:
13987:
12922:
12905:
12738:
12414:
Suppan, Arnold: "Hitler – Benes – Tito". Wien 2014. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Drei Bände.
7781:. p. 75, reference 31: "a citation from the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers Party, 20–21 May 1945."
5262:
3990:
3716:
3523:
3404:
areas were subject to harsh punitive measures by Yugoslav partisans and in post-war Poland and Czechoslovakia. Beatings,
2606:. In mid-1944, roughly 100,000 Germans fled from Romania with the retreating German forces. According to the West German
1527:
lent legitimacy to the concept. Churchill cited the operation as a success in a speech discussing the German expulsions.
1381:
1341:
1144:
995:, from mid-1944 to early 1945. The second phase was the disorganised fleeing of ethnic Germans immediately following the
788:
562:
330:
2586:
were occupied by the USSR, and the ethnic German population of 130,000 was deported to German-held territory during the
2137:
allowed to stay. According to the Schieder commission, Sudeten Germans considered essential to the economy were held as
1123:
claimed that Germans elsewhere were subject to persecution. Nazi supporters throughout eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia's
17863:
17858:
17592:
17461:
17339:
16917:
16632:
16583:
16341:
15896:
15148:
14987:
14835:
14689:
12813:
12778:
12723:
12243:
11555:(Oxford University Press, online September 2008) and in his article "International Law and Mass Population Transfers",
10463:
Sociology and Politics: Social Science Expert Knowledge in the Third Reich and in the Early West German Post-War Period
6334:
5195:
4691:
3985:
3953:
3786:
2860:
total of 166,970 ethnic Germans were interned, and 48,447 (29%) perished. The camp system was shut down in March 1948.
2649:
2508:
estimated that in mid-1945, 250,000 Germans remained in the northern part of the former East Prussia, which became the
2037:
Expulsions that took place before the Allies agreed on the terms at Potsdam are referred to as "irregular" expulsions (
1849:. Many refugees tried to return home when the fighting ended. Before 1 June 1945, 400,000 people crossed back over the
1596:
1585:
1140:
1102:
701:
495:
350:
250:
9583:
14. November 2006, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben"
8802:"Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut": das Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas
3474:
17708:
16590:
16562:
16379:
15961:
15680:
15647:
14397:
14149:
13697:
13555:
13262:
13166:
13003:
12408:
12384:
12361:
12346:
12314:
12296:
12263:
12224:
12209:
12162:
12148:
11729:
11690:
11613:
11585:
11557:
11535:
11239:
11215:
11074:
11045:
11014:
10989:
10962:
10932:
10895:
10831:
10805:
10780:
10753:
10718:
10645:
10637:
10550:
10526:
10398:
10261:
10215:
10188:
10056:
9963:
9772:
9750:
9673:
9513:
9366:
9342:
9314:
9290:
9191:
9030:
8977:
8873:
8842:
8809:
8781:
8741:
8715:
8694:
8673:
8652:
8631:
8606:
8598:
8581:
8560:
8397:
8237:
8206:
8172:
8138:
8022:
7986:
7889:
7698:
7674:
7552:
7453:
7394:
7268:
7260:
7057:
6993:
6951:
6885:
6808:
6660:
6594:
6563:
6538:
6513:
6488:
6463:
6438:
6413:
6359:
6271:
6244:
6213:
6176:
6110:
6020:
5522:
Arie Marcelo Kacowicz & Paweł Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study,
5442:
5390:
5364:
5339:
5238:
5211:
5167:
5146:
5068:
5005:
4980:
4955:
4930:
4905:
4880:
4663:
4631:
4570:
4359:
4231:
2393:
groups; or those who held German citizenship. Around 1,165,000 German citizens of Slavic descent were "verified" as "
2252:
2160:
1802:
1640:
The participants at the Potsdam Conference asserted that expulsions were the only way to prevent ethnic violence. As
1314:
cited a document with different Volksliste figures 1,001,000 were identified as Germans and 1,761,000 candidates for
14863:
1857:
rivers eastward, before Soviet and Polish communist authorities closed the river crossings; another 800,000 entered
17745:
16903:
16840:
15975:
15811:
14934:
10013:(published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross; the foreword to the book was written by German President
9123:
8065:"Zur Frage des nationalen Bewußtseins der Masuren im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (auf der Basis statistischer Angaben)"
6237:
Wehrmacht und Niederlage: Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944 bis 1945
6103:
Wehrmacht und Niederlage: Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944 bis 1945
5434:
Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans : Background, Execution, Consequences
4533:"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße"
2940:, most ethnic Germans fled with them in fear of reprisals. By May 1945, only a few Germans remained, mostly in the
2821:
2472:
1994:
1816:
1742:, most Germans were seen as Nazi-perpetrators who could now finally be collectively punished for their past deeds.
1625:
1555:, so-called 'repatriants', were resettled to former German territories, then dubbed 'Recovered Territories'. Czech
1280:
The West German figure for Poland is broken out as 939,000 monolingual German and 432,000 bi-lingual Polish/German.
903:
345:
15488:
5659:; (Situation in Poland: "Almost all Germans were held personally responsible for the policies of the Nazi party.")
396:
17269:
17110:
17099:
16935:
16694:
16653:
16546:
16484:
15871:
15141:
15010:
14978:
13128:
12728:
12482:
11149:
Expelling the Germans: British opinion and post-1945 population transfer in context. Oxford historical monographs
8365:"Mniejszość niemiecka w Polsce w polityce wewnętrznej w Polsce i w RFN oraz w stosunkach między obydwu państwami"
7992:
6324:
3695:
2682:
2538:
2382:
1998:
1421:
1287:
which was annexed by Poland in 1938. In the 1930 census, this region was included in the Czechoslovak population.
507:
372:
15658:
15226:
1931:; between 9 May and 1 June 1945, the Soviets shipped 3,000 refugees and 17,000 Wehrmacht soldiers from there to
17913:
17655:
17627:
17505:
17298:
16535:
15986:
15912:
15708:
15079:
14798:
14703:
14588:
14392:
13111:
12927:
12611:
12437:
12328:
12176:
11786:
11641:
10668:
10581:
Krigsbarn. Vandreutstilling med fotografier av Einar Bangsund. Barn av norske kvinner og tyske soldater 1940–45
9742:
7609:
5686:
5531:
5356:
5284:
4145:
4105:
3995:
3712:
3320:
The German government maintains that the figure of 2–2.5 million expulsion deaths is correct. In 2005 the
3054:
3022:
2185:
1967:
1782:, spread and exaggerated by Nazi propaganda, hastened the flight of ethnic Germans from much of Eastern Europe.
1094:
1074:
962:
376:
335:
7814:
3442:
3367:
2244:. Germans married to Hungarians were not expelled, regardless of sex. The first 5,788 expellees departed from
17715:
17648:
17599:
17530:
17355:
16861:
16812:
16576:
16569:
16172:
15933:
15724:
14777:
14217:
14097:
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13637:
13405:
13181:
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12947:
12846:
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11836:
11428:
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5192:
Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1939–1945
4433:
4020:
3980:
3940:
said that there had been "no moral or political justification" for the post-war expulsion of ethnic Germans.
2817:
2281:
1963:
1919:
units. The situation eased after 60 Danish clergymen spoke in defence of the refugees in an open letter, and
1731:
243:
12140:
11255:
10435:, Hamburg: Behörde für Bildung und Sport/Amt für Bildung/Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2007, p. 7;
1865:
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. An additional 2.6 million released POWs were listed as expellees.
1360:. Some were given important positions in the hierarchy of the Nazi administration, and some participated in
17908:
17789:
17685:
17060:
17021:
15940:
15775:
15760:
15687:
15666:
15484:
15162:
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during the war were declared Germans by Polish officials who then seized their property for personal gain.
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3874:
wrote that the expulsions of the Sudeten Germans was justified as the Germans themselves had scrapped the
1649:
these large transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions than they have ever been before".
972:, as well as the Soviet Union after the war and Germans who were living within the borders of the pre-war
17752:
17076:
17028:
16646:
16618:
16471:
16086:
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Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis
4590:
4337:"Ms. Livni, Remember the Recovered Territories. There is an historical precedent for a workable solution"
2670:
2500:
August 1948, German children deported from the eastern areas taken over by Poland arrive in West Germany.
2001:, Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the Allied Occupation Zones in the Potsdam Agreement, drafted during the
1684:
1469:, the remaining large German populations outside postwar Germany were seen as a potentially troublesome '
388:
340:
325:
320:
275:
11449:"affected" countries in the east was reflected in growing political contacts and in scholarly exchanges.
9359:
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3785:
even in the context of international law of the time, stating, "the only applicable principles were the
3117:
civilian deaths; there were an additional 1,905,991 cases of persons whose fate could not be determined.
1373:
17550:
17046:
16965:
16910:
16798:
16754:
16404:
16030:
15954:
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15196:
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14532:
14174:
13855:
13143:
13055:
13033:
12952:
12937:
12753:
12733:
12575:
11925:
11123:
10596:"Norway's Hidden History – 'Aryan' Children Subjected to LSD Experiments, Sexual Abuse & Mass Rape"
7237:. After the war, he was rehabilitated and selected to author the report on the expulsions from Hungary.
7223:
Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Ungarn: Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
4188:
Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.
2780:
2644:
2354:
2193:
1920:
1846:
1629:
1417:
1302:
who identified themselves as German at 709,500 plus 1,846,000 Poles who were considered candidates for
1120:
1059:
1012:
899:
567:
537:
310:
160:
10543:
Geglückte Integration?: Spezifika und Vergleichbarkeiten der Vertriebenen-eingliederung in der SBZ/ddr
10414:, Hamburg: Behörde für Bildung und Sport/Amt für Bildung/Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2007;
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8510:
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2952:
1923:
Johannes Kjærbøl took over the administration of the refugees on 6 September 1945. On 9 May 1945, the
1384:
demanded that the "German problem" be solved by transfer/expulsion. These demands were adopted by the
815:
17818:
17452:
17369:
17154:
17014:
16986:
16819:
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16514:
15947:
15021:
14675:
14046:
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11721:
11176:
11090:
5904:
5113:
4120:
The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
3820:
3184:, 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia). No figures were given for Romania and Hungary.
3017:, between 1941 and 1945 the US government facilitated the expulsion of 4,058 German citizens from 15
2353:
exaggerated and exploited by Nazi Germany's propaganda, millions still remained. A 2005 study by the
2077:
914:, supported the annexation of German territory but opposed the idea of expulsion, wanting instead to
860:
856:
384:
380:
315:
15219:
5946:
5928:"Text of Churchill Speech in Commons on Soviet-Polish Frontier". The United Press. 15 December 1944.
5314:
5296:"Text of Churchill Speech in Commons on Soviet=Polish Frontier". The United Press. 15 December 1944.
4837:
4379:
4174:
2132:
About 250,000 ethnic Germans were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia. According to the West German
1536:
17918:
17823:
17191:
17168:
16420:
16221:
16214:
15878:
15538:
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13171:
12942:
12306:
10280:
9155:
5769:
4750:
4000:
3641:
3637:
3372:
2783:. Many Germans were evacuated from East Prussia and the Memel territory by Nazi authorities during
2775:). The Königsberg area of East Prussia was annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming an exclave of the
1645:
1329:
392:
15235:
15212:
12034:
11422:"The Expulsion of the 'German' communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War"
11205:
9524:
Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995.(revised edition) p. 36
6730:
3625:. Polish sociologist and philosopher Lech Nijakowski objects to the term "genocide" as inaccurate
2381:
In mid-1945, the eastern territories of pre-war Germany were turned over to the Soviet-controlled
17613:
17557:
17427:
17287:
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16625:
16521:
16427:
15995:
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15797:
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13279:
13242:
13191:
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13028:
12798:
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11362:
Except for the bombing of German cities, which is widely known and addressed in such fictions as
11316:
11066:
10854:
10745:
10609:
9093:
9058:
8999:
8933:
8530:
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8041:
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4716:
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3558:
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3259:
3202:
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3172:
3164:
3148:
3110:
2595:
2468:
2367:
2173:
1990:
1669:
1493:
1356:
During the Nazi German occupation, many citizens of German descent in Poland registered with the
1115:
954:
950:
868:
659:
360:
10370:
8254:
Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy
6625:
6288:
Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy
5858:, Alois Harasko & Roland Hoffmann (eds.), Munich: Sudetendeutsches Archiv, 2000, pp. 299seq.
5035:
4806:
4594:
4510:'s Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in
4336:
2911:. Smaller numbers of ethnic Germans also lived in Ljubljana and in some western villages in the
926:, in concert with other Communist leaders, planned to expel all ethnic Germans from east of the
17305:
17198:
17000:
16951:
16854:
16747:
16717:
16500:
16388:
16114:
15905:
15496:
15477:
15447:
14994:
14964:
13918:
13753:
13740:
13309:
13284:
13247:
13106:
13038:
12867:
12758:
12748:
12057:
10838:"the expulsion of the Germans constitutes the largest mass transfer of a population in history"
10562:
10297:
on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states.
9181:
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5968:
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4623:
4617:
4010:
3751:
3460:
3281:
2793:
2740:
1979:
1779:
1365:
1128:
973:
525:
419:
11489:
11037:
11031:
10795:
10772:
10766:
10708:
10529:
10264:
10241:
10218:
10160:
9094:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War"
9059:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War"
9000:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War"
8934:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War"
8196:
8162:
8128:
7542:
6943:
6937:
6798:
4681:
4562:
4556:
4096:
3598:
A road sign indicating former German cities at a memorial for the lost eastern territories in
3324:
Search Service put the death toll at 2,251,500 but did not provide details for this estimate.
3246:
3175:, which was finished in 1974 and kept secret until 1989. The study was commissioned to survey
1912:
17796:
17519:
17362:
17258:
17228:
17184:
16924:
16889:
16882:
16805:
16703:
16144:
16121:
15968:
15579:
15116:
14856:
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8286:
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5933:
5733:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"
5301:
4437:
3824:
3742:
3650:
3568:
3511:
3128:
was a rehabilitated former Nazi party member who was involved in the preparation of the Nazi
2813:
2339:
2301:
1838:
1657:
1404:
969:
919:
722:
364:
189:
15414:
12369:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
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8574:
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The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
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The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
8107:
The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7910:
The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7793:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7360:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7335:
The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7306:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7282:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
7155:
The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
6857:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
6384:
5600:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
5551:
The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
1716:
1364:, causing resentment towards German speakers in general. These facts were later used by the
17838:
17620:
17475:
17126:
17083:
17053:
16979:
16789:
16768:
15694:
15171:
14849:
14041:
13735:
13252:
13196:
13080:
13018:
13013:
12983:
12915:
12893:
12841:
12743:
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6048:, edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak, Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series, Lanham, MD:
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3171:
In 1969, the federal West German government ordered a further study to be conducted by the
3152:
2992:
2948:
expelled most of the remainder after it seized complete control in the region in May 1945.
2895:
border. The second-largest ethnic German community in Slovenia was the predominantly rural
2686:
2678:
2433:
2414:
2289:
1935:. In 1945, 13,492 German refugees died, among them 7,000 children under five years of age.
1824:
1788:
1775:
1727:
1444:
1400:
1337:
1106:
1003:'s surrender. The third phase was a more organised expulsion following the Allied leaders'
965:
and the Soviet Union (about seven million), and from Czechoslovakia (about three million).
717:
545:
532:
424:
12463:
Foreign relations of the United States (the Potsdam Conference), Volume I (1945), wisc.edu
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6612:
4237:
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8:
17738:
17512:
17390:
17346:
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16002:
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15295:
15125:
15109:
15058:
14417:
14132:
13943:
13908:
13435:
13329:
13304:
13299:
13176:
13121:
13060:
12966:
12697:
12631:
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10688:
10049:
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9928:
5800:
4025:
4005:
3797:
3796:
In November 2000, a major conference on ethnic cleansing in the 20th century was held at
3255:
3144:
3121:
3070:
3042:
2999:
occupied the town in March 1945 and prevented the inhabitants from returning until 1953.
2640:
2607:
2476:
2422:
2417:
2362:
2276:
2200:
2133:
2110:
1828:
1820:
1563:
and Germans "unreliable for the state", clearing a way for confiscations and expulsions.
1357:
1319:
1291:
1132:
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3777:, both of which became bestsellers in Germany. De Zayas argues that the expulsions were
3613:
The events have been usually classified as population transfer, or as ethnic cleansing.
3214:
2117:
in May 1945, including 100,000 from Slovakia and 1.6 million refugees from Poland.
17731:
17564:
17489:
17443:
17413:
17321:
17161:
16826:
16710:
16604:
16555:
16493:
16249:
16200:
16009:
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15288:
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14443:
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14117:
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13763:
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13718:
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13649:
13501:
13494:
13349:
13314:
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13094:
13070:
12998:
12932:
12862:
12773:
12692:
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12570:
12547:
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4162:
3773:
3767:
3515:
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3280:
USSR for forced labour and, after the resettlement, due to the harsh conditions in the
3062:
3041:
At the start of World War II, colonists with German citizenship were rounded up by the
2937:
2828:
2789:
2784:
2666:
2509:
2404:
2394:
2233:
2002:
1884:
Between 23 January and 5 May 1945, up to 250,000 Germans, primarily from East Prussia,
1878:
1720:
1333:
1307:
1098:
907:
512:
472:
444:
284:
14078:
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3823:, endorses the full participation of the organisation representing the expellees, the
3147:
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3095:
Estimates of total deaths of German civilians in the flight and expulsions, including
1954:
for its extended care of the refugees, which West Germany paid between 1953 and 1958.
17722:
17606:
17496:
17436:
17397:
17330:
17312:
17278:
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17175:
17119:
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15051:
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14107:
14102:
14051:
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13882:
13822:
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13455:
13430:
13377:
13324:
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12910:
12702:
12415:
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10436:
10415:
10394:
10257:
10234:
10211:
10184:
10153:
10075:
10052:
10030:
9987:
9959:
9908:
9884:
9833:
9810:
9768:
9746:
9689:"Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen: Rüdiger Overmans", Deutschlandfunk
9669:
9634:
9614:
9509:
9362:
9338:
9310:
9286:
9187:
9080:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, p. 46
9026:
8973:
8890:
8869:
8838:
8805:
8777:
8737:
8711:
8690:
8669:
8648:
8627:
8602:
8577:
8556:
8393:
8301:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, p. 78
8233:
8202:
8168:
8134:
8018:
7982:
7940:
7885:
7761:
7718:
7694:
7670:
7601:
7591:
7548:
7449:
7390:
7264:
7230:
7190:
7180:
7053:
6989:
6947:
6881:
6804:
6759:
6676:
6656:
6590:
6559:
6534:
6509:
6484:
6459:
6434:
6409:
6355:
6330:
6267:
6240:
6209:
6189:
6172:
6142:
6106:
6073:
6053:
6016:
5972:
5959:(Karski's 1943 reference to "Poland" meant the pre-war a.k.a. 1937 border of Poland.)
5908:
5804:
5773:
5708:
5682:
5652:
5575:
5527:
5465:
5438:
5386:
5383:
Die westdeutsche Oder/Neisse-Debatte: Hintergründe, Prozess und Ende des Bonner Tabus
5360:
5335:
5280:
5234:
5163:
5142:
5064:
5014:
5001:
4976:
4951:
4926:
4901:
4876:
4687:
4659:
4627:
4566:
4413:
4355:
4267:
4227:
4191:
4141:
4101:
3933:
3724:
3704:
3682:
3429:
3332:
3160:
2868:
2851:
1945, a second phase began in which ethnic Germans were massed into villages such as
2832:
2727:
2461:
2181:
2095:
2057:
2030:
1694:
1641:
1617:
1479:
1408:
1389:
1377:
1295:
1040:
1004:
895:
477:
400:
139:
11996:
Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited
11665:
10580:
10134:
10119:
7494:
3837:
3408:
and murders accompanied the expulsions. Some had experienced massacres, such as the
3383:
2611:
whom 67,332 were deported to the USSR for reparation labour, where 9% (6,260) died.
2448:
in communist-administered camps prior to being expelled from Poland. These included
1465:: From the Soviet perspective, shared by the communist administrations installed in
1459:: This is presented by several authors as a key issue that motivated the expulsions.
17641:
17634:
17578:
17242:
17007:
16993:
16896:
16833:
16784:
16597:
16450:
16397:
16207:
16158:
16072:
15302:
15279:
14812:
14407:
14387:
14365:
14269:
14179:
14164:
14154:
14137:
14092:
14084:
14056:
13960:
13913:
13898:
13832:
13800:
13773:
13768:
13678:
13541:
13517:
13465:
13460:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13267:
13232:
13206:
12878:
12682:
12651:
12606:
12601:
11312:
Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context
10851:
Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context
9036:
7511:
5850:
5744:
5121:
4315:
4304:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
3926:
3875:
3871:
3858:
3736:
3686:
3321:
3181:
3137:
3125:
3058:
2578:
The ethnic German population of Romania in 1939 was estimated at 786,000. In 1940,
2560:
2526:
2517:
2065:
1604:
1396:
1032:
439:
434:
429:
14821:
12182:
9265:(1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight)
9210:
5104:
Martin Broszat Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 1939–1945 Fischer 1961, p. 125
3387:
Push-cart used by German refugees with some items they were able to take with them
3221:
Letztlich sprechen also mehr Argumente für die niedrigere als für die höhere Zahl.
1547:
on population exchanges of Ukrainians and Poles living on the "wrong" side of the
17664:
17376:
17291:
17249:
17147:
17090:
16958:
16740:
16731:
16260:
15842:
15818:
15072:
14225:
14122:
14112:
14073:
13745:
13659:
13642:
13615:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13357:
12783:
12507:
12472:
12029:
11843:
11672:
11539:
11262:
10871:
10821:
10616:
10466:
10456:
10377:
10308:
10287:
10104:
9935:
9864:
9334:
9260:
9217:
9100:
9065:
9006:
8940:
8833:
8784:
8623:
8539:
8114:
8050:
7917:
7800:
7744:
7628:
7525:
7515:
7426:
7367:
7342:
7313:
7288:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7162:
7117:
7097:
7079:
6864:
6839:
6632:
5678:
5607:
5558:
5523:
5327:
5218:
4757:
4513:
4455:"Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg"
4030:
3968:
3863:
3762:
3700:
3336:
3295:
3263:
3131:
2809:
2768:
2752:
2219:
2180:
Commander-in-Chief ordered the expulsions. In February 1945 the Soviet-dominated
2114:
2049:
1854:
1706:
1361:
1345:
1111:
981:
828:
609:
17776:
10094:
10014:
9855:
Ingo Haar, "Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy",
9854:
7817:[Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950.]
6583:
Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
5207:
4799:
Revenge of the Periphery: Regionalism and the German Minority in Lodz, 1918–1939
4480:
3918:
3911:
3899:
3378:
2176:
was dictated from outside Hungary. It began on 22 December 1944 when the Soviet
1698:
1556:
894:
The idea to expel the Germans from the annexed territories had been proposed by
17671:
17207:
17133:
15185:
15044:
13865:
13850:
13827:
13783:
13749:
13690:
13587:
13522:
13400:
13387:
13050:
12808:
11908:
11397:
10567:
10007:
Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
9722:
7478:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958.
7073:
Final Statement and Conclusions of the Czech-German Historical Commission, 1996
6903:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: The Expulsion of Sudeten Germans"
6830:
6586:
3949:
3907:
3903:
3691:
3363:
3355:
2904:
2662:
2636:
2537:
by the Germans, surpassed only by the German policies against Jews, during the
2080:; 1,652,000 of these refugees were resettled in the former German territories.
1916:
1311:
1277:
The West German figures are the base used to estimate losses in the expulsions.
1124:
852:
848:
844:
832:
775:
761:
502:
65:
61:
12303:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
12256:
Silesian Inferno, War Crimes of the Red Army on its March into Silesia in 1945
8970:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
8708:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
8687:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
8595:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
8553:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
8512:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958
7257:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
7240:
6046:
Forum on Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948
3655:
3417:
3396:
2867:, the ethnic German population at the end of World War II was concentrated in
2457:
2432:
In mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans resided in territory east of the
987:
The removals occurred in three overlapping phases, the first of which was the
17812:
17482:
15407:
15256:
15095:
14320:
14203:
13795:
13778:
13757:
13603:
12763:
12338:
11741:
11363:
10954:
A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945–1960
10519:
Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart
10254:
Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart
10208:
Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart
9956:
Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949
9443:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. pp. 4– (2,000,000)
7194:
6933:
3937:
3804:, along with the publication of a book containing participants' conclusions.
3124:
issued five reports on the flight and expulsions. The head of the commission
3078:
3018:
2797:
2632:
2599:
2556:
2546:
2522:
2445:
2358:
naturalized as Polish citizens and 170,000 Germans still remained in Poland.
2255:. Most of the expellees found new homes in the south-west German province of
2237:
2189:
2138:
2022:
1889:
1739:
1608:
1532:
1474:
1473:' that would, because of its social structure, interfere with the envisioned
1412:
1315:
1303:
1070:
977:
968:
The areas affected included the former eastern territories of Germany, which
923:
880:
838:
589:
231:
11807:"Germany provokes anger over museum to refugees who fled Poland during WWII"
11675:, meaus.com; accessed 26 May 2015; Transcript of part of a lecture given in
7691:
Vom spurlosen Verschwindenlassen zur Benachrichtigungspflicht bei Festnahmen
7605:
3522:, a 14-member body consisting of nine Americans and five Germans within the
3312:
up to a maximum of 30,000 dead, assuming that not all deaths were reported.
2760:
17781:
17585:
15885:
15790:
15421:
14784:
14548:
14169:
13671:
13148:
12823:
12818:
12788:
12687:
12641:
12232:
Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
11514:
9206:
8283:
Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
7538:
5413:(1st ed.), Prague: Epocha, Pražská vydavatelská společnost, p. 11
3891:
3886:
3574:
3546:
3014:
2956:
2699:
2674:
2616:
2591:
2126:
2026:
1951:
1947:
1874:
1842:
1710:
1674:
1612:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1436:
1349:
1036:
888:
864:
824:
698:
694:
629:
619:
580:
467:
12116:"Falsche Bilder : NS-Propaganda-Foto war lange das Symbol für Flucht"
11530:
11256:
Nijakowski, Rozkosz zemsty, Socjologia historyczna mobilizacji ludobójczej
10685:
Germany provokes anger over museum to refugees who fled Poland during WWII
10495:
9594:
Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung
9495:
The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78
7137:
5748:
2856:
295:
17420:
17406:
17068:
15744:
15565:
15550:
14904:
14499:
13947:
13158:
12872:
12707:
12656:
12501:
Deutsche Vertriebenen – German Expulsions (Histories & Documentation)
10620:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 4
10327:
10018:
9968:
Wysiedlenie czy wypedzenie? ludnosc niemiecka w Polsce w latach 1945–1949
9560:
9420:
8865:
6832:
Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei Band 1
5138:
4616:
Gerhart Tubach; Kurt Frank Hoffmeister; Frederic Reinhardt, eds. (1992).
4488:
4078:
3841:
3614:
3582:
3491:
3413:
3156:
2996:
2764:
2594:, the northern part of which was annexed by Hungary during World War II.
2336:
Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II
1834:
1548:
1516:
1440:
1157:
1083:
1066:
1028:
482:
4619:
Germany: 2000 Years: Volume III: From the Nazi Era to German Unification
4587:"Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17 July – 2 August 1945"
3594:
2772:
2669:
and ethnic Germans in areas that became Soviet-controlled following the
2525:
from Poland. Soviet records indicated that 506 Poles died in captivity.
2068:, deep into former German territory and within 80 kilometers of Berlin.
1603:, based on wartime Nazi activities. Created on order of Reichsführer-SS
16775:
16528:
16507:
15400:
14733:
14661:
14303:
13367:
12988:
11688:
Alfred M. de Zayas, "International Law and Mass Population Transfers",
11676:
10661:
Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study
9307:
The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity
8484:, vol. III, 'Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Rumänien', pp. 79–80.
8198:
Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert
8164:
Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert
8130:
Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert
7544:
Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert
7234:
6902:
6506:
Re-imagining the nation: debates on immigrants, identities and memories
6012:
5675:
Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study
5277:
Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study
4683:
Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study
3801:
3526:
which was tasked with devising strategies to solve the refugee crisis.
3499:
3421:
2988:
2579:
2490:
2213:
2094:
The final agreement for the transfer of the Germans was reached at the
1735:
1653:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1284:
915:
552:
14240:
13664:
11872:"Dr Gundula Bavendamm | Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung"
11464:
Power and influence after the Cold War: Germany in East-Central Europe
10095:"Straty związane z wypędzeniami": stan badań, problemy, perspektywy",
7920:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 28.
7842:"Demographic processes in the Recovered Territories from 1945 to 1960"
7445:
Power and influence after the Cold War: Germany in East-Central Europe
7386:
Power and influence after the Cold War: Germany in East-Central Europe
6731:"History – World Wars: European Refugee Movements After World War Two"
5456:
5454:
4320:
2924:
2900:
2245:
1877:, many soldiers and civilians were evacuated by ship in the course of
1551:. Many of the 2.1 million Poles expelled from the Soviet-annexed
17038:
16443:
16240:
16051:
15849:
15804:
14061:
13594:
12978:
12626:
12000:
11769:
11060:
9576:
9508:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen (1989), pp. 53–54;
7656:, vol. 1 Bonn, Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), 1953, p. 160.
6217:
5984:
5041:
Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden
3956:
are sometimes published to show the flight and expulsion of Germans.
3778:
3747:
3550:
3479:
3340:
3335:, outlined the stance of the respective governmental institutions on
3102:
3046:
3030:
2912:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2654:
2603:
2398:
2311:
2165:
1943:
1885:
1679:
1600:
1372:
During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, especially after the
1045:
998:
933:
Between 1944 and 1948, millions of people, including ethnic Germans (
15325:
12097:"Merkel calls Sudeten German expulsion "immoral", drawing Czech ire"
9658:
9122:(in German). Mittelbadische Presse. 23 November 2004. Archived from
8493:"Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa",
7221:"Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa",
6266:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, 1989, pp. 23–41;
6239:, 2nd edition, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007, p. 93;
5610:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 5
5561:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 6
3266:. Haar posits that figures have been inflated in Germany due to the
2808:
Before World War II, roughly 500,000 German-speaking people (mostly
2489:
German property for personal gain. Bilingual people who were on the
1970:. By this time, all of Eastern and much of Central Europe was under
15309:
15037:
14325:
14315:
12512:
12271:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
11374:
11285:
9984:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
9611:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
7652:
Theodor Schieder (compiler) in collaboration with A. Diestelkamp ,
7134:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
7091:Česko-německá komise historiků a Slovensko-německá komise historiků
6326:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
6258:
6256:
5451:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3599:
3375:) has criticized German educational DVDs based on Nawratil's book.
3267:
3081:
in compensation to property owners whose assets were nationalized.
2932:
2864:
2835:, in which many ethnic Germans had participated, especially in the
2583:
2323:
2177:
1928:
1924:
1904:
1139:) formed local Nazi political parties sponsored financially by the
1049:
Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)
992:
12433:
A documentary film about the expulsion of the Germans from Hungary
11740:
Text of his speech of 6 August 2005 in Berlin, in the presence of
11517:
Chapters 1–19 at Human Rights Web Hrweb.org; accessed 26 May 2015.
11491:
Representations of Flight and Expulsion in East German Prose Works
9567:(1989) – (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight)
9465:
künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1987 pp. 65–66
9427:, 1989 – (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight)
9325:
9323:
9025:. Croatian Heritage Foundation & Croatian Information Centre.
6694:
6692:
5181:
complete ed., "Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien", p. 19.
4622:(2nd ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.
3262:
involved in the study of the expulsions were involved in the Nazi
2888:
2105:
Czech territories with 50% (red) or more German population in 1935
2101:
1791:
were exaggerated and disseminated by the Nazi propaganda machine.
1576:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14337:
13564:
13257:
12677:
12621:
12543:
11004:
10393:, Munich: Beck, 1981 (=Beck'sche Schwarze Reihe; vol. 235);
9767:(3rd ed.), Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 298;
9353:
9351:
5896:
4507:
4205:
Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees
3812:
3758:
3659:
3633:
3503:
3050:
2916:
2892:
2872:
2816:. Most fled during the war or emigrated after 1950 thanks to the
2703:
2315:
2260:
1983:
1932:
1893:
1858:
1511:
872:
647:
449:
14347:
13533:
12467:
History and Memory: mass expulsions and transfers 1939–1945–1949
9475:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8954:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8911:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8516:; the editor for the section of the 1958 report for Romania was
8482:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8470:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8458:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
8232:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, 1989, p. 40;
8007:
7654:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
7641:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
7229:
The editor of this volume of the Schieder commission report was
6253:
6105:(2nd ed.), Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007, p. 92;
5960:
5221:, warschau.diplo.de, 2 September 2006; accessed 6 December 2014.
5179:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
3921:
stated that the Czech Republic would require exemption from the
3569:"War children" of German ancestry in Western and Northern Europe
3346:
2759:
Different situations emerged in northern East Prussia regarding
1950:
and Denmark agreed on compensation payments of 160 million
1841:, killing about 9,000 civilians and military personnel escaping
1765:
1726:
In Poland, which had suffered the loss of six million citizens,
1695:
war crimes and atrocities perpetrated by the German belligerents
1427:
15919:
14517:
14463:
14458:
14235:
14142:
12496:
Flucht und Vertreibung Gallerie- Flight & Expulsion Gallery
12354:
Wypędzenie Niemców z terenów na wschód od Odry i Nysy Łużyckiej
11277:
10887:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements
10787:"the largest single case of ethnic cleansing in human history"
10764:
10181:
After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990
9320:
9240:
8728:
8726:
8724:
6689:
6065:
4554:
3816:
3815:
endorsed the establishment of the Centre Against Expulsions in
3676:
Population transfer § Changing status in international law
3468:
3074:
3066:
2941:
2928:
2852:
2847:
2208:. 6,000 died there as a result of hardships and ill-treatment.
2205:
1807:
1544:
10822:
Steven Béla Várdy; T. Hunt Tooley; Ágnes Huszár Várdy (2003).
9533:
Kinder, Hermann & Werner Hilgemann & Ernest A. Menze;
9348:
7084:
6673:
Deutschsprachige Minderheiten 1945: Ein europäischer Vergleich
5462:
Europe and German Unification: Germans on the East-West Divide
5082:
5080:
4190:
Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden – Stuttgart:
2961:
Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia
2521:
were dead or missing. The Soviets deported 7,448 Poles of the
2329:
16107:
14279:
12637:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
12616:
12432:
12321:
Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth–Century Europe
10919:
Fires of hatred: ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe
10671:: "...largest movement of European people in modern history"
10323:"Denmark's Myths Shattered: A Legacy of Dead German Children"
7815:"Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r."
7177:
Iron curtain : the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
4844:
4710:"The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe"
4651:
Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe
4046:
Deportation of Germans from Latin America during World War II
3807:
The former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3379:
Condition of the expellees after arriving in post-war Germany
3026:
3009:
Deportation of Germans from Latin America during World War II
2984:
2960:
2876:
2836:
2776:
2707:
2542:
2264:
2241:
2073:
1552:
8721:
5885:
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5385:, Berlin, Hamburg and Münster: LIT Verlag, 2005, pp. 19seq;
4805:. St. Antony's College, Oxford. pp. 4–6. Archived from
3306:
3091:
Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans
2172:
In contrast to expulsions from other nations or states, the
1847:
the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history
14475:
14342:
12083:"Czechs to drop EU Charter of Fundamental Rights exemption"
11117:
10742:
Barbarism and civilization: a history of Europe in our time
9301:
9299:
9273:
9271:
9262:
Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900
9022:
An International Symposium – Southeastern Europe 1918–1995
8856:
8854:
5077:
5040:
3534:
2980:
2920:
2880:
2375:
2224:
1850:
1754:
1160:
estimates versus pre-war (1930–31) national census figures
1079:
927:
12055:
11772:
on 28 May 1995. Text of Ayala's words in Alfred de Zayas'
11033:
Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3
8318:
Gesucht wird – Die dramatische Geschichte des Suchdienstes
4203:
Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims.
3555:
All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights
3432:
in the 1950s that drove unemployment rates close to zero.
3288:
2113:, there were 4.5 million German civilians present in
1322:
exclude ethnic Germans resettled in Poland during the war.
1025:
History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
12473:
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950
9234:
9232:
9230:
6969:
Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia(English ed.)
6322:
5700:
5634:
Ulf, Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch & Holm Sundhaussen,
4477:
the foreword to the book was written by German President
2685:. Only a few returned to their former homes when Germany
1697:
and their proxies and supporters. Czechoslovak President
11855:
11061:
Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak; Eagle Glassheim, eds. (2001).
9378:
Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann & Ernest A. Menze,
9296:
9268:
8851:
7669:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen 1989;
6748:
6306:
Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch & Holm Sundhaussen,
6208:, Werner Buchholz (ed.), Berlin: Siedler, 1999, p. 516;
5823:
Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch & Holm Sundhaussen,
5488:
Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch & Holm Sundhaussen,
5255:"Us and Them – The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism"
976:, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the
10391:
Chronik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945/49 bis 1981
8972:, Central European University Press, 2003, pp. 268–94;
8689:, Central European University Press, 2003, pp. 201–10;
7884:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, p. 306;
7066:
6988:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, p. 305;
6699:
Leidensweg der Deutschen im kommunistischen Jugoslawien
5334:, New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, 1994 (reprinted 2006);
3976:
Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II
2626:
1457:
A desire to create ethnically homogeneous nation-states
15179:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
11965:
10352:
10350:
9227:
7933:
Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)
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5630:
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5482:
5480:
5478:
4784:
International Approaches to Governing Ethnic Diversity
4260:
Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)
4123:. Budapest: Open Society Institute. pp. 322, 407.
4100:". Johannes Rammund De Balliel-Lawrora, 2010. p. 113.
3416:, or conditions like those in the Upper Silesian Camp
2574:
Deportation of Germans from Romania after World War II
1506:
1090:" and its resettlement with Christian ethnic Germans.
12058:"Czech President Objects to Treaty's Property Rights"
11603:
11575:
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7028:
7026:
7024:
6433:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 36, 352.
5838:
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5502:
5500:
5498:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
3459:
suggested a resettlement of millions of expellees in
1799:
snow trying to stay ahead of the advancing Red Army.
1306:. In addition, there were 63,000 Volksdeutsch in the
1283:
The West German figure for Poland includes 60,000 in
12390:
Truman Presidential Library: Marshall Plan Documents
12273:(in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag.
8460:, 'Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Rumänien', p. 57.
7579:
7575:
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5411:
Boj o pohraničí: Sudetoněmecký Freikorps v roce 1938
3827:(Federation of Expellees), in the Centre in Berlin.
3315:
2408:
Polish boundary post at the Oder–Neisse line in 1945
2232:
Hungarian Government, obeying the directions of the
1567:
View of German minorities as potential fifth columns
1463:
View of a German minority as potentially troublesome
991:
by the Nazi government in the face of the advancing
11553:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
11389:
11308:
11146:
10713:(6 ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 305.
10369:Cf. section III. Reparations from Germany, para. 4
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10136:
h-net.org, February 2009; accessed 6 December 2014.
9765:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
9739:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
9666:
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
8796:
8794:
8792:
8710:, Central European University Press, 2003, p. 194;
8555:, Central European University Press, 2003, p. 136;
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5625:
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5059:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
4996:Bogaarts, Melchior D. (1995), "Weg met de moffen",
4971:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
4946:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
4921:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
4896:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
4871:Magocsi, Paul Robert; Matthews, Geoffrey J (1993).
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Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe
3685:. The tide started to turn when the charter of the
3371:"problematic". James Bjork (Department of History,
3327:On 29 November 2006, State Secretary in the German
2598:, as well as the pro-German Romanian government of
1868:
17924:American collusion with Soviet World War II crimes
17889:German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
10916:
8351:, part 1, Bonn: 1986 (revised edition 1995), p. 33
7021:
5792:
5495:
5417:
5000:(in Dutch), vol. D (2nd ed.), Nijmegen,
4068:
4066:
3898:In January 1990, the president of Czechoslovakia,
3239:
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6007:Detlef Brandes, in Brunnbauer/Esch/Sundhaussen's
5669:
5667:
5665:
4647:
4133:
4036:War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
2730:during the Second World War in Hungary, July 1944
1761:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
1652:Polish resistance fighter, statesman and courier
1015:in 1950 ranged from 700,000 to 2.7 million.
906:exile governments in London at least since 1942.
27:Population transfer during and after World War II
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12056:Dan Bilefsky; Stephen Castle (10 October 2009).
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6971:. Bonn: West German government. pp. 125–28.
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6533:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 228.
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6069:Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present
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5651:(section: "Situation in Poland"), 2000, p. 166;
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5063:. Univ of Washington, Seattle. pp. 131–41.
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4707:
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12356:, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Polsko-Niemieckie, 1995;
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11940:"A Czech Seeks to Atone for a Nation's Revenge"
11804:
11571:
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11460:
11203:
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4546:
4544:
4140:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–56.
4090:
4088:
4063:
3621:, and a few scholars go as far as calling it a
3557:. The most prominent—still active today—is the
3358:, published a study of the expulsions entitled
3208:
1915:with 37,000 inmates. The camps were guarded by
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11937:
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11897:
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11629:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
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10957:. University of Rochester Press. p. 200.
10493:[American Study Committee in Singen].
10270:
9390:
9388:
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7435:
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7376:
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6779:
6777:
6775:
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6553:
6528:
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5836:Bogdan Musiał, "Niechaj Niemcy się przesuną".
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4747:The Australian Journal of Politics and History
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2991:, fled and was evacuated in the course of the
1559:, in his decree of 19 May 1945, termed ethnic
17854:Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union
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14201:
13549:
12528:
12440:On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing
12323:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001;
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11658:
11656:
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11525:
11523:
11339:
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10950:
10699:
10697:
10371:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
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10142:
7683:
7537:
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6638:
6626:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
6316:
5900:Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte
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5877:
3948:Nazi propaganda pictures produced during the
2841:Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
2653:Evacuation of German civilians and troops in
2216:. 9% (2,819) were documented as having died.
1957:
1766:Evacuation and flight to areas within Germany
1663:
1635:
1447:gained 88% of ethnic-German votes in May 1938
1428:Reasons and justifications for the expulsions
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10824:Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe
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6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
5992:
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5618:
5616:
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4925:. Univ of Washington, Seattle. p. 137.
4900:. Univ of Washington, Seattle. p. 133.
4875:. Univ of Washington, Seattle. p. 131.
4561:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp.
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4511:
4501:
4486:
4478:
4438:Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45
4403:
4085:
3966:
3910:, since the authorisation decrees issued by
3219:
3129:
3097:forced labour of Germans in the Soviet Union
2535:Many had suffered brutalities and atrocities
2310:The operation began on 10 September 1946 in
1938:According to Danish physician and historian
1490:Another motivation was to punish the Germans
1298:) put the number of Polish nationals in the
996:
940:
934:
836:
664:
550:
14507:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
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11764:Ayala Lasso at the memorial service at the
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8320:, Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1965, p. 274
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7432:
7373:
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6980:
6978:
6772:
6728:
6286:Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk,
5961:R.J. Rummel; Irving Louis Horowitz (1997).
5513:
5269:
5048:(2), Royal Dutch Historical Society: 334–51
4950:. Univ of Washingto, Seattle. p. 141.
4773:. Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 449
3589:
2484:might range from 15,000 to 60,000 persons."
2330:Poland, including former German territories
2048:, the remaining Germans were not expelled;
1997:, and the expulsion of ethnic Germans from
1009:forced labour as part of German reparations
14540:
14526:
13556:
13542:
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12521:
12114:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (16 October 2014).
12113:
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10826:. Social Science Monographs. p. 239.
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10694:
10628:
10626:
10491:"Amerikanischer Studienausschuß in Singen"
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10306:"Children were starved in war aftermath",
10139:
10024:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8922:
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7750:
7207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6556:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6531:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6481:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6456:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6431:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6406:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6352:Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Dänemark 1945–1949
6159:
6157:
6155:
6066:Matthew J. Gibney; Randall Hansen (2005).
5874:
5019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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4460:. Berlin Dienststelle 2005. Archived from
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2831:exacted revenge on ethnic Germans for the
2698:were interned in "special settlements" in
855:, and from the former German provinces of
803:
789:
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244:
11666:"The Expulsion: a crime against humanity"
11494:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 173–75.
11488:Niven, Bill; Niven, William John (2014).
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9976:
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8827:
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8154:
7974:
7929:
7174:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6572:
6231:
6229:
6118:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6036:
6034:
6032:
5730:
5613:
4741:
4739:
4528:
4526:
4319:
4301:
4256:
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4116:
3862:World War II. Evans wrote that under the
3307:German and Czech commission of historians
2983:(12,000 people), on the east bank of the
2951:The Yugoslavs set up internment camps at
2533:The attitudes of surviving Poles varied.
18:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
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11972:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 22.
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14081:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
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11529:Krzysztof Rak & Mariusz Muszyński.
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11271:
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10563:"'Tyskerunger' tvingades bli sexslavar"
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4016:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
3289:Study by Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn
3205:staunchly defending the higher figure.
2348:German refugees from East Prussia, 1945
2076:that were merged to the USSR after the
1541:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1150:
1119:autonomy. In Germany during the 1930s,
130:1944–50 flight and expulsion of Germans
14:
17811:
16387:
16365:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
12461:Frontiers and areas of administration.
12269:Hahn, Hans Henning; Hahn, Eva (2010).
11210:. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 260.
11118:Paul Totten; Steven L. Jacobs (2008).
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10703:
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10051:, Universitas Verlag, 14th ed., 2007;
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8905:
8903:
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7514:published "The Horror in the East" in
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6729:Wasserstein, Bernard (28 April 2005).
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6226:
6086:
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5593:
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5544:
5542:
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4736:
4523:
4409:, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007
4334:
4266:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.
3923:European Charter of Fundamental Rights
3533:Expellee organisations demonstrate in
2879:, and a few other smaller towns (like
1571:
1290:A West German analysis of the wartime
989:organized evacuation of ethnic Germans
918:the Germans as Polish citizens and to
102:Flight and expulsion of Germans during
17236:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
16668:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
16314:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
16270:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
15375:Rape during the occupation of Germany
14521:
13537:
12516:
11795:
10923:. Harvard University Press. pp.
9380:Anchor Atlas of World History, vol. 2
9086:
9051:
8760:
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8194:
8167:(in German). C.H. Beck. p. 115.
8160:
8091:
8031:
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7410:
7348:
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7294:
7274:
6848:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6368:
6329:. Paderborn: Schöningh. p. 659.
5726:
5724:
5430:
5321:
4715:. EUI HEC. p. 28. Archived from
4041:World War II evacuation and expulsion
3906:'s application for membership in the
2506:Federal Statistical Office of Germany
2389:, people enlisted in first or second
2174:expulsion of the Germans from Hungary
2148:The German Red Cross Search Service (
959:former eastern territories of Germany
17844:Aftermath of World War II in Germany
17834:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
16358:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
15390:Rape during the liberation of France
12542:
12469:, M. Rutowska, Z. Mazur, H. Orłowski
12377:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
12366:Steffen Prauser, Arfon Rees (2004),
11805:Michael Levitin (26 February 2009).
11343:Writing war in the twentieth century
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11089:
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10521:, Munich: C.H. Beck (1999), p. 171;
10380:, pbs.org; accessed 6 December 2014.
10005:Willi Kammerer & Anja Kammerer,
9331:The Aftermath: Europe (World War II)
9179:
8860:Piotr Eberhardt & Jan Owsinski,
8734:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
8446:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
8421:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
8349:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
8015:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
7923:
7146:
7048:Jörg K. Hoensch & Hans Lemberg,
6581:Schuck, Peter H. & Rainer Münz.
6408:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 13.
6323:Hans Henning Hahn; Eva Hahn (2010).
6308:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
5825:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
5701:Rainer Münz; Rainer Ohliger (2003).
5691:
5636:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
5490:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
4654:. Harvard University Press. p.
4452:
4252:
4250:
3274:
2627:Soviet Union and annexed territories
2223:Monument to the expelled Germans in
1907:(Apenrade) in Denmark, February 1945
1300:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
843:fled and were expelled from various
17849:Aftermath of World War II in Poland
17829:Post–World War II forced migrations
12193:, 2011, retrieved 25 February 2013.
11938:Peter S. Green (22 December 2002).
10256:, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999, p. 170;
10210:, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999, p. 169;
10107:, t. 7 nr 5 (39) 2007, pism.pl
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9406:Kurt Glaser & Stephan Possony,
9106:
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5890:
5588:
5539:
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4440:, dhm.de; accessed 6 December 2014.
3991:German reparations for World War II
3881:
3717:European Convention on Human Rights
3537:, capital of West Germany, in 1951.
3524:Economic Cooperation Administration
2755:, northern East Prussia, March 1945
2596:The pro-German Hungarian government
1989:The Allies settled on the terms of
1507:Ethnically homogeneous nation-state
1342:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1145:Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
24:
16584:German invasion of the Netherlands
14864:Weather events during World War II
12183:Flucht und Vertreibung (1938–1950)
10358:Deutsche und Polnische Vertriebene
10074:, Berlin: Springer, 2009, p. 373;
9982:Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn,
9609:Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn,
8837:, Council of Europe, 1995, p. 10;
8523:
7132:Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn,
6599:
6385:"A Legacy of Dead German Children"
5721:
5196:University of North Carolina Press
3986:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
3435:France did not participate in the
3232:in Hungary, Romania and the USSR.
2833:wartime atrocities of Nazi Germany
2695:ethnic German minority in the USSR
1976:historical German settlement areas
1892:, were evacuated to Nazi-occupied
1424:, of their support on this issue.
1141:German Ministry of Foreign Affairs
135:German–Soviet population transfers
25:
17950:
17934:Polish war crimes in World War II
17215:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
13563:
12426:
11966:Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (2001).
11691:Harvard International Law Journal
11558:Harvard International Law Journal
10663:, Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100;
10638:Central European University Press
10017:and the German interior minister
9361:, Springer, London, Ltd. (1970);
9211:The nine lives of the Lorenz Cafe
8736:, part 1, Bonn: 1995, pp. 21–36;
8599:Central European University Press
7261:Central European University Press
5279:, Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100;
4485:and the German interior minister
4295:
4247:
4210:
3917:In October 2009, Czech president
3914:had not been formally renounced.
3852:
3368:Institute of Contemporary History
3316:Rebuttal by the German government
2253:Soviet occupation zone of Germany
2083:
2010:in an orderly and humane manner.
1995:territorial truncation of Germany
1632:towards this end during the war.
1137:Volksbund der Deutschen in Ungarn
819:Refugees moving westwards in 1945
184:(incl. former German territories)
17874:Czechoslovakia–Germany relations
17775:
14547:
12171:, Cologne: Carl Heymanns, 1987;
12107:
12089:
12075:
12049:
12017:
11986:
11959:
11931:
11914:
11864:
11849:
11830:
11779:
11758:
11734:
11716:Steven Vardy & Hunt Tooley,
11710:
11697:
11682:
11634:
11622:
11545:
11481:
11454:
11414:
11383:
11333:
11302:
11249:
11224:
11197:
11169:
11140:
11120:Dictionary of genocide, Volume 2
11111:
11083:
11054:
11023:
10998:
10971:
10944:
10908:
10877:
10860:
10843:
10758:
10734:
10607:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
10589:
10574:
10535:
10483:
10448:
10425:
10404:
10383:
10363:
10334:
10315:
10300:
10223:
10128:
10113:
10087:
10064:
10042:
9999:
9948:
9921:
9897:
9873:
9822:
9799:
9789:
9780:
9758:
9732:
9714:
9697:
9682:
9647:
9623:
9603:
9586:
9570:
9553:
9540:
9527:
9518:
9498:
9489:
9480:
9468:
9458:
9446:
9439:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
9413:
9400:
9372:
9141:
9092:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
9071:
9012:
8962:
8946:
8932:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
8879:
8750:
8700:
8679:
8668:, Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 54;
8658:
8637:
8612:
8587:
8566:
8545:
8503:
8487:
8475:
8463:
8451:
8438:
8426:
8413:
8403:
8382:
8373:
8341:
8332:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
8326:
8292:
8275:
8266:
8256:, Warsaw: Demart, 2008, p. 187,
8246:
8222:
8104:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
8056:
8040:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7968:
7907:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7874:
7833:
7806:
7790:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7784:
7771:
7734:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7707:
7659:
7646:
7634:
7531:
7505:
7469:
7416:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7357:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7303:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7280:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7215:
7168:
7152:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7126:
7008:
6999:
6960:
6894:
6870:
6824:
6803:. Ayer Publishing. p. 382.
6790:
6665:
6653:Refugees in the Age of Total War
6635:, pbs.org; accessed 26 May 2015.
6290:, Warsaw: Demart, 2008, p. 170,
6216:; reference confirming this for
4686:. Lexington Books. p. 101.
4137:Nationhood in German legislation
4127:
3894:ten years after expulsions began
3830:
3446:Refugees in Berlin, 27 June 1945
3329:Federal Ministry of the Interior
3061:on 31 July 1941, leaving 345 in
3045:and sent to internment camps in
3002:
2974:
2944:towns of Maribor and Celje. The
2887:), and in the rural area around
2779:. Memel was integrated into the
2588:Nazi–Soviet population transfers
1869:Evacuation and flight to Denmark
1626:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1386:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
947:permanently or temporarily moved
769:
755:
294:
92:
38:
17904:Anti-German sentiment in Europe
12739:German revolutions of 1848–1849
12708:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
12033:. 11 March 2002. Archived from
9057:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
9019:Aleksander Ravlic, ed. (1996).
8998:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
8529:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
7332:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
6854:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
6619:
6547:
6522:
6497:
6472:
6447:
6422:
6397:
6343:
6280:
6199:
6182:
6059:
6011:, Berlin, Hamburg and Münster:
5953:
5921:
5861:
5843:
5830:
5817:
5786:
5755:
5641:
5597:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
5564:
5548:Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees,
5506:Philipp Ther & Ana Siljak,
5402:
5375:
5247:
5227:
5201:
5184:
5172:
5152:
5127:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5052:
5027:
4989:
4964:
4939:
4914:
4889:
4864:
4776:
4763:
4609:
4579:
4495:
4446:
4426:
4397:
4365:
4328:
3840:. Former Polish prime minister
3761:-trained lawyer and historian,
3617:has classified these events as
3264:plan to colonize Eastern Europe
3240:Analysis by historian Ingo Haar
3084:
3057:were deported to Australia via
2683:Nazi-Soviet population exchange
2677:, including annexed areas like
1815:evacuations. Polish historians
1746:Soviet political considerations
1500:Soviet political considerations
1156:Ethnic German population: 1958
1105:at the end of World War I, the
563:German revolutions of 1848–1849
33:Flight and expulsion of Germans
17869:Germany–Soviet Union relations
17462:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
15172:Territorial changes of Germany
15080:Indonesian National Revolution
12724:Early modern period, 1500–1800
12612:List of early Germanic peoples
11787:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
11744:, is reproduced in de Zayas's
11604:Jean-Marie Henckaerts (1995).
11576:Jean-Marie Henckaerts (1995).
11515:Charter of the United Nations.
10884:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003).
10465:] (in German). Wiesbaden:
9743:Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag
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6842:, p. 18; accessed 25 May 2015.
6655:, Routledge, 1988, pp. 24–25;
5437:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5357:Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag
4197:
4181:
4110:
3996:Internment of German Americans
3713:UN Declaration of Human Rights
2919:region (a territory along the
2439:Those Polish citizens who had
2320:Mariënbosch concentration camp
2295:
2078:1939 Soviet invasion of Poland
1774:Massacred German civilians in
1615:carried out executions during
1344:(right) was born in Carlsbad,
912:Polish prime minister in-exile
211:Refugees in Schleswig-Holstein
13:
1:
16862:Japanese invasion of Thailand
16813:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
16577:German invasion of Luxembourg
14958:Mediterranean and Middle East
12847:History of Germany since 1990
12491:Displaced Persons Act of 1948
12483:Dokumentation der Vertreibung
12191:Institute of European History
12153:Beneš, Z., D. Jančík et al.,
11650:; retrieved 13 December 2006.
11429:European University Institute
11393:A Cold War in the Soviet Bloc
10868:Europe and German unification
10097:Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny
9727:Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, XXI
9706:Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, XXI
9535:Anchor Atlas of World History
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9245:Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, XXI
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7123:; retrieved 16 November 2007.
5871:, Warsaw: 1998 PWNW, p. 171.
5649:Poland and the European Union
5208:German President Horst Köhler
4782:Jane Boulden, Will Kymlicka,
4373:"Yad Vashem, Generalplan Ost"
4057:
4021:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
3981:Expulsion of Poles by Germany
3944:Misuse of graphical materials
3395:Former camp for expellees in
3213:In 2000 the German historian
3073:, until 1946–47. In 1962 the
2822:emigrate to the United States
2818:Displaced Persons Act of 1948
2803:
2479:maintain that the internment:
2427:installed communist judiciary
2361:According to the West German
2259:, but many others settled in
2199:According to the West German
2109:According to the West German
2074:former eastern Polish regions
1439:being welcomed by a crowd in
1018:
169:Post-war flight and expulsion
148:Wartime flight and evacuation
16769:Invasion of the Soviet Union
16458:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
15776:Independent State of Croatia
11390:Sheldon R. Anderson (2001).
11348:University of Virginia Press
11309:Matthew James Frank (2008).
11147:Matthew James Frank (2008).
10939:expulsion cleansing germans.
10455:Klingemann, Carsten (2009).
9929:"Ile było ofiar wypędzenia?"
9598:Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI
9537:, Vol. 2: 1978 – (3,000,000)
8889:, Munich: 2008, pp. 179–83;
8423:, part 1, Bonn: 1995, p. 17
7693:, BWV Verlag, 2004, p. 126;
7112:P. Wallace (11 March 2002).
6169:University Press of Kentucky
5431:Zayas, Alfred M. De (1979).
3209:Analysis by Rüdiger Overmans
3192:
3036:
2931:), from where around 50,000
2454:Central Labour Camp Potulice
2450:Central Labour Camp Jaworzno
1974:. This included most of the
1833:was sunk in January 1945 by
1711:post-war Communist take-over
1418:émigré governments of Poland
7:
17894:Ethnic cleansing of Germans
17753:End of World War II in Asia
17593:Western invasion of Germany
17100:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
17077:Second Battle of El Alamein
16647:Hundred Regiments Offensive
16619:Battle of the Mediterranean
16472:Italian invasion of Albania
14646:Air warfare of World War II
13988:Alsatians and Lotharingians
11858:; accessed 8 December 2015.
11846:; accessed 6 December 2014.
11542:; accessed 6 December 2014.
11238:(in German). Archived from
11183:. Polity. pp. 56, 60.
10915:Naimark, Norman M. (2001).
10691:; accessed 6 December 2014.
10532:; accessed 6 December 2014.
10267:; accessed 6 December 2014.
9691:; accessed 6 December 2014.
6056:; accessed 6 December 2014.
6042:Journal of Cold War Studies
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5460:Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata.
5399:; accessed 6 December 2014.
5162:M.E. Sharpe, 2002, p. 293;
4760:; accessed 6 December 2014.
3959:
3932:On 20 June 2018, which was
3703:, an American professor of
3670:Status in international law
3360:Schwarzbuch der Vertreibung
3348:Schwarzbuch der Vertreibung
2995:, on 23 November 1944. The
2923:river between the towns of
2282:between Germany and Hungary
1685:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1492:: the Allies declared them
1411:of the United Kingdom, and
1338:Higher SS and Police Leader
1095:collapse of Austria-Hungary
963:People's Republic of Poland
867:, and the eastern parts of
823:During the later stages of
10:
17955:
17939:Soviet World War II crimes
17899:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
17679:Naval bombardment of Japan
17047:First Battle of El Alamein
16966:Battle of Christmas Island
16911:Japanese invasion of Burma
16675:Italian invasion of Greece
16591:German invasion of Belgium
16563:German invasion of Denmark
16536:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
16405:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
14669:Comparative military ranks
12754:North German Confederation
12734:Confederation of the Rhine
12141:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
12129:
12025:"Putting the Past to Rest"
11926:Cambridge University Press
11124:Greenwood Publishing Group
11030:Matthew J. Gibney (2005).
10984:. Routledge. p. 175.
10890:. Routledge. p. 656.
10866:Renata Fritsch-Bournazel,
9883:, Berlin: Springer, 2009;
9809:, Berlin: Springer, 2009;
9633:, Berlin: Springer, 2009;
9180:Adam, Thomas, ed. (2005).
8647:, McFarland, 1997, p. 80;
8576:, McFarland, 1997, p. 71;
7114:"Putting the Past to Rest"
6967:Schieder, Theodor (1960).
6878:Poslední mrtví, první živí
6508:. Peter Lang. p. 67.
5905:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
4648:Norman M. Naimark (2001).
4134:Jan-Werner Müller (2002).
4117:Kamusella, Tomasz (1999).
3757:In the 1970s and 1980s, a
3673:
3572:
3088:
3065:. Internment continued in
3006:
2781:Lithuanian Soviet Republic
2673:of 1939 were resettled to
2645:Evacuation of East Prussia
2630:
2571:
2567:
2355:Polish Academy of Sciences
2333:
2299:
2194:State Protection Authority
2155:
2087:
1958:Following Germany's defeat
1758:
1667:
1664:Punishment for Nazi crimes
1636:Preventing ethnic violence
1630:Polish government-in-exile
1075:ethnicity-based settlement
1060:Central and Eastern Europe
1022:
1013:Central and Eastern Europe
898:, in conjunction with the
568:North German Confederation
538:Confederation of the Rhine
17879:Estonia–Germany relations
17864:German diaspora in Poland
17859:German diaspora in Europe
17768:
17600:Bratislava–Brno offensive
17540:
17531:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
17268:
17155:Allied invasion of Sicily
17109:
17015:Aleutian Islands campaign
16987:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
16934:
16925:Greek famine of 1941–1944
16820:Second Battle of Changsha
16725:German invasion of Greece
16693:
16570:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
16545:
16483:
16378:
16259:
15985:
15895:
15743:
15446:
15437:
15195:
15020:
14912:North and Central Pacific
14873:
14635:
14628:
14555:
14490:
14436:
14358:
14216:
14027:
14007:
13971:
13891:
13843:
13706:
13630:
13623:
13614:
13571:
13488:
13348:
13228:
13219:
13102:
13093:
12974:
12965:
12901:
12892:
12855:
12834:
12716:
12670:
12594:
12563:
12554:
11842:27 September 2011 at the
11746:50 Thesen zur Vertreibung
11722:Columbia University Press
11233:"Gutachten Ermacora 1991"
10009:Berlin, Dienststelle 2005
9477:, Bonn 1954–1961 Vol. 1-5
9345:, pp. 21, 81– (2,000,000)
9117:"Flucht im Granatenhagel"
8071:(in German and English).
7975:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006).
7930:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
7851:(in Polish and English).
7840:Kosiński, Leszek (1963).
7823:Dokumentacja Geograficzna
7813:Kosiński, Leszek (1960).
7583:Ludność Polski w XX wieku
7383:Phillips, Ann L. (2000).
6880:. Ústí nad Labem (1989);
6876:S. Biman & R. Cílek,
6072:. ABC-CLIO. p. 182.
5869:Historia Polski 1914–1997
5762:Chad Carl Bryant (2007).
5731:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
5707:. Routledge. p. 93.
5447:– via Google Books.
5120:. Ed. W. Parker Mauldin,
5114:U.S. Bureau of the Census
4708:Tomasz Kamusella (2004).
4404:
4302:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
4257:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
4217:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006).
3821:Centre Against Expulsions
3430:West German economic boom
2182:Allied Control Commission
1966:in Europe with Germany's
1776:Nemmersdorf, East Prussia
1420:and Czechoslovakia, both
1376:for the assassination of
1336:, Secretary of State and
883:), which were annexed by
79:
71:
57:
49:
37:
17884:Germany–Latvia relations
17192:Allied invasion of Italy
17169:Solomon Islands campaign
16918:Third Battle of Changsha
16515:First Battle of Changsha
16421:Second Sino-Japanese War
15361:German military brothels
15227:United States war crimes
12906:Administrative divisions
12401:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
12307:Harvard University Press
12122:– via www.welt.de.
11461:Ann L. Phillips (2000).
11204:W.D. Rubinstein (2004).
11067:Rowman & Littlefield
9966:; German translation of
9857:Polish Diplomatic Review
9453:Wirtschaft und Statistik
7442:Ann L. Phillips (2000).
7175:Applebaum, Anne (2012).
6838:20 February 2005 at the
6050:Rowman & Littlefield
5840:, Arcana nr 79 (1/2008)
5770:Harvard University Press
5118:The Population of Poland
5034:Bogaarts, M. D. (1981),
4506:, Secretary of State in
4434:German Historical Museum
4001:Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
3642:reunification of Germany
3638:fall of the Soviet Union
3590:Legacy of the expulsions
2687:invaded the Soviet Union
1861:through Czechoslovakia.
1422:occupied by Nazi Germany
1082:from the projected post–
17614:Second Guangxi campaign
17469:Philippines (1944–1945)
16973:Battle of the Coral Sea
16876:Fall of the Philippines
16522:Battle of South Guangxi
16428:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
15834:Italian Social Republic
14008:Multinational dimension
12187:European History Online
11792:; accessed 26 May 2015.
11317:Oxford University Press
11231:Felix Ermacora (1991).
10855:Oxford University Press
10746:Oxford University Press
10376:31 October 2010 at the
9395:Encyclopædia Britannica
8980:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8812:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8676:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8634:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8609:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8584:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8240:; accessed 26 May 2015.
8063:Belzyt, Leszek (1996).
8025:; accessed 26 May 2015.
7892:; accessed 26 May 2015.
7271:; accessed 26 May 2015.
6996:; accessed 26 May 2015.
6797:Bernard Newman (1972).
6631:31 October 2010 at the
6554:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6529:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6479:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6454:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6429:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6404:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6350:Karl-Georg Mix (2005).
6294:; accessed 26 May 2015.
6179:; accessed 26 May 2015.
6149:; accessed 26 May 2015.
5342:; accessed 26 May 2015.
5217:2 December 2012 at the
3783:crimes against humanity
3559:Federation of Expellees
3543:Lastenausgleichsgesetz,
3399:, picture taken in 1951
3260:Statistisches Bundesamt
3203:Federation of Expellees
3177:crimes against humanity
3173:German Federal Archives
3165:Statistisches Bundesamt
3149:Statistisches Bundesamt
3111:Statistisches Bundesamt
2777:Russian Soviet Republic
2671:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2469:German Federal Archives
2368:German Federal Archives
2288:report for Hungary was
1927:occupied the island of
1670:German collective guilt
1382:Czech resistance groups
1116:First Austrian Republic
1073:introduced the idea of
951:Allied-occupied Germany
939:) and German citizens (
17199:Armistice of Cassibile
17001:Battle of Dutch Harbor
16952:Battle of the Java Sea
16855:Attack on Pearl Harbor
16755:Syria–Lebanon campaign
16748:Battle of South Shanxi
16718:Invasion of Yugoslavia
16501:Battle of the Atlantic
16115:Korean Liberation Army
15828:(until September 1943)
15785:(until September 1944)
15763:(until September 1944)
14498:
14202:
13929:Bosnia and Herzegovina
13670:
13602:
13586:
13579:
13167:Science and technology
12868:History of Brandenburg
12759:Unification of Germany
12749:Frankfurt Constitution
12287:Jankowiak, Stanisław.
12169:Flucht und Vertreibung
11340:Margot Norris (2000).
11097:. Polity. p. 56.
10978:Cordell, Karl (1999).
10951:T. David Curp (2006).
10792:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph
10740:Wasserstein, Bernard.
10705:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph
10615:1 October 2009 at the
10561:Anna-Maria Hagerfors,
10179:Pertti Ahonen (2003).
9293:, pp. 152– (2,111,000)
9099:1 October 2009 at the
9064:1 October 2009 at the
9005:1 October 2009 at the
8939:1 October 2009 at the
8718:; accessed 26 May 2015
8697:; accessed 26 May 2015
8655:; accessed 26 May 2015
8563:; accessed 26 May 2015
8538:1 October 2009 at the
8195:Urban, Thomas (2006).
8161:Urban, Thomas (2006).
8113:1 October 2009 at the
8049:1 October 2009 at the
7916:1 October 2009 at the
7799:1 October 2009 at the
7743:1 October 2009 at the
7425:1 October 2009 at the
7366:1 October 2009 at the
7341:1 October 2009 at the
7312:1 October 2009 at the
7287:1 October 2009 at the
7161:1 October 2009 at the
6863:1 October 2009 at the
5969:Transaction Publishers
5941:Cite journal requires
5606:1 October 2009 at the
5574:, 1993, p. 259;
5557:1 October 2009 at the
5309:Cite journal requires
4756:22 August 2009 at the
4512:
4502:
4487:
4479:
4011:Persecution of Germans
3967:
3895:
3754:
3752:North Rhine-Westphalia
3727:on 16 September 1963,
3602:
3538:
3495:
3490:Refugee settlement in
3483:
3478:Refugee settlement in
3461:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
3447:
3410:Ústí (Aussig) massacre
3400:
3388:
3282:Soviet occupation zone
3220:
3130:
3120:From 1954 to 1961 the
2827:After the liberation,
2794:Soviet Occupation Zone
2756:
2741:Soviet occupation zone
2731:
2658:
2501:
2486:
2409:
2383:Polish military forces
2349:
2228:
2184:ordered the Hungarian
2169:
2106:
2034:
2012:
1980:Soviet occupation zone
1964:Second World War ended
1908:
1811:
1783:
1730:and almost its entire
1689:
1682:guarded by members of
1588:
1537:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
1519:
1467:Soviet-occupied Europe
1448:
1407:of the United States,
1353:
1318:. The figures for the
1129:Deutscher Volksverband
1050:
997:
974:Second Polish Republic
970:were annexed by Poland
941:
935:
837:
820:
665:
551:
420:Linear Pottery culture
216:Emigration from Poland
44:German expellees, 1946
17914:Collective punishment
17363:Second Battle of Guam
17259:Bengal famine of 1943
17229:Second Battle of Kiev
17185:Battle of the Dnieper
16890:Battle of Wake Island
16762:East African campaign
16704:Battle of South Henan
16349:atrocities by Germans
16122:Korean Volunteer Army
15103:Occupation of Germany
14857:Music in World War II
12804:Flight and expulsions
12236:Yale University Press
12215:De Zayas, Alfred M.:
12196:De Zayas, Alfred M.:
11993:Stefan Wolff (2005).
11694:, vol 16, pp. 207–58.
11671:29 March 2006 at the
11631:, Spring 2001, p. 116
11538:26 April 2014 at the
9954:Bernadetta Nitschke,
9504:Silke Spieler (ed.),
9410:(1979) – (2,111,000)
9369:, pp. 33– (2,225,000)
9317:, pp. 75– (2,000,000)
8887:Damals in Ostpreussen
8287:Yale University Press
8228:Silke Spieler (ed.),
8127:Thomas Urban (2006).
8017:, Bonn: 1995, p. 53;
7981:. Warsaw: Didactica.
7665:Silke Spieler (ed.),
7524:15 April 2009 at the
6589:, 1997, p. 156;
6504:Mette Zølner (2000).
6262:Silke Spieler (ed.),
6044:, volume 5, issue 3,
5867:Wojciech Roszkowski,
5749:10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1
5409:Hruška, Emil (2013),
4518:on 29 November 2006,
4335:Hammer, Eric (2013).
4226:. Warsaw: Didactica.
4097:The Myriad Chronicles
3889:
3825:Bund der Vertriebenen
3745:
3721:Settlement Convention
3674:Further information:
3651:Summer of Dead Dreams
3597:
3563:Bund der Vertriebenen
3532:
3489:
3477:
3445:
3394:
3386:
3373:King's College London
3258:and officials of the
3077:paid 54 million
2814:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
2750:
2725:
2652:
2518:West German Red Cross
2499:
2481:
2423:Polish Militia Forces
2407:
2347:
2340:Recovered Territories
2302:Operation Black Tulip
2284:regarding expellees.
2222:
2168:, Hungary, March 1945
2163:
2104:
2020:
2007:
1902:
1805:
1773:
1678:Polish teachers from
1677:
1658:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1597:Eastern Upper Silesia
1579:
1535:and Polish communist
1514:
1496:of German war crimes.
1443:, where the pro-Nazi
1435:
1405:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1332:
1185:Poland (1939 borders)
1053:Before World War II,
1048:
851:countries, including
818:
346:Territorial evolution
115:demographic estimates
17649:Surrender of Germany
17127:Battle of West Hubei
17084:Guadalcanal campaign
17054:Battle of Stalingrad
16980:Battle of Madagascar
15754:Albania protectorate
15541:(formerly Swaziland)
15250:Wehrmacht war crimes
15066:Expulsion of Germans
14850:Art and World War II
14748:British contribution
14697:Governments in exile
14428:United Arab Emirates
13736:Transylvanian Saxons
13476:World Heritage Sites
13154:German states by GDP
12744:German Confederation
12506:1 April 2016 at the
12375:Reichling, Gerhard.
12319:Naimark, Norman M.:
12167:Blumenwitz, Dieter:
11911:, 1989, pp. 95–100.
11664:Alfred M. de Zayas,
11646:, Paper 951 (2006),
11319:. pp. 130–133.
11261:3 March 2016 at the
11036:. ABC-CLIO. p.
10517:Manfred Görtemaker,
10389:Hans Georg Lehmann,
10295:Rhineland-Palatinate
10286:31 July 2013 at the
10252:Manfred Görtemaker,
10206:Manfred Görtemaker,
10103:2 March 2011 at the
9863:2 March 2011 at the
9745:, 2004, pp 298–300;
9565:The Second World War
9550:(1979) – (2,111,000)
9425:The Second World War
9277:Alfred M. de Zayas,
8518:de:Wilfried Krallert
8347:Reichling, Gerhard.
8013:Reichling, Gerhard.
7849:Geographical Studies
7627:4 March 2016 at the
7263:, 2003, pp. 286–93;
7096:18 July 2011 at the
7078:22 July 2011 at the
7032:Alfred M. de Zayas,
5801:Taylor & Francis
5681:, 2007, pp. 101seq;
5359:, 2005, pp. 398seq;
3936:, German Chancellor
3791:Nuremberg Principles
3715:of 1948, nor in the
3482:, about 1945 to 1949
3414:Postoloprty massacre
3366:(former head of the
3153:de:Wilfried Krallert
2993:Liberation of France
2871:, more precisely in
2820:; some were able to
2248:on 19 January 1946.
2186:Ministry of Interior
2025:(second from left),
2021:Potsdam Conference:
1825:Strength Through Joy
1789:Nemmersdorf massacre
1611:organisation called
1586:March 1933 elections
1445:Sudeten German Party
1401:Nazi-occupied Europe
1175:National Census data
1170:West German estimate
1151:Population movements
1107:Treaty of Versailles
682:Expulsion of Germans
648:Contemporary Germany
546:German Confederation
75:500,000 to 3 million
17909:Genocides in Europe
17739:Potsdam Declaration
17628:Italy (Spring 1945)
17391:Liberation of Paris
16848:Siege of Sevastopol
15866:(until August 1944)
15769:Wang Jingwei regime
15591:from September 1943
15551:from September 1944
15489:from September 1944
15349:Romanian war crimes
15340:Persecution of Jews
15326:Croatian war crimes
15296:Japanese war crimes
15110:Occupation of Japan
15059:First Indochina War
14771:Military production
14683:Declarations of war
14015:Central and Eastern
13919:Italy (South Tyrol)
13112:Automobile industry
12698:Carolingian dynasty
12632:History of the Huns
12443:, Paper 951, 2006,
12438:Timothy V. Waters,
12301:Naimark, Norman M.
12157:, Prague: Gallery;
12085:. 19 February 2014.
11812:The Daily Telegraph
11748:(2008), pp. 36–41;
11707:, 1995, pp. 257–314
11561:(1975), pp. 207–58.
11369:Slaughterhouse Five
11207:Genocide, a history
10797:Death by government
10710:Death by government
10640:, 2004, p. 2;
10469:. pp. 306–07.
9942:, 21 November 2006.
9934:26 May 2011 at the
9741:(3rd ed.), Munich:
9613:. Paderborn, 2010;
9581:Süddeutsche Zeitung
9548:Victims of Politics
9408:Victims of Politics
9397:: 1992– (2,384,000)
9382:: 1978– (3,000,000)
9285:, New York (1994);
9216:6 June 2008 at the
8732:Gerhard Reichling,
8444:Gerhard Reichling,
8419:Gerhard Reichling,
8075:(1). Archived from
5964:Death by Government
5737:Geographia Polonica
5622:Zybura, p. 202
4385:on 30 November 2003
4308:Geographia Polonica
4026:Treaty of Zgorzelec
4006:Operation Paperclip
3798:Duquesne University
3424:and forced labour.
3256:Schieder commission
3247:Süddeutsche Zeitung
3145:Schieder commission
3143:The figures of the
3122:Schieder commission
3071:Victoria, Australia
3043:British authorities
2767:) and the adjacent
2641:Bessarabian Germans
2608:Schieder commission
2545:(Oppeln) region of
2418:Aleksander Zawadzki
2363:Schieder commission
2201:Schieder commission
2134:Schieder commission
2111:Schieder commission
2039:Wilde Vertreibungen
1913:Oksbøl Refugee Camp
1728:including its elite
1719:, commander of the
1572:Distrust and enmity
1543:signed a treaty in
1494:collectively guilty
1358:Deutsche Volksliste
1320:Deutsche Volksliste
1294:by Alfred Bohmann (
1292:Deutsche Volksliste
1161:
1133:Jungdeutsche Partei
1088:Polish Border Strip
1055:East-Central Europe
496:Early Modern period
483:Eastward settlement
34:
17732:Surrender of Japan
17565:Battle of Iwo Jima
17414:Belgrade offensive
16827:Siege of Leningrad
16711:Battle of Shanggao
16640:British Somaliland
16605:Dunkirk evacuation
16556:Norwegian campaign
16494:Invasion of Poland
16321:Japanese prisoners
15289:Italian war crimes
15220:British war crimes
15135:Soviet occupations
14919:South-West Pacific
14806:Allied cooperation
14764:Military equipment
14160:Pennsylvania Dutch
13182:Telecommunications
12863:History of Prussia
12779:Revolution of 1918
12774:War guilt question
12693:Carolingian Empire
12662:Sack of Rome (410)
12571:History of Germany
12217:Nemesis at Potsdam
12204:, New York, 1994.
12202:Palgrave Macmillan
12198:A terrible Revenge
12135:Baziur, Grzegorz.
12062:The New York Times
12037:on 11 October 2008
11945:The New York Times
11920:Gerhard Weinberg,
11905:In Hitler's Shadow
11903:Richard J. Evans,
11774:Nemesis at Potsdam
11705:Criminal Law Forum
11640:Timothy V. Waters,
11532:Transakcja Wiazana
11155:Press. p. 5.
9664:Rüdiger Overmans,
9592:Rűdiger Overmans,
9305:Charles S. Maier,
9283:Palgrave Macmillan
9279:A terrible Revenge
9224:, 20 January 2008.
8800:Isabel Heinemann,
8289:, 2012, pp. 275–76
8079:on 6 February 2019
7779:Russian in Germany
7034:A terrible Revenge
5883:Maria Wardzyńska,
5796:Nemesis at Potsdam
5570:Valdis O. Lumans,
5332:A Terrible Revenge
5328:Alfred M. de Zayas
5190:Valdis O. Lumans,
5133:Eberhardt, Piotr.
4597:on 31 October 2010
3896:
3890:A stamp issued in
3857:British historian
3847:Sichtbares Zeichen
3774:A Terrible Revenge
3768:Nemesis at Potsdam
3755:
3664:Tygodnik Prudnicki
3606:people in total).
3603:
3539:
3516:German citizenship
3496:
3484:
3448:
3437:Potsdam Conference
3401:
3389:
2979:The population of
2938:Yugoslav Partisans
2829:Yugoslav Partisans
2790:Kaliningrad Oblast
2785:Operation Hannibal
2757:
2732:
2726:A refugee trek of
2659:
2619:country to do so.
2510:Kaliningrad Oblast
2502:
2473:Witold Sienkiewicz
2410:
2350:
2234:Potsdam Conference
2229:
2170:
2107:
2096:Potsdam Conference
2035:
2003:Potsdam Conference
1968:defeat in May 1945
1909:
1879:Operation Hannibal
1817:Witold Sienkiewicz
1812:
1784:
1721:Second Polish Army
1717:Karol Świerczewski
1690:
1589:
1520:
1449:
1390:Potsdam Conference
1366:Allied politicians
1354:
1352:, Czech Republic).
1334:Karl Hermann Frank
1308:General Government
1155:
1099:the Russian Empire
1051:
908:Tomasz Arciszewski
821:
776:History portal
762:Germany portal
513:Kingdom of Prussia
473:Kingdom of Germany
445:Barbarian kingdoms
83:12 to 14.6 million
32:
17806:
17805:
17764:
17763:
17607:Battle of Okinawa
17506:Burma (1944–1945)
17340:Mariana and Palau
17120:Tunisian campaign
16945:Fall of Singapore
16869:Fall of Hong Kong
16612:Battle of Britain
16465:Operation Himmler
16374:
16373:
16038:Dutch East Indies
15681:Southern Rhodesia
15433:
15432:
15333:Genocide of Serbs
15236:German war crimes
15213:Soviet war crimes
15206:Allied war crimes
15052:Division of Korea
15031:Chinese Civil War
14829:Strategic bombing
14741:Manhattan Project
14515:
14514:
14486:
14485:
14023:
14022:
13823:Russian Mennonite
13531:
13530:
13484:
13483:
13215:
13214:
13129:Chemical Triangle
13089:
13088:
13076:Political parties
13024:Foreign relations
12961:
12960:
12888:
12887:
12799:Allied occupation
12703:Holy Roman Empire
12420:978-3-7001-7309-0
12352:Podlasek, Maria.
12280:978-3-506-77044-8
12249:German statistics
12181:Brandes, Detlef:
12010:978-0-415-36974-9
11979:978-0-7425-1094-4
11969:Redrawing nations
11754:978-3-9812110-0-9
11501:978-1-57113-535-3
11474:978-0-8476-9523-2
11438:on 1 October 2009
11407:978-0-8133-3783-8
11357:978-0-8139-1992-8
11326:978-0-19-923364-9
11295:978-1-57607-796-2
11190:978-0-7456-3182-0
11181:What is genocide?
11162:978-0-19-923364-9
11153:Oxford University
11133:978-0-313-34644-6
11104:978-0-7456-3182-0
11095:What is genocide?
10927:, 112, 121, 136.
10683:Michael Levitin,
10476:978-3-531-15064-2
10441:978-3-929728-46-0
10420:978-3-929728-46-0
10239:978-1-57607-796-2
10158:978-1-57607-796-2
10152:, 2005, p. 199;
10080:978-3-531-16152-5
10031:Christoph Bergner
9992:978-3-506-77044-8
9913:978-3-531-15556-2
9889:978-3-531-16152-5
9838:978-3-531-15556-2
9815:978-3-531-16152-5
9639:978-3-531-16152-5
9619:978-3-506-77044-8
9357:H.W. Schoenberg,
9329:Douglas Botting,
9149:"Sonderfall Kehl"
9039:on 30 August 2009
8895:978-3-421-04366-5
8885:Andreas Kossert,
7946:978-83-61590-46-0
7862:on 13 August 2017
7766:978-1-57607-796-2
7760:, 2005, p. 197;
7723:978-3-525-35790-3
7597:978-83-87954-66-6
7231:de:Fritz Valjavec
7186:978-0-385-51569-6
6783:Piotr Eberhardt,
6764:978-3-525-35790-3
6681:978-3-486-58002-0
6194:978-3-506-77044-8
6147:978-1-57607-796-2
6079:978-1-57607-796-2
5978:978-1-56000-927-6
5914:978-3-525-36288-4
5810:978-0-7100-0410-9
5779:978-0-674-02451-9
5714:978-0-7146-5232-0
5657:978-0-415-23885-4
5580:978-0-8078-2066-7
5508:Redrawing Nations
5470:978-0-85496-684-4
5158:Piotr Eberhardt,
4722:on 1 October 2009
4503:Christoph Bergner
4453:Kammerer, Willi.
4418:978-3-531-15556-2
4321:10.7163/GPol.0007
4273:978-83-61590-46-0
4194:, 1958, pp. 35–36
4192:Kohlhammer Verlag
4082:. 20 August 2010.
3934:World Refugee Day
3787:Hague Conventions
3725:Council of Europe
3705:international law
3683:League of Nations
3354:A German lawyer,
3350:by Heinz Nawratil
3333:Christoph Bergner
3275:Studies in Poland
3161:de:Alfred Bohmann
3015:Nazi Fifth Column
2737:annexed provinces
2728:Black Sea Germans
2462:Zgoda labour camp
2401:of East Prussia.
2290:Wilfried Krallert
2277:fall of Communism
2257:Baden-Württemberg
2058:Geoffrey Harrison
2031:Winston Churchill
1978:, as well as the
1972:Soviet occupation
1810:, 26 January 1945
1780:Soviet atrocities
1732:Jewish population
1703:National Congress
1656:warned President
1644:expounded in the
1642:Winston Churchill
1618:Intelligenzaktion
1480:Winston Churchill
1409:Winston Churchill
1403:. Allied leaders
1378:Reinhard Heydrich
1268:
1267:
1065:With the rise of
1041:Potsdam Agreement
1005:Potsdam Agreement
896:Winston Churchill
813:
812:
744:
743:
638:
637:
478:Holy Roman Empire
355:Holy Roman Empire
268:
267:
156:German evacuation
140:Potsdam Agreement
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
17946:
17819:1940s in Germany
17799:
17792:
17785:
17782:World portal
17780:
17779:
17755:
17748:
17741:
17734:
17725:
17718:
17711:
17702:
17695:
17688:
17681:
17674:
17667:
17658:
17651:
17644:
17642:Prague offensive
17637:
17635:Battle of Berlin
17630:
17623:
17616:
17609:
17602:
17595:
17588:
17581:
17579:Vienna offensive
17574:
17567:
17560:
17558:Battle of Manila
17553:
17533:
17524:
17515:
17508:
17499:
17492:
17485:
17478:
17471:
17464:
17457:
17448:
17439:
17432:
17423:
17416:
17409:
17402:
17393:
17386:
17379:
17372:
17365:
17358:
17351:
17342:
17335:
17326:
17317:
17308:
17301:
17299:Korsun–Cherkassy
17294:
17283:
17261:
17252:
17245:
17238:
17231:
17224:
17217:
17210:
17201:
17194:
17187:
17180:
17171:
17164:
17157:
17150:
17143:
17141:Bombing of Gorky
17136:
17129:
17122:
17102:
17095:
17086:
17079:
17072:
17063:
17056:
17049:
17042:
17031:
17024:
17017:
17010:
17008:Battle of Midway
17003:
16996:
16994:Battle of Gazala
16989:
16982:
16975:
16968:
16961:
16954:
16947:
16927:
16920:
16913:
16906:
16904:Battle of Borneo
16899:
16897:Malayan campaign
16892:
16885:
16878:
16871:
16864:
16857:
16850:
16843:
16841:Bombing of Gorky
16836:
16834:Battle of Moscow
16829:
16822:
16815:
16808:
16801:
16794:
16778:
16771:
16764:
16757:
16750:
16743:
16734:
16727:
16720:
16713:
16706:
16686:
16677:
16670:
16663:
16656:
16649:
16642:
16635:
16628:
16621:
16614:
16607:
16600:
16598:Battle of France
16593:
16586:
16579:
16572:
16565:
16558:
16538:
16531:
16524:
16517:
16510:
16503:
16496:
16474:
16467:
16460:
16453:
16451:Munich Agreement
16446:
16439:
16430:
16423:
16416:
16407:
16400:
16385:
16384:
16367:
16360:
16351:
16344:
16337:
16336:Soviet prisoners
16330:
16323:
16316:
16307:
16300:
16291:
16284:
16277:
16276:German prisoners
16272:
16252:
16243:
16236:
16229:
16224:
16217:
16210:
16203:
16196:
16189:
16182:
16175:
16168:
16161:
16154:
16147:
16140:
16133:
16124:
16117:
16110:
16103:
16096:
16089:
16082:
16075:
16068:
16061:
16054:
16047:
16040:
16033:
16026:
16019:
16012:
16005:
15998:
15978:
15971:
15964:
15957:
15950:
15943:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15908:
15888:
15881:
15874:
15867:
15859:
15852:
15845:
15836:
15829:
15821:
15814:
15812:French Indochina
15807:
15800:
15793:
15786:
15778:
15771:
15764:
15756:
15736:
15727:
15720:
15711:
15704:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15676:
15669:
15662:
15659:from August 1944
15650:
15643:
15636:
15629:
15622:
15615:
15608:
15601:
15594:
15582:
15575:
15568:
15561:
15554:
15542:
15534:
15527:
15520:
15513:
15506:
15499:
15492:
15480:
15473:
15466:
15459:
15444:
15443:
15424:
15417:
15410:
15403:
15396:
15385:
15370:
15363:
15356:
15351:
15342:
15335:
15328:
15319:
15312:
15305:
15303:Nanjing Massacre
15298:
15291:
15282:
15280:Nuremberg trials
15273:
15266:
15259:
15252:
15245:
15238:
15229:
15222:
15215:
15208:
15188:
15181:
15174:
15165:
15158:
15151:
15144:
15137:
15130:
15121:
15112:
15105:
15098:
15091:
15082:
15075:
15068:
15061:
15054:
15047:
15040:
15033:
15013:
15004:
14997:
14990:
14981:
14974:
14967:
14960:
14951:
14944:
14937:
14928:
14921:
14914:
14907:
14900:
14893:
14886:
14884:Asia and Pacific
14866:
14859:
14852:
14845:
14838:
14831:
14824:
14815:
14813:Mulberry harbour
14808:
14801:
14794:
14787:
14780:
14773:
14766:
14759:
14750:
14743:
14736:
14727:
14720:
14713:
14706:
14699:
14692:
14685:
14678:
14671:
14664:
14655:
14648:
14633:
14632:
14621:
14614:
14605:
14598:
14591:
14584:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14542:
14535:
14528:
14519:
14518:
14503:
14454:Papua New Guinea
14292:Kapitaï and Koba
14258:Kapitaï and Koba
14207:
14085:Los Lagos Region
14067:British Columbia
13675:
13628:
13627:
13621:
13620:
13607:
13591:
13582:
13558:
13551:
13544:
13535:
13534:
13511:
13504:
13497:
13461:Prussian virtues
13226:
13225:
13134:Economic history
13100:
13099:
12994:
12972:
12971:
12923:Cities and towns
12899:
12898:
12879:Baden Revolution
12683:Treaty of Verdun
12652:Marcomannic Wars
12607:Migration Period
12602:Germanic peoples
12586:Military history
12561:
12560:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12514:
12513:
12487:
12333:Overy, Richard.
12284:
12219:, London, 1977;
12124:
12123:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12021:
12015:
12014:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11963:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11935:
11929:
11918:
11912:
11901:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11874:. Archived from
11868:
11862:
11861:
11853:
11847:
11834:
11828:
11827:
11822:
11820:
11802:
11793:
11783:
11777:
11762:
11756:
11738:
11732:
11714:
11708:
11701:
11695:
11686:
11680:
11662:
11651:
11638:
11632:
11626:
11620:
11619:
11601:
11592:
11591:
11573:
11562:
11549:
11543:
11527:
11518:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11458:
11452:
11451:
11445:
11443:
11437:
11431:. Archived from
11426:
11418:
11412:
11411:
11387:
11381:
11380:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11306:
11300:
11299:
11275:
11266:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11237:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11201:
11195:
11194:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11115:
11109:
11108:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11027:
11021:
11020:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10922:
10912:
10906:
10905:
10904:on 13 June 2021.
10900:. Archived from
10881:
10875:
10864:
10858:
10849:Frank, Matthew.
10847:
10841:
10837:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10786:
10762:
10756:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10701:
10692:
10681:
10675:
10657:
10648:
10630:
10621:
10605:
10599:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10572:
10559:
10553:
10545:(1999), p. 156;
10539:
10533:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10429:
10423:
10408:
10402:
10387:
10381:
10367:
10361:
10354:
10345:
10338:
10332:
10319:
10313:
10312:, 15 April 2005.
10304:
10298:
10292:
10277:
10268:
10250:
10244:
10233:, 2005, p. 200;
10227:
10221:
10204:
10195:
10194:
10176:
10163:
10146:
10137:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10091:
10085:
10084:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10028:
10022:
10012:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9980:
9971:
9952:
9946:
9945:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9901:
9895:
9894:
9877:
9871:
9870:
9852:
9843:
9842:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9803:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9736:
9730:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9686:
9680:
9679:
9662:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9644:
9627:
9621:
9607:
9601:
9590:
9584:
9574:
9568:
9557:
9551:
9544:
9538:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9516:
9502:
9496:
9493:
9487:
9484:
9478:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9437:
9428:
9417:
9411:
9404:
9398:
9392:
9383:
9376:
9370:
9355:
9346:
9327:
9318:
9303:
9294:
9275:
9266:
9257:
9248:
9236:
9225:
9204:
9198:
9197:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9160:
9154:. Archived from
9153:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9128:
9121:
9113:
9104:
9090:
9084:
9083:
9075:
9069:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9035:. Archived from
9016:
9010:
8996:
8981:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8950:
8944:
8930:
8917:
8916:
8913:; vol. 5, 1961.
8907:
8898:
8883:
8877:
8868:, 2003, p. 456;
8858:
8849:
8848:
8831:
8822:
8815:
8798:
8787:
8773:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8730:
8719:
8704:
8698:
8683:
8677:
8662:
8656:
8641:
8635:
8616:
8610:
8601:, 2003, p. 137;
8591:
8585:
8570:
8564:
8549:
8543:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8442:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8417:
8411:
8407:
8401:
8392:, 2005, p. 199;
8386:
8380:
8379:Jankowiak, p. 35
8377:
8371:
8370:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8345:
8339:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8314:
8305:
8304:
8296:
8290:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8264:
8259:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8124:
8118:
8102:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8060:
8054:
8038:
8029:
8028:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7991:. Archived from
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7949:. Archived from
7938:
7927:
7921:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7861:
7855:. Archived from
7846:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7820:
7810:
7804:
7788:
7782:
7775:
7769:
7754:
7748:
7732:
7726:
7717:, 1998, p. 56;
7711:
7705:
7704:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7663:
7657:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7608:. Archived from
7577:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7535:
7529:
7512:Julius Streicher
7509:
7503:
7502:
7493:the documentary
7491:
7482:
7481:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7439:
7430:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7380:
7371:
7355:
7346:
7330:
7317:
7301:
7292:
7278:
7272:
7253:
7238:
7228:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7198:
7172:
7166:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7130:
7124:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7088:
7082:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7046:
7037:
7030:
7019:
7012:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6982:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6930:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6874:
6868:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6770:
6769:
6758:, 1998, p. 21;
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6726:
6705:
6704:
6696:
6687:
6686:
6669:
6663:
6649:
6636:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6597:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6381:
6366:
6365:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6233:
6224:
6223:
6203:
6197:
6186:
6180:
6171:, 1999, p. 176;
6161:
6150:
6141:, 2005, p. 198;
6135:
6116:
6115:
6099:
6084:
6083:
6063:
6057:
6040:Timothy Snyder,
6038:
6027:
6005:
5990:
5989:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5894:
5888:
5881:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5847:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5698:
5689:
5671:
5660:
5645:
5639:
5632:
5623:
5620:
5611:
5595:
5586:
5568:
5562:
5546:
5537:
5526:, 2007, p. 102;
5520:
5511:
5504:
5493:
5486:
5473:
5464:, 1992, p. 77;
5458:
5449:
5448:
5428:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5400:
5395:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5351:Detlef Brandes,
5349:
5343:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5265:on 2 March 2008.
5261:. Archived from
5251:
5245:
5244:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5205:
5199:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5156:
5150:
5131:
5125:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5010:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4751:Findarticles.com
4743:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4593:. Archived from
4583:
4577:
4576:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4521:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4378:. Archived from
4377:
4369:
4363:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4276:. Archived from
4265:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4243:on 26 June 2015.
4242:
4236:. Archived from
4225:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4092:
4083:
4070:
3972:
3952:and pictures of
3927:Bohuslav Sobotka
3882:Political issues
3876:Munich Agreement
3872:Gerhard Weinberg
3859:Richard J. Evans
3809:José Ayala Lasso
3737:ethnic cleansing
3696:Security Council
3694:stated that its
3687:Nuremberg trials
3520:Sonne Commission
3322:German Red Cross
3223:
3215:Rüdiger Overmans
3182:Oder Neisse line
3138:Oder Neisse line
3135:
3126:Theodor Schieder
3023:internment camps
2913:Prekmurje region
2897:Gottschee County
2869:Slovenian Styria
2561:Tomasz Kamusella
2527:Tomasz Kamusella
2477:Grzegorz Hryciuk
2434:Oder–Neisse Line
2415:Silesian voivode
2139:forced labourers
2066:Oder-Neisse line
1903:Refugee camp in
1830:Wilhelm Gustloff
1821:Grzegorz Hryciuk
1806:Evacuation from
1688:before execution
1646:House of Commons
1628:worked with the
1605:Heinrich Himmler
1397:ethnic cleansing
1162:
1154:
1033:Drang nach Osten
1002:
944:
938:
849:Central European
842:
805:
798:
791:
778:
774:
773:
772:
764:
760:
759:
758:
670:
653:
652:
586:
585:
556:
440:Migration Period
435:Germanic peoples
430:Urnfield culture
298:
288:
270:
269:
260:
253:
246:
203:Later emigration
185:
107:
96:
89:
88:
42:
35:
31:
21:
17954:
17953:
17949:
17948:
17947:
17945:
17944:
17943:
17919:1944 in Germany
17824:1950 in Germany
17809:
17808:
17807:
17802:
17795:
17788:
17774:
17772:
17760:
17751:
17744:
17737:
17730:
17721:
17714:
17707:
17698:
17693:Atomic bombings
17691:
17684:
17677:
17670:
17663:
17654:
17647:
17640:
17633:
17626:
17619:
17612:
17605:
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17405:
17396:
17389:
17384:Eastern Romania
17382:
17377:Warsaw Uprising
17375:
17370:Tannenberg Line
17368:
17361:
17356:Western Ukraine
17354:
17345:
17338:
17329:
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17311:
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16959:St Nazaire Raid
16957:
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16888:
16881:
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16797:
16783:
16774:
16767:
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16753:
16746:
16741:Anglo-Iraqi War
16739:
16732:Battle of Crete
16730:
16723:
16716:
16709:
16702:
16689:
16680:
16673:
16666:
16661:Eastern Romania
16659:
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16232:
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16222:Western Ukraine
16220:
16213:
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16199:
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16178:
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16166:Northeast China
16164:
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16150:
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16085:
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15891:
15884:
15877:
15872:Slovak Republic
15870:
15862:
15855:
15848:
15843:Empire of Japan
15841:
15832:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15803:
15796:
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15462:
15455:
15429:
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15413:
15406:
15399:
15388:
15373:
15366:
15359:
15355:Sexual violence
15354:
15347:
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15315:
15308:
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15294:
15287:
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15269:
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15154:
15147:
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15124:
15115:
15108:
15101:
15094:
15085:
15078:
15073:Greek Civil War
15071:
15064:
15057:
15050:
15043:
15036:
15029:
15016:
15009:
15000:
14993:
14986:
14977:
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14956:
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14924:
14917:
14910:
14903:
14898:South-East Asia
14896:
14889:
14882:
14869:
14862:
14855:
14848:
14841:
14834:
14827:
14820:
14811:
14804:
14797:
14790:
14783:
14776:
14769:
14762:
14757:Military awards
14755:
14746:
14739:
14732:
14723:
14716:
14709:
14702:
14695:
14688:
14681:
14674:
14667:
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14610:
14601:
14594:
14587:
14582:
14573:
14566:
14559:
14551:
14546:
14516:
14511:
14482:
14432:
14354:
14212:
14079:Los Ríos Region
14019:
14003:
13967:
13892:Southern Europe
13887:
13861:North Schleswig
13844:Northern Europe
13839:
13702:
13643:Sudeten Germans
13610:
13567:
13562:
13532:
13527:
13514:
13507:
13500:
13493:
13480:
13344:
13295:Life expectancy
13211:
13085:
13056:Law enforcement
12992:
12957:
12884:
12851:
12830:
12814:Divided Germany
12784:Weimar Republic
12712:
12678:Frankish Empire
12666:
12590:
12556:
12550:
12541:
12508:Wayback Machine
12485:
12429:
12397:Niemcy w Polsce
12395:Zybura, Marek.
12281:
12230:Douglas, R.M.:
12132:
12127:
12112:
12108:
12103:. 21 June 2018.
12095:
12094:
12090:
12081:
12080:
12076:
12066:
12064:
12054:
12050:
12040:
12038:
12023:
12022:
12018:
12011:
12003:. p. 117.
11991:
11987:
11980:
11964:
11960:
11950:
11948:
11936:
11932:
11928:, 1994, p. 519
11922:A World In Arms
11919:
11915:
11902:
11891:
11881:
11879:
11870:
11869:
11865:
11859:
11854:
11850:
11844:Wayback Machine
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11711:
11702:
11698:
11687:
11683:
11673:Wayback Machine
11663:
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11616:
11602:
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11588:
11574:
11565:
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11540:Wayback Machine
11528:
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11424:
11420:
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11408:
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11307:
11303:
11296:
11276:
11269:
11263:Wayback Machine
11254:
11250:
11245:on 16 May 2011.
11242:
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11225:
11218:
11202:
11198:
11191:
11174:
11170:
11163:
11145:
11141:
11134:
11126:. p. 335.
11116:
11112:
11105:
11088:
11084:
11077:
11069:. p. 197.
11059:
11055:
11048:
11028:
11024:
11017:
11003:
10999:
10992:
10976:
10972:
10965:
10949:
10945:
10935:
10913:
10909:
10898:
10882:
10878:
10872:Berg Publishers
10865:
10861:
10848:
10844:
10834:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10783:
10763:
10759:
10739:
10735:
10725:
10723:
10721:
10702:
10695:
10689:Telegraph.co.uk
10682:
10678:
10658:
10651:
10632:Weber, Jürgen.
10631:
10624:
10617:Wayback Machine
10606:
10602:
10594:
10590:
10584:
10579:
10575:
10571:, 10 July 2004.
10560:
10556:
10540:
10536:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10500:
10489:
10488:
10484:
10477:
10467:Springer-Verlag
10453:
10449:
10443:
10430:
10426:
10409:
10405:
10388:
10384:
10378:Wayback Machine
10368:
10364:
10355:
10348:
10339:
10335:
10321:Manfred Ertel,
10320:
10316:
10309:Copenhagen Post
10305:
10301:
10290:
10288:Wayback Machine
10279:Cf. the report
10278:
10271:
10251:
10247:
10228:
10224:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10177:
10166:
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10140:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10118:
10114:
10108:
10105:Wayback Machine
10092:
10088:
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10069:
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10029:
10025:
10010:
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10000:
9994:
9981:
9974:
9953:
9949:
9943:
9940:Gazeta Wyborcza
9936:Wayback Machine
9926:
9922:
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9902:
9898:
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9865:Wayback Machine
9853:
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9781:
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9438:
9431:
9418:
9414:
9405:
9401:
9393:
9386:
9377:
9373:
9356:
9349:
9335:Time-Life Books
9328:
9321:
9304:
9297:
9276:
9269:
9258:
9251:
9237:
9228:
9218:Wayback Machine
9205:
9201:
9194:
9178:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9161:on 2 March 2005
9158:
9151:
9147:
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9132:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9107:
9101:Wayback Machine
9091:
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9066:Wayback Machine
9056:
9052:
9042:
9040:
9033:
9017:
9013:
9007:Wayback Machine
8997:
8984:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8956:; vol. 5 (1961)
8951:
8947:
8941:Wayback Machine
8931:
8920:
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8908:
8901:
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8859:
8852:
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8813:
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8790:
8774:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8731:
8722:
8705:
8701:
8684:
8680:
8663:
8659:
8642:
8638:
8626:, 1999, p. 42;
8624:Greenwood Press
8617:
8613:
8592:
8588:
8571:
8567:
8550:
8546:
8540:Wayback Machine
8528:
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8439:
8431:
8427:
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8408:
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8387:
8383:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8316:Kurt W. Böhme,
8315:
8308:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8281:Douglas, R.M.,
8280:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8257:
8251:
8247:
8241:
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8223:
8213:
8211:
8209:
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8145:
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8115:Wayback Machine
8103:
8092:
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8080:
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8051:Wayback Machine
8039:
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7959:
7957:
7953:
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7936:
7928:
7924:
7918:Wayback Machine
7906:
7899:
7893:
7880:Ther, Philipp,
7879:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7844:
7838:
7834:
7818:
7811:
7807:
7801:Wayback Machine
7789:
7785:
7776:
7772:
7755:
7751:
7745:Wayback Machine
7733:
7729:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7689:Kai Cornelius,
7688:
7684:
7678:
7664:
7660:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7631:pp. 455–60, 466
7629:Wayback Machine
7615:
7613:
7612:on 31 July 2017
7598:
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7526:Wayback Machine
7510:
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7356:
7349:
7343:Wayback Machine
7331:
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7302:
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7279:
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7216:
7200:
7199:
7187:
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7169:
7163:Wayback Machine
7151:
7147:
7141:
7140:, 2010, p. 702.
7131:
7127:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7098:Wayback Machine
7089:
7085:
7080:Wayback Machine
7071:
7067:
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7000:
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6899:
6895:
6889:
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6865:Wayback Machine
6853:
6849:
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6840:Wayback Machine
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6795:
6791:
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6773:
6767:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6737:
6727:
6708:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6684:
6670:
6666:
6651:Anna Bramwell,
6650:
6639:
6633:Wayback Machine
6624:
6620:
6611:
6600:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6527:
6523:
6516:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6383:Manfred Ertel,
6382:
6369:
6362:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6285:
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6234:
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6187:
6183:
6162:
6153:
6136:
6119:
6113:
6100:
6087:
6080:
6064:
6060:
6054:FAS.harvard.edu
6039:
6030:
6015:, 2006, p. 93;
6006:
5993:
5979:
5971:. p. 302.
5958:
5954:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5907:. p. 162.
5895:
5891:
5882:
5875:
5866:
5862:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5765:Prague in Black
5760:
5756:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5692:
5679:Lexington Books
5672:
5663:
5646:
5642:
5633:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5608:Wayback Machine
5596:
5589:
5569:
5565:
5559:Wayback Machine
5547:
5540:
5524:Lexington Books
5521:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5476:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5429:
5418:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5381:Klaus Rehbein,
5380:
5376:
5367:
5350:
5346:
5326:
5322:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5259:Foreign Affairs
5253:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:Wayback Machine
5206:
5202:
5194:, Chapel Hill:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5157:
5153:
5132:
5128:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5057:
5053:
5032:
5028:
5012:
5011:
5008:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4812:on 4 March 2016
4809:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4786:Oxford UP 2015
4781:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4758:Wayback Machine
4744:
4737:
4725:
4723:
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4712:
4698:
4696:
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4666:
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4610:
4600:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4553:
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4536:
4531:
4524:
4514:Deutschlandfunk
4500:
4496:
4470:
4468:
4467:on 11 June 2017
4464:
4457:
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4159:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4132:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4093:
4086:
4071:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4031:Victor Gollancz
3969:Generalplan Ost
3962:
3946:
3884:
3864:Weimar Republic
3855:
3833:
3763:Alfred de Zayas
3701:Alfred de Zayas
3678:
3672:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3381:
3352:
3337:Deutschlandfunk
3318:
3309:
3300:Sudeten-Deutsch
3296:Prague uprising
3291:
3277:
3242:
3211:
3195:
3132:Generalplan Ost
3105:
3093:
3087:
3075:State of Israel
3039:
3011:
3005:
2977:
2812:) lived in the
2810:Danube Swabians
2806:
2769:Memel territory
2753:Curonian Lagoon
2751:Refugee treks,
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1999:post-war Poland
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1940:Kirsten Lylloff
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1707:Lidice massacre
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1362:Nazi atrocities
1346:Austria-Hungary
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15045:Decolonization
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13972:Western Europe
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13631:Central Europe
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13588:Reichsdeutsche
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13580:Bundesdeutsche
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13392:Cultural icons
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13172:Stock exchange
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12809:Denazification
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12581:Historiography
12578:
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12427:External links
12425:
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12393:
12387:
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12364:
12350:
12331:
12317:
12299:
12285:
12279:
12266:
12254:Grau, Karl F.
12252:
12246:
12244:978-0300166606
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11398:Westview Press
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10568:Dagens Nyheter
10554:
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10510:
10482:
10475:
10447:
10424:
10403:
10382:
10362:
10356:Philipp Ther,
10346:
10340:Andrew Osborn,
10333:
10331:, 16 May 2005.
10328:Spiegel Online
10314:
10299:
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9723:Warsaw, Poland
9713:
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9646:
9622:
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9585:
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9384:
9371:
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9319:
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9249:
9226:
9199:
9192:
9172:
9140:
9129:on 30 May 2013
9105:
9085:
9070:
9050:
9031:
9011:
8982:
8968:Pavel Polian,
8961:
8945:
8918:
8899:
8878:
8850:
8823:
8788:
8759:
8749:
8720:
8706:Pavel Polian,
8699:
8685:Pavel Polian,
8678:
8664:J. Otto Pohl,
8657:
8643:J. Otto Pohl,
8636:
8618:J. Otto Pohl,
8611:
8593:Pavel Polian,
8586:
8572:J. Otto Pohl,
8565:
8551:Pavel Polian,
8544:
8522:
8502:
8486:
8474:
8462:
8450:
8437:
8425:
8412:
8402:
8381:
8372:
8367:, Warsaw, 1992
8356:
8340:
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8187:
8173:
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8030:
8006:
7987:
7967:
7956:on 20 May 2014
7945:
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7873:
7832:
7805:
7783:
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7749:
7727:
7713:Philipp Ther,
7706:
7682:
7677:, 28 May 1974.
7658:
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7633:
7596:
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7483:
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7255:Pavel Polian,
7239:
7225:, pp. 44, 72.
7214:
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6984:Philipp Ther,
6974:
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6809:
6800:The new Europe
6789:
6771:
6754:Philipp Ther,
6747:
6706:
6688:
6664:
6637:
6618:
6598:
6587:Berghahn Books
6571:
6564:
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6539:
6521:
6514:
6496:
6489:
6471:
6464:
6446:
6439:
6421:
6414:
6396:
6391:, 16 May 2005.
6389:Spiegel Online
6367:
6360:
6342:
6336:978-3506770448
6335:
6315:
6299:
6279:
6252:
6235:Andreas Kunz,
6225:
6198:
6181:
6163:Earl R. Beck,
6151:
6117:
6101:Andreas Kunz,
6085:
6078:
6058:
6028:
5991:
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5952:
5943:|journal=
5920:
5913:
5889:
5887:, Warsaw 2004.
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5816:
5809:
5803:. p. 11.
5785:
5778:
5772:. p. 97.
5754:
5720:
5713:
5690:
5661:
5640:
5624:
5612:
5587:
5563:
5538:
5512:
5494:
5474:
5450:
5443:
5416:
5401:
5374:
5344:
5320:
5311:|journal=
5288:
5268:
5246:
5226:
5200:
5183:
5171:
5151:
5126:
5106:
5097:
5088:
5076:
5069:
5051:
5026:
5006:
4988:
4981:
4963:
4956:
4938:
4931:
4913:
4906:
4888:
4881:
4863:
4843:
4788:
4775:
4769:Hajo Holborn,
4762:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4705:
4693:978-0739116074
4692:
4677:
4664:
4632:
4608:
4578:
4571:
4540:
4522:
4494:
4445:
4425:
4396:
4364:
4346:
4327:
4294:
4283:on 20 May 2014
4272:
4246:
4232:
4209:
4196:
4180:
4146:
4126:
4109:
4084:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:expelled Poles
3950:Heim ins Reich
3945:
3942:
3908:European Union
3904:Czech Republic
3883:
3880:
3854:
3853:Historiography
3851:
3838:Lech Kaczyński
3832:
3829:
3692:United Nations
3671:
3668:
3648:A 1993 novel,
3591:
3588:
3573:Main article:
3570:
3567:
3380:
3377:
3364:Martin Broszat
3356:Heinz Nawratil
3351:
3345:
3343:and the like.
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3290:
3287:
3276:
3273:
3241:
3238:
3210:
3207:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3169:
3141:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3089:Main article:
3086:
3083:
3079:Deutsche Marks
3038:
3035:
3019:Latin American
3007:Main article:
3004:
3001:
2976:
2973:
2905:Lower Carniola
2805:
2802:
2771:around Memel (
2657:, October 1944
2637:Baltic Germans
2628:
2625:
2572:Main article:
2569:
2566:
2387:Reichsdeutsche
2331:
2328:
2300:Main article:
2297:
2294:
2157:
2154:
2088:Main article:
2085:
2084:Czechoslovakia
2082:
1959:
1956:
1917:Danish Defence
1870:
1867:
1767:
1764:
1759:Main article:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1665:
1662:
1637:
1634:
1580:Votes for the
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1460:
1429:
1426:
1380:, most of the
1327:
1326:
1323:
1312:Martin Broszat
1288:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:Czechoslovakia
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1152:
1149:
1143:, e.g. by the
1125:Konrad Henlein
1093:Following the
1020:
1017:
982:had made plans
942:Reichsdeutsche
853:Czechoslovakia
811:
810:
808:
807:
800:
793:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:
765:
748:
747:
742:
741:
738:
736:Modern history
732:
731:
728:
726:
725:
720:
714:
711:
710:
707:
705:
704:
691:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
676:1945–1949/1952
674:
672:
671:
662:
656:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
558:
557:
548:
542:
540:
535:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
358:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:Historiography
313:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
291:
290:
281:
280:
273:
266:
265:
263:
262:
255:
248:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
179:
177:Czechoslovakia
171:
170:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
124:
123:
119:
118:
110:
109:
98:
97:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
66:Central Europe
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17951:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17816:
17814:
17798:
17794:
17791:
17787:
17784:
17783:
17778:
17771:
17770:
17767:
17754:
17750:
17747:
17743:
17740:
17736:
17735:
17733:
17729:
17724:
17720:
17719:
17717:
17716:Kuril Islands
17713:
17710:
17706:
17701:
17697:
17696:
17694:
17690:
17687:
17683:
17680:
17676:
17673:
17669:
17666:
17662:
17657:
17653:
17652:
17650:
17646:
17643:
17639:
17636:
17632:
17629:
17625:
17622:
17618:
17615:
17611:
17608:
17604:
17601:
17597:
17594:
17590:
17587:
17583:
17580:
17576:
17573:
17569:
17566:
17562:
17559:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17547:
17545:
17543:
17539:
17532:
17528:
17523:
17522:
17517:
17516:
17514:
17510:
17507:
17503:
17498:
17494:
17493:
17491:
17487:
17484:
17483:Syrmian Front
17480:
17477:
17473:
17470:
17466:
17463:
17459:
17456:
17455:
17450:
17447:
17446:
17441:
17438:
17434:
17431:
17430:
17429:Market Garden
17425:
17422:
17418:
17415:
17411:
17408:
17404:
17401:
17400:
17395:
17392:
17388:
17385:
17381:
17378:
17374:
17371:
17367:
17364:
17360:
17357:
17353:
17350:
17349:
17344:
17341:
17337:
17334:
17333:
17328:
17325:
17324:
17319:
17316:
17315:
17310:
17307:
17303:
17300:
17296:
17293:
17289:
17288:Monte Cassino
17285:
17282:
17281:
17276:
17275:
17273:
17271:
17267:
17260:
17256:
17251:
17247:
17244:
17240:
17239:
17237:
17233:
17230:
17226:
17223:
17219:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17205:
17200:
17196:
17195:
17193:
17189:
17186:
17182:
17179:
17178:
17173:
17170:
17166:
17163:
17159:
17156:
17152:
17149:
17145:
17142:
17138:
17135:
17131:
17128:
17124:
17121:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17112:
17108:
17101:
17097:
17094:
17093:
17088:
17085:
17081:
17078:
17074:
17071:
17070:
17065:
17062:
17058:
17055:
17051:
17048:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17026:
17023:
17019:
17018:
17016:
17012:
17009:
17005:
17002:
16998:
16995:
16991:
16988:
16984:
16981:
16977:
16974:
16970:
16967:
16963:
16960:
16956:
16953:
16949:
16946:
16942:
16941:
16939:
16937:
16933:
16926:
16922:
16919:
16915:
16912:
16908:
16905:
16901:
16898:
16894:
16891:
16887:
16884:
16880:
16877:
16873:
16870:
16866:
16863:
16859:
16856:
16852:
16849:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16835:
16831:
16828:
16824:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16810:
16807:
16803:
16800:
16796:
16792:
16791:
16786:
16782:
16777:
16773:
16772:
16770:
16766:
16763:
16759:
16756:
16752:
16749:
16745:
16742:
16738:
16733:
16729:
16728:
16726:
16722:
16719:
16715:
16712:
16708:
16705:
16701:
16700:
16698:
16696:
16692:
16685:
16684:
16679:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16665:
16662:
16658:
16655:
16654:Baltic states
16651:
16648:
16644:
16641:
16637:
16634:
16630:
16627:
16623:
16620:
16616:
16613:
16609:
16606:
16602:
16599:
16595:
16592:
16588:
16585:
16581:
16578:
16574:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16548:
16544:
16537:
16533:
16530:
16526:
16523:
16519:
16516:
16512:
16509:
16505:
16502:
16498:
16495:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16486:
16482:
16473:
16469:
16466:
16462:
16459:
16455:
16452:
16448:
16445:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16429:
16425:
16422:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16411:
16406:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16395:
16394:
16392:
16390:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16377:
16366:
16362:
16359:
16355:
16350:
16346:
16343:
16339:
16338:
16334:
16329:
16325:
16324:
16322:
16318:
16315:
16311:
16306:
16302:
16299:
16298:United States
16295:
16290:
16286:
16285:
16283:
16279:
16278:
16274:
16271:
16267:
16266:
16264:
16262:
16258:
16251:
16247:
16242:
16238:
16235:
16234:Quốc dân Đảng
16231:
16230:
16226:
16223:
16219:
16216:
16212:
16209:
16205:
16202:
16198:
16195:
16191:
16188:
16184:
16181:
16177:
16174:
16170:
16167:
16163:
16160:
16156:
16153:
16149:
16146:
16142:
16139:
16135:
16132:
16128:
16123:
16119:
16116:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16105:
16102:
16098:
16095:
16091:
16088:
16084:
16081:
16077:
16074:
16070:
16067:
16063:
16060:
16056:
16053:
16049:
16046:
16042:
16039:
16035:
16032:
16028:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16004:
16000:
15997:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15988:
15984:
15977:
15973:
15970:
15966:
15963:
15959:
15956:
15952:
15949:
15945:
15942:
15938:
15935:
15934:Liechtenstein
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15917:
15914:
15910:
15907:
15903:
15902:
15900:
15898:
15894:
15887:
15883:
15880:
15876:
15873:
15869:
15865:
15861:
15858:
15854:
15851:
15847:
15844:
15840:
15835:
15831:
15830:
15827:
15823:
15820:
15816:
15813:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15788:
15784:
15780:
15777:
15773:
15770:
15766:
15762:
15758:
15755:
15751:
15750:
15748:
15746:
15742:
15735:
15731:
15726:
15722:
15721:
15719:
15718:United States
15715:
15710:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15699:
15696:
15692:
15689:
15685:
15682:
15678:
15675:
15671:
15668:
15664:
15660:
15656:
15652:
15649:
15645:
15642:
15638:
15635:
15631:
15628:
15624:
15621:
15617:
15614:
15610:
15607:
15603:
15600:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15581:
15577:
15574:
15570:
15567:
15563:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15533:
15529:
15526:
15522:
15519:
15515:
15512:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15498:
15494:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15479:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15465:
15461:
15458:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15436:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15412:
15409:
15408:Comfort women
15405:
15402:
15398:
15395:
15392: /
15391:
15387:
15384:
15381: /
15380:
15377: /
15376:
15372:
15369:
15368:Camp brothels
15365:
15362:
15358:
15357:
15353:
15350:
15346:
15341:
15337:
15334:
15330:
15329:
15327:
15323:
15318:
15314:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15300:
15299:
15297:
15293:
15290:
15286:
15281:
15277:
15272:
15268:
15265:
15261:
15260:
15258:
15257:The Holocaust
15254:
15251:
15247:
15244:
15243:forced labour
15240:
15239:
15237:
15233:
15228:
15224:
15221:
15217:
15214:
15210:
15209:
15207:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15198:
15194:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15176:
15173:
15169:
15164:
15160:
15157:
15153:
15150:
15146:
15143:
15139:
15138:
15136:
15132:
15129:
15128:
15123:
15120:
15119:
15114:
15111:
15107:
15104:
15100:
15097:
15096:Marshall Plan
15093:
15090:
15089:
15084:
15081:
15077:
15074:
15070:
15067:
15063:
15060:
15056:
15053:
15049:
15046:
15042:
15039:
15035:
15032:
15028:
15027:
15025:
15023:
15019:
15012:
15008:
15003:
14999:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14989:
14985:
14980:
14976:
14973:
14969:
14966:
14962:
14961:
14959:
14955:
14950:
14949:Eastern Front
14946:
14943:
14942:Western Front
14939:
14938:
14936:
14932:
14927:
14923:
14920:
14916:
14913:
14909:
14906:
14902:
14899:
14895:
14892:
14888:
14887:
14885:
14881:
14880:
14878:
14876:
14872:
14865:
14861:
14858:
14854:
14851:
14847:
14844:
14840:
14837:
14836:Puppet states
14833:
14830:
14826:
14823:
14819:
14814:
14810:
14807:
14803:
14802:
14800:
14796:
14793:
14789:
14786:
14782:
14779:
14778:Naval history
14775:
14772:
14768:
14765:
14761:
14758:
14754:
14749:
14745:
14744:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14731:
14726:
14725:United States
14722:
14719:
14715:
14712:
14708:
14707:
14705:
14701:
14698:
14694:
14691:
14687:
14684:
14680:
14677:
14673:
14670:
14666:
14663:
14659:
14654:
14650:
14649:
14647:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14638:
14634:
14631:
14627:
14620:
14616:
14613:
14609:
14604:
14600:
14597:
14593:
14590:
14586:
14585:
14581:
14576:
14572:
14571:
14569:
14565:
14562:
14558:
14557:
14554:
14550:
14543:
14538:
14536:
14531:
14529:
14524:
14523:
14520:
14508:
14505:
14502:
14501:
14496:
14495:
14493:
14489:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14472:
14469:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14367:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14357:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14335:
14334:
14331:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14321:Dar es Salaam
14319:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14309:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14289:
14288:
14285:
14281:
14278:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
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14232:
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14224:
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14215:
14206:
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14204:Colonia Tovar
14200:
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14155:United States
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13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13858:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13851:Baltic states
13849:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
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13821:
13819:
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13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13626:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13613:
13606:
13605:
13604:Volksdeutsche
13600:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13589:
13584:
13581:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13565:German people
13559:
13554:
13552:
13547:
13545:
13540:
13539:
13536:
13524:
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13364:
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13359:
13356:
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13353:
13351:
13347:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13335:Social issues
13333:
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13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
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13269:
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13264:
13263:Ethnic groups
13261:
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12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12842:Reunification
12840:
12839:
12837:
12833:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
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12800:
12797:
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12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12764:German Empire
12762:
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12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
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12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
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12476:
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12468:
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12462:
12459:
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12452:
12449:
12446:
12442:
12441:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12410:
12409:83-7384-171-7
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12385:3-88557-046-7
12382:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12363:
12362:83-86653-00-0
12359:
12355:
12351:
12348:
12347:0-14-051330-2
12344:
12340:
12339:Penguin Books
12336:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12316:
12315:0-674-78405-7
12312:
12308:
12305:, Cambridge:
12304:
12300:
12298:
12297:83-89078-80-5
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12276:
12272:
12267:
12265:
12264:1-880881-09-8
12261:
12257:
12253:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12226:
12225:0-8032-4910-1
12222:
12218:
12214:
12211:
12210:1-4039-7308-3
12207:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12164:
12163:80-86010-60-0
12160:
12156:
12152:
12150:
12149:83-89078-19-8
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12121:
12117:
12110:
12102:
12098:
12092:
12084:
12078:
12063:
12059:
12052:
12036:
12032:
12031:
12026:
12020:
12012:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11997:
11989:
11981:
11975:
11971:
11970:
11962:
11947:
11946:
11941:
11934:
11927:
11924:, Cambridge:
11923:
11917:
11910:
11906:
11900:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11878:on 6 May 2019
11877:
11873:
11867:
11857:
11852:
11845:
11841:
11838:
11833:
11826:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11801:
11799:
11791:
11789:
11788:
11782:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11742:Angela Merkel
11737:
11731:
11730:0-88033-995-0
11727:
11723:
11719:
11713:
11706:
11700:
11693:
11692:
11685:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11667:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11649:
11645:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11625:
11617:
11615:90-411-0072-5
11611:
11607:
11600:
11598:
11589:
11587:90-411-0072-5
11583:
11579:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11560:
11559:
11554:
11548:
11541:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11526:
11524:
11516:
11511:
11503:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11484:
11476:
11470:
11466:
11465:
11457:
11450:
11434:
11430:
11423:
11417:
11409:
11403:
11400:. p. 2.
11399:
11395:
11394:
11386:
11379:
11377:
11376:
11371:
11370:
11365:
11364:Kurt Vonnegut
11359:
11353:
11350:. p. 9.
11349:
11345:
11344:
11336:
11328:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11313:
11305:
11297:
11291:
11287:
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11282:
11274:
11272:
11264:
11260:
11257:
11252:
11241:
11234:
11227:
11219:
11217:0-582-50601-8
11213:
11209:
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11192:
11186:
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11135:
11129:
11125:
11121:
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11100:
11096:
11092:
11086:
11078:
11076:0-7425-1094-8
11072:
11068:
11064:
11057:
11049:
11047:1-57607-796-9
11043:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11026:
11018:
11016:3-525-36288-9
11012:
11008:
11001:
10993:
10991:0-415-17312-4
10987:
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10974:
10966:
10964:1-58046-238-3
10960:
10956:
10955:
10947:
10940:
10936:
10934:0-674-00994-0
10930:
10926:
10921:
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10911:
10903:
10899:
10897:0-415-93924-0
10893:
10889:
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10869:
10863:
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10846:
10835:
10833:0-88033-995-0
10829:
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10809:
10807:1-56000-927-6
10803:
10799:
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10793:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10782:1-57607-796-9
10778:
10774:
10770:
10769:
10761:
10755:
10754:0-19-873074-8
10751:
10747:
10743:
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10722:
10720:1-56000-927-6
10716:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10700:
10698:
10690:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10670:
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10656:
10654:
10647:
10646:963-9241-70-9
10643:
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10629:
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10611:
10604:
10597:
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10582:
10577:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10551:9783486645033
10548:
10544:
10538:
10531:
10528:
10527:3-406-44554-3
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10407:
10400:
10399:3-406-06035-8
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10262:3-406-44554-3
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10226:
10220:
10217:
10216:3-406-44554-3
10213:
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10190:0-19-925989-5
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10057:3-8004-1387-6
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10002:
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9773:3-486-20028-3
9770:
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9761:
9752:
9751:3-486-20028-3
9748:
9744:
9740:
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9728:
9724:
9717:
9707:
9700:
9690:
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9675:
9674:3-486-56531-1
9671:
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9626:
9620:
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9612:
9606:
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9582:
9578:
9573:
9566:
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9536:
9530:
9521:
9515:
9514:3-88557-067-X
9511:
9507:
9501:
9492:
9483:
9476:
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9442:
9436:
9434:
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9389:
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9375:
9368:
9367:90-247-5044-X
9364:
9360:
9354:
9352:
9344:
9343:0-8094-3411-3
9340:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9316:
9315:0-674-92975-6
9312:
9308:
9302:
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9291:1-4039-7308-3
9288:
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9264:
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9242:
9235:
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9208:
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9193:1-85109-628-0
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9112:
9110:
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9067:
9063:
9060:
9054:
9038:
9034:
9032:953-6525-05-4
9028:
9024:
9023:
9015:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8979:
8978:963-9241-68-7
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8906:
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8892:
8888:
8882:
8875:
8874:0-7656-0665-8
8871:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8844:
8843:92-871-2725-5
8840:
8836:
8830:
8828:
8821:, pp. 284–86.
8820:
8819:Die Deutschen
8811:
8810:3-89244-623-7
8807:
8803:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8786:
8783:
8782:92-871-2725-5
8779:
8772:
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8764:
8753:
8743:
8742:3-88557-065-3
8739:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8717:
8716:963-9241-68-7
8713:
8709:
8703:
8696:
8695:963-9241-68-7
8692:
8688:
8682:
8675:
8674:0-313-30921-3
8671:
8667:
8661:
8654:
8653:0-7864-0336-5
8650:
8646:
8640:
8633:
8632:0-313-30921-3
8629:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8608:
8607:963-9241-68-7
8604:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8583:
8582:0-7864-0336-5
8579:
8575:
8569:
8562:
8561:963-9241-68-7
8558:
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8406:
8399:
8398:1-57607-796-9
8395:
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8376:
8366:
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8285:. New Haven:
8284:
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8235:
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8170:
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8035:
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8023:3-88557-046-7
8020:
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7995:on 3 May 2018
7994:
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7988:9781536110357
7984:
7980:
7979:
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7948:
7942:
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7926:
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7890:3-525-35790-7
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7850:
7843:
7836:
7828:
7825:(in Polish).
7824:
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7539:Urban, Thomas
7534:
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7035:
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6955:
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6949:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6934:Richard Overy
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6905:. Radio Prahs
6904:
6897:
6887:
6886:80-7047-002-X
6883:
6879:
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6866:
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6411:
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6211:
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6174:
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6018:
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6000:
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5903:. Göttingen:
5902:
5901:
5893:
5886:
5880:
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5870:
5864:
5857:
5852:
5851:denaturalized
5846:
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5826:
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5340:1-4039-7308-3
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5292:
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5282:
5278:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
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5240:
5239:80-85475-57-X
5236:
5230:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:Köhler Speech
5209:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5168:0-7656-0665-8
5165:
5161:
5155:
5148:
5147:0-7656-0665-8
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5124:, 1954 p. 148
5123:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5072:
5070:9780295974453
5066:
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4752:
4749:, March 2004
4748:
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4665:0-674-00994-0
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4322:
4317:
4314:(1): 77–105.
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4251:
4239:
4235:
4233:9781536110357
4229:
4222:
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4213:
4207:, Bonn: 1967.
4206:
4200:
4193:
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4176:
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4149:
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3994:
3992:
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3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3938:Angela Merkel
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
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3848:
3843:
3839:
3831:Berlin Centre
3828:
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3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
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3799:
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3706:
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3684:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:, written by
3653:
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3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
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3576:
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3297:
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3225:
3222:
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3119:
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3112:
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3100:
3098:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:countries to
3020:
3016:
3010:
3003:Latin America
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:Kehl, Germany
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
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2934:
2930:
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2886:
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2874:
2870:
2866:
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2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2798:wolf children
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:, during the
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:Volga Germans
2624:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Ion Antonescu
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:Richard Overy
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:Upper Silesia
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:Armia Krajowa
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:autochthonous
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:Volksdeutsche
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2050:ethnic German
2047:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Joseph Stalin
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1952:Danish kroner
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:Baltic states
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1740:the Holocaust
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:ethnic German
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Joseph Stalin
1528:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1475:Sovietisation
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:Joseph Stalin
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1348:(present-day
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:Germanisation
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Germanisation
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
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936:Volksdeutsche
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924:Joseph Stalin
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56:
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41:
36:
30:
19:
17790:Bibliography
17773:
17586:Project Hula
17551:Vistula–Oder
17520:
17453:
17444:
17428:
17398:
17347:
17331:
17322:
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17279:
17176:
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16788:
16681:
16626:North Africa
16328:Soviet Union
16282:Soviet Union
16208:Soviet Union
15976:Vatican City
15886:Vichy France
15791:German Reich
15688:Soviet Union
15674:South Africa
15667:Sierra Leone
15620:Newfoundland
15439:Participants
15422:Marocchinate
15126:
15117:
15087:
15065:
14965:North Africa
14926:Indian Ocean
14785:Nazi plunder
14676:Cryptography
14549:World War II
14506:
14299:South Africa
13672:Walddeutsche
13509:Bibliography
13383:Coat of arms
13363:Architecture
13340:Trade unions
13320:Prostitution
13280:Homelessness
13243:Demographics
13192:Trade unions
13159:
13149:German model
13122:Central bank
13066:Conservatism
13029:Human rights
13014:Court system
13009:Constitution
12989:
12835:Contemporary
12824:West Germany
12819:East Germany
12803:
12794:World War II
12789:Nazi Germany
12729:18th-century
12688:East Francia
12642:Cimbrian War
12439:
12396:
12376:
12367:
12353:
12334:
12320:
12302:
12288:
12270:
12255:
12231:
12216:
12197:
12168:
12154:
12136:
12119:
12109:
12100:
12091:
12077:
12065:. Retrieved
12061:
12051:
12039:. Retrieved
12035:the original
12028:
12019:
11995:
11988:
11968:
11961:
11949:. Retrieved
11943:
11933:
11921:
11916:
11907:, New York:
11904:
11880:. Retrieved
11876:the original
11866:
11860:(in English)
11856:SFVV website
11851:
11832:
11824:
11817:. Retrieved
11810:
11785:
11781:
11773:
11760:
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11736:
11717:
11712:
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11699:
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11577:
11556:
11552:
11547:
11531:
11510:
11490:
11483:
11463:
11456:
11447:
11440:. Retrieved
11433:the original
11416:
11392:
11385:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11342:
11335:
11311:
11304:
11280:
11251:
11240:the original
11226:
11206:
11199:
11180:
11177:Shaw, Martin
11171:
11148:
11142:
11119:
11113:
11094:
11091:Shaw, Martin
11085:
11062:
11056:
11032:
11025:
11006:
11000:
10980:
10973:
10953:
10946:
10938:
10918:
10910:
10902:the original
10886:
10879:
10867:
10862:
10850:
10845:
10823:
10811:. Retrieved
10796:
10767:
10760:
10741:
10736:
10724:. Retrieved
10709:
10679:
10660:
10633:
10608:
10603:
10591:
10576:
10566:
10557:
10542:
10537:
10530:Google Books
10518:
10513:
10501:. Retrieved
10494:
10485:
10462:
10457:
10450:
10432:
10427:
10411:
10406:
10401:, pp. 32seq.
10390:
10385:
10365:
10357:
10336:
10326:
10317:
10307:
10302:
10265:Google Books
10253:
10248:
10242:Google Books
10230:
10225:
10219:Google Books
10207:
10180:
10161:Google Books
10149:
10130:
10115:
10096:
10089:
10071:
10066:
10048:
10044:
10026:
10015:Horst Köhler
10006:
10001:
9983:
9967:
9955:
9950:
9939:
9923:
9904:
9899:
9880:
9875:
9856:
9829:
9824:
9806:
9801:
9791:
9782:
9764:
9760:
9738:
9734:
9726:
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9665:
9660:
9649:
9630:
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9470:
9460:
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9440:
9424:
9415:
9407:
9402:
9394:
9379:
9374:
9358:
9330:
9306:
9278:
9261:
9259:R.J. Rummel.
9244:
9221:
9207:Adi Schwartz
9202:
9182:
9175:
9163:. Retrieved
9156:the original
9143:
9131:. Retrieved
9124:the original
9088:
9077:
9073:
9053:
9041:. Retrieved
9037:the original
9021:
9014:
8969:
8964:
8953:
8948:
8910:
8886:
8881:
8861:
8818:
8801:
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8686:
8681:
8665:
8660:
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8639:
8619:
8614:
8594:
8589:
8573:
8568:
8552:
8547:
8531:
8525:
8509:
8505:
8497:, pp. 81–116
8494:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8469:
8465:
8457:
8453:
8445:
8440:
8432:
8428:
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8389:
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8317:
8298:
8294:
8282:
8277:
8268:
8261:
8253:
8248:
8229:
8224:
8212:. Retrieved
8197:
8190:
8178:. Retrieved
8163:
8156:
8144:. Retrieved
8129:
8122:
8106:
8081:. Retrieved
8077:the original
8072:
8068:
8058:
8042:
8014:
8009:
7997:. Retrieved
7993:the original
7977:
7970:
7958:. Retrieved
7951:the original
7932:
7925:
7909:
7881:
7876:
7864:. Retrieved
7857:the original
7852:
7848:
7835:
7826:
7822:
7808:
7792:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7757:
7752:
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7714:
7709:
7690:
7685:
7666:
7661:
7653:
7648:
7640:
7636:
7614:. Retrieved
7610:the original
7587:
7582:
7558:. Retrieved
7543:
7533:
7516:
7507:
7495:
7475:
7471:
7459:. Retrieved
7444:
7418:
7412:
7400:. Retrieved
7385:
7359:
7334:
7305:
7276:
7256:
7222:
7217:
7176:
7170:
7154:
7148:
7133:
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7108:
7086:
7068:
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7033:
7015:
7010:
7001:
6985:
6968:
6962:
6938:
6907:. Retrieved
6896:
6877:
6872:
6856:
6850:
6831:
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6799:
6792:
6784:
6755:
6750:
6738:. Retrieved
6734:
6698:
6672:
6667:
6652:
6621:
6582:
6555:
6549:
6530:
6524:
6505:
6499:
6480:
6474:
6455:
6449:
6430:
6424:
6405:
6399:
6388:
6351:
6345:
6325:
6318:
6310:, pp. 84–85
6307:
6302:
6291:
6287:
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6263:
6236:
6205:
6201:
6184:
6164:
6138:
6102:
6068:
6061:
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6041:
6008:
5982:
5963:
5955:
5934:cite journal
5923:
5899:
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5884:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5845:
5837:
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5819:
5795:
5788:
5764:
5757:
5740:
5736:
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5674:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5599:
5584:Google Books
5571:
5566:
5550:
5507:
5489:
5461:
5433:
5410:
5404:
5382:
5377:
5352:
5347:
5331:
5323:
5302:cite journal
5291:
5276:
5271:
5263:the original
5258:
5249:
5229:
5203:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5159:
5154:
5134:
5129:
5117:
5109:
5100:
5091:
5060:
5054:
5045:
5044:(in Dutch),
5039:
5029:
4997:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4947:
4941:
4922:
4916:
4897:
4891:
4872:
4866:
4814:. Retrieved
4807:the original
4798:
4796:Winson Chu.
4791:
4783:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4746:
4724:. Retrieved
4717:the original
4697:. Retrieved
4682:
4669:. Retrieved
4650:
4637:. Retrieved
4618:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4581:
4557:
4497:
4481:Horst Köhler
4469:. Retrieved
4462:the original
4448:
4428:
4406:
4399:
4389:14 September
4387:. Retrieved
4380:the original
4367:
4362:, pp. 348–49
4349:
4340:
4330:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4259:
4238:the original
4219:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4151:. Retrieved
4136:
4129:
4119:
4112:
4095:
4077:
3947:
3931:
3919:Václav Klaus
3916:
3912:Edvard Beneš
3900:Václav Havel
3897:
3892:West Germany
3869:
3856:
3846:
3834:
3806:
3795:
3772:
3766:
3765:, published
3756:
3733:
3728:
3679:
3663:
3649:
3647:
3631:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3581:
3580:"inferior" (
3578:
3575:War children
3562:
3547:Deutschmarks
3542:
3540:
3512:assimilation
3508:
3497:
3492:Bleidenstadt
3465:
3453:
3449:
3434:
3426:
3402:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3299:
3292:
3278:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3234:
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3226:
3212:
3200:
3196:
3094:
3085:Human losses
3040:
3012:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2950:
2862:
2845:
2839:area of the
2826:
2807:
2758:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2700:Central Asia
2692:
2675:Nazi Germany
2660:
2621:
2617:Eastern Bloc
2613:
2592:Transylvania
2577:
2555:
2551:
2532:
2514:
2503:
2487:
2482:
2466:
2446:forced labor
2441:collaborated
2438:
2431:
2411:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2360:
2351:
2309:
2305:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2250:
2230:
2210:
2198:
2171:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2131:
2127:East Germany
2123:
2119:
2108:
2093:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2027:Harry Truman
2013:
2008:
1988:
1961:
1948:West Germany
1937:
1910:
1883:
1875:Baltic coast
1872:
1863:
1843:East Prussia
1829:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1749:
1725:
1715:
1699:Edvard Beneš
1691:
1683:
1651:
1639:
1623:
1616:
1613:Selbstschutz
1594:
1590:
1557:Edvard Beneš
1529:
1521:
1499:
1489:
1484:Anthony Eden
1471:fifth column
1462:
1456:
1450:
1437:Adolf Hitler
1394:
1371:
1355:
1350:Karlovy Vary
1269:
1165:Geographical
1136:
1135:, Hungary's
1092:
1064:
1052:
1037:World War II
986:
980:. The Nazis
967:
932:
904:Czechoslovak
893:
889:Soviet Union
865:East Prussia
825:World War II
822:
681:
630:World War II
620:Nazi Germany
581:German Reich
508:18th century
503:Sectionalism
468:East Francia
224:Other themes
161:East Prussia
106:World War II
29:
17839:Sudetenland
17521:Bodenplatte
17407:Gothic Line
16633:West Africa
16180:Philippines
16159:Netherlands
16024:Czech lands
15962:Switzerland
15906:Afghanistan
15857:Philippines
15725:Puerto Rico
15641:Philippines
15627:New Zealand
15613:Netherlands
15566:Free France
15317:Prosecution
15118:Osoaviakhim
14988:West Africa
14972:East Africa
14619:Conferences
14500:Ostsiedlung
14449:New Zealand
14423:Philippines
14265:Ivory Coast
14150:Puerto Rico
14103:El Salvador
13994:Netherlands
13948:Gottscheers
13748:(including
13698:Switzerland
13310:Pornography
13285:Immigration
13248:Drug policy
13160:Mittelstand
13107:Agriculture
13071:Nationalism
13044:Transgender
12928:Earthquakes
12875:, 1583-1588
12873:Cologne War
12769:World War I
12671:Middle Ages
12657:Gothic Wars
12486:(in German)
12457:, wisc.edu)
12399:, Wrocław:
12101:Czech Radio
11766:Paulskirche
10585:(in German)
10444:(in German)
10431:Rita Bake,
10410:Rita Bake,
10291:(in German)
10124:(in German)
10109:(in Polish)
10093:Ingo Haar,
10083:(in German)
10060:(in German)
10038:(in German)
10019:Otto Schily
10011:(in German)
9995:(in German)
9944:(in Polish)
9927:Ingo Haar,
9917:(in German)
9893:(in German)
9869:(in Polish)
9841:(in German)
9818:(in German)
9776:(in German)
9754:(in German)
9710:(in Polish)
9693:(in German)
9678:(in German)
9643:(in German)
9561:John Keegan
9421:John Keegan
9082:(in German)
9043:6 September
8958:(in German)
8915:(in German)
8866:M.E. Sharpe
8847:(in French)
8814:(in German)
8746:(in German)
8514:(in German)
8499:(in German)
8369:(in Polish)
8353:(in German)
8322:(in German)
8303:(in German)
8258:(in Polish)
8242:(in German)
8214:1 September
8180:1 September
8146:1 September
8027:(in German)
7894:(in German)
7703:(in German)
7679:(in German)
7560:1 September
7517:Der Stürmer
7496:Black Tulip
7480:(in German)
7227:(in German)
7142:(in German)
7062:(in German)
6909:6 September
6844:(in German)
6768:(in German)
6740:25 February
6703:(in German)
6685:(in German)
6393:(in German)
6312:(in German)
6296:(in Polish)
6276:(in German)
6249:(in German)
6222:(in German)
6114:(in German)
5743:(1): 5–21.
5394:(in German)
5368:(in German)
5223:(in German)
5139:M.E. Sharpe
4834:|work=
4537:(in German)
4489:Otto Schily
4442:(in German)
4422:(in German)
4341:Arutz Sheva
4171:|work=
4079:Der Spiegel
3842:Donald Tusk
3656:Harry Thürk
3615:R.J. Rummel
3583:Untermensch
3565:, or BdV).
3418:Łambinowice
3397:Eckernförde
3157:Walter Kuhn
2997:French Army
2907:, south of
2765:Kaliningrad
2667:Bessarabian
2458:Łambinowice
2296:Netherlands
2164:Retreating
1982:in eastern
1835:Soviet Navy
1549:Curzon Line
1517:Curzon Line
1441:Sudetenland
1255:Netherlands
1158:West German
1127:, Poland's
1084:World War I
1067:nationalism
1029:Ostsiedlung
869:Brandenburg
600:World War I
526:Unification
462:Middle Ages
397:Württemberg
377:Family tree
285:History of
190:Netherlands
17813:Categories
17621:West Hunan
17454:Pointblank
16790:Silver Fox
16776:Summer War
16529:Winter War
16508:Phoney War
16289:Azerbaijan
16250:Yugoslavia
16145:Luxembourg
15987:Resistance
15734:Yugoslavia
15599:Luxembourg
15401:Sook Ching
15197:War crimes
14799:Technology
14792:Opposition
14734:Lend-Lease
14711:Australian
14704:Home front
14662:Blitzkrieg
14612:Casualties
14603:Commanders
14575:Operations
14413:Kyrgyzstan
14403:Kazakhstan
14304:Afrikaners
14098:Costa Rica
14062:Hutterites
13924:Yugoslavia
13904:Azerbaijan
13813:Bessarabia
13572:Historical
13471:Television
13456:Philosophy
13431:Literature
13290:Irreligion
13275:Healthcare
13238:Corruption
13004:Chancellor
12993:(military)
12990:Bundeswehr
12337:, London:
12329:0674009940
12177:3452209989
12139:, Warsaw:
11677:Pittsburgh
10669:073911607X
9725:in 1994),
9455:April 1950
7501:(in Dutch)
7235:Czernowitz
7102:(in Czech)
6890:(in Czech)
6013:LIT Verlag
5827:, p. 787.
5687:073911607X
5532:073911607X
5355:, Munich:
5285:073911607X
5243:(in Czech)
5210:, Speech,
5122:Washington
4471:28 October
4153:30 January
4147:052100070X
4106:145009791X
4058:References
3870:Historian
3802:Pittsburgh
3779:war crimes
3422:internment
3013:Fearing a
2989:Strasbourg
2804:Yugoslavia
2761:Königsberg
2631:See also:
2580:Bessarabia
2530:perished.
2491:Volksliste
2425:and newly
2391:Volksliste
2214:Order 7161
2150:Suchdienst
2046:Yugoslavia
2029:(center),
1991:occupation
1888:, and the
1837:submarine
1778:. News of
1736:Lebensraum
1668:See also:
1654:Jan Karski
1582:Nazi Party
1561:Hungarians
1285:Trans-Olza
1227:Yugoslavia
1205:3,232,000
1180:Reduction
1101:, and the
1023:See also:
1019:Background
920:assimilate
916:naturalize
740:since 1990
723:New states
667:Ostgebiete
660:Occupation
553:Zollverein
401:Mediatised
311:Chronology
122:Background
104:and after
17686:Manchuria
17572:Indochina
17348:Bagration
16799:Lithuania
16444:Anschluss
16241:Viet Minh
16138:Lithuania
16080:Hong Kong
15850:Manchukuo
15805:Azad Hind
15464:Australia
15264:Aftermath
15127:Paperclip
15022:Aftermath
14822:Total war
14690:Diplomacy
14653:In Europe
14444:Australia
14197:Venezuela
14180:Palatines
14128:Nicaragua
14108:Guatemala
14037:Argentina
13818:Black Sea
13764:Satu Mare
13724:Black Sea
13595:Palatines
13426:Libraries
13406:Festivals
13253:Education
13197:Transport
13162:companies
13081:President
13019:Elections
12984:Bundesrat
12979:Bundestag
12948:Mountains
12916:Districts
12894:Geography
12627:Visigoths
12564:Overviews
12349:, p. 111.
12189:, Mainz:
12001:Routledge
11770:Frankfurt
10870:, p. 77,
10813:27 August
10726:27 August
10673:Google.de
10496:Südkurier
10360:, p. 137.
9577:Ingo Haar
9243:in 1994:
8785:Google.de
7829:. Warsaw.
7777:Naimark,
7519:, #8/1945
7461:27 August
7402:27 August
7203:cite book
7195:776519682
7138:Schöningh
6816:2 October
6218:Pomerania
6196:.pp 52–65
5985:terrorism
5535:Google.de
5397:Google.de
5371:Google.de
4836:ignored (
4826:cite book
4726:27 August
4699:27 August
4671:28 August
4639:28 August
4601:29 August
4420:, p. 278
4173:ignored (
4163:cite book
3748:Espelkamp
3551:Stalinist
3480:Espelkamp
3341:air raids
3193:Discourse
3063:Palestine
3047:Bethlehem
3037:Palestine
3031:Louisiana
2987:opposite
2909:Ljubljana
2885:Dravograd
2857:Kruševlje
2763:(renamed
2679:Warthegau
2655:Ventspils
2604:Waffen-SS
2399:Masurians
2312:Amsterdam
2227:, Hungary
2166:Wehrmacht
1944:Red Cross
1886:Pomerania
1873:From the
1701:, in the
1680:Bydgoszcz
1607:, a Nazi
1601:Pomerelia
1374:reprisals
1202:3,477,000
1188:1,371,000
999:Wehrmacht
877:Pomerania
709:1949–1990
686:1944–1950
634:1939–1945
624:1933–1945
614:1918–1933
604:1914–1918
594:1871–1918
369:Empresses
80:Displaced
53:1944–1950
17797:Category
17746:document
17656:document
17513:Ardennes
17497:Budapest
17445:Crossbow
17323:Overlord
17162:Smolensk
16380:Timeline
16215:Slovakia
16201:Thailand
16052:Ethiopia
16017:Bulgaria
15941:Portugal
15879:Thailand
15761:Bulgaria
15539:Eswatini
15532:Ethiopia
15485:Bulgaria
15310:Unit 731
15271:Response
15088:Keelhaul
15038:Cold War
15011:Americas
15002:timeline
14995:Atlantic
14875:Theaters
14491:See also
14418:Pakistan
14326:Zanzibar
14316:Bagamoyo
14311:Tanzania
14231:Cameroon
14165:Nebraska
14133:Paraguay
14093:Colombia
14029:Americas
13961:Bosporus
13944:Slovenia
13909:Bulgaria
13769:Bukovina
13754:Highland
13741:Landlers
13686:Slovakia
13616:Diaspora
13518:Category
13436:Internet
13421:Language
13411:Folklore
13330:Religion
13305:Pensions
13300:Naturism
13177:Taxation
13061:Lobbying
13034:Intersex
12967:Politics
12576:Timeline
12555:General
12548:articles
12504:Archived
12455:Main URL
12403:, 2004;
12379:, 1986;
12341:, 1996;
12309:, 1995;
12238:, 2012;
12143:, 2003;
12120:Die Welt
11909:Pantheon
11840:Archived
11815:. London
11679:in 1988.
11669:Archived
11536:Archived
11375:Newsweek
11286:ABC-CLIO
11259:Archived
11179:(2007).
11093:(2007).
10794:(1997).
10707:(1997).
10613:Archived
10422:, p. 57.
10374:Archived
10284:Archived
10101:Archived
9932:Archived
9861:Archived
9337:(1983);
9214:Archived
9165:30 April
9133:30 April
9097:Archived
9062:Archived
9003:Archived
8937:Archived
8536:Archived
8111:Archived
8047:Archived
7914:Archived
7797:Archived
7741:Archived
7625:Archived
7606:66381296
7541:(2006).
7522:Archived
7423:Archived
7364:Archived
7339:Archived
7310:Archived
7285:Archived
7159:Archived
7121:magazine
7094:Archived
7076:Archived
7036:, p. 152
7014:Source:
6936:(1996).
6861:Archived
6836:Archived
6675:, 2007;
6629:Archived
5604:Archived
5555:Archived
5510:, p. 155
5215:Archived
5149:, p. 129
5141:, 2002;
5015:citation
4754:Archived
3960:See also
3640:and the
3634:refugees
3627:agitprop
3623:genocide
3619:democide
3600:Elmshorn
3268:Cold War
3055:Templers
2953:Sterntal
2933:Slovenes
2893:Austrian
2865:Slovenia
2773:Klaipėda
2584:Bukovina
2324:Nijmegen
2316:guilders
2246:Wudersch
2178:Red Army
1929:Bornholm
1925:Red Army
1905:Aabenraa
1340:in Nazi
1250:145,000
1247:478,000
1233:500,000
1219:745,000
1208:245,000
1194:630,000
1191:741,000
1172:for 1939
1114:and the
993:Red Army
945:), were
887:and the
827:and the
702:division
361:Monarchs
321:Military
276:a series
274:Part of
58:Location
17723:Shumshu
17490:Hungary
17437:Estonia
17421:Lapland
17399:Dragoon
17332:Neptune
17314:Ichi-Go
17280:Tempest
17222:Changde
17177:Cottage
17069:Jubilee
16785:Finland
16683:Compass
16389:Prelude
16342:Finland
16228:Vietnam
16194:Romania
16066:Germany
16045:Estonia
16031:Denmark
16010:Belgium
16003:Austria
15996:Albania
15927:Ireland
15913:Andorra
15897:Neutral
15864:Romania
15798:Hungary
15783:Finland
15655:Romania
15547:Finland
15525:Denmark
15471:Belgium
15457:Algeria
15163:Romania
15149:Hungary
14905:Pacific
14629:General
14583:Leaders
14568:Battles
14561:Outline
14437:Oceania
14381:Tianjin
14376:Qingdao
14371:Beijing
14338:Baguida
14287:Senegal
14275:Nigeria
14270:Namibia
14241:Yaoundé
14192:Uruguay
14185:by city
14118:Jamaica
14047:Bolivia
13979:Belgium
13934:Croatia
13914:Georgia
13899:Armenia
13878:Finland
13856:Denmark
13833:Galicia
13808:Ukraine
13774:Dobruja
13731:Romania
13719:Moldova
13714:Belarus
13679:Galicia
13665:Olęders
13660:Vistula
13650:Hungary
13495:Outline
13401:Fashion
13388:Cuisine
13350:Culture
13315:Poverty
13258:Germans
13221:Society
13202:Welfare
13187:Tourism
13144:Exports
13117:Banking
13095:Economy
12999:Cabinet
12938:Islands
12933:Geology
12856:Regions
12622:Teutons
12595:Ancient
12557:History
12544:Germany
12130:Sources
12041:12 July
11442:12 July
10857:, 2008
10503:10 June
9708:(1994).
9222:Haaretz
7960:31 July
7616:31 July
5638:, p. 92
5492:, p. 91
4816:21 July
4508:Germany
4287:31 July
3813:Ecuador
3759:Harvard
3660:Prudnik
3504:Hamburg
3168:Europe)
3051:Galilee
2957:Teharje
2942:Styrian
2925:Brežice
2917:Posavje
2901:Kočevje
2899:around
2891:on the
2873:Maribor
2704:Siberia
2568:Romania
2322:, near
2261:Bavaria
2156:Hungary
2033:(right)
1984:Germany
1933:Kolberg
1894:Denmark
1859:Silesia
1734:due to
1584:in the
1539:of the
1270:Notes:
1244:623,000
1241:Hungary
1236:36,800
1230:536,800
1222:41,000
1216:786,000
1213:Romania
1177:1930–31
955:Austria
873:Neumark
845:Eastern
833:Germans
389:Prussia
385:Bavaria
381:Austria
336:Judaism
326:Economy
287:Germany
195:Romania
182:Poland
62:Eastern
17700:Debate
17672:Taipei
17665:Borneo
17243:Tarawa
16437:Europe
16398:Africa
16187:Poland
16173:Norway
16152:Malaya
16131:Latvia
16073:Greece
16059:France
15955:Sweden
15920:Bhutan
15648:Poland
15634:Norway
15606:Mexico
15573:Greece
15559:France
15497:Canada
15478:Brazil
15448:Allies
15394:Serbia
15383:Poland
15156:Poland
15142:Baltic
14935:Europe
14637:Topics
14589:Allied
14464:Rabaul
14459:Kokopo
14393:Israel
14253:Guinea
14236:Douala
14226:Angola
14218:Africa
14143:Pozuzo
14123:Mexico
14057:Canada
14052:Brazil
14042:Belize
13984:France
13956:Turkey
13939:Serbia
13883:Sweden
13873:Norway
13828:Crimea
13791:Russia
13784:Zipser
13758:Walser
13756:, and
13746:Danube
13691:Zipser
13655:Poland
13624:Europe
13523:Portal
13378:Cinema
13358:Anthem
13325:Racism
13139:Energy
12953:Rivers
12911:States
12881:, 1848
12717:Modern
12546:
12418:
12407:
12383:
12360:
12345:
12327:
12313:
12295:
12277:
12262:
12242:
12223:
12208:
12175:
12161:
12147:
12007:
11976:
11951:9 July
11752:
11728:
11724:2003;
11612:
11584:
11498:
11471:
11404:
11354:
11323:
11292:
11214:
11187:
11159:
11130:
11101:
11073:
11044:
11013:
10988:
10961:
10931:
10894:
10830:
10804:
10779:
10773:196–97
10752:
10717:
10667:
10644:
10549:
10525:
10473:
10439:
10418:
10397:
10260:
10237:
10214:
10187:
10156:
10078:
10055:
9990:
9962:
9911:
9887:
9836:
9813:
9796:Verlag
9771:
9749:
9672:
9641:p. 376
9637:
9617:
9512:
9365:
9341:
9313:
9289:
9241:Warsaw
9190:
9029:
8976:
8893:
8872:
8841:
8808:
8780:
8740:
8714:
8693:
8672:
8651:
8630:
8605:
8580:
8559:
8396:
8236:
8205:
8171:
8137:
8021:
7985:
7943:
7888:
7764:
7721:
7697:
7673:
7604:
7594:
7551:
7452:
7393:
7267:
7193:
7183:
7056:
6992:
6950:
6884:
6807:
6762:
6679:
6659:
6593:
6562:
6537:
6512:
6487:
6462:
6437:
6412:
6358:
6333:
6270:
6243:
6212:
6192:
6175:
6145:
6109:
6076:
6019:
5975:
5911:
5807:
5776:
5711:
5685:
5655:
5578:
5530:
5468:
5441:
5389:
5363:
5338:
5283:
5237:
5166:
5145:
5067:
5004:
4979:
4954:
4929:
4904:
4879:
4690:
4662:
4630:
4569:
4563:197–98
4416:
4358:
4270:
4230:
4144:
4104:
3817:Berlin
3500:Baltic
3494:, 1952
3469:potash
3163:. The
3067:Tatura
3053:. 661
2929:Litija
2853:Gakowa
2848:Donbas
2663:Baltic
2643:, and
2242:miners
2206:Donbas
1993:, the
1855:Neisse
1827:liner
1808:Pillau
1545:Lublin
1264:3,500
1261:3,691
1167:region
1039:, and
922:them.
910:, the
900:Polish
885:Poland
875:) and
393:Saxony
365:Queens
305:Topics
278:on the
72:Deaths
17476:Leyte
17306:Narva
17292:Anzio
17250:Makin
17208:Burma
17092:Torch
17061:Rzhev
17022:Kiska
16108:Korea
16094:Japan
16087:Italy
15969:Tibet
15948:Spain
15826:Italy
15587:Italy
15580:India
15504:China
15379:Japan
14979:Italy
14891:China
14843:Women
14408:Korea
14398:Japan
14388:India
14366:China
14280:Lagos
14248:Ghana
14175:Omaha
14170:Texas
14113:Haiti
14074:Chile
13796:Volga
13779:Regat
13750:Banat
13502:Index
13466:Sport
13451:Names
13446:Music
13441:Media
13396:Dance
13268:Women
13233:Crime
13207:Women
12943:Lakes
12617:Goths
12447:(PDF)
12067:2 May
11882:6 May
11837:RP.pl
11819:2 May
11436:(PDF)
11425:(PDF)
11243:(PDF)
11236:(PDF)
10461:[
9159:(PDF)
9152:(PDF)
9127:(PDF)
9120:(PDF)
8835:Union
8083:3 May
7999:3 May
7954:(PDF)
7937:(PDF)
7866:3 May
7860:(PDF)
7845:(PDF)
7819:(PDF)
7586:[
4810:(PDF)
4803:(PDF)
4720:(PDF)
4713:(PDF)
4465:(PDF)
4458:(PDF)
4383:(PDF)
4376:(PDF)
4281:(PDF)
4264:(PDF)
4241:(PDF)
4224:(PDF)
3406:rapes
3059:Egypt
3027:Texas
2985:Rhine
2889:Apače
2877:Celje
2837:Banat
2708:Gulag
2543:Opole
2265:Hesse
1553:Kresy
1258:3,691
857:Lower
341:Women
17542:1945
17270:1944
17111:1943
17039:Blue
17029:Attu
16936:1942
16695:1941
16547:1940
16485:1939
16414:Asia
16261:POWs
16101:Jews
15819:Iraq
15745:Axis
15695:Tuva
15511:Cuba
14596:Axis
14476:Apia
14359:Asia
14348:Lomé
14343:Sebe
14333:Togo
14138:Peru
13416:Flag
13373:Arts
13039:LGBT
12416:ISBN
12405:ISBN
12381:ISBN
12358:ISBN
12343:ISBN
12325:ISBN
12311:ISBN
12293:ISBN
12275:ISBN
12260:ISBN
12240:ISBN
12221:ISBN
12206:ISBN
12173:ISBN
12159:ISBN
12145:ISBN
12069:2010
12043:2009
12030:Time
12005:ISBN
11974:ISBN
11953:2009
11884:2019
11821:2010
11750:ISBN
11726:ISBN
11610:ISBN
11582:ISBN
11496:ISBN
11469:ISBN
11444:2009
11402:ISBN
11352:ISBN
11321:ISBN
11290:ISBN
11212:ISBN
11185:ISBN
11157:ISBN
11128:ISBN
11099:ISBN
11071:ISBN
11042:ISBN
11011:ISBN
10986:ISBN
10959:ISBN
10929:ISBN
10892:ISBN
10874:1992
10828:ISBN
10815:2009
10802:ISBN
10777:ISBN
10750:ISBN
10728:2009
10715:ISBN
10665:ISBN
10642:ISBN
10547:ISBN
10523:ISBN
10505:2023
10471:ISBN
10437:ISBN
10416:ISBN
10395:ISBN
10258:ISBN
10235:ISBN
10212:ISBN
10185:ISBN
10154:ISBN
10076:ISBN
10053:ISBN
9988:ISBN
9960:ISBN
9909:ISBN
9885:ISBN
9834:ISBN
9811:ISBN
9769:ISBN
9747:ISBN
9670:ISBN
9635:ISBN
9615:ISBN
9559:Sir
9510:ISBN
9419:Sir
9363:ISBN
9339:ISBN
9311:ISBN
9287:ISBN
9188:ISBN
9167:2013
9135:2013
9045:2007
9027:ISBN
8974:ISBN
8891:ISBN
8870:ISBN
8839:ISBN
8806:ISBN
8778:ISBN
8738:ISBN
8712:ISBN
8691:ISBN
8670:ISBN
8649:ISBN
8628:ISBN
8603:ISBN
8578:ISBN
8557:ISBN
8394:ISBN
8234:ISBN
8216:2009
8203:ISBN
8182:2009
8169:ISBN
8148:2009
8135:ISBN
8085:2018
8019:ISBN
8001:2018
7983:ISBN
7962:2017
7941:ISBN
7886:ISBN
7868:2018
7762:ISBN
7719:ISBN
7695:ISBN
7671:ISBN
7618:2017
7602:OCLC
7592:ISBN
7562:2009
7549:ISBN
7463:2009
7450:ISBN
7404:2009
7391:ISBN
7265:ISBN
7209:link
7191:OCLC
7181:ISBN
7119:Time
7054:ISBN
6990:ISBN
6948:ISBN
6911:2007
6882:ISBN
6818:2009
6805:ISBN
6760:ISBN
6742:2023
6677:ISBN
6657:ISBN
6614:1945
6591:ISBN
6560:ISBN
6535:ISBN
6510:ISBN
6485:ISBN
6460:ISBN
6435:ISBN
6410:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6331:ISBN
6268:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6210:ISBN
6190:ISBN
6173:ISBN
6143:ISBN
6107:ISBN
6074:ISBN
6017:ISBN
5973:ISBN
5947:help
5909:ISBN
5805:ISBN
5774:ISBN
5709:ISBN
5683:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5576:ISBN
5528:ISBN
5466:ISBN
5439:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5361:ISBN
5336:ISBN
5315:help
5281:ISBN
5235:ISBN
5164:ISBN
5143:ISBN
5065:ISBN
5021:link
5002:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4952:ISBN
4927:ISBN
4902:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4838:help
4818:2012
4728:2009
4701:2009
4688:ISBN
4673:2009
4660:ISBN
4641:2009
4628:ISBN
4603:2009
4567:ISBN
4473:2017
4432:The
4414:ISBN
4391:2015
4356:ISBN
4289:2017
4268:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4175:help
4155:2015
4142:ISBN
4102:ISBN
3781:and
3771:and
3709:ICRC
3535:Bonn
3457:SMAD
3159:and
3029:and
2981:Kehl
2955:and
2927:and
2921:Sava
2883:and
2881:Ptuj
2855:and
2702:and
2693:The
2661:The
2582:and
2516:The
2504:The
2475:and
2467:The
2460:and
2376:NKVD
2338:and
2263:and
2225:Elek
1962:The
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